eee DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 5.01 Sot Thoory 5.02 Functions 5.03 Propostional Logic 5.04 Homework FORMULAS & PRINCIPLE DISCRETE MATHEMATICS * is the branch of methematics dealing with objects that can sscume only diciinct, separaied values. * Discrete —mathemalics isthe study ofmathematical structures that are funcamentally ciscrete rather than coniinuous, 9.01 ~ SET THEORY + SET A callection of objects calied elements * ELEMENT ‘Any object that belongs to a set + SUBSET Irall elements of set A are in set B orif there are elements of sel B not belonging to s2t A, then Ais a subset of B * EQUAL SET Two sels are equal if they have exactly the same elomorts + EQUIVALENT SET Two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements ©) PERCoe Learnhub RNS — DISCRETE MATHENATECS REESE Q4 Which of the folowing describes the set of nonnegative integers? } 1 Q2 Which of the folowing describes the set of integers? AL 3 B23 C.104,2,3,-4..3 D013 @3 itis an unortered collection of objects A Mats ©. Set B. Vector . Deviation Q4 Given the sets AZ(1.3.5) B+35,1) and C-11,3.33.5.55.5, Which of the following statements is false? 0.5 Given the sets: A=0.45,67) and B=(4.5,6). Which of the folowing statements is false? A4eB ge BBSA D.ASB 26 — Gwon 9). Uist tho elements of set E AM2345.67.89} B 12345678) C123.4.89) D.{15.07,8,9) 1 ICT Integrated ECE Review2 ©) PERCoe Learnhub ENS ~ DISCRETE MATHEMATICS SPECIAL SETS 2. N-sot cf natural numbers (0, 1, b Z~set ofintegers {..-2.-1,0. 4, ‘ “ € a) 209 Q set of rational numbers R - sat of real numbers, C set of complex numbers SIZES OF SETS 2. Null set — empty sat Example A= (ybc 3 an integer such that x" = 13} b. Unit set set with only one element Example B = (this an integer such thatx-2 = 13} ©. Infinite sot — sot with infrite numbor of elements Example C= {Xb is a positive integer such that x13} 4. Finite set ~ set with dennite number of oloments Example D = Gibxis anegatve integer such that x <13) CARDINALITY OF SETS ‘Tho CARDINALITY OF SET S ie tho number of dstinct elements in S. The cardinaity of S is denoted by | POWER SET ‘The power set of 8, denoied by contains all the subsets of S 7), nr ‘A nul set can be expressed by tho following oxcopt AQ ca Bo DAN ‘Asetwith only one element A single set C. singlet set B. singleton eet —_D. singular sot Given Set A=(1.2.3.45). if we have the relationship Cc A. What ‘should set C be? AM2349) 6.1.45) B27 D.{1;3.8) Let S he the set containing all the leters of the English Alphabet Find ihe cardinaliy of S A28 C6 5.26 D2 Find D,5.6), Ag ce B7 Dé Gwen A=(1,23} and B=(1,3,5} Find AUB. AMS) ©. (1,29.5) Bd2345) D235} Given A=(1,23} and B={1,3.5} Find ANB. A135, 11,3) B12.3.4.5) 25 ICT Integrated ECE Revieweee ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS _3 + OPERATION ON SETS QA4 Let Set A = (4,0) and Set B = 3. UNION {0.1). Find A intorsocion 8 Associated with OR gates. The union of Ati C41) sels A and B is represented by A UB. BE] D.(0) ‘The union contains those elements that are ether in A or in B, orn both. Q.15 Gen A=(1,23), B=(1,3.5), and b, INTERSECTION 6-15.67). Which of the ‘given Associated with AND gates. The sets are disjoint? intercacton of seis A and 8 is AAandB c.Bandc represented by A nB. The interseztion B.BandC D. None contans these elements in both A and B. COMPLEMENT 048 Gwen A=(1,23) and Associated with NOT gates. Given the B-(1.3,6).FNGA-B. unversal set U, the complement of set Ag) ©.2.5) A, denoted by A, contains all the 26) 0.6.2) clements in the universal sot not present inset QA Gven —A={1.23) and 6. DIFFERENCE OR_—RELATIVE 8-(1.3,5).Find BA ‘COMPLEMENT Ag) ©.2.5) ‘The aiference of A and B, denoted by A Bo 0.8.2) =B, is the set containing those elemenis that are in A but not in B. Tho diforonco | Q42 Let A be the sei of positive of A and B is also called the complement integers greater than 10, wih a of B with respect to A universal set of all positive e. CARTESIAN PRODUCT integers. Find 4 The Cartesian Product of A and 8, A(01234,96,7,8,9,10) denoted by A x B. Is the set of all B123-45-0.