APPENDIX 1 LINKING WORDS IN ACADEMIC WRITING Effective use of linking words in academic writing allows you to connect ideas in your sentences and make your writing cohesive. You will study the following types of linking words in this appendix: * coordinators © subordinators * conjunctive adverbs © linking words for enumeration EERE RENEE C:00RDINAT ORS RSC eR EO ETS There are seven coordinators, called the “FANBOYS”: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Form sestnisSandaat Use the FANBOYS coordinators for two purposes: to join two or more independent the Handbook o review | clauses in a compound sentence, and to join the last two items in a list. In North independent causesand | American varieties of English, it is common to place a comma before the coordin- epee] ator. In British and other forms of English, the comma is often omitted, It is important to be consistent in your use of commas: avoid including them in some sentences and omitting them in others. [tried to get my student ID today, but the (compound sentence) lineup was too long. 3 On my first day, I got my student ID, registered items in a list) - for the gym, and went to two lectures. i Concept i Use coordinators to express the following meanings when you join independent clauses: ‘Addition: and, nor, or { went to my first lecture, and I got the course reading lst. Contrast: but, yet went to the library, but I couldn't take out any books. Many: ‘writers avoid Reason: for using for in endemic | was glad to finish high school, for it was time to move on. vting because ithas terry syle Result: so Later, | got my student ID, so I was able to take out four books. [APPENDIX LINKING WORDSIN ACADEMICWRITING — 245Summary: Coordinators Le ‘Compound Sentences. for Reason | decided to study economics, for! ove working with numbers, ‘Addition [started clases last week, and everything has gone smoothly s far ‘When nor is placed atthe beginning of anindependent clause, the subject-verb order isteversed. Addition [couldn't visit the library last week, mor was | able {negative sentences) | to join any clubs. Contrast ‘The waiting lst for student accommodation was long, but I eventually gota place Addition I could choose a shared room on campus, ar I could (alternatives) lakea single room downtown. Contrast My application for accommodation was ix weeks (srongerthan but)_| late, yet I stil gota place. Result ‘The shared room was closest to my classes, 0 tookit Items ina List Adlon ‘On my first day, I got my student 1D, registered for of parallel items | the gym, and went to two lectures. Addition Thad the choice of taking An Introduction to Nutrition, ofalternativeitems | Health Sciences 101, or Human Anatomy. PAAR $UAORDIN NTRS De SE ‘Seo Unit 4 to review complex sentences. Form Subordinators are used to connect ideas in sentences. If a clause begins with a subordinator, the clause becomes dependent, which means it cannot stand alone as a sentence, To make a complete sentence using subordinators, you need to join the dependent clause to an independent clause; this forms a complex sentence. If the dependent clause comes before the independent clause, separate the two clauses with a comma. When complex sentences follow this order, the information in the second (independent) clause is usually emphasized, as illustrated in ‘example 1 below. Ifthe order is reversed, no comma is required, and the emphasis is not clear—as illustrated in example 2. 1. Although there was a long lineup, I managed to get my student ID today. 2. [registered for the library workshop before I left campus. Concept Use subordinators to convey the following meanings when you join a dependent clause and an independent clause: 246 ADVANCEINACADEMIC WRITING 1Some writers avoid using while for contrast and as fora reason because these subordin ators can also express time relations and may confuse the reader ifthe context isnot entirely Contrast: although, even though, whereas, while, whilst (British English) Although I went to the library, I couldn't take out any books. Reason: as, because, since Later, I was able to take out four books because I had my student ID, Time: after, as, before, when, while After I got my student ID, I was able to take out four books. Condition: if, unless, whether SERPI Reproauctionpratibtes (British English) dear : Students can borrow four books if they have a valid student 1D. Summary: Subordinators Subordinator | Concept Example Even ough conveys although Contrast | Although studying in London is exciting, itis also very Conta hana, || even thugh expense crasense ofampise whereas gota place t my first-choice university even though tile, ‘my grades were just below the threshold for acceptance. peat In Canada, many students pay high tuition fees whereas/ while/whilst in France and Germany, many courses are free, 3 Reason | As/Because/Since my student visa was delayed, Thad because to tart my courses one week late since ater Time | After finished high school, I moved to New York to study, xs As | opened the ete fom the college admissions office, before ry heart was beating fast when Before came to study in New York, Twas a high school a student in Turkey ‘When | got my letter of acceptance, I jumped for joy! Iplanto do some volonteeing while am living in Now York. if Condition | If get an A average in my first year, my scholarship will ales be renewed wheter Unless my grades improve, wort beable to apply for Medicine next year. 1"m not sure whether I should take the Health Science course or Nuttition and Well-Being next term. Form [RATAN CONIUNCTIVE ADVERHS AGREES aR aE ERD Conjunctive adverbs are used to connect ideas between sentences or independent clauses. Your choice of conjunctive adverb tells your reader how you understand the ideas to be related. Conjunctive adverbs can be placed at the beginning, within, or at the end of an independent clause. APPENDIX 1 LINKING WORDS IN ACADEMIC WRITING 207‘At the Beginning of an Independent Clause 1. There wasa long lineup at the registration desk, However, | managed to get to my afternoon class on time. 2. ‘There was a long lineup at the registration desks however, the staff served people quickly. When a conjunctive adverb is placed at the beginning of an independent clause, it should be set off with a period or semicolon before and a comma after. In ‘example 1, a period is used because the second independent clause introduces ‘a new idea: getting to class on time. In example 2, a semicolon is used because the information in the second clause is closely related to the idea in the first clause: the lineup at the registration desk was long. Within an Independent Clause ‘There was a long lineup at the registration desk. I did manage, however, to get my student ID. When a conjunctive adverb is placed within an independent clause, it should be set off with commas. At the End of an Independent Clause ‘There was a long lineup at the registration desk. I did manage to get my student ID, however. When a conjunctive adverb is placed at the end of an independent clause, it should be set off with a comma and a period. However, this position is less common because it can make the sentence read awkwardly. Concept ‘There are many conjunctive adverbs. You can add them to independent clauses to convey the following meanings: Addition: additionally, furthermore, in addition, moreover, My first lecture was hard to understand. Moreover, there were 300 students in the lecture hall. Contrast: however, nevertheless, nonetheless Yesterday, | arrived early to my class; however, I couldn't get a good seat. Result: as a result, consequently, therefore ‘There were 300 people in the lecture hall; therefore, I couldn't find a good seat Similarity: equally, likewise, similarly ‘The content of my next lecture was easy to understand. Equally, I found the subject interesting, 20B ADVANCE INACADEMIC WRITING 1| Conjunctive “adverb | Concept