Al-Azhar University Faculty of Dental Medicine Orthodontic Department 24/7/2020 Exam No.

2
Master’s Degree pages 4 Time allowed: 2 hours

A- Define: (10 Degrees ) Total Marks 150

1- Line of occlusion
2- Malocclusion
3- Angle paradigm
4- Soft tissue paradigm
5- Overjet
6- Reverse overjet
7- Handicapping malocclusion
8- Cephalocaudal gradient of growth
9- Scammon’s curves of growth.
10- Components of skeletal growth at the cellular level, what is the most important component?

B- Compare and contrast (30 Degrees)

1- Angle and soft tissue paradigms
2- Evidence based versus opinion based decision making process.
3- Need and demand.
4- Growth and development.
5- Body pattern versus growth pattern ‘ of the body’
6- Prenatal versus postnatal body and growth patterns
7- Craniometry, Anthropometry, Cephalometric and CBCT to study growth.
8- Cross sectional and longitudinal growth studies.
9- Distance and velocity growth curves.
10- Growth of bone and soft tissue

C- Explain with Examples: (14 Degrees)

1- ‘Malocclusion usually affects function by making it difficult, so extra effort is required to
compensate for the anatomic deformity’.
2- Relationship between malocclusion and injury and dental disease.
3- After you have sat your treatment objectives and outlined the rational of the desired
movements, how do you decide what technique of treatment to use?
4- Utilization of the concept of development in everyday clinical practice.
5- Cephalocaudal Gradient of growth in the craniofacial complex.
6- The concept of variability in growth, how can we detect this variability clinically?
7- Growth curve and growth velocity curve.

D- Complete: (50 Degrees)

1- Extraction therapy aims to ………………………………. And……………………….
2- Cephalometric radiography enables orthodontists to measure changes in
………………………….and …………………. Produced by
………………………..and……………………….
3- Both functional and extra-oral appliances are used to ………………..and ………………….
4- TMD is best thought as the result of ……………………..caused by……………………………

1
Al-Azhar University Faculty of Dental Medicine Orthodontic Department 24/7/2020 Exam No.2
Master’s Degree pages 4 Time allowed: 2 hours

5- Orthodontics is shaped by……………………………, …………………………………………

and…………………determinants.
6- Irregularity index is defined as……..………………
7- Spontaneous correction of maxillary midline diastma is most likely when its width is not more
than…………..mm.
8- In TMD patients muscle pain almost always correlates with…………….and ……as a response
to……....or………………….
9- Some individuals react to stress by…………….while others ………………………………….
10- Bias………………………………………………………………………………………………..
11- Acceptable ways to replace opinion with evidence are…………,………and …………………
12- The gold standard for evaluating clinical procedures is the ……………………………………
13- Limitations of randomized clinical trials in orthodontics are…...and…………….
14- Limitations of historic control samples are…………………and ……………………….
15- Problems of meta-analyses in orthodontics are………………………..………and……………..
16- Acronym IOTN stands for…………………………………..
17- Impacted canines are located in grade ……………………..according to IOTN.
18- In a living body, when the increase is neither in the number or size but in complexity is
called……….. (give an example to clarify)
19- Growth is largely an ……………phenomenon whereas development is ………..and……………..
20- The reason for gradients of growth is that………………………………………………………….
21- Lymphoid tissues proliferate far beyond the adult amount in the ……………………..period and
then undergo ……………………at the same time that growth of the genital tissues accelerates
rapidly.
22- The gold standard to express patient’s age is ……………….age.
23- Methods of studying physical growth are……………………….. and……………………….
24- …………………………..introduced metal implants to longitudinally study craniofacial growth.
25- A decrease in …………………pathway activity causes holoprosencephaly and hypotelorism.

E- True or false (25 Degrees)

1- In class I malocclusion, line of occlusion is considered to be correct.
2- In class II malocclusion, line of occlusion is not specific.
3- Angle classification has four classes.
4- The line of occlusion may or may not be correct in Class II and Class III.
5- Angle main concern was to achieve proper occlusal relationship.
6- Under the leadership of Charles Tweed and Raymond Begg, Extraction of teeth was reintroduced
in 1920s.
7- Ideal occlusion, always, is the major focus of a treatment plan.
8- Deviation from the Angle Ideal may provide greater benefit for some patients.
9- Posterior cross bite most often reflects a wide maxillary arch.
10- The thought process that goes into ‘solving the patient’s problems’ is reversed in the soft tissue
paradigm.
11- In Anthropological studies, it is easier to be sure what has happened to alignment of teeth than to
occlusal relationships.

2
Al-Azhar University Faculty of Dental Medicine Orthodontic Department 24/7/2020 Exam No.2
Master’s Degree pages 4 Time allowed: 2 hours

12- The decrease in demand on masticatory apparatus, in modern life style, has no effect on the
incidence of malocclusion.
13- In modern ages, the cooked food was the key for both the development of the larger human brain
and decrease the incidence of malocclusion.
14- Psychic stress caused by disfiguring dental or facial conditions is directly proportional to the
anatomic severity of the problem.
15- Malocclusion has little if any effect of disease of teeth and supporting structures. Why?
16- Randomized clinical trials are the best to evaluate the outcomes extraction versus non extraction
therapies. Why?
17- Overjet less than 5 mm is located in grade 3 according to IOTN.
18- In normal growth pattern different parts of the body are growing with the same rate.
19- Biologic clocks for different individuals are set differently.
20- The earlier the adolescent growth spurt occurs, the less intense it appears to be.
21- The growth pattern is expressed at different times chronologically and physiologically.
22- ANB angle for 5 years old patient usually ranges between 1-4⁰.
23- Craniometric studies is a valuable source for longitudinal date concerning craniofacial growth.
24- When you measure ANB⁰ of a patient for diagnosis, you are doing some sort of cross sectional
study of his/her growth pattern.
25- Changes in growth rate can be easily seen in a distance curve.

* - Are you involved in Medicaid program to provide orthodontic service for low-income
families? (Yes/No) (1 Degree)

F- Clinical Problem:(20 Degrees)

Hanien is 12 years old, came to Al-Azhar Orthodontic Outpatient Clinics seeking orthodontic
treatment. She was diagnosed as a class II patient (ANB 6⁰, SNA 80⁰, SNB 74⁰, FMA 20⁰, Overjet 3
mm, overbite 60%). Clinically, she had convex profile, obtuse nasolabial angle, impacted upper left and
right canines. Her height was 142 cm, weight 35 Kg, the onset of menstruation has not started.

1- What division of class II malocclusions does she have?

2- According to IOTN, in which grade is she?
3- Evaluate her growth status, is she a normal grower? What is your recommendation?
4- Using the menarche as a zero time point, which maturation group is she?
5- What facial pattern does she have? Can we change this pattern (yes/No)?
6- How can we forecast her future growth pattern? When will you start your treatment? Why?
7- Her sister Samira is 1.3 years younger, she had similar craniofacial features, however, the
onset of menarche has already started. What is your guessing about her growth status? Do
you that they have different growth velocities? Based on this do you think that they have
different growth patterns?
8- Draw velocity and distance curve for the following growth data (height) and pin point the
growth spurt:

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 years
80 105 117 128 141 142 168 180 185 cm

3
Al-Azhar University Faculty of Dental Medicine Orthodontic Department 24/7/2020 Exam No.2
Master’s Degree pages 4 Time allowed: 2 hours