TT 4113

Cellular Communication Systems

Modul 13-14
Cellular Network Planning

Faculty of Electrical and Communication

Institut Teknologi Telkom
Bandung – 2010
1
 2 Conditions of 3G Planning

 Planning should meet current standards and

demands and also comply with future
requirements.
 Uncertainty of future traffic growth and
service needs.
 High bit rate services require knowledge of
coverage and capacity enhancements methods.
 Real constraints
– Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for
old operators.
– Environmental constraints for new operators.
 Network planning depends not only on the
coverage but also on load.
22
33 Objectives of the Planning

 Traffic Forecasting:
– To measure the demand on targeted marked so as to allow
an appropriate growth of the Network.
 Coverage:
– To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of
the service in the entire service area.
 Capacity:
– To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking
and delay.
 Quality:
– Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide
the required QoS.
 Costs:
– To enable an economical network implementation when the
service is established and a controlled network expansion
during the life cycle of the network.
4 Business Planning
 Marketing is responsible the revenue side and must
also produce a traffic forecast.
 The engineering model must translate the traffic forecast into
a network plan and generate the capex and opex numbers to
be passed to the financial model.
 The financial model takes in information from marketing,
including key metrics, revenue forecast, acquisition costs
and capex, opex from the engineering model.
Pemasaran
MarketingModel
Model

Rekayasa Model
Engineering Model

Finance
Keuangan
Model
Model
5 Financial model
 Capturing all the detail of the customer base dynamics,
the financial model allows the most comprehensive and
rigorous approach to forecasting the cost base and
ultimately a valuation.
 The financial model outputs are those used by
decision makers at board level and the financial
community.
 The presentation pack produced by the financial model
provides a complete business case, which takes the
reader from an analysis of the population through to a
range of valuations.
 The valuation of the business case is the ultimate
objective of the suite of models.
6
The model combines inputs from the marketing and the engineering
models with operating cost assumptions to forecast the financial
statements and free cash flow.
Engineering Model’s Market Forecast Model,
Operational Structure,
Teknik Model
Network Opex Jaringan
and Mod
Pelanggan dan Pendapatan Struktur Operasional
Distribution Channels,
Opex dan Capex Prakiraan
Capex Forecasts Saluran Distribusi,
Staffing etc.
Prakiraan el
Pasar Prakiraan Staffing dll
Customers and Revenue
Model Forecasts

Bisnis Perencanaan
Business Planning
Model
Model
Network Capex and Opex Operating Cost Assumptions
Forecast

Profit Cash
Cash
Flow
&
& Loss
Loss Flow
Balance
Sheet
Sheet All figures in Nominal Local Currency

FreeCash
Free CashFlow
FlowininNominal
NominalLocal
LocalCurrency
Currency
(Operating Cash Flow less Capital Expenditure)
7 Marketing Model
What kind of Services do
we offer?
do we offer?

How many customers Revenue

Revenue Forecast
Forecast
do we have?

How much are they

willing to spend?
Traffic Forecast

What are our tariffs?

Essentially the question is how many customers are there and what
does the mobile operator has to deliver for the money paid by
those customers.
8 Cost and Revenue Structure

EndUser
End UserRevenue
Revenue

Internet
Internet
Connectivity
Connectivity
Cost
Cost
3G Operator’s
Radio 3G Operator’s
Core
CoreNetwork
Network
Network Cost
Cost Cost 3G
3G Operator’s
Operator’s
Hosting
Hosting
Platform
Platform
Revenue
Revenue
End User Third Party Revenue
 The Diversity of 3G Applications and
9 Sources of Billing

Customer
Customer Category Application Type What is Billed

Telephony, Internet access, messaging

•Telephony,
• • Voice & data transport
•Voice
Individual •Information
Information & Entertainment •Content
Content
Individual • •
•Video
• Video Services •Service
• Service rendered
End User
• Corporate Intranet
•Corporate • Transport, security, application development,
•Transport,
Corporate hosting
• Machine to machine
•Machine machine Transport, closed user group, application
•Transport,
•
• Direct access
•Direct access Interconnect
•Interconnect
•

• Visits or responses
•Visits • Hits, exposure, hosting, transport
•Hits,
Advertiser
• Pushing targeted
•Pushing targeted advertisements
advertisements • Customer information,
•Customer transport
information, transport