Example additional | Addition | Asa medical student, I've had to do a lot of reading furthermore Additionally / Furthermore / In addition / Moreover, aden 1 do hospital visits twice a week moreover however Contrast | studying in London is exciting; however/nevertheless/ nevertheless nonetheless, itis also expensive. nonetheless asa result Result | My student visa was delayed. As a result / Consequently / consequently ‘Therefore, | had to statt my courses one week late. thereore equally Similarity} During my first year, the essay assignments were really Hhewise challenging. Equally/Likewise/Similarly, the exams were siniry very difficult RSE KING WORDS FOR ENUMER ATION The following linking words are used to order ideas and information in a sequence © first, firstly * second, secondly third, thirdly * finally |tis uncommon to use fourth(ly) or fifth(ly) for longer sequences. In such cases, ‘writers tend to stop at third{ly) and use conjunctive adverbs for addition, such as in addition and moreover. Consider the following example, a student's description of a busy first day at college: On my first day at college, 1 had many things todo. First, had to find the room, for my morning class, which was not easy. Second, I had to goto the depart- ment office to ask if | could change one of my courses. Third, | needed to find the cafeteria because I had arranged to meet a school friend for lunch, In addition, I received an email message telling me the room for my after- noon lecture had been changed. Finally, I went on a campus tour that [had booked the week before. By the end of the day, | was exhausted! (© RPI Reproduction prohiites APPENDIX 4 LINKING WORDS IN ACADEMIC WRITING 249APPENDIX 2 APA CITATION STYLE ‘APA (American Psychological Association) citation style is commonly used in pub- lications in the social sciences and scientific fields, among others. In this appendix, | you will learn some of the common APA forms for writing in-text citations and | reference lists. You can find complete guidelines for APA citation style in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Ecition. | SSR INTENT CITATIONS (SEREOETS ARR SORRENTO SR | Overview IF you use a statistic, idea, image, or creative work that is not your own, you are required to acknowledge your source with a citation in the text—an in-text citation, | APA in-text citations are placed in parentheses after the cited information. They should include some, or all, of the following publication details: © the author's surname (or authors’ surnames) | « the year of publication | * the page number if the information cited is a direct quotation (the original words of the author) Each in-text citation should match a corresponding entry in the reference list at the end of the essay. What to include in the in-text citation depends on several factors. Citation Phrase with the Author's Name If the author's name is included in the citation phrase (for example, according to Dauvergne}, do not repeat the name in parentheses: According to Danvergne (2018), global leaders have taken insufficient action to protect the world’s oceans. No Citation Phrase If the sentence does not include a citation phrase, indicate the author and the year of publication in parentheses: Ithas been argued that global leaders have taken insufficient action to protect, the world’s oceans (Dauvergne, 2018) If the information cited is a direct quotation, place it between double quotation marks and add the page number or numbers: 250 ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING 1(SERPI Resraducton proted It has been argued that the current global system for controlling plastic pollution in aceans “is not up to this challenge” (Dauvergne, 2018, p. 22) Ithas been argued by Dauvergne (2018) that the current global system for conttolling plastic pollution in oceans “is not up to this challenge” (p. 22). In the examples above, the page number is preceded by the abbreviation p., with a space before the number. Paraphrases The APA manual also recommends, but does not require, that paraphrased infor- mation include page numbers. Both of the following examples are possible: It has been argued by Dauvergne (2018) that global regulation bodies are unable to meet the challenge of protecting the world’s oceans. It has been argued by Dauvergne (2018) that global regulation bodies are unable to meet the challenge of protecting the world’s oceans (p. 22) Source with No Date If you are citing a source with no date, such as an online source, write nd. (not italicized) after the name of the author or publishing organization, or after the ttle of the work {if there is no author): Experts have estimated that approximately 1.15 to 2,41 million metric tons of plastic still enters oceans from rivers each year (“Great Pacific Garbage Patch," nd). Multiple Sources in a Citation Sometimes, in-text citations include two or more sources, In such cases, place the authors’ names in alphabetical order and separate them with semicolons: Plastic products, especially microplastcs, are causing considerable damage to the world’s oceans and to marine life (Dauvergne, 2018; Gabbatiss, 2018; Gross, 2015; Kontrick, 2018) Secondary Sources A secondary source is one that you read elsewhere, not in the original work. In such cases, begin the in-text citation with the phrase as cited in: Bourdieu argues that certain students, such as those from low-income migrant families, have fewer chances to gain access to higher education and graduate with a degree (as cited in Ohidy, 2018), Citing Multiple Pages As stated above, APA recommends (but does not require) that writers include page numbers for paraphrased information. If you are citing (with a paraphrase) multiple pages of a single work and choose to include page numbers, use the following formats: Consecutive pages: Marshall and Walsh Marr (2018) conclude that instruct ors’ approaches to teaching multilingual students in different subject areas are related to their ov experiences of learning how to write and to their identities as teachers (pp. 40-42). APPENDIX APACITATIONSTYLE 251Non-consecutive pages: Marshall and Walsh Marr (2018) argue that learning academic language isa challenge for all students, regardless of their linguistic backgrounds, and that a clear distinction between native and non-native speaker no longer exists in many Canadian university classes (pp. 33,37). Authors ‘One Author If the source is written by one author, the author's name can be included in a citation phrase or in the parentheses. Either way, indicate the year of publication in the parentheses. According to Gross (2015), the world’s oceans are full of plastic waste. ‘The world’s oceans today are full of plastic waste (Gross, 2015). ‘Two Authors IF the source has two authors, you can write the in-text citation in two ways: (a) if the names are stated in a citation phrase, join them with and; or (b) ifthe names do not appear in a citation phrase, join them with an ampersand (&) in the parentheses. Marshall and Walsh Marr (2018) discuss the challenges that students face when they write in English as an additional language in different subject areas. Students face many challenges when they write in English as an additional language in different subject areas (Marshall & Walsh Marr, 2018). Three or More Authors IF you are citing a source with three to five authors, list each author the frst time the source is cited. Thereafter, write only the name of the first author, followed by et al. (not italicized). First citation: McNamara, Morton, Storch, and Thompson (2018) analyze the experiences of first-year undergraduate students as they attempt to improve their academic writing, Next citation: McNamara et al. (2018) found in their study that the partici- pants began to understand academic writing during their first year as both technical and cognitive process If you are citing a source that has six or more authors, write the name of the first author, followed by et al, in all citations Bolnick etal. (2018) describe genetic ancestry testing as both a science and a business. No Author Ifyou cite a source that does not have a stated author, cite the title of the work For short works, such as journal articles and book chapters, place the title in quotation marks. For longer works, such as books, use italics. Ifa work has a long title, you may shorten it in the parentheses. 