-7,-8-9-10) ordered pars (ab), where a is an C.(01,2,3,-4,5-67-8,9,-10) element of set A and b is an element of Df12,34567,89,10) setB EXCLUSIVE-OR or SYMMETRIC | @.19 Let A-(d,fgh. ah DIFFERENCE Determine A XOR B. ‘The symmetiic ference of A and B, Ady ©. {a,ta.niy? denoted by A ® B, is the set containing B fon) DA} thaso oloments in other A or B, but not inboth Aand B. ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Review4 ENS ~ DISCRETE MATHEMATICS + LAWSON SETS Identity Laws ANS=A AvO=A Domination Laws. AUS =S Ano=0 Idempotent Laws AUASA Ana=A ‘Commutative Laws AUB=BUA AnB=BNA Associative Laws (aupyue (nayac Distributive Laws. AU(BnC)=(AUB)N(AUC) An (BuC)=(Ana)U(ANC) First De Morgan’s Law HOB=AnB Second De Morgan's Law Gompiement Laws Aud=s aod Involution Law rarer a ©) PERCoC Learnhub nr 20 Given [Al is 6 and [D| is 3. AL of tho givon aro possible values for the cardinaity of the union of set ‘Aand set D, except _ AQ ce B? 4 Q24 Given |B} is 10 and |F| is 5. All of the given are possible values for the cardinality of the intersection ofsel B and set F, except AS C8 5.0 D3 22 Givon tho throe sols XY and Z. Among the choices below, which is equivalent to FUGA) AdnMuk cguu g Bunn D.gavynk Let Gq =02345, G (2345.6) Cio = Got12d319): that i, c= sien are sieay for Find 9 (i= 1)93 C1 AQ345) — C{345) B.G4) Dt} O24 Let = G2}, C= (23) Go= 0.11} that 8, G=[o1-+ 1) for £512,010 Find U' (i= 1°50. (1.23456) B 246} © fizs43) D fase) O25 Let Ay Agra Ay be subsets of x such that A; = = subset of Aj. for all 1cicn—1. the set UR. ,A.tis equivalent to ap cx BA, Day ICT Integrated ECE Revieweee 5.02 - FUNCTIONS. ‘Let A and B be nonempty sets A FUNCTION, f, fom A to B is an assignment ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS _§ @-25 Determine which of the folowing ‘oquations is not a function, of exactly one element of B to each element y of A We wite f(a) = Dif Ds the unique allot tne choices are functions element of B assigned by the function fto the element of a of A. gar + 2 then (fx + A+ + fis afunction fom Ato 8, we write tASB foa-+4))/B's eval io * £19 afuncton from A to B, we say that Ais BSc +A/B tne DOMAIN of and & isthe CODOMAIN of cae D.3G+8) t + I'{@) =, we say that bis the IMAGE of a | Q.28 Let Axlabode) and B={1,23.4) and a is the PREIMAGE of b. with f(a)=2, { Kc)=4, f(a) + is function fom Ato. wo.can say that and fet. ‘The image of the MAPS ADB subset S= od) is + function's a retaton for which each value Red Cra ftom the set, the FIRST COMPONENTS of BZ) Dia} the ordered pairs is ASSOCIATED WITH EXACTLY ONE VALUE fom te set of | @-29 Whatts ine doman of the tunction SECOND COMPONENTS of the ordored fo)= log (x? - 2x- 3)? Pair A (=, -3)U(6, +) * Afunctonis an equation for which B (—m,-4) UG, +e) ANY X that can be plugged into the equation © (0.5) UB, 200) WILL YIELD EXACTLY ONE Y out of the D. (0,1) U(3, +0) equation, + ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTIONS ‘A function fis said to be ONE - TO — ONE or an INJUNCTION, if and only if f(a) = (0) implies that a ='b for all a and b in the domain of f. A function is said to be INJECTIVE fits is one-to-one. ‘A one— to — one function ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Review6_ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS + ONTO FUNCTIONS [A tunction f from A to B ic callod ONTO or a SURJECTION, if and only if for every element eB there's an element a © 4 with fa) =b. A function fis called SURJECTIVE iit 's onto. be on ‘An onto function (ONE - TO - ONE AND ONTO FUNTIONS Lt eo ae. rae we. \ ©) PERCoC Learnhub 039 ast nr Detemine which of the siven functions is NOT one-to-one. A fin) =n? + 1 from set of Integers to set of ntegers B. f(r) = n*3 ftom set of real ‘numbers to itself C. function fom (xyz) 10 (12,13,14,15} with. “fw)=5, Foy=13, fy) 14 and fe D. allofthe choices are not one to one Detemmine whicn ot the oven functions is NOT onto Acfim) =n? + 1 from sot of inlagersto set of ntegers