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Slavery
From RationalWiki
“ Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong
impulse to see it tried on him personally.
”
—Abraham Lincoln's speech to the 14th Indiana regiment, 1865.[1]

“ Slavery did not end with abolition in the 19th century.

Instead, it changed its forms and continues to harm people
in every country in the world.
”
—Anti-Slavery International.[2]
Slave branding in the United States.

Slavery is a social institution in which some group of human beings are

treated as the property of another group of human beings, usually for the purposes The colorful pseudoscience

of the "economic enrichment" of the owners through the forced labour of the Race & Racialism
enslaved. The term slavery may also be more generally applied to any situation in
which someone is forced to work against their will. This is also often referred to
as "forced labor".

Slavery has a long and ignoble history, predating written records; said to be rare
in hunter-gatherer societies, slavery is thought to have first become feasible
Hating thy neighbour
11,000 years ago during the neolithic revolution due to the invention of
agriculture and food-surplus storage.[3] The growth of warfare raised the issue of Racism
what to do with captive enemies - and enslavement in such cases may seem Racial pride
morally and economically preferable to massacre.[4]
David Forsythe writes that by Nationalism
the time Denmark–Norway became the first nation to ban slavery
Divide and conquer
(1792/1803)[note 1] "at the beginning of the nineteenth century an estimated three-
quarters of all people alive were trapped in bondage against their will either in German Empire
some form of slavery or serfdom".[5] Unfortunately, widespread abolitionism has It's Okay to Be White
not completely eliminated slavery. According to the Global Slavery Index, as of Nordic Resistance
2016, about 40.3 million people are still held in slavery, 71% of whom are female, Movement
Park51
and 15.4 million people are held in forced marriage arrangements.[6] White guilt

Dog-whistlers
Contents David MacRitchie
Gerhard Meisenberg
1 History J. Philippe Rushton
1.1 Early slavery Kevin MacDonald
1.2 In the Bible Kyle Chapman
1.3 Atlantic slave trade
1.4 Ottoman slavery v-t-e
1.5 Indian Ocean slave trade (https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Race&action=edit)
1.6 In the United States
1.7 In Brazil
1.8 In Nazi Germany
2 Slavery today
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3 In nature
4 In BDSM and psychology
5 Apologism and pseudohistory
6 See also
7 External links
8 Notes
9 References

History

“ A slave owner is not a man but a master. By denying

the humanity of his slaves he also abrogates his own
humanity.
”
—Mikhail Bakunin, 1871.[7]

Early slavery

Evidence indicates that slavery existed all around the world and even Beating a slave in Ancient Egypt.
before the advent of writing.[8] Slavery existed in China as early as the
Shang dynasty (18th–12th century BCE), in India as early as the 1st
century BCE, among Amerindians such as Inca and the Creek, in the early Middle East as recorded by
Hammurabi's Code in 1750 BCE, in Ancient Egypt, and in Africa for almost all of its known history.[8] Slavery
tended not to happen in hunter-gatherer societies, due to their mobility and low populations.[3] The advent of
agriculture allowed slavery to flourish as a result of increased populations and the need for labor. The English word
slave comes from "Slav", as medieval Europeans frequently enslaved and traded Slavic people.

In the Bible

See the main article on this topic:

Slavery in the Bible

“ Slavery was established

by decree of Almighty
God. It is sanctioned in
the Bible, in both
Testaments, from
Genesis to Revelation.
It has existed in all
ages, has been found
among the people of
the highest civilization, Jewish slaves in Egypt during the events of the Book of Exodus. According to
and in nations of the the scriptures, it was only bad because it happened to the protagonists.
highest proficiency in
the arts.
—Jefferson Davis, President of the
”
Confederate States of America, head stuck
firmly up his ass

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Slavery is an excellent example of a social institution that the Bible treats as normal and acceptable, but which
21st-century humans regard as an abomination. In fact, slavery was an essential part of the economy in Biblical
times, and the scriptures treated it as such. Exodus 21:7-11 shows that Hebrew women could be sold into slavery
by their fathers, and with far fewer limitations than men would face. Exodus 21:2-5 shows that Hebrew men could
sell themselves into slavery as a means of dealing with excessive debt. According to Leviticus 25:44, non-Hebrews
could become chattel slaves. The Hebrews also practiced hereditary slavery: Exodus 21:4 states that children born
to slaves and women married to slaves were themselves slaves. Hebrews could apparently even beat their slaves
and kill them, so long as the slave didn't die instantly (Exodus 21:20-21).

