Name: Paladan, Mary Joy M.

Section: BSED-SOC-3B
Co-member: Rica Bagalay

WRITTEN REPORT
IN BSED-SOC 114A

Topic: “Religions and Philosophies in Southeast Asia”

Outline: 1. o Introduction to Buddhism
1.1 The Dharma
1.2 The four Nobles of Truths
1.4 The eight-fold path in Buddhism
2.0 Introduction to Islam
2.1 Great philosophers of Islam
2.2 The five pillars and practices of Islam
3.0 Introduction to Hinduism
3.1 Doctrines of Hinduism
3.2 Seven gods of Hinduism
4.0 Introduction to Animism
5.0 Christianity
5.1 Seven Principles of Christianity
6.0 Confucianism
6.1 Five constant virtues of Confucianism
7.0 Introduction to Taoism
8.0 Introduction to Judaism
8.1 The main doctrines of Judaism

I. INTRODUCTION

For centuries, humankind has sought to understand and explain the “meaning
of life.” Many philosophers believe this contemplation and the desire to understand
our place in the universe are what differentiate humankind from other species.
Religion, in one form or another, has been found in all human societies since human
societies first appeared. Archaeological digs have revealed ritual objects, ceremonial
burial sites, and other religious artifacts. Social conflict and even wars often result
from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must study its religion.
The essence of philosophy is the study and development of fundamental
ideas and methods that are not adequately addressed in specialized empirical
disciplines, such as physics or history. As such, philosophy provides the foundations
upon which all belief structures and fields of knowledge are built.
The eleven countries of Southeast Asia are diverse in every way, from the
ethnicities and religions of their residents to their political systems and levels of
prosperity. These nations—Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam,
Singapore, the Philippines, Laos, Cambodia, Brunei, and East Timor—are each
unique, yet shared traditions mean that each country is also typically Southeast
Asian.

BUDDHISM

The thoughts and philosophies of Buddhists became diverse, with some

followers interpreting ideas differently than others. There are three types of
Buddhism that spread in a particular country in southeast Asia such as: Theravada
Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism.
Dharma, which refer to a law or principle which governs the universe in
Hindu and Buddhist, where very important matter in their religion. The 5 examples
of Dharma which they follow are: Killing living things, taking what is not given,
Sexual misconduct, Lying, and Using drugs and alcohol.
The idea of the Eightfold Path appears in what is regarded as the first sermon
of the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama, known as the Buddha, which he
delivered after his enlightenment.

ISLAM

Islam is the second largest religion in the world after Christianity,

with about 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide. Although its roots go back
further, scholars typically date the creation of Islam to the 7th century,
making it the youngest of the major world religions. Islam started in Mecca,
in modern-day Saudi Arabia, during the time of the prophet Muhammad’s
life. Today, the faith is spreading rapidly throughout the world.
Arabic falsafah, doctrines of the philosophers of the 9th–12th century
Islamic world who wrote primarily in Arabic. Al-Kindi - one of the first
Islamic philosophers, flourished in a milieu in which the dialectic theology
(kalām) of the Muʿtazilah movement, while Al-Rāzī - was influenced by
contemporary theological debates on atomism in his work on the composition of
matter. the declaration of faith (shahada), prayer (salah), almsgiving (zakat), fasting
(sawm) and pilgrimage (hajj) – constitute the basic norms of Islamic practice.
 II. BODY

HINDUISM

Hinduism embraces many religious ideas. For this reason, it’s sometimes
referred to as a “way of life” or a “family of religions,” as opposed to a single,
organized religion. Most forms of Hinduism are henotheistic, which means
they worship a single deity, known as “ Brahman,” but still recognize other
gods and goddesses. Hindus believe in the doctrines of samsara (the
continuous cycle of life, death, and reincarnation) and karma (the universal
law of cause and effect). One of the key thoughts of Hinduism is “ atman,” or
the belief in soul. This philosophy holds that living creatures have a soul,
and they’re all part of the supreme soul. The goal is to achieve “ moksha,” or
salvation, which ends the cycle of rebirths to become part of the absolute
soul.
Some of the most prominent deities include, Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva,
Devi, Krishna, Lakshmi, Saraswati.
Hindus believe that the Vedas transcend all time and don’t have a
beginning or an end.

