ACTA UNIVERSITATIS SAPIENTIAE, PHILOLOGICA, 6, 2 (2014) 139–158

DOI: 10.1515/ausp-2015-0011

Translation and Political Discourse

Mátyás BÁNHEGYI
$EPARTMENTOF%NGLISH,INGUISTICS
Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church in Hungary
banhegyi.matyas@kre.hu

Abstract. The paper describes the text linguistic research of political texts
IN THE lELD OF 4RANSLATION 3TUDIES AND PRESENTS AN OVERVIEW OF CRITICAL
DISCOURSEANALYSIS BASEDSTUDIES&IRSTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTEXTPOWER
and ideology and its implications on the role of translation are explored.
4HIS IS FOLLOWED BY A REVIEW OF A NUMBER OF STUDIES ON THE TRANSLATION OF
POLITICALTEXTSANDONTHEPOWERRELATIONSINVOLVED4HEPAPERCLASSIlESSUCH
STUDIESINTOTHEFOLLOWINGSIXCATEGORIESREPRESENTINGDISTINCTRESEARCHlELDS
translators’ professional roles and politics; translators acting as mediators in
SITUATIONSOFPOLITICALCONmICTTRANSLATORSPROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITIESAND
THESTRATEGIESTHEYAPPLYTHEINFERENCEOFTRANSLATORSOWNHISTORICALSOCIAL
and cultural backgrounds; manipulation in the translation of literary texts
ANDOTHERTEXTTYPESANDCRITICALDISCOURSEAWARENESSIN4RANSLATION3TUDIES
4HE MOST RECENT STUDIES IN THE ABOVE RESEARCH lELDS AND THEIR RESULTS ARE
ALSO PRESENTED )T IS CONCLUDED THAT THESE APPROACHES EXHIBIT QUITE VARIED
research methods and their results are almost impossible to compare. With a
VIEWTOTHEFUTUREDEVELOPMENTOFTHISRESEARCHlELDITSEEMSEXPEDIENTTO
INTRODUCEAUNIlEDRESEARCHTHEORYMETHODANDTOOL

Keywords: Translation Studies, critical discourse analysis, political

DISCOURSEIDEOLOGYPOWER

1. Introduction
In order to provide a description of the features of translation and translated texts,
ONE BRANCH OF 4RANSLATION 3TUDIES DEALS WITH THE ANALYSIS OF SOURCE TEXTS AND
their corresponding target texts. Apart from describing translation procedures,
TRANSLATION STRATEGIES AND TRANSLATION METHODS "EDNÇROVÇ 'IBOVÇ  
Translation Studies has long been intrigued and fascinated by political discourse
and as politics is increasingly done in supranational contexts, translation is
INEVITABLYPARTOFINTERNATIONALNEGOTIATIONSSTRUGGLESANDPOLITICALPOWERGAMES
Therefore, apart from monolingual communication, translation in bilingual and

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140 Mátyás Bánhegyi

multilingual contexts plays a vital role in gaining, establishing and maintaining

POLITICALPOWERANDOREXHIBITINGIDEOLOGY4HISSCENARIOINEVITABLYRESULTSINAN
INCREASEDINTERESTINWHATWAYSTRANSLATIONCONTRIBUTESTOMAINTAININGSOCIALPOWER
ANDTOCREATINGORREPRODUCINGIDEOLOGY4HERELATEDRESEARCHlELDIN4RANSLATION
Studies has produced numerous approaches for the description of various features
OFPOLITICALTEXTSANDOFFERSDIVERSEANALYTICALTOOLSFORRESEARCH)NFACTTHEWAY
TRANSLATED TEXTS ARE USED OR MISUSED AND EVEN ABUSED  FOR POLITICAL PURPOSES
HAS VERY COMPLEX SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND TEXTUAL IMPLICATIONS WHICH IN OUR
OPINIONCANANDNEEDBESTUDIEDANDDESCRIBEDSYSTEMATICALLYWITHIN4RANSLATION
3TUDIESWITHTHEHELPOFTHEANALYTICALTOOLSOFFEREDBY#RITICAL$ISCOURSE!NALYSIS
4HIS PAPER PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL
DISCOURSEINCLUDINGTEXTSCREATEDTHROUGHTRANSLATION POWERANDIDEOLOGYTO
BEFOLLOWEDBYAREVIEWOF4RANSLATION3TUDIESSPECIlCRESEARCHINTHElELDOF
POLITICALDISCOURSE0OLITICALDISCOURSEISINTERPRETEDHEREASASPOKENORWRITTEN
act of communication used in formal or non-formal political contexts that relates
TO DEALS WITH OR DESCRIBES ANY POLITICAL EVENT ORGANISATION OR ACTOR !S WE
SHALL SEE THE ANALYSIS OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE WITHIN 4RANSLATION 3TUDIES OFFERS
NUMEROUS APPROACHES AND A WIDE RANGE OF ANALYTICAL METHODS 4HIS RELATIVELY
NARROWRESEARCHlELDWILLBEDESCRIBEDINMOREDETAILBELOW