Content •Content
• placed on
Content placed on portal
portal or
or in
in walled
walled •Hosting,
• Hosting, content
content &
& customer
customer data
data management,
management,
Content
Provider garden, retail
garden, retail outlet
outlet transport, secure
transport, secure transaction,
transaction, billing
billing &
& collection
collection
Third Party •Delivery of push content, e.g.
e.g. share
Provider • Delivery of push content, share •Transport
• Transport
Party price information
price information

E- • Sales transaction
•Sales Hosting, billing & collection, secure, payment,
•Hosting,
•
Commerce transport
Vendor • Targeting information
•Targeting information at
at individuals
individuals User profile information, transport
•User
•
who
who fulfil
fulfil certain
certain criteria
criteria
•Interconnect
• Interconnect •Terminating
• Terminating traffic on operator’s network
Other Operator •Network
• capacity, e.g.
Network capacity, e.g. MVNO
MVNO •Transport,
• Transport, co-location
•Roaming
• Roaming •Transport
• Transport
10 3G Tariff Dimensions for
different Services Packages
Tariff Dimension

Access Bit Rate Data Free to

Application
Application Example Bandwidth c Guarantee it Volume ta Per
PerEvent
Event End-User ree Content
Content
c R Volu to

Web-Browsing, Looking up Highly

Web-Browsing,
Intranet Access Looking up
web-pages Relevant Relevant
Intranet Access web-pages ghl Relevant
y
Time Sensitive Share prices Highly Relevant
Time Sensitive
Information Relevant
Information Share prices ghl Relevant
y
Streaming Video Highly Highly
Media
Streaming Telephony Relevant Relevant
Media id ghl ghl
e y y
E-mail, Highly
Messaging telemetry Relevant Relevant
Messaging - Relevant ghl
Download ma Highly y
File Transfer software Relevant
Download
File Transfer software ghl
Visit virtual y Highly
Shopping shops Relevant
Visit virtual
Shopping /
Information News,shops
Games, ghl Highly
Entertainment Gambling Relevant y Relevant

I News, Games,
nf Gambling Relevant ghl
or y
11 Tariff Plans to Suit Market Segments
and Applications.
Customer
Customer Internet
Internet&
&Intranet
IntranetAccess
Access Messaging
Messaging Content
Content

InternetInternet
Café model: pay per
Café model: Pay perPay
message withoutwithout
per message file Subscription based on
Subscription
day when youpaywant
pertoday
usewhen
the attachment file attachment subscription based
to content
on
service you want to use the BundledBundled
numbernumber
of messages
of per Pay per event subscription
service month messages per to content
Mass M Low cost walled garden Pay per use for user pulled
Market a InternetLow
access
costwith limited
walled Free to user:month
3rd party pays, Pay per event
content
Consumer messaging features
garden Internet Pay per use for
access with
Freepayment
e.g. to user:instruction
3rd party pays,
to Free to user: 3rduser pulled
party pays,
Monthly subscription bank e.g. payment instruction content
limited e.g. product information,
messaging to bank Free balance
bank to user: 3rd party pays,
e.g. product information,
bank balance
Monthly subscription Bundled number of messages per Same as for mass market
Techy / Monthly subscription month Bundled number of consumersSame as for mass
Small messages per market
Business Unlimited messaging
month without file consumers
attachment
Unlimited messaging
without file
Negotiated annual subscription Negotiated annual subscription Negotiated annual subscription
Negotiated Negotiated Negotiated
Corporate annual annual annual
Corporate subscri subscri subscri

Negotiated annual •Negotiated Negotiated based on usage

subscriptions per user
Negotiated •Negotiated Revenue sharing
Negotiated based on usage
Third Party annual based on
Wholesale: Negotiated Revenue sharing
Third Party overall usagesubscriptio
ns per user
Wholesale: Negotiated
12 Introduction
Implementation of a telecommunications network in an area besides
dealing with the regulation of telecommunications, will also deal with
market situations should be studied carefully to anticipate the various
possibilities. Below are three major tasks to be done a market analyst
... 1. Prediction of gross income (income coarse).
Various measures can be undertaken to examine the gross
income, including the study population, average income, the types
of growing businesses, etc.

2. Introduction to competitors
It is important to note that there is competition situation, to ensure
there is opportunity. In this case can be seen the coverage of its
competitors, the system performance, and also the number of
subscribers to compare the number of potential customers
unserved.

3. Geographical coverage decisions

The question is: where the geographic area covered by the system
you need and what types of services that are suitable for the area?
That question must be answered to then be forwarded to the
Technical
13 Cellular System Planning Cycle
14 What is the real role of an engineer?