There appears to be some disagreement among Christian Dominionists as to whether their theocracy would re-
institute slavery.[9]

Some interesting examples of Christian, Jewish, and Islamic moral relativism, eh?

Atlantic slave trade

“ The slave trade has been the ruling principle of my people. It

is the source of their glory and wealth. Their songs celebrate
their victories and the mother lulls the child to sleep with notes
of triumph over an enemy reduced to slavery.
—Ghezo, King of Dahomey (now modern-day Benin)[10]
”
The most infamous[citation needed] incarnation of slavery was the Atlantic slave
trade, in which Africans sold other Africans (often people captured in war, or
stuck in debt peonage) to Europeans, who transported said people to work
plantations in the Americas. The Atlantic Slave Trade era was unique within
humanity's history of slavery for three reasons:[11]

Its duration of approximately four centuries (as opposed to much longer

in the Middle East)
Slaves were chosen due to their race. Or due to availability. Or to
capacity for work. Branding a slave in the Caribbean.
White civilizations enthusiastically adopted racism and racialism as a
post hoc justification of African slavery.

Colonization of the New World made slavery increasingly "necessary" for European colonial entrepreneurs. Spain's
colonies in the Caribbean enslaved the indigenous populations to harvest sugarcane, and when those indigenous
workers were exterminated through harsh treatment, Spain and Portugal turned to Africa in search of more
slaves.[12] Haiti is a good example of this phenomenon. The Spanish drove Hispaniola's native Taino population
into extinction in 25 years (!) and imported enslaved Africans; Haiti's population, to this day, is 95% "black".[13]

Africa was known as "The White Man's Graveyard" for good reason, with malaria alone preventing any possibility
of European conquest until the discovery of Quinine.[14] Instead, Portugal formed the first relationship with Africa
that would define Europe's method of obtaining slaves. In 1483 Portugal converted the African Kingdom of the
Kongo to Catholicism, and then, in 1512, struck an agreement granting the Portuguese access to Kongo's prisoners
to be sold as slaves.[15] Initially, the local kingdoms sold excess slaves that had been captured in wars or convicted
of petty crimes, which made those kingdoms fabulously wealthy... for a time. But the wealth from selling slaves
was fleeting, and so Kongo began raiding other neighboring kingdoms for more slaves to sell. From that point on,
African empires such as Kongo, Dahomey, Yoruba, Benin, and Ashanti entered a death spiral. They raced with
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each other to capture more prisoners to sell as slaves to the Europeans, but the more they stole from each other, the
weaker and poorer they became. Kingdoms that participated in the slave trade used European weapons and became
unrelentingly militaristic to conquer their neighbors and sell more and more captives into the lucrative markets run
by Europeans.[16][17] Kingdoms stagnated or collapsed, and eventually Europeans would figure out that "Quinine"
thing and devour those African Kingdoms, but that's another story.

The slaves became part of what's known as the "Triangle Trade", where slaves would flow to the New World, raw
goods would flow to Europe, and finished goods would flow to Africa. Contrary to popular belief, the ships
generally did not travel to all three destinations, but rather between just two of the three. Some estimates count
about 17 million people who became human cargo, though most estimates put this closer to 12.5 million, of which
nearly 2 million died en route.[18] Spain and England combined transported more than half of these people,[19],
though France, the Netherlands, the US and Denmark all participated in the Triangle Trade. The 13 colonies/USA
imported just under 400,000 slaves, and surprisingly, a slight majority were imported from the Caribbean rather
than directly from Africa. This actually makes sense if you aren't Ameri-centric; the real wealth of New World
colonialism was found in the Caribbean with Haiti at one point being the richest polity on Earth,[20] and the 13
colonies were mostly an afterthought.