2. Text, power and ideology

It is a linguistics commonplace that texts exist in their social context: the
UNDERSTANDING OF THE TEXTUAL FEATURES OF ANY TEXT INCLUDING TRANSLATIONS WILL
INEVITABLYINVOLVETHECREATORSANDTHEAUDIENCEOFTHESETEXTSASWELLASTHESOCIAL
ANDCULTURALRELATIONSHIPSHOLDINGBETWEENTHEHUMANINTERACTANTSINVOLVED3UCH
HUMANRELATIONSHIPSWILLALSOINVOLVEPOSSIBLEUNEQUALSTATUSESBETWEENTHEPARTIES
CONCERNEDWHICHWILLGIVERISETODIVERSERELATIONSOFPOWER0OWERISINTERPRETEDAS
THESOCIALPOWEROFGROUPSORINSTITUTIONSOVERPERSONSORGROUPSOFPEOPLETHROUGH
WHICH THE ACTIONS OR POSSIBILITIES OF ACTION AVAILABLE TO SUCH PERSONS OR GROUPS
CANPOTENTIALLYBELIMITED3UCHPOWERRELATIONSMAYALSOBEEXHIBITEDBYTEXTS
%VEN IF POWER IS PRIMARILY A SOCIAL PHENOMENON AS IT EXISTS BETWEEN HUMANS 
LANGUAGE WILL BE A VERY POWERFUL TOOL FOR OBTAINING AND MAINTAINING POWER IN
HUMAN COMMUNICATIVE CONTEXTS &OWLER   /NCE SUCH POWER RELATIONS HAVE
been accepted, are taken for granted and are seen as natural in the given social-
CULTURALCONTEXTITISPOSSIBLETOTALKABOUTANIDEOLOGYWITHREFERENCETOTHESOCIAL
groups involved. Ideology is a composite of the “basic beliefs that underlie the
SOCIALREPRESENTATIONSOFASOCIALGROUPvVAN$IJK THATISIDEOLOGYISTHE
SETOFPOWERRELATIONSTHATENSURETHESOCIALSTATUSOFAGIVENSOCIALGROUPTHROUGH
reinforcing the social representation of this group in other social groups.

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 Translation and Political Discourse 141

4HELITERATUREABOUNDSINTHEDESCRIPTIONOFTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPOWERAND
COMMUNICATION(OWEVERASTHEMAINFOCUSOFTHECURRENTPAPERISPOLITICSAND
TRANSLATIONTHEPRESENTDISCUSSIONWILLBENARROWEDDOWNTOONESPECIlCHUMAN
COMMUNICATIVE SITUATION AND TEXT TYPE POLITICS AND POLITICAL TEXTS OR POLITICAL
DISCOURSE  0OLITICAL TEXTS IN THE SCOPE OF THE PRESENT PAPER ARE UNDERSTOOD AS
INSTITUTIONALISEDMEANSOFCOMMUNICATIONTHROUGHWHICHPOLITICALPOWERMAYBE
OBTAINEDANDRETAINEDANDTHROUGHWHICHTHISVERYPOWERANDTHERELATEDIDEOLOGY
can be maintained. Translation in bi- and multilingual contexts plays a crucial
ROLEINRETAININGSUCHPOLITICALPOWERANDPRESERVINGTHEIDEOLOGYRELATEDTOIT