After receiving 1. Starting sketch plan in the area of service, the aim is to produce a
a report from range of services in service areas with the least possible number of
economic cells, perhaps for the allocation of capacity for a given BW, as well
analysts who as good quality as possible.
examined the
2. Determining the number of RF channels needed to serve the
economic feasibility, traffic during rush hour predictions until several years into the future.
the task of an
engineer to create a 3. Studies of interference problems.
reliable network in Cochannel interference, adjacent channel interference, and also the
possibility of intermodulasi of each cell. Furthermore, finding ways
terms of capacity, to overcome this.
quality and costs as
efficiently as possible 4. Studies on the blocking probability in each cell, and seek
measures to minimize it

5. Planning technology to absorb new customers.

Increase the number of new customers will depend on the
communication cost, system performance, as well as business
trends. The technique should consider upgrading the system,
capacity development techniques for BW is limited to service mobile
communication systems.
15 Then...

Before planning the system, an engineer must have a deep knowledge on the
basics of cellular technology, including cell structure, channel asignment, cell
splitting, cell overlay system, call processing, radio propagation concepts, and
various other principles.

As explained in advance, that the first step is always based telecommunications

network design on estimates of what will happen in the future of the network who
want planned. In this case, telecommunication traffic prediction is an important
thing will be done first.

General philosophy of the design of telecommunications networks is to get the best

performance with minimal cost. Radio performance include the quality of the
physical channel for control / signaling channel and also physically sound. In this
regard, the size of the transmission quality is S / (I + N) or so-called RF signal to
impairement ratio.

An RF enginner must analyze two kinds of conditions: (1), In the worst conditions,
and (2), On the average achieved by the designed network. In this case, the
average performance will show the size of customer perception of quality which
ultimately leads to customer satisfaction. While the worst condition is to prevent the
worst case that might happen
16 Cellular Network Planning Objectives...
It is quite difficult to achieve the expected performance in mobile
communication environment is very complex. Because it is expected
that an engineer has a wide knowledge to perform the optimization of
the system which will involve various compromise solutions from a
variety of conditions that would trade off faced. Various methods of
optimizing the mobile cellular communication network is provided in
a later section.

Goal • Capacity
• Coverage
• Quality
17 The purpose of the Planning

Network planning starts

from the bandwidth
allocation provided by
the government to a
mobile operator.
Bandwidth allocation is
used by operators to
provide
communications
services with the
quality of
communication as well
as possible and for as
many users.
18 Cell Planning Flowchart
START
Capacity
Prediction of
Analysis of traffic needed
required capacity
until the next
Atot = (Erlang) few years END
System capacity of (statistical Quality
the allocated BW analysis of
demand)
Asel = (Erl / cell)
Yes
OPTIMATION No
Number of cell • Threshold handover QUALITY
Atot /Asel = (cell) • Power Transmitt OK ?
• Noise Figure, dll
ServisArea
Cell Area 
Numberof Ceel
Cell Area Pathloss Analysis
CellRadius Link Budget Analysis
2,6
Power Calculation
Frequency Planning Coverage
 Traffic Forecasting

19
20 Traffic Forecasting
 Penetration & total subscribers
 Customers, gross adds, churn
 Voice, data and other source of revenues
 User growth up to maturity of the network.
 As initial works to measure the required capacity
 Anatomi Demografis 21
Pasar Sasaran (tahun ke-i!)

Jumlah Penduduk 100%

60% Dengan Pendapatan
Cukup

70% Cukup Tua

Beralamat Pasar 42%
untuk Memiliki
80% Menyatakan
Ponsel Minat: Populasi
Potensi Permintaan
33,6%
22

Propensity to Adopt Mobile Comm. by Age

example from Western European country: Age
is an important discriminator.
A Western European country, sample 1,000 interviews 1997
Propensity to Adopt by Age

80%
y = -0.0106x + 0.9686
Potential Adopter

70% R2 = 0.9333
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10% 17 27 37 47 57 67 77
Age of Potentail Adopters
0%
23

Correlation between propensity to adopt mobile & income

example lower income country: Income matters.
Potential Adopters in Sam

Propensity to Adopt Cellular by Income

60%

y = 0.0852x +
50%
0.0471 R2 =
0.9818
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
<30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90- >110
110
Monthly Net Income
A Far Eastern country, sample 1,500 interviews 1996
24 Penetration Growth

Penetration of Population
 The potential demand 60%

assumptions should be Potential Demand Ceiling

linked to changing 50%

demographic patterns
and changes in income. 40%

 The potential demand 30%

sets a penetration
ceiling, conceptually the 20%

maximum potential
penetration is the level 10%

at which the service life

cycle curve reaches its
1995

0%
1996

upper limit.
 25
Number of Subsc. (Million)

