CRM esse eects Subject Object Possessive Possessive Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun. Adjective Singular | 1 me mine ‘my (name) you you yours ‘your (name) ‘she, he, it her, him, it hers, his, ts her, bis, is (name) Plural | we us ours ‘our (names) you you yours your (names) they them theirs ‘heir (names) (a) Head a book. twas good. tS, (b) tread some books. They were good ‘A pronoun is used in place of a noun. The noun i ‘ers tos called the antecedent” {In (a): The pronoun it afer tothe antecedent noun ‘book {A singular pronoun is used to refer to a singular noun, as in (a). A plural pronoun is used to refer toa plural ‘noun, as in (b). (c) Wik tea. Do you tke tee too? ‘Sometimes the antecedent noun is understood, not explicitly stated. {In (c): Freters to the speaker, and you reters to the [person the speaker is talking to (4) John has a car. He drives to work. ‘SURIECT PRONOUNS are used as subjects of sentences, as hein (A) (2) dotn works in my office. | know fim wel. (1) Halk to him every day. ‘omtecr Pronouns are used as the objec of verbs, {as himin (@), oF as the objects of prepositions, as im (1), (9) That book is hors Yours s over there. (h) micommecr: That book is her's Yours is over there. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS are not followed immediately by ‘noun; they stand alone, as in (g). Possessive pronouns 00 nor take apostrophes, as in). (See Chart 7-2, p. 105, forthe use of apostrophes with possessive nouns.) 1) Her books here, Your book is over ther. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES are followed immediately by a ‘noun; they do not stand alone, (J) A bird uses its wings to ty. (kK) meonnecr: A bird uses its wings toMy (1) 13 cold today. (em) The Harbour Inn is my favorite old hotel. 1's been in business since 1933. CcoMpane: Its has no APostRoPHe when itis used ppossossive, asin ()). {’shas an apostrophe when itis used as a Contraction af iti, a8 in (1), oF it has when has is part of the present perfect tense, as in (m).. NOTE: I's vs ts isa common source of error for native speakers of English. (a) A stuclent walked into the room, Ste was. {ooking for the teacher, (©) A stuciont walked into the room. He was looking forthe teacher. In (a) and (0): The pronouns refer to particular individuals ‘whose genderis known. The nouns are not generic. (6) A student should always do is assignments, (8) A student should always do his or hor ‘Aacncric NouN* does not refer to any person or thing in Particular; rather, it represents a whole group. In): A students a gonoric noun; it rolers to anyone who isa assignments. student. With a generic noun, a singular masculine pronoun has been used traditionally, but many English speakers now use both ‘masculine and feminine pronouns to refer to a singular generic noun, as in (¢). (0) Stclents should always do their assignments, can offen be avoided by using a plural rather than a singular generic noun, as in (2)Indefinite pronouns ‘everyone ‘someone anyone ‘no one** ‘everybody ‘somebody anybody nobody ‘everything someting anything nothing (1) Somebody et his book onthe desk {in formal English, the use o a singular pronoun to refer to an {@) Everyone has his o” her own ideas. |NDERNITE PRONOUN is generally considered obo grammatically correc, as in (1) and (9) (0) ror: In everyday, informal English (and sometimes even in more ‘Somebody let teir book on the desk. formal Engish), a plural personal pronoun is usuelly Used to Everyone has their own ideas. teler to an indeite pronoun, asi (h) 8 Personal Pronouns: Agreement with Collective Nouns (2) My family is are. iis composed of When a collective noun refers toa single impersonal unit, a singular rine members gender-neutral pronoun (it) is used, asi (2). (0) My familys loving and supportive When a collective noun refers to a collection of various They ate always ready o help me. individuals, a plural pronoun (they, them, thoir is used, as in (b).* Examples of collective nouns ‘audience couple family public class crond, government stall ‘commits faculty sroup toam Nore: When the collective noun refers a collection of individuals, the verb may be ether singular or plural: Ay family fx on are ‘ing and spore. sioguae web is generally preferred ip American English. A plotal verb is wied mote fequentl i Beish English, especialy withthe words gvernmen or plc. (American: The government is plauning many change. British: The szovernment are planning many chonte:) 8-4 Reflexive Pronouns Singular Plural nysou ourselves yourselt yourselves hors, himsol, set, oneself thomsowves (2) Larry was in the theater. 