Thomas Jefferson banned the importation of slaves in 1807,[21] just a few weeks before the British did the same,
and while the practice of slavery tapered out across the Americas over the next several decades, smuggling was an
endemic problem until slavery itself was abolished. The Empire of Brazil became the last country in the Western
Hemisphere to emancipate its slaves - in 1888. The last country to officially abolish slavery was Mauritania, which
de jure abolished it in 1981, but as no laws were created to enforce the ban, only de facto abolished it in 2007.
Despite this, up to 18% of the population of the country remain enslaved.[22] One of the advantages of capitalism is
that it encourages the participation of free (non-slave) labor. In 1945 the Trinidadian historian Eric Williams argued
that the European abolition of slavery in the 19th century was undertaken not in the name of compassion for the
enslaved, but in order to meet the demands of new capitalist economies.[23]

Ottoman slavery

The Ottoman Empire and its satellites practiced equal-opportunity slavery[24], while the entrepreneurs of the
Barbary Coast often raided for slaves across a vast area that stretched from the Mediterranean to as far afield as
Iceland.[25] In addition, Crimean Tatars would also mount frequent slave-gathering expeditions into the territory of
what is now Ukraine and Russia. Other merchants utilized human resources from Africa, the Balkans, and the
Caucasus. Some of these slaves could rise to high office in the Janissaries[26] or in the imperial harem or in the
administration of the Ottoman Empire. Slavery among the Ottomans persisted until the 20th century,[27]
but
apparently without engendering much of the ensuing bitterness and resentment evident in some former Ottoman
states other than Turkey.[citation needed]

Indian Ocean slave trade

Although it's usually called the Arab slave trade, this is a historical misnomer: myriad ethnic groups were involved
in trade relations.[28].

Slavery in the Arab world was a natural outgrowth of the vital role slavery had played in Mediterranean economies
since antiquity, and Arab slave-traders tapped into existing slave-trade networks established by warring ethnic
groups such as the Yao, Makua and Marava.[29] Africans sold into slavery in the Middle East became field

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workers, administrative servants, or even harem guards.[29] This latter role is why
castration of African slaves was so common.[citation needed] Islamic religious law,
however, forbade the sale of African Muslims into slavery.[29]

The Indian Ocean slave trade accelerated between 1600 and 1800, peaking during
the 19th century.[30] This acceleration happened in response to the establishment of
clove plantations in Zanzibar, Brazil's need to find a new source of slaves after the
abolition of the Atlantic slave trade, and the world's increasing demand for ivory.[31]
Trade in slaves wasn't abolished in Zanzibar (the Indian Ocean slave trade's main
hub) until 1876, under strong British pressure, and slavery itself remained legal
there until 1897.[32]

In the United States Slave punishment in

Zanzibar, 1890.
“ I consider the labor of a breeding woman as no object, and a child
raised every 2 years is of more profit than the crop of the best
laboring man [...] providence has made our interests & duties
coincide perfectly.
”
— Thomas Jefferson, regarding constantly impregnating slaves to maximise profits.[33]

Slavery in the region of the present-day United States started out

with indentured servants, primarily of Irish descent.[34]
As crop
yields increased, so did the demand for labor. Anthony Johnson, a
former indentured servant of African descent, filed a lawsuit to
keep his indentured servant for the remainder of the servant's life,
officially legalizing slavery in the Virginia Colony in 1665. Soon,
many Europeans bought and sold Africans across the Atlantic to
keep up with demand. Although the then non-Christian religion of
the (African) slaves enabled their permanent and official
enslavement through kidnapping as opposed to temporary de facto Plantation slaves in South Carolina.
enslavement ("indentured servitude") through becoming indebted
or criminals, their treatment was little different until Bacon's
Rebellion in Virginia, 1676. Afterward, sharply divergent treatment of British and African forced-laborers was
employed by enterprising slave-owners so that the former could police and repress the latter, and both groups
would be less likely to unite in rebellion in future. Virginian society transformed from a two-tiered class hierarchy
to a three-tiered class-race one. [35]

The three-fifths clause in the Constitution (Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3) related to congressional
representation - legally, black slaves were regarded as having 0% rights, not even 60%. Southern states initially
advocated that their slaves be counted as full persons so that the South would have more representation in
Congress, while the North did not want slaves to count at all, as they were not legal citizens and could not vote. So
the Thirteen Colonies could settle their differences and form a nation, the North suggested that slaves could count
as half a person - while the South wanted them to be worth 3/4ths; they settled on 3/5ths.[36]

Areas in the United States where slavery was most common have unusually strong levels of race-based economic
disparity, implying a direct heritage of modern economic problems among American Blacks due to slavery.[37]

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The slave overseers and slave managers, unemployed in the reconstituted United States from 1865 after the formal
abolition of slavery there, generalized their experience and found a new niche in promoting, teaching and
practicing the new-fangled field of management .[38]

