Air Law Review

By – FCpl Campisi FCpl Billing,

FCpl Daniels, FCpl Hong, and
FCpl Potz
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Aerodrome
● - Any land or water designed for arrival/departure, movement or servicing of aircraft
● - ''unofficial airport''

● Airport
● - Any aerodrome in respect of which a certificate is in force
● - This specifies that the airport meets airport certification safety standards
● - Aerodrome with a license
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Aerodrome Elements -

● - Manoeuvring Area
● ○ Areas for taking off and landing, and the movement of aircraft
● (ie. Taxiways and Runways)

● - Apron
● ○ Loading and unloading of passengers and cargo, refuelling, servicing, maintenance and
parking of aircraft
● ○ The place where all of the planes are standing near the terminal
Apron
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Runway Markings

● - Centerline

● ○ White lines that mark the center of runway

● - Threshold

● ○ Lines that mark the beginning of the runway

● - Displaced Threshold

● ○ Sometimes the threshold is unsafe for landing so it is moved up to a safe area

Runway Markings
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Taxiway Markings

● - Taxiway Centerline
● ○ Yellow line - marks the center of the taxiway

● - Hold Short Line

● ○ Yellow line running across the taxiway
● ○Aircraft must "hold short" at this point unless cleared to enter (take-off, line - up/hold)
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Taxiway Identification

● - Designated by a letter
● - Example - Taxiway Alpha
●
Taxiway Markings
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Aerodrome Markings

● Unserviceable
● - Marked with large white or yellow X's on both ends of a runway or taxiway
● - Red flags are also used to mark unserviceable areas that can be passable with caution
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Wind Indicators

● - Wind Sock
● ○ Straight out = 15 knots or more
● ○ 30* below horizontal = 6 knots
● ○ Indicates speed and direction
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport

● Lights

● - Runway thresholds are marked with green lights

● - End of runways are marked with red lights
● - Runways are lined with white lights
● - Taxiways are lined with blue lights
● - Obstructions, such as buildings and towers, are marked with red or white lights
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport
● Aerodrome Traffic Procedures

● Traffic Circuit
● - Pattern for traffic movement at aerodromes
● - Expedites and separates airplanes using the same aerodrome
● - Increases safety and efficiency
●
 TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport
● The Circuit

● - Upwind

● ○ The area perpendicular to downwind leg

● - Crosswind

● ○ Lies across the center of the landing area perpendicular to the downwind leg

● - Downwind

● ○ Flight path opposite to the direction of landing, which is parallel to and a distance off the side of the runway

● - Base

● ○ Flight path perpendicular to the landing

● - Final

● ○ Flight path in the direction of landing

TP1 – Aerodrome vs Airport
 TP2 – Communication Within
an Aerodrome
● Communication in the Circuit

● - Communication is key when operating an aircraft. In most cases, this occurs through the radio

● - Depending on the area you are flying in, radio use is mandatory or optional

● ○ Mandatory Frequency (MF) (Radio is Necessary)

● - Uncontrolled airports with higher traffic and instrument approaches

● - Areas where exchange of information is required on the premise of safety

● - When flying here, aircrafts must be equipped with two-way radio

● - Aircrafts are allowed to join at any point in the circuit if there is no conflict

● ○ Aerodrome Traffic Frequency (ATF) (Radio is Optional but recommended)

● - Uncontrolled airports that are relatively active

● - Aircrafts do not need to broadcast intentions and can operate without radio

● Aircrafts are only allowed to join straight downwind or from the upwind side
 TP2 – Communication Within
an Aerodrome
● ○ Receive Only (RONLY) (Rarely Used)
● - Receive only
● - Similar to NORDO except the aircraft can receive messages.
● - Tower may ask for confirmation through a visual sign (Example - rock the wings)
● - Allowed within controlled airports and MF with prior coordination

● ○ No Radio (NORDO) (They use lights to communicate)

● - No radio
● - Communication with the tower occur through the use of visual signs
● - Allowed within controlled airports and MF with prior coordination
TP2 – Communication Within
an Aerodrome
TP2 – Communication Within
an Aerodrome
 TP3 - Airspace

Airspace – Air around an

Aerodrome
 TP3 - Airspace
● Canadian Airspace System

● - Divided in different ways -

● ○ North and South

● ○ High and Low

● ○ Altimeter Settings

● ○ Airspace Classifications

● - It is divided for the purpose of -

● ○ ATC

● ○ Separation

● ○ Control of airplanes flying with reference to instruments

● ○ National Defence

● ○ Search and Rescue

 TP3 - Airspace

● Domestic Airspace
● - All areas, land or sea over Canada are divided into 2 areas -
●

● ○ Northern Domestic Airspace

● - Uses True Heading for Navigation
● - Surface winds reported in True Headings

● ○ Southern Domestic Airspace

● - Uses Magnetic Heading for Navigation
● - Surface winds reported in Magnetic Heading
 TP3 - Airspace