252 ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING 1‘There are different types of Spanish verbs, for example, transitive, intransitive, reflexive, and impersonal (Collins Spanish Dictionary and Grammar, 2018). Multiple Works by the Same Author On occasion, you may cite several works that were written by the same author and published in the same year. In such cases, differentiate the works by adding the letters a, 6, c, and so forth, after the year. The letters refer to the order in which the works appear in the reference lst, where they are listed alphabetically, by title. Gross (2017a) discusses the dangers that plastic pollution poses to the world’s oceans. Ifyou use one in-text citation to cite works written by the same author but published in different years, separate the years with commas: Gross uses the metaphors of oceans of plastic waste and oceans wrapped in plastic in his analysis of marine pollution (Gross, 2015, 2017). Direct Quotations Direct Quotations of Fewer Than 40 Words Ifyou include a direct quotation of fewer than 40 words, one option is to integrate it into the grammatical flow of the sentence, place it in quotation marks, and provide the page number in parentheses. If the quotation appears at the end of a sentence, place the final punctuation mark outside the parentheses. Garnham (2017) explains that one problem with the term artificial intelli- gence is that “artificial implies not real” (p. 2). Another option is to break the grammatical flow of the sentence and add a colon: Garnham (2017) highlights one problem with the term artificial intelli gence: “artificial implies not real” (p. 2). Direct Quotations of 40 Words or More Ifyou directly quote a large section of text (40 words or more), follow a different format: the quotation should be dropped one line and indented half an inch (1.25 cm) from the left margin, Do not place it in quotation marks, and put the closing period before, not after, the page number in parentheses. In his definition of the term artificial intelligence, Ganham (2017) explains why the term artificial can be confusing: In some ways the term artificial intelligence is an unfortunate one. Both parts of itare misleading, On the one hand, as many people have pointed out, artifical implies not real. Although many critics of Al have claimed that attificial intelligences are not really intelligent .... most AI researchers disagree with them. (p. 2) Omitting Words from Direct Quotations Ifyou omit words from a direct quotation, indicate where words have been taken out with an ellipsis, or three spaced periods (. ..), as illustrated in the second-last, line of the example above. APPENDIX2 APACITATION STYLE 253Adding Words to Direct Quotations You can also add words to a direct quotation to make the meaning clearer. ‘Any added word or words should be enclosed in square brackets. ‘According to Aitchison (2007), psycholinguistics has a simple definition, “{psycholinguistics] is a subject which links psychology and linguistics” ©.) Online Sources With an Author Ifyou cite an online source that has an author, cite the author's name and the year of publication: Ithas been reported that astronauts’ DNA can change during missions to the International Space Station (Knapton, 2018). No Author Sometimes, an online source you want to cite may not have a stated author. In such cases, follow the general guidelines mentioned above: include the ttle of the work and the year of publication in the ir-text citation, using quotation marks for short works and italics for longer works. You can also shorten long titles. Alig not a single form of technology but a general term encompassing multiple applications (This Automated Life: 2018 Trend Report, 2018). AALis not a single form of technology but a general term encompassing ‘multiple applications (This Automated Life, 2018). Entire Website When citing an entire website—not a specific web page with an author or title— you should cite the website address (URL). In such cases, do not include a matching reference list entry at the end of the essay. Artificial intelligence revenue is predicted to rise tenfold in the next 10 years (https://wwew.top500.0rg). With Numbered Paragraphs ‘Some online sources have numbered paragraphs instead of page numbers. If you cite information from such a source, indicate the paragraph number in parentheses. Use the abbreviation para. (not italicized), followed by a space and the paragraph number. Personal Communications: Conversations, Interviews, and Email If you cite a personal communication, for example, a conversation, an interview, or an email message, follow the format below. Do not include a matching entry in the reference list. (S. Li, personal communication, August 12, 2018) 254 ADVANCEIN ACADEMICWRITING 1‘RAE ESR RF FEMENCE 18 RRR op TE A matching reference list entry is required for each source that is cited with an intext citation (except entire websites or personal communications, as mentioned on the previous page). According to APA format, the reference list should be placed at the end of the essay, on a separate page, with the title References Centred at the top of the page. Reference list entries should be ordered alphabetically by the author's surname, or by the title of a source with no author, and should be double-spaced. All lines other than the first line of each entry should be indented half an inch (1.25 cm) from the left margin. The following examples show some common types of entries, However, they are not double-spaced, as would be required in an essay that follows APA format, Authors Use the following formats, depending on the number of authors, One Author Begin the reference list entry with the author's surname and initial(s) Aitchison, (2007). The articulate mammal: An introduction to psycholinguis tics (Sth ed.). London: Routledge. ‘Two Authors Begin the reference list entry with the first author's surname and initial(s, followed by a comma, an ampersand (8), and the second author's surname and initial(s) Lochner, L., & Monge-Naranjo, A. (2016). Student loans and repayment: Theory, evidence, and policy. In E. A, Hanushek, S. Machin, & L. Woessmann (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 5, pp. 397-478) Amsterdam: Elsevier, Three to Seven Authors Write the reference list entry as above, adding authors as follows: McNamara, T, Morton, ], Storch, N.,& Thompson, C, (2018). Students’ accounts of heir first-year undergraduate academic writing experience: Implications for the use of the CEFR. Language Assessment Quarterly, 15(1), 16-28 https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2017.1405420 Eight or More Authors List the first six authors’ surnames and initials, add an ellipsis (three spaced periods), and then write the final author's surname and initial(s: Bolnick, D. A., Fullwiley, D., Duster, T. oper, R. S., Fujimura, J. H., Kahn, J., & TalBear, K. (2018). The science and business of genetic ancestry testing. In 0. K. Obasogie & M. Darnovsky (Eds.), Beyond bioethics: Toward new biopolities (pp. 422-427). Oakland, CA: University of California Press. LS ERPI Reproduction prohbtes APPENDIX? APACITATIONSTYLE 255Include the DOI (digital ‘object identifier. If available, for both print and electronic sources. Place ational information aout the publication (such as the volume number othe cation in parentheses, aller the ite No Author Begin the reference list entry with the ttle of the article, chapter, or book Collins Spanish dictionary and grammar (8th ed.). (2018). Glasgow: HarperCollins. Formats for Print Sources Use the following formats for different print sources. Journal Article Surname(s), Initials). (year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number('ssue number), page number(s). https://doi.org/xax Kontrick, A. V. (2018). Microplastics and human health: Our great future to think about now. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 14(2), 117-119. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s13181-018-0661-9 Chapter in an Edited Collection Surname(s), Initial(s). (year). Title of chapter. In Initial(s}. Surname(s) (Ed[s}), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Place of publication: Publisher. Lochner, L., & Monge-Naranjo, A. (2016). Student loans and repayment: ‘Theory, evidence, and policy. In. A. Hanushek,S. Machin, &L, Woessmarin (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of education (Vol. 5, pp. 397-478). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Magazine Article Surname(s), Initial(s). (year, Month day). Title of article, Title of Magazine, volume number(issue number), page number(s). Kwon. D, (2018, March). Self-taught robots. Scientific American, 318(3), 26-31. Newspaper Article Surname(s),Intial(s) (year, Month day). Tile of article, Title of Newspaper, plo). xxx. Vaughan, R. (2018, September 21). Students watned about uni claims that don’t add up. The Independent, p. 11 Book Surname(s}, Initials). (year). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher. Aitchison, J. (2007). The articulate mammal: An introduction to psychalinguis tics (5th ed.). London: Routledge. Multiple Works by the Same Author If you have cited two or more works that were written by the same author and Published in the same year, order the works alphabetically according to their titles, and add a, b, c, and so forth, to the year for each different work: Gross, M. (2015a). Can we avert marine mass extinctions? Current Biology, 25(6), R209-R212. https://doi.org/10.1016/}.cub.2015.02.068 256 ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING 1LS ERPI Reprocucton artistes ‘These examples show how to present titles in foreign languages: give the original ttle, followed by a translation in square brackets, Include description ofthe content in square brackets after the title ititmay help readers identity or retrieve the source Gross, M. (2015b). Oceans of plastic waste. Current Biology, 25(3), R93-R96. hitps://doi.org/10.1016/.cub.2015.01.038 IF you have cited two or more works that were written by the same author and Published in different years, order the works by year, with the earliest work first: Bourdieu, P. (1997). Die verborgenen Mechanismen der Macht [The hidden mechanisms of power]. Hamburg: VSA Verlag, Bourdieu, P. (2001). Wie die Kultur zum Bauer kommt: Uber Bildung, Schule und Politik (How culture comes to the farmer: About education, school, and politics]. Hamburg: VSA Verlag. Works Published by Organizations If you have cited a work published by an organization (governmental or non- governmental), list the entry by the name of the organization, not the title of the work: Name of Organization. (year). Title of work. Place of publication. Ethics Resource Center. (2014). 2013 national business ethics survey. Arlington, VA. Formats for Online Sources Reference list entries for electronic sources require the inclusion of the URL in most cases. Include a retrieval date only if itis likely that the source will change, for example, a wiki, The following are common forms of reference list entries for electronic sources. Web Page with an Author Begin the reference list entry with the author's surname and initial(s) or with the name of the organization that published the work: ‘Surname(s), Initil(s). (year, Month day). Title of document. Retrieved from (URL] Fuetterer, T.(n.d.). 15 steps to coffee from bean to cup [infographic]. Retrieved from https://wwrw.coffeeble.com/how-coffee-is-made/ or Name of Organization. (year, Month day). Title of document. Retrieved from [URL] Statistics Canada. (2017, July 12). Mortality trends in Canada, 2013. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan ge.ca/nt/daily-quotidien/170712/g-001 eng.htm Web Page with No Author Begin the reference list entry with the title of the article or web page Title of article/page. (year, Month day), Retrieved from [URL] ‘The great Pacific garbage patch. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theocean cleanup.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ APPENDIX? APACITATIONSIVLE 257if an online academic journal article has a digital object identifier (001), indicate the DOI instead of the article's URL: Surname(s),Intial(s) (year. Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page number(s). htips://doi.org/oa0x llieva, R., Beck, K., & Waterstone, B. (2014). Towards sustainable internation. alisation of higher education. Higher Education, 686), 875-889. https:|/ doi.org/10.1007/s10734-014-9749:6 Online Newspaper Article ‘Surname(s), Initials). (year, Month day). Tile of article. Title of Newspaper. Retrieved from (URL] Perrone, M. (2018, January 23). Help or harm? Report wrestles with the effects of e-cigarettes. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from https://www.the globeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/help-or-harm-report- wrestles-with-the-effects-of-e-cigarettes/article37710071/ Online Magazine Article Surname(s,Initil(s). (year, Month day). Title of article, Title of Magazine, Retrieved from [URL] Gajanan, M. (2018, September 20). Almost half of al cell phone calls will be spam by next year, tech security firm warns. Time. Retrieved from htip:// time.com/5401861/cell-phone-calls-fraudulent-first-orion/ Online Encyclopedia Entry Title of article. (year, Month day). In Title of Encyclopedia. Retrieved from [URL] DNA. Chemical compound. (2018, September 12). In Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved from https:| /www.britannica.com/science/DNA 258 AOVANCEINACADEMIC WRITING 1APPENDIX 3 MLA CITATION STYLE MILA (Modern Language Association) citation style is used mainly in the human- ities, for example, English and modern languages, cultural and literary studies. In this appendix, you will learn the most common MLA formats needed for aca demic writing. You can find complete guidelines for MLA citation style in the MLA Handbook, Eighth Ecition. (SEE (NTE CITATIONS EES Ge Overview IF you use a statistic, idea, image, or creative work that is not your own, you are required to acknowledge your source with a citation in the text—an in-text citation. MLA in-text citations require one or both of the following publication details, in parentheses after the cited information: © the author's surname (or authors’ surnames) © the page number of the information cited Surname: (Dauvergne) Surname and page number: (Dauvergne 22) Page number only: (22) Unlike APA citations, MLA in-text citations do not include the year of publication, ‘and the parts of the citation are not separated by a comma. Each in-text citation should match a corresponding entry in the Works Cited list at the end of the essay. Some online sources do nat have page numbers. In such cases, cite the paragraph numbers, if available, using the abbreviations par. or pars. You are not required to cite page numbers or paragraph numbers if none are available: Experts have estimated that approximately 1.15 to 2.41 million metric tons of plastic still enters oceans from rivers each year (“Great Pacific Garbage Patch”) Citation Phrase with the Author’s Name Do not repeat the author's name in parentheses if it is included in the citation phrase: According to Dauvergne, global leaders have taken insuffi \ protect the world’s oceans (22) 2 MLACITATIONSTYLE 259Ithas been argued by Dauvergne that the current global system for