In Brazil

Slavery in Brazil lasted some 300 years, and the region imported about
4 million slaves during that time.[39] Brazil thus imported more slaves
than any other country.[40] (Compare estimates for Ottoman Turkey:
2.5 million from the Black Sea area in just 250 years,[41]
plus millions
more from Africa and elsewhere.[42]) Africans who died during the
passage across the Atlantic were carried to trash dumps where their
corpses would be piled alongside household refuse.[43] As in the
Spanish colonies, the Portuguese had treated native populations in
Brazil so harshly that they were exterminated.[44] This trend continued
in Brazil, and it's estimated that Brazilian slave-owners treated their Beating a slave in Brazil.
African slaves so horrendously that they only survived an average of
seven years after arriving in Brazil.[45] Infant mortality rates were also staggering. This is why Brazil ended up
importing so many slaves; they died there at a greater rate than elsewhere.

Brazil used slaves to harvest and process sugarcane and also started using them in mines after the discovery of gold
(1690s) and diamonds.[46] Urban demand for slaves also existed, and they were used for household tasks. Slavery
was so widespread in Brazil that the country failed to develop an abolitionist movement even while the US
struggled to limit slavery and the European powers outlawed it.[47] Abolitionism did not become a serious
movement until after the American Civil War of 1861-1865, and it only started in law schools and colleges. Even
then, most of the public didn't get behind it until industrialization made it increasingly clear that slaves were
economically noncompetitive in the increasingly capitalist world.[45] Brazil abolished slavery in 1888, the last
Western country to do so.

In Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany relied heavily on slave labor during World War Two
(1939-1945). After the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the
commencement of Operation Barbarossa in June 1941, the Germans
abducted millions of people from (for example) occupied Poland and
the Soviet Union to serve as slaves for German industry.[48] By 1944
the Germans were enslaving people as young as 16.[49] People worked
under the threat of death in abominable conditions, often with beatings
and hunger as companions.

Slavery was not limited to factory work and camps. Despite the Nazi
ideals of racial purity, it seems that Aryan super-men weren't above
raping slave women or forcing hundreds of thousands of them into Liberated women, still with their Nazi
slave badges.
prostitution.[50] So many pregnancies occurred due to rape that
Germany had to set up "birthing centers" to dispose of the unwanted
children, in which about 90% of the handled infants died due to neglect.[51] Women also served as nannies, of all
things, in order to encourage German women to have more children. Slave nannies worked closely with German
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families and in German households, so the Nazi government required that they be suitable for "Germanization".[52]
In a manner reminiscent of the US Antebellum South, Nazi farms also used slaves for harvests; the government
ordered farmers to treat such workers as subhuman.[53]

Private firms in Germany also heavily utilized slave labor, and they even built their own slave-camps to house
them.[54] The famous Reimann family, which has stakes in brands around the world, recently admitted that it
profited from wartime slavery and allowed women to be beaten and sexually abused in its facilities.[55] Hundreds
of German firms are known to have committed similar acts, although many of them subsequently became
voluntary members of Germany's slave labor compensation fund.[56]

Few of those slave laborers survived the war, and many were the cadavers exposed at Allied liberation of labor
camps. The main Nuremberg Trial found the Nazi politician Fritz Sauckel guilty for his role in procuring slaves
from occupied countries, and sentenced him to death by hanging.[57]

Slavery today
It is estimated that there are still upwards of 27 million people
enslaved today.[58] This number is higher than at any previous
time in history, but abolitionists hope the practise can be wiped
out in 30 years.[59] This depends on the definition of slave, as
some often count sex workers as slaves, particularly if they are
immigrants that have been forced into the work to pay off
debts to their contacts that helped them move country. In
contrast to Rome or the US pre-13th Amendment, slavery Contemporary slavery is largely concentrated in
today is less about ownership than about being able to control South Asia, Africa and the former Soviet Union.
people and force them to work, whether by physical restraint or
other forms of coercion (threats, debt bondage, society viewing
certain forms of servitude as normal). It may be done by criminals and against the law, or with state involvement,
or in areas where the state has little or no power and rule of law is weak. Related practices such as child marriage
and child soldiers can also be considered slavery.[60]

In the 21st Century, Quasi-State Legalised Slavery has returned in DAESH-held territory, where female captives,
all non-Muslim minorities who have refused to convert to Islam, have been sold and distributed as sexual
slaves[61]. For the DAESH-aligned group Boko Haram, things are quite literally being done by the same book —
the repeated kidnapping of women for use as sex slaves counts among their many noble deeds.[62]