ANIMISM
Animists believe all life is spirit, as opposed to matter. Humans have souls,
as do animals, insects, plants, bodies of water, rocks, mountains, weather systems,
and so on. All are both somewhat good and somewhat evil, but the relevant
characteristic is power, not morality.

CHRISTIANITY
Christianity is the most widely practiced religion in the world, with
more than 2 billion followers. The Christian faith centers on beliefs
regarding the birth, life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The coming
of the European colonial powers to Southeast Asia after the sixteenth century paved
the way for the spread of Christianity in the region. Christianity was first introduced
successfully to Southeast Asia by Iberian (Portuguese and Spanish) missionaries and
colonists.

Some of the main themes that Jesus taught, which Christians later
embraced, including: Love God, Love your neighbor as yourself, Forgive
others who have wronged you, Love your enemies, Ask God for forgiveness
of your sins, Jesus is the Messiah and was given the authority to forgive
others, Repentance of sins is essential, Don’t be hypocritical, Don’t judge
others, The Kingdom of God is near. It’s not the rich and powerful—but the
weak and poor—who will inherit this kingdom. In one of Jesus’s most
famous speeches, which became known as the Sermon on the Mount, he
summarized many of his moral instructions for his followers.

CONFUCIANISM
Confucianism is often characterized as a system of social and ethical
philosophy rather than a religion. In fact, Confucianism built on an ancient religious
foundation to establish the social values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of
traditional Chinese society.
The Five Constant Virtues mean the Confucian virtues of benev- olence (ren
仁), righteousness (yi 義), propriety (li 義), wisdom (zhi 智), and trustworthiness (xin
信). As with the Fundamental Bonds, these five virtues are the most significant ones
and thus serve as shorthand for all the Confucian virtues. The Five Classic Books of
Chinese Wisdom promote the values of paying homage and tribute to elders and
ancestors, practicing trustworthiness in all social and political areas as well as in
daily life, and believing that your wellbeing is dependent on the wellbeing of those
you care for.

TAOISM

The philosophy and central practices of Taoism focus on universal, holistic,

and peaceful principles such as living in harmony with nature and natural order. he
Tao is often described as the universe and living under its laws of cause and effect is
ideal for a life that leaves the most positive impact on the world. As Confucianism
gained popularity Taoism gradually fell from favor and changed from an official
religion to a popular religious tradition. After the communist takeover of China,
Taoism was banned and its followers re-educated, with the result that the number of
practicing Taoists fell by 99% in 10 years.

JUDAISM
The term Jewish philosophy refers to various kinds of reflection engaged in by
persons identified as Jews. At times, as in the Middle Ages, this meant any
methodical and disciplined thought pursued by Jews, whether on general
philosophical subjects or on specifically Judaic themes. The three main beliefs at the
center of Judaism are Monotheism, Identity, and covenant (an agreement
between God and his people). The most important teaching of Judaism is that there
is one God, who wants people to do what is just and compassionate.

III. CONCLUSION

Religion is of central importance to the lives of people in most of the world's
cultures; more than eight-in-ten people worldwide identify with a religious group.
However, it is also true that the number of people who say that they have no religious
affiliation is growing. Religion, Philosophy and Ethics helps us to understand other
people's beliefs, what their beliefs and values are and why they do the things they do.
It helps us to think about our own beliefs as well as looking at alternative belief
systems we might want to find out about in the future.

REFERENCE:
Weiming, Tu. "Confucianism" Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Jul
1998, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Confucianism/additional-info#history

Berling, Judith. "Confucianism" Asia Society, 20 May 2018,

https://asiasociety.org/education/confucianism

Onion, Amanda, Sullivan, Missy, Mullen, Matt. "Christianity" HISTORY, A&E

Television Networks, 13 October 2017,
https://www.history.com/topics/religion/history-of-christianity

"Hinduism" HISTORY, A&E Television Networks

6 Oct, 2017, https://www.history.com/topics/religion/hinduism

Rahman, Falzur, Madih, Muhsin, Schimmel, Annemaria.

''Islam" Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 30 Sep 1998,
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam

"Islam - 5 Pillars" HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 5 Jan 2018,

https://www.history.com/topics/religion/islam

"Christianity" HISTORY, A&E Television Networks, 13 Oct

2017, https://www.history.com/topics/religion/history-of-christianity