3. Translation, power and politics

In recent years, more precisely after the ‘cultural turn’ of the early 1990s
"ASSNETT AND ,EFEVERE   $IMITRIU   (ATIM AND -UNDAY 
 4RANSLATION3TUDIESHASSHOWNINTENSEINTERESTINANALYSINGTHETRANSLATION
OF POLITICAL TEXTS AS WELL AS THE IDEOLOGY EXPRESSED AND THE POWER RELATIONS
INVOLVED IN THE TRANSLATION OF SUCH TEXTS 4HE MAIN RESEARCH AREAS IN THIS lELD
INCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGDIRECTIONSREPRESENTEDMAINLYBYTHESCHOLARSAPPEARING
INPARENTHESESBELOW
 DIVERSEPURPOSECROSSSECTIONSOFDISCOURSEANALYSISTRANSLATIONSTUDIESAND
POLITICS(ATIMAND-ASON#HILTONAND3CHÉFFNER3CHÉFFNER
"ÇNHEGYI"ÇNHEGYI 
 THEANALYSISOFTHESOCIALCULTURALIDEOLOGICALANDPOLITICALCONTEXTSOFSOURCE
ANDTARGETTEXTSANDCULTURES0YMAND3CHÉFFNER 
 TEXTTYPOLOGYANDTEXTUALFUNCTIONSOFSOURCEANDTARGETLANGUAGETEXTS.ORD
4ROSBORG 
  THE ROLE OF TRANSLATORS AS INTERCULTURAL AGENTS OR CULTURAL MEDIATORS 6ENUTI
+ATAN$OORSLAER 
 TRANSLATORSBEINGPOTENTIALPOINTSOFCONmICTDURINGTHEIRWORK4YMOCZKOAND
'ENTZLER4YMOCZKO 
  TRANSLATORS PURPOSEFUL MANIPULATION OF TARGET TEXTS AND TRANSLATORS TEXTUAL
CHOICES REmECTING IDEOLOGICAL ANDOR POLITICAL COMMITMENT ªLVAREZ AND
6IDAL"AKER#ONWAYAND6ASKIVSKA ANDRECENTLY
 TRANSLATORSPOLITICALACTIVISMANDSOCIALACTIVISMASPARTOFTHEIRPROFESSIONAL
WORK4YMOCZKO"AKER 
!PART FROM THE lELD DEALING WITH THE CROSS SECTION OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
translation studies and politics, most of the above research directions do not
USESPECIlCTEXTLINGUISTICAPPROACHESTOSUPPORTTHEIRTEXT RELATEDCLAIMS.OR
DOTHEYUSETEXTUALEVIDENCEQUOTEDFROMTHETEXTSUNDERSCRUTINYINTHEIRLARGER
SOCIAL CONTEXT TO PINPOINT AND INTERPRET TEXTUAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOURCE

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142 Mátyás Bánhegyi

and target language texts as part of their respective research methodology and
analysis. Such approaches and their results often seem unconvincing, even
perhaps methodologically inappropriate and ad hoc: if there is no systematic
METHODOLOGY OR A THEORETICALLY WELL GROUNDED FOUNDATION OF ANALYSIS WITH
SUFlCIENTOBJECTIVITYIEIFANALYSTSINTUITIVELY PICKAFEWEXPRESSIONSOFTHEIR
CHOICE FROM THE SOURCE AND TARGET TEXTS AND ADD SOME SUBJECTIVE  PERSONAL
comments as explanation, then the resulting analysis cannot be deemed as valid
or reliable as it lacks a proper methodology, reliable theoretical foundations and
AREQUIREDLEVELOFOBJECTIVITY
.OT DENYING THE MERITS OF ANY OF THESE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS EG FACILITATION
THEORYFORMULATION WEOFTENlNDTHATSOMEOFTHERESULTINGDATAAREBASEDON
explanatory details and ad hoc descriptions of contexts rather than on a systematic
ANALYSISOFHARDTEXTUALDATA)NOURVIEWDATATHATCANBEDEEMEDOBJECTIVEWILL
BEOBTAINEDTHEMOSTRELIABLYWITHTHEHELPOFTEXTLINGUISTICAPPROACHES"ASED
ON THIS ASSUMPTION IN THE NEXT SECTION WE WILL DESCRIBE WHICH TEXT LINGUISTIC
APPROACHESAREPRESENTINTODAYSTRENDSOFCRITICALLINGUISTICSANDINTHElELDOF
Translation Studies concerning the analysis of political discourse.