In the US, penal labor has been commonly used as forced labor.[63] This has been allowed due to a loophole in the
Thirteenth Amendment which allows forced labor to be used as a punishment for prisoners. Many Southern states
turned many minor crimes into felonies in order to arrest African Americans and use them as a form of cheap
labor.[64] Modern corporations have greatly benefited from prisoners being used as low-cost labor.[65]

Involuntary servitude has usually been seen as a form of slavery but this belief has commonly been abused by
cranks. In 1916, the Supreme Court ruled in the case Butler v. Perry that involuntary servitude could be permitted
if it is a service to the state (like jury duty or military service);[66] this case, though, dealt with a Florida law that
forced citizens, many of them African Americans, to be forced to build roadways and likely went against the intent
of the Thirteenth Amendment.[67] Many anti-war activists and civil libertarians have contended that conscription is
a form of involuntary servitude and forces someone to kill, violating that person's rights of conscience. Various

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libertarians, conservatives, and moonbatty liberals have stated that

compulsory schooling is a form of involuntary servitude and would
prefer homeschooling or unschooling. Anti-vaxxers believe that
mandatory vaccination violates their rights and forces them to
vaccinate their children, which is against their beliefs. Tax
protesters have called the income tax a form of slavery.

It is commonly claimed by those on the far right that Islam is

largely responsible for modern slavery, and that Islam is a
particularly pro-slavery religion.[68][69] As discussed in this article,
no religion or ethnic group has a monopoly on slavery. Some
majority-Muslim countries certainly have a problem with modern
slavery, including Qatar, Uzbekistan, Pakistan, Mauritania, Sudan, Child laborers in Nepal.
and Bangladesh, but so do majority-Christian countries like Haiti,
DR Congo, and the Central African Republic, as well as India, Cambodia, China, North Korea, and others.[70][71]

Countries which formerly participated in the transatlantic slave trade, primarily those in the west, have apologized
for said participation, although nations like Nigeria and Ghana have also apologized. From the Nigerian Civil
Rights Congress: "We cannot continue to blame the white men, as Africans, particularly the traditional rulers, are
not blameless. In view of the fact that the Americans and Europe have accepted the cruelty of their roles and have
forcefully apologized, it would be logical, reasonable and humbling if African traditional rulers ... [can] accept
blame and formally apologize to the descendants of the victims of their collaborative and exploitative slave
trade."[72]

In nature
Slave-making ants practice a form of brood parasitism, abducting the young of other ants during raids, to increase
the worker force of their own colony. It has been suggested the term be changed to pirate ants, which attempts to
suggest impressment is somehow not just a specific type of slavery limited to the enslavement of sailors to serve on
an enemy vessel.

In BDSM and psychology

Master slave relationships are common in consensual BDSM, though the use of this terminology can be quite
offensive and be seen as trivializing or glorifying slavery. The practice of race play is also controversial and can
cross over into detailed historical reenactment of punishments inflicted on slaves within a certain society that leave
more accurate injuries than modern day civil war reenactments. [73]

Apologism and pseudohistory

As slavery is both a historical fact and widely considered a crime against humanity, various parties generate a large
amount of woo as a post hoc justification to push their own agendas. This includes rightwing cranks, religious
apologetics, extreme nationalists and 'cultural relativists' attempting to defend it, as well as various historical
revisionists downplaying its horribleness, or downplaying or even occasionally - on the left-wing side -
overplaying its role in history.

Of the religious form, the Bible and Koran both allow for slavery. So how are these books "Good" when they
clearly allow for something "Bad"? Well obviously the version in the book wasn't actually "slavery" at all, of
course! Of course, the King James version doesn't mention slaves, only "servants"...never mind that that's one of
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many euphemisms that translation used when it touched on anything potentially sensitive.

An example of the historical revision form of woo is Thomas Cahill's How the Irish Saved Civilization, which
argues that Saint Patrick was the first abolitionist, and that as a result of his Christian mission Ireland became the
first country on Earth to abolish slavery. In reality, scholars are very skeptical that St. Patrick ever existed, and they
are even more skeptical that he ended slavery, given the numerous references to slaves in medieval Gaelic Irish
law.