0 20 40 60 80 10 12
1995
%
1996
0 0
G
1997 ro
1998
1999 wt
2000
2001
h
2002 of
2003
2004
Sa
S
2005
2006
tu
ra
u
2007 tio
n
b
2008
2009
Le
vel
sc
2010
2011
ri
2012
2013
26 Traffic Growth
240
Saturation Level

200
Offered Traffic (kErl)

160

120

80

40

0%
1995

 e.g voice traffic/user = 27 mErl which comprises 80% of total traffic,

Data traffic/user = 10 mErl which is the rest of total traffic.
Combined average generated traffic per user is 23.1 mErl.
 The Traffic Data from the Marketing
27 Model Drives Network Dimensioning.

 Because the model is intended to be used in

the business-planning phase, it is essential that
a range of scenarios can be evaluated rapidly.
 The impact of varying, for example, different
tariffs can be calculated instantly.
 The engineering model can run completely in the
background so that business planners can run
scenarios without recourse to engineering.
 The Engineering Model covers Capex
28 and Opex for 2G and 3G Networks.

 The capex and opex part of the 3G Mobile

Toolkit covers the technical aspects,
including capital and operational
expenditures.
 The scope of the 3G engineering model
includes dimensioning and costing for
the following elements:
– Radio network
– Core network & interconnect
– Server network
 ENGINEERING
MODEL

29
30 What’s New on 3G

 Multiservice environment:
– Highly sophisticated radio interface.
 Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also variable rate.
– Cell coverage and service design for multiple
services:
 different bit rate
 different QoS requirements.
– Various radio link coding/throughput
adaptation schemes.
– Interference averaging mechanisms:
 need for maximum isolation between cells.
– “Best effort” provision of packet data.
– Intralayer handovers
31 What’s New on 3G

 Air interface:
– Capacity and coverage coupled.
– Fast power control.
– Planning a soft handover overhead.
– Cell dominance and isolation
– Vulnerability to external interference
32 What’s New on 3G

 2G and 3G:
– Co-existence of 2G and 3G sites.
– Handover between 2G and 3G systems.
– Service continuity between 2G and 3G.
 3G (WCDMA) Radio Network
33 Planning Process
34 1st. Coverage
 coverage regions;
 area type information:
– Dense Urban, Urban, sub-urban, or rural
 propagation conditions:
– Indoor, outdoor
35 Radio Link Budgets (WCDMA)

 There are some WCDMA-specific parameters in the

link budget that are not used in a TDMA-based:
– Interference margin:
 it is needed due to the traffic loading of the cell. The more loading
is allowed, the larger is the interference margin needed in the
uplink, and the smaller is the coverage area. Typical values for the
interference margin are 1.0–3.0 dB, corresponding to 20–50% Cell
loading.
– Fast fading margin (power control headroom):
 Some headroom is needed in MS TX power for maintaining
adequate closed loop fast power control to be able to effectively
compensate the fast fading. Typical values for the fast fading
margin are 2.0–5.0 dB for slow-moving MS.
– Soft handover gain:
 Soft handover gives an additional macro diversity gain against fast
fading by reducing the required Eb/No relative to a single radio
link. The soft handover gain is assumed between 2.0 and 3.0 dB
36 RLB: Assumptions for MS and BS

MS

BS
37 Example of WCDMA RLB for Voice
Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)
38 Example of WCDMA RLB for Data
Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user
covered by outdoor BS, Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)
39 Cell range calculation
40 RLB: Okumura-Hatta Model

 The propagation model describes the average signal propagation

in an environment, and it converts the maximum allowed propagation
loss in dB on the row u to the maximum cell range in kilometres.
 Maximum and Average Path Loss in
41 Macro Cells
42 Cell Range

 From the RLB above, the cell range R can be

calculated. e.g with the Okumura–Hata
propagation model for an urban macro cell with
base station antenna height of 30 m, mobile
antenna height of 1.5 m and carrier frequency
of 1950 MHz:
L = 137.4 + 35.2 log10 (Rkm) …..Urban