3.1. Research on the translation of political discourse

After the above short introduction to the analysis of the translation of political
DISCOURSEANDTHEPOWERRELATIONSDISPLAYEDBYSUCHTEXTSTHECURRENTSECTION
focuses on political discourse oriented translation research using text linguistic
APPROACHES &OR TERMINOLOGICAL PRECISION IT MUST BE NOTED THAT IN 4RANSLATION
3TUDIES POLITICAL DISCOURSE IS ALSO TERMED DISCOURSE IN SITUATIONS OF CONmICT
3ALAMA #ARR )NOURINTERPRETATIONTRANSLATIONRESEARCHINVOLVINGPOLITICAL
DISCOURSECANBECLASSIlEDINTOSEVENDISTINCTRESEARCHlELDSASFARASRESEARCH
TOPICSARECONCERNED4HESESEVENRESEARCHlELDSANDTHEIRREPRESENTATIVESARE
THEFOLLOWING
4RANSLATORSPROFESSIONALROLESANDPOLITICS0ALMER $RAGOVIC $ROUETS
 'AGNON 
4RANSLATORSACTINGASMEDIATORSINSITUATIONSOFPOLITICALCONmICT4ANG 
#ALZADA0ÎREZ 
3. Translators’ professional responsibilities and the strategies they apply: Maier
 3CHÉFFNER (ERNÇNDEZ'UERRERO 
4HEINFERENCEOFTRANSLATORSOWNHISTORICALSOCIALANDCULTURALBACKGROUNDS
+UHIWCZAK .IKOLAOU 
 -ANIPULATION IN THE TRANSLATION OF LITERARY TEXTS AND OTHER TEXT TYPES &OSTER
 7ILLIAMS #HADWICK "AKER 
 #RITICAL DISCOURSE AWARENESS IN TRANSLATION 6ALDE×N   #HAN  
3CHÉFFNER 

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 Translation and Political Discourse 143

"ELOW THESE RESEARCH AREAS WILL BE INTRODUCED AND THEIR MAIN lNDINGS WILL
BESUMMARISEDTOSHOWTHAT4RANSLATION3TUDIESDOESNOTYETHAVEACOMMONLY
accepted and systematic analytical tool for the examination of political texts.
$EPENDINGONTHENATUREOFTHERESEARCHINQUESTIONANDONTHETHEMEOFPOLITICS
INVOLVEDDIVERSERESEARCHERSAPPLYAVERYWIDERANGEOFANALYTICALTOOLSWHICH
MAKESTHEADVANCESOFTRANSLATIONRESEARCHONPOLITICSVERYDIFlCULTTOCOMPARE
and systematise. This, in turn, also causes the fragmentation of research efforts.