controlling plastic pollution in oceans *is not up to this challenge” (22). No Citation Phrase If the sentence does not include a citation phrase, indicate the author and the page number in parentheses: Ithas been argued that global leaders have taken insufficient action to protect the world’s oceans (Dauvergne 22). Multiple Sources in a Citation Ifyou include two or more sources in one in-text citation, the sources in the par- entheses should be separated with semicolons: Plastic products, especially microplastics, are causing considerable damage tothe world’s oceans and to marine life (Dauvergne 23-24; Gabbatiss; Gross R93; Kontrick 117). Secondary Sources A secondary source is one that you read elsewhere, not in the original work. In such cases, begin the in-text citation with the phrase gtd. in: Bourdieu argues that certain students are marginalized by education systems, which reduces their chances to gain access to higher education (qtd. in Ohidy 176). Citing Multiple Pages Ifyou are citing multiple pages of a single work, use the following formats: Consecutive pages: Marshall and Walsh Marr conclude that instructors approaches to teaching multilingual students in different subject areas are related to their own experiences of learning how to write and to their identities, as teachers (40-42). Non-consecutive pages: Marshall and Walsh Marr argue that learning academic language isa challenge forall students, regardless oftheir linguistic backgrounds, and that a clear distinction between native and non-native speaker no longer exists in many Canadian university classes (33, 37). Authors ‘One Author If the source is written by one author, the author's name can be included in a citation phrase or in the parentheses. Either way, indicate the page number in the parentheses. According to Gross, the world’s oceans are full of plastic waste (R93) ‘There is no doubt that the world’s oceans are full of plastic waste (Gross R93). Two Authors When you include two authors’ names ina citation phrase, they should be joined with and. In the parentheses, also join them with and. 260 ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING 1FESS SES See eee eee eee eee eee ete Marshall and Walsh Marr conclude that students face many challenges when they write in English as an additional language indifferent subject areas (4). Students face many challenges when they write in English as an additional language in different subject areas (Marshall and Walsh Marr 41). Three or More Authors Ifa source has three or more authors, cite the name of the first author, followed by et al. (not italicized) McNamara etal. analyze the experiences of first-year undergraduate students as they attempt to improve their academic writing (20-23). No Author Ifa source does not have an author, cite the title of the work, or an abbreviated title, in the parentheses. For short works, for example, journal articles and book chapters, place the title in quotation marks. For longer works, such as books, use italics. ‘There are different types of Spanish verbs, for example, transitive, intransitive, reflexive, and impersonal (Collins Spanish Dictionary and Grammar v). Multiple Works by the Same Author if you cite more than one work by the same author in the same sentence or para- graph, include the ttle of each work in parentheses to make it clear to the reader which work you are citing Gross describes the main sources of pollution in our oceans (“Oceans of Plastic Waste” R93-R96) and highlights several damaging effects on marine life (“Our Planet Wrapped in Plastic” R785-R788). Direct Quotations Direct Quotations of Fewer Than Four Lines Ifyou include a direct quotation of fewer than four lines, one option is to integrate it into the grammatical flow of the sentence, place it in quotation marks, and provide the page number in parentheses. If the quotation appears at the end of a sentence, place the final punctuation mark outside the parentheses. Gamham explains that one problem with the term artificial intelligenceis that “artificial implies not real” (2) © ERPL Reproduction arohtites ‘Another option isto break the grammatical flow of the sentence and add a colon: Garnham highlights one problem with the term arifcial intelligence: “artificial implies not real” (2) Direct Quotations of Four Lines or More Direct quotations of four lines or more should be dropped one line, indented half an inch (1.25 cm) from the left margin, and not enclosed in quotation marks. The final period should be placed before the page number in parentheses rather than after it APPENDIX MLACITATIONSILE 261Inhis definition of the term artificial intelligence, Garnham explains why the term artificial can be confusing: In some ways the term artificial intelligence is an unfortunate one. Both parts of it are misleading. On the one hand, as many people have pointed out, artificial implies not real. Although many critics of Al have claimed that artificial intelligences are not really intelligent .... most Al researchers disagree with ther. (2) Omitting Words from Direct Quotations If you omit words from a direct quotation, indicate where words have been taken out with an ellipsis, or three spaced periods (...), as illustrated in the second-last line of the example above. Adding Words to Direct Quotations You can also add words to a direct quotation to make the meaning clearer. Any added word or words should be enclosed in square brackets. According to Aitchison, “[psycholinguistics] is a subject which links psych- ology and linguistics” (1). Online Sources With an Author Ifyou cite an online source that has an author, cite the author's nam It was reported that an astronaut’s DNA can change over time at the International Space Station (Knapton), No Author Sometiies, an online source you want to cite may not have a stated author. In such cases, follow the general guidelines mentioned above: include the title of the work in the in-text citation, using quotation marks for short works and italics for longer works. You can also shorten long titles. Al is not a single form of technology but a general term encompassing multiple applications (This Automated Life: 2018 Trend Report 3). Als not a single form of technology but a general term encompassing multiple applications (This Automated Life 3) Entire Website When citing an entire website—not a specific web page with an author or title— you should cite the website name only, in italics and parentheses. Do not include the URL. Artificial intelligence revenue is predicted to rise tenfold in the next 10 years (Top500).. Unlike APA citation style, MLA requires a matching entry in the Works Cited list for a website in-text citation, 262 ADVANCEIN ACADEMIC WRITING 1Personal Communications: Conversations, Interviews, and Email If you cite a personal communication, for example, a conversation or an interview, cite the name of the interviewee in parentheses. Include a matching entry in the Works Cited list. If you cite an email, cite the author of the message, and include ‘a matching entry in the Works Cited list LRAT (1575 OF WORKS C11 ED RRR SSSA A matching reference list entry is required for each source that is cited with an in-text citation, According to MLA format, the Works Cited list should be placed at the end of the essay, on a separate page, with the title Works Cited centred at the top of the page. Reference list entries should be ordered alphabetically by the author's surname, or by the title of a source with no author, and should be double-spaced. All lines other than the first line of each entry should be indented half an inch (1.25 cm) from the left margin. The following examples show some common types of entries, However, they are not double-spaced, as would be required in an essay that follows MLA format. Authors Use the following formats, depending on the number of authors. One Author Begin the reference list entry with the author's surname and name, separated by a.commi Aitchison, Jean. The Articulate Mammal: An Introduction to Psycholinguistcs. 