L = 129.4 + 35.2 log10 (Rkm) …Sub-Urban

43 Cell Range

 From RLB above, MAPL for 12.2 kbps

voice service is 141.9 dB:
– Urban: Rcell = 1.34 km
– Sub-urban: Rcell = 2.27 km
 For 144 kbps data service with MAPL =
133.8 dB:
– Urban: Rcell = 0.79 km
– Sub-urban: Rcell = 1.33 km
44 2nd. Capacity
 Spectrum availability;
 Subscriber growth forecast;
 Traffic density information to estimate the
amount of supported traffic per base station site.
45 3th. Quality of Service
 Area location probability (coverage probability);
 Blocking probability;
 End user throughput.
46 3G W-CDMA Capacity (1)
47 3G W-CDMA Capacity (2)
48 Uplink Load Factor

 Load Factor:
49 Downlink Load Factor
50 Noise Rise Capacity
 The load equation predicts
the amount of noise rise
over thermal noise due to
interference.
 The noise rise is equal to -
10log10(1 – UL).
 The interference margin
on row i in the link budget
must be equal to the
maximum planned noise
rise.
51 Example (DL) Load Factor Calculation

1. Assume the required aggregate cell throughput in kbps.

Through- put is equal to the number of users Nx(bit rate R)x(1 -
BLER).
2. Calculate load factor DL from Equation above.
3. Calculate average path loss from RLB.
4. Calculate maximum path loss by adding 6 dB.
52
Maximum Path Loss Calculations
for Data Transmission
53 Capacity vs Coverage
54 Base Station Transmission Power

 The minimum required transmission power for each user is

determined by the average attenuation between base station
transmitter and mobile receiver, L, and the mobile receiver
sensitivity, in the absence of multiple access interference (intra- or
inter-cell). Then the effect of noise rise due to interference is added
to this minimum power and the total represents the transmission
power required for a user at an ‘average’ location in the cell. Mathe-
matically, the total base station transmission power can be
expressed by the followingequation:
55 Effect of BS TX Power to
DL Capacity and Coverage
56 Capacity per Subscriber

 Capacity depends on AMR rate (voice) and

data rate for the associated Eb/No.
 e.g. 5 MHz W-CDMA carrier capacity is 800
kbps/cell or 80 voice channels/cell, Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) carrier capacity is
2000 kbps/cell.
 Cell capacity utilisation is 80% during busy
hours;
 Busy hour carries 20 % of daily traffic.
 1000 subscribers per site;
 3 sectors per site, 2 carrier (i.e 10MHz),
Config. 2+2+2
57 Capacity per Subscriber
 Uplink:

– Equivalent with 1725 minutes/Subc./month

 Downlink Packet Access:
– 650 MB/Subc./Month
 With split 50/50, we get 325 MB + 862
min/subc./month
58 Typical Capacity of W-CDMA

Capacities per km2 with macro and micro layers in an urban area
 Iteration of Capacity and Coverage
59 Calculations
60 Case Study: Planning in Espoo, Finland

 Please refer to:

Hari Holma & Antti Toskala, “WCDMA for UMTS”,
3rd Ed., John Wiley & Son, 2004, p.210 – 214.
 Course Work: Make a resume from that
section! Submit due to the end of Semester
(before UAS/final test).
61 Network Optimisation
 Network optimisation is a process to improve the
overall network quality as experienced by the
mobile subscribers and to ensure that network
resources are used efficiently. Optimisation
includes:
1. Performance measurements.
2. Analysis of the measurement results.
3. Updates in the network configuration and parameters.
62 Network Optimisation Process
63 Network
Performance
Measurements
Network Tuning with Antenna Tilts
65 GSM - WCDMA Co-Planning

 Utilisation of existing base station sites is important in speeding up

WCDMA deployment and in sharing sites and transmission costs with the
existing GSM networks. The feasibility of sharing sites depends on the
relative coverage of the existing network compared to WCDMA. Typical
maximum path losses with existing GSM and with WCDMA:
 Co-siting of GSM and WCDMA

 Since the coverage of WCDMA typically is satisfactory when

reusing GSM sites, GSM site reuse is the preferred solution
in practice.
 The co-siting of GSM and WCDMA is taken into account in
3GPP performance requirements and the interference between
the systems can be avoided.
 Co-sited WCDMA and GSM systems can share the antenna
when a dual band or wideband antenna is used. The antenna
needs to cover both the GSM band and UMTS band. GSM
and WCDMA signals are combined with a diplexer to the
common antenna feeder.
 The shared antenna solution is attractive from the site solution
point of view but it limits the flexibility in optimising the
antenna directions of GSM and WCDMA independently.
 Another co-siting solution is to use separate antennas for the
two networks. That solution gives full flexibility in optimising the
networks separately.
67 Co-siting of GSM and WCDMA
 Thank You

68