B. f(r) = n*3 ftom set of real ‘numbers to itself C.functon from wxyz} 10 {12.13.14 win "fw)=14, FO}=I2, fly}=12 and fee-14 D. All ofthe choices are net onto ICT Integrated ECE Revieweee ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS _7 + BIJECTIVE FUNCTIONS Q.32 Let f:Z > Z be such thet fo) The function | @ a ONE — TO — ONE x1, What Is the inverse of this CORRESPONDENCE. or a BUIECTION, if it's function? both one-to-one and onto. We also say that AN y)ey-1 such 2 functon is bijective Bfyzy+4 C.r'y)=y=2 + INVERSE FUNCTIONS D. The gen functors are not Let fb a one-to-one correspondence fiom the invertble s0tA tothe set, The INVERSE FUNCTION of f isthe function that assigns to an element b | Q-33 tet f(x) =x? 44x and belonging to B the unique element ain A such g{x)= 2x43. Which of the that f@) = following ie the valle of x that The inverse function of fis denoted by f-! el ety ohe, alate Hence, f-1b) = a when f(a) - b. (96) —9(F@) = 07 at c2 + COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS Ba D3 Let g be a function from the set A tothe set B and let { be a function from the set B tothe set | @.34 Let D=fa.bc), Extxy.z, Fits.t. C. The composition of tunctions T and 9, Let fDE and g£-F be deiined denoted forall ae A by f= g, is defined by by. Fl@, 2), (0, y (6, x)} and Sega) = figi@) 9=((Y, D, (Z 1), & S)}- What is the image of ¢ under the composition + FLOOR FUNCTIONS function g.£0-> F? The FLOOR FUNCTION assigns to the real Ax ct number x the largest integer that less than or Bs Dr equal to ». The value of the floor function at x is denoted by |x} CEILING FUNCTIONS The CEILING FUNCTION assigns to the real umber x the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x. The value of the floor ‘unction at x's denoted by [x]. ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Reviewera Eo 8__ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS ee G35 Wie oe otvng ae propeiion? * A PROPOSITION i a deviate sentence ae e8 this EITHER TRUE OR FALSE, BUT NOT 8. What me i Bork. estas + COMPOUND PROPOSITIONS sxe formed 5 The gudert o 0 ara zie tom’ exsing prpestons sing opel operate 38 hen the statement The ilogr odd Fine =P TOSICAL | “ALTERWATE | suas Artis not the cave thatthe operator | “Nae iiagr# ot aoe a he integer not ot Negation of p NoT ~p C. The nteger 5 is even. coon B. Al ere veld nepeton ofthe of pand q a Bae statement P. Bisuneton oF eta OR eva |! @37 Given the statements, A: The Rear oa ineger 7 i008) and 3: The Gounion | ow | Brg ineger 51 ie\@ pime suber anne pre hat can ou say aout the uh negaton oF Vu ofthe compound etaomert Disjunction of NOR ee aye pandq pq A. The compound statement is = fe Because’ A's tue and'B cxcusweor | yon | 528 tne ofpand bya ine compound statements te because As tue and B Caton meucanion | $= 8 fase “ O° yne compound statements Biconaitonal | wyeierrione | o=2 fre Decaure Ab false and Bs statment” | MPLICATIONS | 5g tne OFF) D. The compound statement is faba becoese A fase aNd 8 8 + TRUTH TABLE OF COMPOUND = PROPOSITIONS a, Negaton Do fT? Conjunction pa —[ ona Torr TF # FTF FFF ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Revieweee c.Disjunction 9-38 Given the statements, A The intogor 6 is oven, and 8: Tho integer 60 is a prime number ‘What can you say about the truth value of the compound statement RNS — DISCRETE MATHENATECS ANB ‘A. The compound statement is d.Exclusive - OR true because A is true and B is tne. B. The compound statement is false because A is true and B is fase C. The compound statement is false because A is false and B is tue D. The compound statement is false because A is false and B is fase. 32 Gwen statements A There are nine integers that are greater then © but are less than 10, and statement 8: There is no integer {Bi - Implication whose square & equal to 13 Evaluate the truth of 4 @ B. ‘A. The compound statement 1s live because A is tue and B is ive. B. The compound statement is false because A is true and B is tne C. The compound statement is + VARIATIONS ON THE CONDITIONAL STATEMENT tue because A is tue and B is fase CONDITIONAL D. Th 1d_ statement Conn 1@ compound statement is ‘STATEMENT, rue because A is true and B is p= g=p fase. 40 Let $=(235) and bt R(n)= CONTRA nisa+i is prime and s(n) posmive | INVERSE n?