5th ed., Routledge, 2007. ‘Two Authors Begin the reference list entry with the first author's surname and name, followed by a comma, and, and then the second author's name and surname: Lochner, Lance, and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. “Student Loans and Repayment: Theory, Evidence, and Policy.” Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by Eric A. Hanushek et al., vol. 5, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 397-478. LS ERP! Reproduction pronbted Three or More Authors Begin the reference list entry with the first author's surname and name, followed by a comma and et al. (not italicized): McNamara, Tim, et al.“Students’ Accounts of Their First-Year Undergraduate Academic Writing Experience: Implications for the Use of the CEFR.” Language Assessment Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 1, 2018, pp. 16-28. APPENDIX MLACITATIONSTWE 263Place additional information about the publication (such as the volume aumber or the edition) before the publisher No Author Begin the reference list entry with the title of the article, chapter, or book: Collins Spanish Dictionary and Grammar. 8th ed., HarperCollins Publishing, 2018. Formats for Print Sources Use the following formats for different print sources. Journal Article Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). "Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vo. x, NO. XX, Year, PP ¥A-XKK Kontrick, Amy V. “Microplastics and Human Health: Our Great Future to Think About Now.” Journal of Medical Toxicology, vol. 14, no. 2, 2018, pp. 117-119. Chapter in an Edited Collection Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). “Title of Chapter.” Tile of Book, edited by Editor's(s’] Name(s), Publisher, year, pp. xx1-1%x. Lochner, Lance, and Alexander Monge-Naranjo. "Student Loans and Repayment: Theory, Evidence, and Policy.” Handbook of the Economics of Education, edited by Eric A. Hanushek et al, vol. 5, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 397-478. Magazine Article Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine, vol./ no. xx (if available), day Month year, pp. xxx, Kwon, Diana. “Self-Taught Robots.” Scientific American, vol. 318, no. 3, Mar. 2018, pp. 26-31, Month names that are longer than four letters are abbreviated in a newspaper or magazine reference. Use the following abbreviations: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., and Dec. Newspaper Article Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper, day Month year, p. xxx, Vaughan, Richard, “Students Wamed about Uni Claims That Don't Add Up. ‘The Independent, 21 Sept. 2018, p. 11. Book ‘Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). Title of Book. Publisher, year. Aitchison, Jean. The Articulate Mammal: An Introduction to Psycholinguistics. 5th ed., Routledge, 2007. 264 ADVANCEIN ACADEMIC WRITING 1(© ERPI Reorecucton prohibited ‘Multiple Works by the Same Author Ityou have cited two or more works by the same author, list the works in alpha- betical order (disregarding words such as a, an, and the). Use the relevant format above for the first entry. Thereafter, use three hyphens (-~), followed by a period, to replace the author's name. Gross, Michael. “Can We Avert Marine Mass Extinctions?" Current Biology, vol. 25. no. 6, 2015, pp. R209-R212. “Oceans of Plastic Waste.” Current Biology, vol. 25, no. 3, 2015, pp. R93-R96. Works Pul If you have cited a work published by an organization (governmental or non- governmental), list the entry by the name of the organization, not the title of the work: lished by Organizations Name of Organization. Title of Work. Publisher, year. However, if both the author and the publisher are the same organization, list the entry by the title: 2013 National Business Ethics Survey. Ethics Resource Center, 2014 Formats for Online Sources MLA citation style encourages the inclusion of a URL for electronic sources. If you provide a URL, only the www. address is required; you should leave out the https:// Indicate page or paragraph numbers if available, and the date you accessed the source, especially if the source is undated. The following are common forms of MLA reference list entries for electronic sources. Web Page with an Author Begin the reference list entry with the author's surname and name: Surname, Name {, and Name Surname). “Title of Article." Title of Site/Page, Sponsor or Publisher (if different from site), date of publication (if available), URL. Accessed date. Fuetterer, Thomas. “15 Steps to Coffee from Bean to Cup.” Coffeeble, www. coffeeble.com/how-coffee-is-made/. Accessed 12 Sept. 2018. Web Page with No Author Begin the reference list entry with the title of the article or web page: “Title of Article.” Title of Site/Page, Sponsor or Publisher (if different from site), date of publication (if available), URL. Accessed date, “Mortality Trends in Canada, 2013.” The Daily, Statistics Canada, 12 July 2017, wwwr150.statcan.ge.ca/ni/daily-quotidien/170712/g-b001-eng.htm. Accessed 15 Sept. 2018. APPENDIX MLACTANONSIVIE 265Article from an Online Academic Journal If an online academic journal article has a digital object identifier (DO!), indicate the DOI instead of the article’s URL, and the online database where you found the article (if applicable). The date of access is optional. Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, vol. xx, No. xx, year, pp. xxx-Kxx. Online Database (if applicable], doi:xxxx. Accessed date, Ilieva, Roumiana, Kumari Beck, and Bonnie Waterstone. “Towards Sustainable Internationalisation of Higher Education.” Higher Education, vol. 68, no. 6, 2014, pp. 875-889, doi:10.1007/s10734-014-9749-6. Accessed 22 Aug. 2018. Online Newspaper Article Sumame, Name (, and Name Surname). “Title of Article.” Title of Newspaper, date of publication. Online Database (if applicable), URL. Accessed date. Perrone, Matthew. “Help or Harm? Report Wrestles with the Effects of E-cigarettes.” The Globe and Mail, 23 jan. 2018, wwwtheglobeandmail. com/life/health-and-fitness/health/help-or-harm-report-wrestles-with: the-effects-of-e-cigarettes/article37710071/. Accessed 23 June 2018. Online Magazine Article Surname, Name (, and Name Surname). “Title of Article.” Title of Magazine, date of publication, URL. Accessed date. Gajanan, Mahita. “Almost Half of All Cell Phone Calls Will Be Spam by Next Year, Tech Security Firm Warns.” Time, 20 Sept. 2018, time.com/5401861/ cell-phone-calls-fraudulent-first-orion/. Accessed 21 Sept. 2018. Online Encyclopedia Entry "Title of Article.” Title of Encyclopedia, date of publication (if available), URL. Accessed date. “DNA. Chemical Compound." Encyclopedia Britannica, 12 Sept. 2018, www. britannica.com/science/DNA. Accessed 21 Sept. 2018. Personal Communications: Email Begin the reference list entry with the author of the message: ‘Surname, Name, “Re: Subject Line.” Received by Name Surname, date. Li, Stephen. “Re: English as a World Language.” Received by Steve Marshall, 21 Sept. 2018. 266 ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITINGAPPENDIX 4 ISELIN CE Uo aCe Le The English language is changing quickly, and so are rules about correct usage. Asa result, in everyday conversations, people often use language that would not be considered grammatically correct in a traditional sense. However, when it ‘comes to academic writing, you should avoid using incorrect grammar, punctu- ation, and style because it can affect the impression your readers form of you, as a writer, while they read your work. The following are 25 common mistakes that academic writers make and that you should avoid. RR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS Some academic writers mix up the singular and plural forms of nouns, especially words that originate from Latin and Greek. The following nouns can be particularly confusing. 