The left-wing historian Edward E. Baptist has claimed that slavery was essential to the industrial revolution - a
claim which feeds into the wider narrative in some parts of the left that America would not be so rich today if it
were not for slavery. However, Baptist's research has come under severe criticism from multiple people. For
example, Baptist's research didn't even get the basic economic concept of GDP right.[74]

The claim that "Africans sold other Africans into slavery!" is often used as whataboutism to whitewash slavery in
the United States. However, slavery in Africa was rather different from that of the US, since 1) it was not race
based, but rather based on tribal affiliation, 2) was more akin to indentured servitude, where individuals were
enslaved to pay off debts, atone for crimes, or in cases of POWs from rival tribes, work for their release 3) unlike
chattel slavery in the US, slaves in Africa generally had rights and agency, and many could even work in
government positions.[75]

See also
Debt slavery
Irish slaves
Sweatshops
Human trafficking
Slavery in the Bible
Lost Cause of the South
American Civil War
Magdalene laundry

External links
Anti-slavery International (http://www.antislavery.org/english/?pr=), the oldest humanitarian organization
which concentrates on freeing slaves across the globe.

Notes
1. Within the metropolitan part. Slavery in the Danish West Indies was only abolished in 1848.

References
1. Lincoln: Thoughts on Slavery
(https://www.nps.gov/libo/learn/historyculture/thoughts-on-
slavery.htm). National Park Service.
2. What is modern slavery? (https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-
today/modern-slavery/). Anti-Slavery International.
3. Compare: "Slavery"
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/slavery-sociology).
Encyclopædia Britannica. "Slavery existed in a large number
of past societies whose general characteristics are well known.
https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Slavery
It was rare among primitive peoples, such as the hunter-
gatherer societies, because for slavery to flourish, social
differentiation or stratification was essential. Also essential
was an economic surplus, for slaves were often consumption
goods who themselves had to be maintained rather than
productive assets who generated income for their owner.
Surplus was also essential in slave systems where the owners
expected economic gain from slave ownership."
4. Pinker, Steven (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: The
Decline of Violence In History And Its Causes
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(https://books.google.com/books?id=c3cWa-GnsfMC) (reprint
ed.). Penguin UK. ISBN 9780141959740. Retrieved 2018-07-
01. "For most of the history of civilization, the practice of
slavery was the rule rather than the exception. It was upheld in
the Hebrew and Christian Bibles, and was justified by Plato
and Aristotle as a natural institution that was essential to
civilized sociery. [...] Slaves have always been a major booty
in wartime, and stateless people of all races were vulnerable to
capture. [...] For captives in war, slavery was often a better fate
than the alternative, massacre [...]."
5. "David P. Forsythe"
(http://www.theglobalist.com/contributors/david-p-forsythe/).
The Globalist.
6. 2018 Findings: Highlights
(https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/highlights/
). Global Slavery Index.
7. Man, Society, and Freedom
(https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bakunin/works/18
71/man-society.htm). Mikhail Bakunin, 1871.
8. "Historical survey: Slave-owning societies".
(https://web.archive.org/web/20070223090720/http://www.brit
annica.com/blackhistory/article-24156) Britannica.
9. Christian Reconstructionism etc.: Beliefs and practices
(http://www.religioustolerance.org/reconstr3.htm). Religious
Tolerance.
10. Martin Meredith, The Fortunes of Africa. Public Affairs, New
York, 2014, p. 193. ISBN 9781610396356
11. Transatlantic Slave Trade
(http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-
sciences/themes/slave-route/transatlantic-slave-trade/).
UNESCO.
12. See the Wikipedia article on Slavery in the Spanish New
World colonies.
13. CIA World Factbook: Haiti
(https://www.cia.gov/Library/publications/the-world-
factbook/geos/print_ha.html). CIA.
14. The history of Quinine (https://hekint.org/2019/05/22/quinine-
and-the-cinchona-plant-gain-or-bane-for-africa/)
15. 400 years ago, enslaved Africans first arrived in Virginia
(https://www.nationalgeographic.com/archaeology-and-
history/magazine/2019/07-08/virginia-first-africans-
transatlantic-slave-trade/). National Geographic.