3.1.1. Translators’ professional roles and politics

With the internationalisation of politics, translators’ professional roles and

DIVIDEDLOYALTIESHAVEBEENFOREGROUNDEDBY4RANSLATION3TUDIES0ALMER 
DEALS WITH THE DIFFERENT ROLES )RAQI PEOPLE WORKING FOR 7ESTERN MEDIA ASSUME
AND THE POLITICAL COMMITMENT INDUCED CONmICTING LOYALTIES SUCH A SITUATION
POSESTOTHESETRANSLATORS2ELYINGON7ADENSJÙS #ONDUIT4HEORY0ALMER
TRACES MEDIA REPORTERS AND TRANSLATORS ROLES IN THE mOW OF INFORMATION ABOUT
THE )RAQI SITUATION OF CONmICT 0ALMER CONCLUDES THAT EVEN IF SUCH TRANSLATORS
ARETRUSTEDBY7ESTERNMEDIAPEOPLEWORKINGINTHEAREAMISINFORMATIONMAY
HAPPENASARESULTOF TRANSLATORSPROVIDINGSUMMARIESRATHERTHANWORD BY
WORDTRANSLATIONS OMISSIONSOFTEXTUALMATERIALCONSIDEREDIRRELEVANTBYTHE
TRANSLATOR JOURNALISTSLINGUISTICINABILITYTOMINGLEINTHELOCALCOMMUNITY
ANDTHERESULTINGINCAPACITYTOUNDERSTANDTHELOCALCULTUREANDlNALLY ASA
result of translators’ biased social embeddedness, social status and non-neutral
CONTACTSINTHELOCALCOMMUNITYINQUESTION7ITHREFERENCETOSOURCEANDTARGET
texts, Palmer considers different cultural and political backgrounds as a potential
SOURCEOFCONmICTINGPOLITICALORIENTATIONSEXHIBITEDBYTHESETEXTS
$RAGOVIC $ROUETS   STARTING POINT IN HER DISCUSSION OF TRANSLATIONS
RELATEDTOTHE9UGOSLAVIANCONmICTISNEUTRALITYASINTERPRETEDBY3ELESKOVITCH
  AS WELL AS THE .EWMARKIAN   CRITERIA OF MORAL AND FACTUAL TRUTH
Through a textual analysis of source and target language texts of the Yugoslavian
CONmICT$RAGOVIC $ROUETAIMSTOPROVETHATTHEABOVE MENTIONEDPROFESSIONAL
standards are oftentimes not observed by translators and that translators may
resort to censoring or modifying texts should they perceive that, in their
JUDGEMENT PRIMARY TEXT PRODUCERS REPORTERS MEDIA PERSONNEL ETC  SHOW
UNWANTED EMBEDDEDNESS CULTURAL BIAS  WHICH POTENTIALLY RESULTS IN UNFAIR
communication. Turning to translation methodology, Dragovic-Drouet claims
that translator training should develop in future translators the ability of coping
WITH SITUATIONS OF CONmICT BOTH LINGUISTICALLY AND IN TERMS OF TERMINOLOGY
management. This study reveals that translators can potentially manipulate texts
POLITICALLYANDALSOSHEDSLIGHTONTHEISSUEOFAWARENESS RAISINGINCONNECTION
WITHTHETRANSLATIONOFPOLITICALTEXTS

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144 Mátyás Bánhegyi

'AGNON   DESCRIBES THE WAYS OFlCIAL TRANSLATIONS ARE HANDLED AND
PERFORMEDIN#ANADABYTHE#ANADIAN0RIME-INISTERS/FlCETHE0ARLIAMENTAND
OTHERGOVERNMENTINSTITUTIONSANDEXPLORESHOWSUCHTRANSLATIONSARERECEIVED
With reference to the status of originals and translations, Gagnon, discussing
THE HYBRIDITY OF TARGET TEXTS TEXTS SHOWING UNUSUAL STRANGE TEXTUAL FEATURES
IN THE TARGET CULTURE AS A RESULT OF CONSCIOUS DELIBERATE TRANSLATOR DECISIONS 
CONCLUDESTHATTRANSLATIONSHAVEALOWERSTATUSTHANORIGINALSIN#ANADA)NTERMS
OFTHEADAPTATIONOFTEXTSANDTHERECEPTIONOF&RENCHAND%NGLISHPARALLELTEXTS
'AGNON RELYING ON TEXTUAL ANALYSIS PERFORMED BY WAY OF &AIRCLOUGHS  
#RITICAL$ISCOURSE!NALYSIS-ODELCLAIMSTHATTHEWAYTRANSLATIONSAREDONEIE
WHATINSTITUTIONALTRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESAREAPPLIEDAREDECIDEDBYTHEAUDIENCE
TOBECONVINCED4HISSIGNALSTHATTHEACTUALIDEOLOGICALAIMSWILLDETERMINETHE
TRANSLATIONSTRATEGIESAPPLIED4HISPOINTSTOWARDSTHEASSUMPTIONTHATh&RENCH 
and English-Canadian cultures do not often meet in translated federal speeches”
'AGNON    WHICH IS CONTRARY TO THE EXPECTATIONS OF A HOMOGENEOUS
Canadian nation. This statement seems to indicate that it is almost impossible
ANDPROBABLYATSOMEPOINTSNOTEVENDESIRED TOPRODUCEPOLITICALLYEQUIVALENT
texts even in the case of bilingual countries, let alone other, more diverse political
CONTEXTSEGTEXTSUSEDATINTERNATIONALLEVELS 
The studies described above illustrate that the analysis of the translation
OF POLITICAL TEXTS MUST DElNITELY EXTEND TO THE CONTEMPORARY NATIONAL ANDOR
international contexts the text under scrutiny have been created in.

