Week 4

Week 4
Loops
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 0132130807
1
Loops Motivations
Suppose that you need to print a string (e.g.,
"Welcome to Java!") a hundred times. It would be
tedious to have to write the following statement a
hundred times:
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
So, how do you solve this problem?
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All
rights reserved. 0132130807
2
Opening Problem
Problem:
100
times
…
…
…
3
Introducing while Loops
int count = 0;
while (count < 100) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java");
count++;
}
4
while Loop Flow Chart
int count = 0;
while (loop-continuation-condition) {
while (count < 100) {
// loop-body;
Statement(s); count++;
} }
count = 0;
Loop
false false
Continuation (count < 100)?
Condition?
true true
Statement(s) System.out.println("Welcome to Java!");
(loop body) count++;
(A) (B)
5
animation
Trace while Loop

Initialize count
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
6
animation
Trace while Loop, cont.

(count < 2) is true
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
7
animation

Print Welcome to Java
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
8
animation

Increase count by 1
int count = 0; count is 1 now
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
9
animation

(count < 2) is still true since count
int count = 0; is 1
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
10
animation

Print Welcome to Java
int count = 0;
while (count < 2) {
count++;
}
11
animation

Increase count by 1
int count = 0; count is 2 now
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
12
animation

(count < 2) is false since count is 2
int count = 0; now
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
13
animation
Trace while Loop

The loop exits. Execute the next
int count = 0; statement after the loop.
while (count < 2) {

count++;
}
14
do-while Loop
Statement(s)
(loop body)
true Loop
Continuation
do { Condition?
// Loop body; false
Statement(s);
} while (loop-continuation-condition);
15
for Loops
for (initial-action; loop- int i;
continuation-condition; for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
action-after-each-iteration) System.out.println(
{ "Welcome to Java!");
// loop body;
}
Statement(s);
}
Initial-Action i=0
Loop
false false
Continuation (i < 100)?
Condition?
true true
Statement(s) System.out.println(
(loop body) "Welcome to Java");
Action-After-Each-Iteration i++
Liang, Introduction
(A) to Java Programming, Eighth Edition, (c) 2011 Pearson(B)
Education, Inc. All
16
Note
The initial-action in a for loop can be a list of zero or more
comma-separated expressions. The action-after-each-
iteration in a for loop can be a list of zero or more comma-
separated statements. Therefore, the following two for
loops are correct. They are rarely used in practice,
however.
for (int i = 1; i < 100; System.out.println(i++));
for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {

// Do something
}
17
Note
If the loop-continuation-condition in a for loop is omitted,
it is implicitly true. Thus the statement given below in (a),
which is an infinite loop, is correct. Nevertheless, it is
better to use the equivalent loop in (b) to avoid confusion:
for ( ; ; ) { Equivalent while (true) {

// Do something // Do something
} }
(a) (b)
18
Caution
Adding a semicolon at the end of the for clause before
the loop body is a common mistake, as shown below:
Logic
Error
for (int i=0; i<10; i++);

{
System.out.println("i is " + i);
}
19
Caution, cont.
Similarly, the following loop is also wrong:
int i=0;
while (i < 10); Logic Error
{
i++;
}
In the case of the do loop, the following semicolon is
needed to end the loop.
int i=0;
do {
i++;
} while (i<10); Correct
20
Using break and continue
break statement terminates a whole block of
statements or a complete loop.
continue statement terminates the current

iteration.
21
Problem: Guessing Numbers (Class
Assignment)
Write a program that randomly generates an integer
between 0 and 10, inclusive. The program prompts
the user to enter a number continuously until the
number matches the randomly generated number.
For each user input, the program tells the user
whether the input is too low or too high, so the user
can choose the next input intelligently.
Write the same program without using loop.
22

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So, how do you solve this problem?

Trace while Loop

Trace while Loop, cont.

Trace while Loop, cont.

Trace while Loop, cont.

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

Trace while Loop, cont.

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop, cont.

while (count < 2) {

Trace while Loop

while (count < 2) {

for (int i = 0, j = 0; (i + j < 10); i++, j++) {

for ( ; ; ) { Equivalent while (true) {

for (int i=0; i<10; i++);

continue statement terminates the current

Write the same program without using loop.

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