● Altimeter Regions
● - Canadian Airspace is further divided for the purpose of
altimetry into -

● ○ Altimeter Setting Region

● ○ Standard Pressure Region
 TP3 - Airspace

● Altimeter Regions

● - Altimeter Setting Region

● ○ Altimeter is set to current altimeter setting to the nearest aerodrome
● ○ Uses Static Port (Pressure changes from North to South)

● - Standard Pressure Region

● ○ Northern Domestic Airspace and High Level Airspace
● ○ Altimeters are set to the standard setting of 29.92"Hg
 TP3 - Airspace
● Controlled Airspace

● - Low Level Airspace

● ○ Below 18K Feet

● - High Level Airspace

● ○ At or Above 18k Feet
● ○ It is further divided into -
● - Northern Control Area
● - Southern Control Area
● - Arctic Control Area
 TP3 - Airspace
● Sparsely Settled Areas
● - Geographical areas in Canada with a few settlements

● - These areas have -

● ○ Limited Navigation Facilities
● ○ Severe Weather Conditions
● ○ Limited Weather Information
● ○ Limited Fuel Supplies
● ○ Servicing Facilities

● - They use NOTAMS for communication (METAR Frequency)

 TP3 - Airspace

● Airspace Classification
● - Canadian Domestic Airspace is divided into 7 categories
● ○ A, B, C, D, E, F, G
TP3 - Airspace
TP3 - Airspace
 TP3 - Airspace
● More on Class F Airspace

● Restricted Airspace

● - Flight is either completely prohibited or restricted to specific conditions

● - No aerial activities are permitted unless permission has been obtained

● - Designated CYR on aeronautical charts

● Advisory Airspace

● - Activities occurring in this airspace that may cause flight safety concerns (parachuting or gliding)

● - VFR aircraft are suggested NOT to use it, although are still permitted to

● - Designated "CYA" on aeronautical charts

● ○ CYA = Advisory / Be Careful

 TP4 - Airspace

Flight Etiquette
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Pilot in Command
● - The Pilot in Command (PIC) is the pilot responsible for the
operation and safety during flight time
● - If there is a risk of collision, it is the responsibility of the PIC of
both aircraft to take such action as to avoid collision
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Right of Way

● Altitudes -
● - Aircrafts of similar class -
● ○ If at the same altitude with converging heading
● - The aircraft on the right has the right

● ○ If at different altitude
● - The aircraft at the lower altitude has the right of way
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Aircraft Classes

● - Priority in order - (lowest - highest)

● ○ Power driven aircraft
● ○ Power driven aircraft with slung load (Helicopter with car hanging)
● ○ Airships
● ○ Gliders
● ○ Balloons (Hot-air balloon)
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Avoidance

● - If there is a risk of head on collision, each pilot alters their heading to the right
● - When overtaking, pass to the right, the aircraft being overtaken has the Right of Way
● - Aircraft maneuvering on the ground will give way to the Aircraft landing/taking-off
● ○ No pilot shall conduct or attempt to take-off or land until there is no risk visible to the
pilot of any aircraft, person, vessel, vehicle or structure in the take-off or landing path
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Levels of Height
● - AGL - Above Ground Level
● - ASL - Above Sea Level
● - MSL - Mean Sea Level (Ground Elevation)
● - Calculations
● ○ MSL + AGL = ASL
● ○ AGL = ASL – MSL
○ MSL = ASL – AGL
TP4 – Flight Etiquette
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Cruising Altitudes

● - Flight altitudes must always be followed, regardless if a flight

plan has been filed
● - Altitudes below 18K Feet are stated in thousands
− ○ 2500 = 25,000 feet
● - Altitudes above 18K Feet are referred to as flight levels
● - Altitudes are measured from MSL
TP4 – Flight Etiquette
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Clearance

● - "An authorization from an ATC unit for an aircraft to proceed"

● - Ask for clarification if unsure of any meaning of an ATC
clearance, Once accepted, you are required to comply with an
ATC clearance
● - "Cleared"
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette

● Instruction

● - Directive issued by an ATC unit for an air traffic control

purposes
● - Required to comply with and acknowledge receipt of an ATC
instruction which is directed to your provided the safety of your
aircraft is not jeopardized
● - Action verbs such as "Stop, Follow, Descend, Climb, Turn,
Reduce, Expedite, Maintain"
 TP4 – Flight Etiquette
● Confirmation

● - "Clear to land on runway 24"

● ○ You can now land at runway 24
● - "Taxi to and hold short of Taxiway Alpha"
● ○ Taxi to Taxiway A and wait
● - "Stay below 250 kts on your descent"
● ○ When you are descending, stay below 250 knots
● - "Cleared for the ILS Approach
● ○ You can now approach the runway with Instrument Landing System
 The End

● Please review these notes on the PGS

Chat on Facebook and study for the
Air Law Exam which is next week.