4RANSLATORSACTINGASMEDIATORSINSITUATIONSOFPOLITICALCONmICT

!SPOLITICSISBECOMINGANINCREASINGLYINTERNATIONALACTIVITYTRANSLATORSOFTENlND
THEMSELVESINTHEROLEOFMEDIATORSINPOLITICALCONmICT4ANG FOCUSESON
CROSS CULTURALCONmICTSSURFACINGASEITHERCULTURALSOCIALORIDEOLOGICALCONmICTS
4ANG ON THE BASIS OF ,E"ARONS   4HEORY OF #ULTURAL #ONmICTS ARGUES THAT
CROSS CULTURAL CONmICTS CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO SOFT AND HARD CONmICTS ON THE
BASIS OF THEIR SCOPE IE SUPPRESSION OR OPEN VOICING OF CONmICT BY THE SOCIETY
SOCIETIES INVOLVED)FDISCUSSIONABOUTSUCHCONmICTSISSUPPRESSEDWETALKABOUT
SOFT CONmICTS WHILE IN CASE CONmICTS ARE OPENLY ADDRESSED WE ENCOUNTER HARD
CONmICTS7ITHREFERENCETOTRANSLATIONFROM%NGLISHINTO#HINESEANDVICEVERSA
4ANGSEESTRANSLATORShSANDWICHEDBETWEEN#HINESEAND7ESTERNCULTURESv4ANG
 ANDTHROUGHTHECULTURALLYCONTEXTUALISEDCLOSEREADINGOFTHE%NGLISH
translation of Chinese texts, concludes that translators actually tend to eliminate
SOFTCONmICTS'IVENTHIS4ANGCALLSFORTRANSLATORSSENSITISATIONTOCONmICTSSOTHAT
THEYWILLBEABLETOCOPEWITHHARDCONmICTSONANINTERNATIONALSCALEINAMORE
EFFECTIVEMANNER4HISSUGGESTSTHATAWARENESS RAISINGSHOULDBEACOMPONENTOF
TRANSLATIONTRAININGFORWHICHEVENMOREEXTENSIVERESEARCHISNECESSARY

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 Translation and Political Discourse 145

