Lesson 1 –Part 3

VIII. IMMANUEL KANT

 To Kant, there is necessary a mind that organizes impressions that men get from
the external world.
 Time and space, for example, are ideas that one cannot find in the world, but is
built in our minds.
 Kant calls these the apparatuses of the mind.
 Along with the different apparatuses of the mind goes the “self”
 Without the self, one cannot organize the different impressions that one gets in
relation to his own existence.
 Kant suggests that that it is an actively engage intelligence in man that
synthesizes all knowledge and experience.
 Thus, the self, is not just what gives one his personality.
 In addition, it is the seat of knowledge acquisition for all human persons.

IX. SIGMUND FREUD

 Freud presented the topography of the mind,

 Freud’s illustration, he made use of a typical, iceberg to show how the mind
works best on his theorizing.
 The tip of the iceberg represents conscious awareness which characterizes the
person as he deals with his external world.
 The person’s observable behavior, however, is further by the is controlled by the
workings of his unconscious/subconscious mind.
 Freud explained, that the subconscious serves as repository of past experiences,
repressed memories, fantasies and urges.
 Three levels of the mind are structured by the following components:
1. ID – the structure is primarily based on the pleasure principle
2. EGO – the structure that is based on the reality principle
3. SUPEREGO – the last structure to develop and is primarily dependent on
learning the difference between right and wrong.
Morality actions is largely dependent on childhood upbringing particularly on
rewards and punishment.

X. GILBERT RYLE

 For Ryle, what truly really matters is the behaviour that a person manifests in his
day-to-day life.
 Ryle suggests that the “self” is not an entity one can locate and analyze but
simply the convenient name that people use to refer to all the behaviours that
people make.