1 saw hi. ‘Compare (a) and (b): Usually an object pronoun is used as the Halked 0 im ‘object of a verb or preposition, as him in (a). (See Chart 8-1, (©) |saw myseitin the miror. | ooked at A relieve pronoun is used as the object of a verb or preposition nyse for along ino. ‘whan the subject ofthe sentence and the object are the Same Person, asin (b).* Land myself are the same person. (0) connect: | saw -me- in the miror. — Did someone email the report to Mr.Lee? | Rllexive pronouns are also used for emphasis. =< ‘ |i (2): The speaker would say I myselt” strongly, with emphasis. — Are you sure — Yes. !:nysei/ emailed the report “The emphatic reflexive pronoun can immediately follow a noun [Rts aT ranee emi Bre wes cor pronoun, asin (), or come at the and ofthe ctause, asin (). {0} = Femated the report to him myer (1) Anna tives by hersel “The exprossion by + 2 reflexive pronoun means “aloné preposition even when the subject and objet pronown are the same person, ‘Bobs bronght his book ith hr. Tloked around me. She he her won close wher. al Pronoun: (a) One should always be pote. ‘in (@) and (by: One means “any person, people in general (0) How does one get to Fifth Avenue from here? 4 (e) and (@): You means “any person, people in general” ‘One is much more formal than you. Impersonal you, rathor (0) You should always be polite than one, is used moce frequen in everyday English (@) How do you get to Fifth Avenue from here? (@) lowa is an agrcutural state. They grow a lot They is used as an impersonal pronoun in spoken or very ‘of corn there. Informal English to mean "people in general” or ‘an Undefined group of people They hes no stated antecedent. Often the antecedent is implied. Heh hays Bie ieCE eek eerie) Adjective Pronoun another 000k (8) anothers) Forms of other ao used as ether adjectives or pronouns ther books (are) others(ere) | Notice + Another is always singular. Singular | the other book (e) | the other (i) i Phural | the other books (are) _| the others (are) ‘A tinal -8 is used only fora plural pronoun (others). {@) The students in he class come from many countries. One of the sludentsis from Mexico. ‘Another student is rom trag. Another is from Japan. Other students are trom Braz Others are trom Algeria, “The meaning of another: “one more in addition to or iiferent from the one(s) already mentioned: “The meaning of other/others (without the): "several "more in aditon to or diferent rom the one(s) already ‘mentioned (©) have three books. Two are mine. The other ‘book is yours. (The other is yours) {(€) Ihave three books. One is mine. The other books are yours. (The others are yours.) ‘The meaning of the other(s): “all that remains trom a given number; the rest ofa specific group” (@) twill be here for another three years. {@) !need another five dollars. (0) We drove another ton mils. Another is used as an adjective with expressions of tno, ‘money, and distance, even if hese expressions contain, plural nouns. Another means ‘an addtional" in these ‘oxpressions. CO MOC e ens uae matt ese (a) Miko and | write to each other every week. We write to one another every week. Each other and one another indicate a reciprocal folationship.* ‘na: | write to him every week, and he wrtes to me every week (0) Plaase write on every other ine, Every other can give the idea of “alternate.” ‘The meaning in (b) means: Write onthe fis tine, ‘Do not write on the second line. Write onthe tir in. Do not write on the fourth tine. (Etc) (c) —Have you seen Ail recontly? Yes. | saw him just the other day The other's used in time expressions such as the other day, the other morning, the other week, ec. to reer to the recent past Inc): the other day means ‘a few days ago, not long ago” (6) The ducklings walked ina tine behind the ‘mother duck. Then the mother duck slipped into the pond. The ducklings followed her. ‘They slipped into the water one after tine other. (€} They slipped into the water one after another, In (d): one after the other expresses the idea that separate actions occurred very cose in time. In (@): one after another has the same meaning as one after the other. (1) Noone knows my secret other than Rosa, (g) Noone knows my secret excep! (lor) Rosa. (h) Fruit and vegetables are ful of vitamins and mit I. In other words, they are good for you. Other than is usually used after a negative to mean Yexcey asin(t). Example (g) has the same meaning as (1) In (h): dn other words is used to explain, usualy in simpler or clearer terms, the meaning of the preceding senienoe(s) In typical age ach other and one another are interchangeable; there sno diference between them. Some native speakers, Bodestzs te 0h wher toes Geyser sien HGR SUL? Seo PoTNGHb oF tag, eal cme alerts ace cae