#ALZADA 0ÎREZ   EXPLORES TRANSLATORS ROLES IN SITUATIONS OF CONmICT AND
URGESTHATTRANSLATORSTACKLESITUATIONSOFCONmICTSRATHERTHANAVOIDTHEM4HE
starting point of the discussion is that advertising is in fact a “site of ideological
CONmICTS v#ALZADA0ÎREZ ANDTHATADVERTISEMENTSCANCAUSEORSETTLE
CONmICTS)NTHISCONTEXTTRANSLATORSRELYINGONTHEIRCROSS CULTURALSKILLSABILITIES
ANDSTRATEGIESMAYBECOMEhIDEALCONmICTMEDIATORSv#ALZADA0ÎREZ 
2ELYINGON#RONINS CATEGORISATIONOFCENSORSHIPANDZEROTRANSLATIONAND
CONNECTINGTHISCATEGORISATIONWITHPOSSIBLETRANSLATIONSTRATEGIES#ALZADA0ÎREZ
concludes that translators, as text producers, may easily reach and create points
OFPROBLEMSETTLEMENTWITHTHEHELPOFTHEIRTRANSLATIONSTHROUGHhFOCUSINGON
CONSENSUSv#ALZADA0ÎREZ ORCANMODIFYDISAGREEMENTSTOhACHIEVE
LONG LASTING BENElTSv #ALZADA 0ÎREZ    4HESE lNDINGS SUGGEST THAT
translators can also interfere in politics.
4HE STUDIES PRESENTED IN THIS SECTION SHOW THAT THE TRANSLATORS OF POLITICAL
TEXTSAREOFTENINTHEhFRONTLINEvTHEFEATURESANDTHEQUALITYOFTHEIRWORKWILL
INmUENCEBOTHTHERECEPTIONOFTHEIRTEXTSANDTHEPOLITICALEVENTSASSOCIATEDWITH
such texts. Therefore, the analysis of political texts by researchers must extend to
the reception and, if possible, the political events directly or closely connected
to the translated text.

3.1.3. Translators’ professional responsibilities and translation strategies

The professional responsibilities translators take and the strategies they apply
WHENTRANSLATINGPOLITICALTEXTSHAVEALSOBEENRESEARCHEDIN4RANSLATION3TUDIES
)NCONNECTIONWITHPROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITIES-AIER CLAIMSTHATEVEN
IFTRANSLATORSHAVERECENTLYACQUIREDAHIGHERSTATUSINTERMSOFTHEIRUSEFULNESS
and visibility as compared to earlier times, they concurrently fail to recognise
THENEEDTODISCUSSTHEIRRESPONSIBILITIESANDTOLEARNTOACCOUNTFORTHEIRWORKIN
SITUATIONSOFCONmICT)N-AIERSINTERPRETATIONTRANSLATORSCANACTASINTERSECTIONS
BETWEENTWOOPPOSINGSIDESORCANFUNCTIONASPOINTSOFRESISTANCEANDCONmICT
Maier claims that even today some translators are insensitive to perceiving
SITUATIONSOFCONmICTANDARGUESTHATTRANSLATORSACTUALLYFACEINTERNALCONmICTS
CONmICTS WITHIN THE TRANSLATOR  WHEN EXPOSED TO TRANSLATING TEXTS OF CONmICT
situations. In addition, Maier calls for an exploration and a deeper understanding
OF THE DIVERSE SITUATIONS OF CONmICT TODAYS TRANSLATORS MIGHT ENCOUNTER DURING
THEIRWORKANDDESIGNATESTHISASAFURTHERlELDOFPOSSIBLYJOBETHICAL RESEARCH
)NTHISRESPECT-AIERSSTUDYTOUCHESUPONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENJOBETHICS
ANDTHETRANSLATIONOFPOLITICALTEXTSASREmECTEDBYTARGETTEXTS
3CHÉFFNER   EXPLORES DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEDGES IN %UROPEAN POLITICAL
DISCOURSE 2ELYING ON ,AKOFFS   DElNITION 3CHÉFFNER DElNES HEDGES AS
WORDSWHOSEMEANINGINVOLVEShVAGUENESSINDETERMINATENESSv3CHÉFFNER