—n +118 prime. Which of the 3gs3p | apa 3a folowing statements is falso? APO) + 0Q) BPG) = 9G) © PG) = (3) D. Alistatements are fase ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Review10_ANS — DISCRETE MATHENATICS Q41 Whet is the converse of the conditional statement If it ices today, | wil play ice hockey tomorrow.” A. Lill play ice hockey tomorrow only if 102s today. E. If I do rot play ice hockey tomorrow, then it will rot have iad today. C. If it does not ice teday, then | vill not play ice hockey tomorrow. C. 1 will not play ice_hockey ‘tomorrow oniy tit ces tocay. 2.42 What aro the contrapositive of tho conditional statement | come to Gass whenever there is going to be a test. A. Ii come to class, then there vill be a test E. If do not come to clase, then ‘there will not be a test. C. ifthereis not going to be a test then | dont come to class. If there is going to be a test ‘then | cont come to class. Q43 Whét io the invore of tho conditional statement. “A positive integer is a compost only ifit has divisors other than 1 and itself” AA posiive integer is a composite if it has divisors other ‘than 1 and itso. E. If 8 postive integer has no divisors other than 1 and itself then iti not composite C. if a positive integer is not composite, then it nas no divisor ther than 1 and tse. . Nono of the mentioned ©) PERCoC Learnhub gas nr Let q be the statement "You can tako the flight” and lot p be tho statement "You buy a ticket” Which of the following & false regarding pa Als statement s “You can take the fight if and only if you buy @ ticket* B. If you buy a ticket and can take the fight C. If you do not buy a ticket and you cannot take the fight . When you do not buy a ticket, ‘you can take the fight. Let $= (1,3.5} Given the statement ‘yn € S.P(n) ane + S+ (1) meer is prime Evaluate the valicity of the statoment. ‘A The slatementis tue B. The statementis fals2 C. The statements both true and fase D. The statement is neither true nr false Let $= {1.3.5} Gwen the statement, an € S.P(a) ne + 8+ (-D" s FCM" ie prime Evaluate the valicity of the statement. ‘A The slatementis tue. B. The statementis fals2 C. The statements both true and tase D. The statement is neither true nr falee ICT Integrated ECE Revieweee HOMEWORK ‘Answers to this exercieo will bo posted. Given the sets: A=(1, 2,3, 4) and B =(2, 4,7, 8}. Find the union of A and 8. 3,4, 5, 6, 7.8} 4, 6, 8) and B= (1, n the 4, 8, 7) and B= (1, 97}. Find the union of A and 8. DOm>=Q DOE>N@ DOm>. 4. Given the sets: A= a,b, ¢, d) and B=, 6,4, e}. Find the union of A and B A@bede) Cfo.ce Blacd Dfedq 5. Given the sets: A=fa,c.e hand B= {i.e ©, g}. Find the union of the two sets, Afatc.o} Cfabcetg Bet Dice tg} 6. Given the sets: A= (1, b, 3} and = fa, 2, ) Find the union of the two sets. AG2,3) C1123 abo B {a bic} Difa.bc 1,3) 7. Given the sets: A= (1, 2),8 = (3, 4} and © = (5, 6). Find tho union of tho throo sot. AG.2.3.4,5, 6) B 2.4.6.8) C{.35,7) D1 3.46} 8. How many elements are in the set (0)? Ao C2 B41 D3 ©) PERCoC Learnhub ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS _14 8. How many elements are in the set (1, (1932 Aq c3 B2 D4 10. Given that R denotes the set of al real ‘numbers, Z the set of allintegers and 2” the set ofall postive integers, describe the Z| -2<"~5) AC-2.-1,0,1,2,3 4,5) 4.2.3.4 41. Given that R denotes the set of ll real ‘numbare, Zthe set of allintegers and 2" the set of all postive integers, descrine the Tt|-2 3.and 3is a positive integer D.-2> 3013's anegaive inleger Let, Q, Roe tue, false, false, respectively, which ofthe following is tue APAQA~R) BPsQAxR CQaPAR)* D.Po(QvR) 6. 2m. ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS _13 What is the contrapositive of the condiional statement? "The home team misses whenever tis drzzing?” AA if tts drizzling, then home team misses B. If the home team misses, then it is arezing C. I itis not dizzing, then the home team does not misses D. if the home team wins, then it is not arizzing What are the converse of the conditional statement “When Ralph stay Up late, 11S netessary that Raiph sleep uni noon.” ‘Av‘if Ralph stay up lato, thon Ralph sloop ‘nil noon.” B ‘if Raph does not stay up late, then Ralph does not sleep until noon.” (Cf Ralph does rot sleep untl noon, then Ralph does not stay up late D “if Ralph sloop until noon, thon Ralph stay up late” What are the inverse of the conditional statement “if you make your noies, it wil ea convenient in exams, ‘A*if you make notes, then it wil be 2 convenient in exams.” B. “if youdo nat make notes, then it willnot bea convenient in exams, CC. “ft will not be a convenient in exams, then you did not make your noies” D. "It will be a convenient in exams, then you make yournoies, Determine the truth value of wn Rin + lpn ATne B Fase ©. Both true or false D. Nother truo or falco ICT Integrated ECE Review14_BNS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS 40. Oiven the statement. BreRAF1 Evaluate ifit is true or false. A Its false because »/k must alvays be equal to 1 B.Itic true bocause there exists a valuo of xt which xxis not equal io { and an example would be The statement may be true orfalse D. The given statement 41. Given the set r = (1.2.3). Which of the following statements is true? Aveerstco BareT.89 Dareriv>8 42. Given the set = {-2410). Which of the following statements is falco? Aveet|x|>0 Barer.z20 C vy ET, Isaneven number D.ax €T,x isa composite number 43. For £ = (a,b), determine |e x P(E), A2 ce B4 DR 44, Let fbe the functon from R to R defined by fie) = <2. Find fC), At23 © (aay B33) Dea) 45, What ie R- Q? AZ cl BN De 46. Inpropesitional log, the form given by P50, P, Gisknown as ‘A Law of detachment of modus ponens B. Law of syllogism C. Law of contrapositive or modus tollens D. Law of conditions ©) PERCoC Learnhub nr 47. In propositional logic, the form given by: P30, QR, POR is known as A Law of detachment B. Law of syllogism ©. Law of contrapositve D. Law of conditions 48. In propositicnal logic, the form aiven by: P30, ~0, -P is known as ‘A Law of detachment or modus ponens B. Law of syllogism C. Law of contrapositve or modus tollens D. Law of conditions 49. Let g be the function from the set {a.b,¢} to to itself such that g(a)=b, g(o)=c\ and {c)=a. Let f be the function from the set f2b.q to set {1.2.3} such that fla)=3, HOD and fort Whats gy? A2 B41 ba 50. Lei g be the function from the sel (a.b,c) to to itsott such that g(a)-b, 9(b)=c and ‘(¢)=a Let f be the function from the set fab. to set 1.23) such that flal=3. {b}=2, and (o}=1. Whatis (f © g)by? A2 3 B1 D4 51. Let g be the function from the set {a.b,<} to tas ey Sach ea): ane Let f be the function from the set Bog bse taay sun that Nass 1(0)=2, and io}=1. Whats (f © gc)? A2 c3 BA D4 52. If f(x) = (x= 4)/z and (2d) = 2400), then bis Abo B.0t1+2 6 D. No real number 53. What is tho rango of tho function dofinod by f@ = x/lxi? Ay>0 cy0 exed Bro D.anyreal number ANS — DISCRETE MATHEMATICS _18 55. Which of the following describe(s) fo La zero tuncton I An identity tunction ? IIL Aconstant function A only ©. Monty B lon, D. and tll only 56. If f(x) = 4x and g(x) = x /4 and fat whats x? Aq c4 B2 De 57. What is the value ((f(8) ~ f(a))/(b—a) it fe b? AO cb Ba Dida 58. If f(s) = ovQ2 + 4), then Tis function Aan even B neither even nor odd C an ogg D. Both even or odd 59. Allogical statement that is always true A tautology fallacy B contradiction. contingency 60. A logical statement mal is always false ‘A tautorogy ©. fallacy B. contradiction _D. contingency For more practice problems, use PMM Math + Sot Theory: Sec 1.3— 1.10 * Fundions. Sez 13~ 1.10 Propositional Logic: Sec 13 - 1.10 ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Reviewera Eo = DISCRETE MATHENATICS ©) PERCoe Learnhub ICT Integrated ECE Review