16. The Transatlantic Slave Trade
(https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/slav/hd_slav.htm).
Metropolitan Museum of Art.
17. Atlantic Slave Trade, SA History
(https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/atlantic-slave-trade)
18. How many slaves landed in the US, PBS
(https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-
cross/history/how-many-slaves-landed-in-the-us/)
19. countries most active in Trans atlantic slave trade
(https://www.statista.com/chart/22057/countries-most-active-
trans-atlantic-slave-trade/)
20. Remembering Haiti, Brown Uni
(https://www.brown.edu/Facilities/John_Carter_Brown_Librar
y/exhibitions/remember_haiti/economy.php)
21. [www.monticello.org/slavery-at-monticello/liberty-
slavery/solution-jefferson-proposes-abolition-slave-trade
Jefferson bans slave trade]
22. Anti-Slavery International [1]
(http://www.antislavery.org/english/slavery_today/descent_bas
ed_slavery/slavery_in_mauritania/default.aspx)
23. Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery
(http://books.google.com/books?
https://rationalwiki.org/wiki/Slavery
Slavery - RationalWiki
id=B6AWWVGBaswC&dq=isbn:0807844888&ei=QiGaTuyP
Co72M6LShNsP), UNC Press Books, 1944.
24. See the Wikipedia article on Slavery in the Ottoman Empire.
25. See the Wikipedia article on Ottoman raids on Iceland.
26. See the Wikipedia article on Janissaries.
27. Sankey, Margaret (2015). "Ottoman Emancipation"
(https://books.google.com/books?id=MnysBwAAQBAJ). In
Rodriguez, Junius P.. Encyclopedia of Emancipation and
Abolition in the Transatlantic World (reprint ed.). Routledge.
ISBN 9781317471790. Retrieved 22 January 2021. "Slavery
was gradually phased out, and, by 1920, there were few slaves
in Ottoman Turkey. Turkey's 1924 civil constitution and the
reforms of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk [...] formally abandoned
Islamic law and ended slavery."
28. Rodneyʼ, Walter (1972). How Europe Underdeveloped Africa.
Bogle-L'Ouverture Publications. p. 211. ISBN
9781906387945.
29. East Africa's forgotten slave trade
(https://www.dw.com/en/east-africas-forgotten-slave-trade/a-
50126759). Deutsche Welle.
30. Recalling Africa's harrowing tale of its first slavers – The
Arabs – as UK Slave Trade Abolition is commemorated
(https://newafricanmagazine.com/16616/). New African
Magazine.
31. The East African Slave Trade
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafri
ca/9chapter3.shtml). BBC.
32. See the Wikipedia article on History of Zanzibar.
33. Isenberg, Nancy, White Trash - The 400-Year Untold History
of Class in America (London, 2016) p.100
34. http://www.ushistory.org/us/5b.asp
35. Dan Hicks. "Ethnicity, Race and the Archaeology of the
Atlantic Slave Trade"
(http://www.assemblage.group.shef.ac.uk/5/hicks.html).
36. http://hauensteincenter.org/slaveholding/
37. 2013 Heather A. O'Connell
http://sf.oxfordjournals.org/content/90/3/713.abstract
38. Clegg, Stewart R; Kornberger, Martin; Pitsis, Tyrone (2015).
"Managing Bureaucracy" (https://books.google.com/books?
id=Ev2ICwAAQBAJ). Managing and Organizations: An
Introduction to Theory and Practice (4 ed.). London: SAGE.
p. 438. ISBN 9781473943797. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
"Cooke (2003) suggests that the management of slaves in
plantations anticipated many early modern management
ideas."
39. Photos Reveal Harsh Detail Of Brazil's History With Slavery
(https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2013/11/12/244563532
/photos-reveal-harsh-detail-of-brazils-history-with-slavery).
NPR.
40. "Transatlantic Slave Trade". Africana: The Encyclopedia of
the African and African American Experience. New York:
Basic Civitas Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00071-5.
41. Eltis, David; Engerman, Stanley L.; Bradley, Keith R., eds
(2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery
(https://books.google.com/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC).
Complete Cambridge histories online. General history.
Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804. Cambridge University Press.
p. 145. ISBN 9780521840682. Retrieved 22 January 2021.
"Spotty sixteenth- and seventeenth-century customs statistics
suggest that Istanbul's slave imports from the Black Sea may
have totaled around 2.5 million from 1450 to 1700. In
addition, there was an overland trade into Anatolia from the
Caucasus."
42. Eltis, David; Engerman, Stanley L.; Bradley, Keith R., eds
(2011). The Cambridge World History of Slavery
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11/1/21, 12:35 PM
(https://books.google.com/books?id=5qp_3aL76isC).
Complete Cambridge histories online. General history.