1. Criterion and Criteria ‘The most important criterion for the grading was clear _(singular) argumentation. ‘The most important criteria for the grading were grammar (plural) and argumentation. Note that today, itis becoming common for some writers to use criteria as a sin- gular noun even though this is normally considered incorrect: X The most important eriteria for the grading was clear argumentation. 2. Phenomenon and Phenomena Scientists recently discovered anew phenomenon: human (singular) DNA changing during space travel. ‘The scientists highlighted several interesting phenomena (plural) in their conclusion. Note that today, it is becoming common for some writers to use phenomena asa singular noun even though this is normally considered incorrect X Scientists recently discovered a new phenomena: human DNA changing during space travel [APPENDIX 4 25 MISTAKES TO AVOIDINACADEMIC WRITING — 2673. Thesis and Theses I finished my graduation thesis last week. (singular) T'vewritten two theses: one formyM.A.andoneformyPh.D. (plural) (SEES PRONOUNS ERS cE] Pronouns (in bold below) are words that replace noun phrases (underlined). ‘The cat stopped after it ran out of fuel. I met my teaching assistant and asked her to help me improve my writing. Not only are microplastics harmful to the environment, they are also unnecessary in many products. 4. Iversus Me Use the pronoun | if a verb follows immediately in the sentence. If there is no verb immediately following the pronoun, use me. X My friends and me have decided to stop using plastic bags. ¥ My friends and I have decided to stop using plastic bags. X They gave the environment award to another student and I. ¥ They gave the environment award to another student and me. ‘SERRE HNOMDPLNONES ERS ESC] Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings and spellings. The following are examples of homophones that some writers confuse. 5. Yourversus You're Your is a possessive adjective that is used to refer to something that belongs to a person (you). You're is a contraction of you are. X You're arguments in the essay were well supported. ¥ Your arguments in the essay were well supported, % Your presenting an argument without evidence. ¥ You're presenting an argument without evidence. 6, There, Their, and They're There is a pronoun that can be used to introduce a fact or idea in a sentence Their is a possessive adjective that is used to refer to something that belongs to more than one person (they). They're is a contraction of they are, X Their are several good arguments in your essay. ¥ There are several good arguments in your essay. X There arguments were convincing, ¥ Their arguments were convincing, 268 ADVANCEIN ACADEMIC WRITING 1% There making some convincing arguments. ¥ They're making some convincing arguments. 7. Whose versus Who's Whose isa relative pronoun that is used to indicate possession. Who's isa contrac- tion of who is or who has. X Who's bag is this? Y Whose bag is this? X Whose forgotten their bag? Y Who's forgotten their bag? (SUES SUBJECT-VERB AGTEEMENT [ARSSERECHRE RANA ER SoA RUSE Vers should agree with their subjects. In other words, a verb should be in the same form—singular or plural—as its subject. The following are common mistakes that writers make with subjects and verbs. 8. Forgetting toAdd ans X Life expectancy increase when countries introduce free health care, / Life expectancy increases when countries introduce free health care, x The rate, in years, also rise steadily with improved sanitation. ¥ The rate, in years, also rises steadily with improved sanitation, 9. More Than One Subject Asentence with more than one subject should contain the plural form of the verb. However, if two nouns joined by and represent a single idea, use a singular verb, Poor air quality and water pollution poses a major challenge for town planners. ¥ Poor air quality and water pollution pose a major challenge for town planners. x Research and development have increased 50% in the last two years. v Research and development has increased 50% in the last two years. 10. Orand Nor In most cases, use a singular verb with a subject containing or or nor: ¥ Mandarin or Cantonese are spoken by most staff at the resort. Some speak both. ¥ Mandarin or Cantonese is spoken by most staff at the resort, Some speak both. X Neither English nor Mandarin are easy to learn. / Neither English nor Mandarin is easy to learn. © ERPI Reprecutionprontted APPENDIX. 25 MISTAKES TO AVOIDIN ACADEMIC WRITING.11. Collective Nouns A collective noun is a noun that describes a group of individuals, for example, | class, family, government, or group. In most cases, use singular verbs with collective nouns. However, ifthe group members are acting individually, you may use a plural verb. X My family are visiting me during the holidays. My family is visiting me during the holidays. X The government have increased funding for higher education, The government has increased funding for higher education. The incoret forms are ¥ My class has mid-term exams next week often used informally. ¥ The class are working on their individual projects this week. (EEE SEER RELATIVE CLAUSES (STS ROR CE] ‘See Unit 5 of the Avoid mixing up the pronouns that and which, that and where, and who and whom Handbook to review when you write relative clauses. relative clauses, 12. That versus Which Use that or which (British English) in defining relative clauses (clauses that give essential information, explaining which one): v The ancestry test that I took last year showed I was 49% Japanese and 51% British. ¥ The ancestry test which | took last year showed | was 49% Japanese and 51% British. (British English) Use which in non-defining relative clauses (clauses that give extra, non-essential information). Do not use that. X Ancestry tests, that are becoming quite popular, provide detailed DNA profiles. ¥ Ancestry tests, which are becoming quite popular, provide detailed DNA profiles. 13. That versus Where Use that + preposition or where (without a preposition) in defining relative clauses that refer to a place: X That's the college that I studied as an undergraduate, ¥ That's the college that I studied at as an undergraduate, X That's the college where I studied at as an undergraduate. ¥ That's the college where I studied as an undergraduate, | (2 RPL Reproducten pred 14, Who versus Whom: Subject versus Object | Use whom if the relative pronoun refers to a person who is the object of the relative clause, unless the context is informal. Use who to refer to a person who is the subject of the relative clause. 270 ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING 1See Unit7 to review punctuation: commas, semicolons, colons, and apostrophes, ‘See Unit 3 10 review independent clauses and Unit 10 to review comma splices @ ERPL Reproduction prohibited ‘See Unit 4 to review ‘complex sentences, X She js the friend whom helped me with the project last week, ¥ She is the friend whom I helped last week, ¥ She is the friend who I helped last week. ¥ Sheis the friend who helped me with the project last week. 15. Who versus Whom after Prepositions ("I helped her last week’ — object of the verb helped.) (informal) (‘She helped me with the project"—subject of the verb helped.) In relative clauses, use whom after prepositions, or use the less formal alternative, who + preposition at the end of the clause: He's the colleague with who I did the professional develop. ment course. v He's the colleague with whom I did the professional (formal) development course. ¥ He's the colleague who I did the professional development —_(less formal) course with, In formal academic writing, correct punctuation will make your writing more pre- EERE ERSTE] PUN TUATCH BESS ORR SEY RD cise, so avoid the following common errors with commas, semicolons, and colons. 