Volume 3, AD 1420-AD 1804. Cambridge University Press.
p. 52. ISBN 9780521840682. Retrieved 22 January 2021. "[...]
roughly 3.75 million left sub-Saharan Africa for Muslim
markets [...]."
43. https://www.dw.com/en/in-brazil-the-wounds-of-slavery-will-
not-heal/a-43754519 In Brazil the wounds of slavery will not
heal (https://www.dw.com/en/in-brazil-the-wounds-of-slavery-
will-not-heal/a-43754519). Deutsche Welle.
44. Mattoso, Katia M.; Schwartz, Stuart B. (1986). To Be a Slave
in Brazil: 1550–1888. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ.
Press. ISBN 0-8135-1154-2.
45. Slavery in Brazil
(https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/history-
46.htm). GlobalSecurity.
46. Sweet, James H. Recreating Africa: Culture, Kinship, and
]
Religion in the African-Portuguese World, 1441–1770. Chapel
Hill: University of North Carolina, 2003. Print.
47. https://exoduscry.com/blog/general/history-of-slavery-and-
abolition-in-brazil/ History of Slavery and Abolition in Brazil
(https://exoduscry.com/blog/general/history-of-slavery-and-
abolition-in-brazil/). Exodus Cry.
48. Alexander von Plato, Almut Leh, Christoph Thonfeld (2010).
Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-
Occupied Europe. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1845459903.
49. Hannes Heer; Klaus Naumann; Heer Naumann (2004). War of
Extermination: The German Military in World War II.
Berghahn Books. p. 139. ISBN 1571814930.
50. Sexual slaves of the Third Reich
(https://web.archive.org/web/20080513113925/http://www.wp
rost.pl/ar/105285/Seksualne-niewolnice-III-Rzeszy/). Wprost
24. Archived.
51. See the Wikipedia article on Nazi birthing centres for foreign
workers.
52. Lynn H. Nicholas, Cruel World, p. 256, ISBN 0-679-77663-X.
53. Richard Grunberger, The 12-Year Reich, p 165, ISBN 0-03-
076435-1
54. Ulrich Herbert (1997), Hitler's Foreign Workers, Enforced
Foreign Labor In Germany Under The Third Reich.
Cambridge University Press, pp. 269, 324-325. ISBN
0521470005.
55. Reimann family firm reveals Nazi slave past in Germany
(https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47692099). BBC
News.
Retrieved from "https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Slavery&oldid=2377303"
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Slavery - RationalWiki
56. Holocaust Restitution: German Firms that Used Slave Labor
During Nazi Era
(https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/german-firms-that-used-
slave-labor-during-nazi-era). Jewish Virtual Library.
57. Fritz Sauckel (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fritz-
Sauckel). Britannica.
58. "Modern-Day Slavery"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/09/opinion/modern-day-
slavery.html), The New York Times. 2000 September 9.
59. A tipping point in the fight against slavery?
(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19831913)
60. Modern Slavery (https://www.antislavery.org/slavery-
today/modern-slavery/), Anti-Slavery International, 2019
61. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-08-03/sex-
slaves-sold-by-islamic-state-the-younger-the-better
62. [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-22538888%7CBoko
Haram timeline: From preachers to slave raiders
63. http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/09/prison-
labor-in-america/406177/
64. http://www.newsweek.com/slavery-still-legal-united-states-
365547
65. http://www.alternet.org/story/151732/21st-
century_slaves%3A_how_corporations_exploit_prison_labor
66. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/ButlervPer
67. http://volokh.com/posts/1190700994.shtml
68. Clarion Project (https://clarionproject.org/islamists-still-
perpetuating-slavery-today/)
69. The truth about Muslims and sex slavery - according to the
Koran, rather than Isis or Islamophobes
(http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/the-truth-about-
muslims-and-sex-slavery-according-to-the-quran-rather-than-
isis-or-islamophobes-a6875446.html), The Independent
70. See the Wikipedia article on Global Slavery Index.
71. Global Slavery Index findings
(https://www.globalslaveryindex.org/findings/)
72. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/18/africans-
apologise-slave-trade
73. "Playing with Race"
(http://www.colorlines.com/articles/playing-race), Daisy
Hernandez, Color Lines, Dec 21, 2004
74. Slavery and Capitalism (https://necpluribusimpar.net/slavery-
and-capitalism/), Phillipe Lemoine
75. Slavery in Africa
(https://www.discoveringbristol.org.uk/slavery/people-
involved/enslaved-people/enslaved-africans/africa-slavery/)
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