16. Comma Splices Comma splices occur when a comma is used to join two independent clauses. Use a semicolon or a period instead. X Artificial intelligence offers many benefits to businesses, (comma splice) it may also lead to job losses. ¥ Artificial intelligence offers many benefits to businesses; itmay also lead to job losses. ¥ Attticial intelligence offers many benefits to businesses. Itmay also lead to job losses. 17. Semicolons in Complex Sentences Do not use a semicolon to separate the dependent and independent clauses in ‘a complex sentence; use a comma. X Although artificial intelligence offers many benefits to businesses; it may also lead to job losses. ¥ Although artificial intelligence offers many benefits to businesses, it may also lead to job losses. APPENDIX 25 MISTAKESTO AVOIDINACADEMICWRITING 2718. Colons to Introduce Lists When introducing alist of items in a sentence, do not use a colon ifthe lst is incor- porated grammatically into the sentence: X Low life expectancy in developing countries is affected by: poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to free health care. # Low life expectancy in developing countries is affected by poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to free health care. ¥ Low life expectancy in developing countries is affected by the following factors: poverty, poor sanitation, and lack of access to free health care. AEST QUANTITIES CSRESEERERPEST SASS a NIT] Words that are used to describe quantities are called quantifiers. Avoid the following common mistakes that some writers make when they use quantifiers, 19. Some versus Some OF Use some before nouns and some of before determiners (for example, the, those, my, our): X Some of teachers discourage students from using personal language in their essays. v Some teachers discourage students from using personal language in their essays. ¥ Some of the/my/our teachers at school discouraged me from using personal language in my essays. 20. Less versus Fewer neon Use ess with uncountable nouns and fewer with plural countable nouns: Fatima eens X There were less students in the lecture hall than I had expected. ¥ There were fewer students in the lecture hall than I had expected. ¥ The class was very quiet, with less discussion than I had expected. 21. A Large Amount Of versus A Large Number Of Use a large amount of with uncountable nouns and a large number of with plural countable nouns: X A large amount of students attended the opening lecture, ¥ Alarge number of students attended the opening lecture, ¥ Alarge amount of time was spent introducing faculty members. 272 ADVANCEINACADEMIC WRITING 1© AAPL Reprocuotion profited AS INTENT CITATIONS AND REFERENCE L1STS cc 22. Reference Lists That Are Not in Alphabetical Order If you are following APA or MLA citation style, the reference list (APA] of list of works cited (MLA) must be in alphabetical order by the author’s surname, the name of the organization responsible for the work, or the title of the work if no author can be identified. If the title of a work begins with an article (a, an, or the), the alphabetical order is determined by the noun that follows the article. Thecsamplesforpoinis | __* Gabbatiss J, (2018, February 5). Mieroplastics ‘pose major threat’ to whales 22 and 23arein APA and sharks, scientists warn. The Independent. Retrieved from https:// Sel www.independent.co.uk/environment/microplastics-ocean-pollution- whales-sharks-threat-plastic-coffee-cups-microbeads-a8194131.html Gross, M. (2015). Oceans of plastic waste. Current Biology, 25(3), R93-R96. hitps:/doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.038 The great Pacific garbage patch (n.4.), Retrieved from https://www.theocean, cleanup.com/great-pacific-garbage-patch/ Kontrick, A. V, (2018). Microplastics and human health: Our great future to think about now. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 14(2), 117-119. https:// doi.org/10.1007/513181-018-0661-9 Dauvergne, P. (2018). Why is the global governance of plastic failing the ‘oceans? Global Environmental Change, 51, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/}. gloenvcha.2018.05.002 ¥ Dauvergne, P. (2018). Why is the global governance of plastic failing the ‘oceans? Global Environmental Change, 51,22-31. https,//doi.org/10.1016)} gloenvcha.2018.05,002 Gabbatiss, . (2018, February 5). Microplastics ‘pose major threat’ to whales and sharks, scientists warn. The Independent. Retrieved from https:// www.independent.co.uk/environment/microplastics-ocean-pollution- whales-sharks-threat-plastic-coffee-cups-microbeads-a8194131.htil ‘The great Pacific garbage patch (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.theocean. cleanup.com/gceat-pacific garbage-patch/ Gross, M, (2015). Oceans of plastic waste. Current Biology, 25(3), RO3-R96. Kontrick, A. V. (2018). Microplastics and human health: Our great future to think about now. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 14(2), 117-119. https:// doj.org/10.1007/s13181-018-0661-9 23, Mismatched In-Text Citations and Reference List Entries Reference list entries should begin with the same word (for example, the author's surname) that appears in the corresponding in-text citation in the body of the text. In-toxt citation: Twins Scott and Mark Kelly were found to have different DNA after one of the twins spent a prolonged period in space (Knapton, 2018). IDIX4 25 MISTAKES TO AVOIDINACADEMICGWRITING 27327a X The Telegraph. (2018, March 15). Nasa astronaut twins Scott and Mark Kelly no longer genetically identical after space trip. Retrieved from https:// ‘www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/03/15/nasa-astronaut-twins-scott- mark-kelly-no-longer-genetically/ ¥ Knapton, S, (2018, March 15). Nasa astronaut twins Scott and Mark Kelly no longer genetically identical after space trip. The Telegraph. Retrieved from htps://www:telegraph.co.uk/science/2018/03/15/nasa-astronaut-twins scott-mark-kelly-no-longer-genetically/ 24, Missing Citations and Reference List Entries For each in-text citation, there should be a corresponding entry in the reference list (APA) or lst of works cited (MLA), and vice versa. Check carefully to make sure that no reference list entries or in-text citations are missing. 25. Inconsistent Citation Style Be careful not to use different citation styles together in the same essay, for example, by mixing APA and MLA styles: X Plastic pollution in our oceans is a serious problem with an estimated 1.15 to2.41 million metric tons of plastic entering oceans annually ("Great Pacific Garbage Patch,” n.d,). Nonetheless, the effects of plastic pollution have been. ignored or have gone unnoticed by many people (Kontrick 117). Actoss the globe, most governments have been slow to respond. Although the European Union has recently introduced anti-pollution measures, it has been argued that the response is too little too late (Gross, 2015). ¥ [APA] Plastic pollution in our oceans isa serious problem with an estimated 41.15 10 2.44 million metric tons of plastic entering oceans annually (“Great Pacific Garbage Patch,” n.d.). Nonetheless, the effects of plastic pollution have been ignored or have gone unnoticed by many people (Kontrick, 2018) ‘Across the globe, most governments have been slow to respond. Although the European Union has recently introduced anti-pollution measures, ithas, been argued that the response is too little too late (Gross, 2015). ¥ [MLA] Plastic pollution in our oceansisa serious problem with an estimated 1.15 to 2.41 million metric tons of plastic entering oceans annually (“Great Pacific Garbage Patch”), Nonetheless, the effects of plastic pollution have bbeen ignored or have gone unnoticed by many people (Kontrick 117). Across the globe, most governments have been slow to respond. Although the European Union has recently introduced anti-pollution measures, it hasbeen argued that the response is too little too late (Gross R96) [ADVANCE IN ACADEMIC WRITING 1