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146 Mátyás Bánhegyi

 WITHREFERENCETOTHEPHRASETHEYMODIFY3CHÉFFNERESTABLISHESlVETYPESOF
hedges: evidentiality hedges such as I think, it seemsWHICHREFERTOTHESPEAKERS
degree of commitment to the truth expressed in a text; modifying hedges such as
fairly, too, typicalWHICHhSHIFTTHESCOPEOFINDETERMINATENESSOFTHEUTTERANCESv
3CHÉFFNER QUANTIFYINGHEDGESSUCHASin every respect, in some respect,
WHICHhRELATETOCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWHOLESCOPEOFPRECISIONv3CHÉFFNER
 DESPECIFYINGHEDGESSUCHASkind of, roughlyWHICHhEXTENDTHESCOPEOF
INDETERMINATENESSv 3CHÉFFNER    AND SPECIFYING HEDGES SUCH AS real,
genuine, true, exactlyWHICHhNARROWDOWNTHESCOPEOFINDETERMINATENESSOFA
CONCEPTORAPROPOSITIONv3CHÉFFNER "ASEDONCOMPARATIVEPRAGMATIC
TEXTUAL ANALYSIS 3CHÉFFNER CONCLUDES THAT SOURCE TEXT HEDGES CAN BE RENDERED
as the same type of hedges in the target language, as different type of hedges
CAUSINGSHIFTSINTHETARGETTEXTCANBEDELETEDANDEVENNEWHEDGESCANBEADDED
IN THE TARGET TEXT 0OLITICALLY CONTEXTUALISING THE EXAMPLES 3CHÉFFNER EXPLAINS
THEEFFECTSSUCHHEDGESHAVEONTHERECEIVERSOFTHETRANSLATEDTEXTS3CHÉFFNER
concludes by noting the semantic and pragmatic problems hedges can cause to
translators and calls for a more systematic description of hedging devices. This
suggests that microlevel textual features must be taken into consideration in the
analysis of the translation of political texts.
(ERNÇNDEZ 'UERRERO   STUDIES ORIGINALLY FOREIGN LANGUAGE INTERVIEWS
PUBLISHED IN 3PANISH IN THE 3PANISH NEWSPAPER El Mundo and discusses in
WHATWAYSSUCHINTERVIEWSWHICHARECREATEDTHROUGHAREWRITINGPROCESSARE
ADJUSTEDTOTHENEEDSANDEXPECTATIONSOFTHELOCALREADERSHIP)NADDITIONTHE
paper focuses on the translation strategies applied to this end. Based on Stetting’s
  NOTING OF TRANSEDITION THE STUDY EXPLORES TO WHAT EXTENT THE JOB OF
TRANSLATIONATANEWSAGENCYENTAILSTRANSLATIONANDEDITING)NTHESCOPEOFTHIS
TEXTUALCHANGESINTARGETTEXTSAREQUALIlEDASMODIlCATIONADDITIONOROMISSION
clarity enhancement, reorganisation for editorial purposes and changes suited to
TEXTUAL CONVENTIONS 4HESE TEXTUAL ALTERATIONS ARE ANALYSED QUANTITATIVELY AND
QUALITATIVELY AND IT IS CONCLUDED THAT NEWSWORTHINESS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT
CRITERION THESE TRANSLATED TEXTS MUST PRIMARILY SATISFY 4HUS lDELITY TO THE
source text is pushed to the background and faithfulness to the target audience
is foregrounded in the scope of localising the target text. It is also claimed that
NUMEROUSINSTANCESOFRECONTEXTUALISATIONAREEFFECTEDINTHETARGETTEXTWHICH
MAYINCREASETHETEXTSPOTENTIALTOINmUENCEANDMANIPULATEITSREADERS
4HEABOVESTUDIESSHOWTHATRESEARCHMUSTEXTENDTOTHEREALISATIONSOFCERTAIN
recurrent translation strategies surfacing in translated political texts and their
PRAGMATICEFFECTS4HISISJUSTIlEDBYTHECLAIMTHATCONCLUSIONSESTABLISHEDON
the basis of one-off or non-contextualised microtextual textual instances may
produce misleading research results.

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 Translation and Political Discourse 147

3.1.4. The inference of translators’ own historical and cultural backgrounds

4RANSLATORS HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL BACKGROUNDS CAN ALSO INTERFERE WITH THE
translation of political texts. Translators’ historical and cultural backgrounds,
through their interpretation of the events, actors, etc. described in the target text,
shape readers’ understanding of, and attitude to, historical events through the
TRANSLATORSINTERPRETATIONOFEVENTSSURFACINGINTARGETTEXTS)NHISSTUDY+UHIWCZAK
 ATTEMPTSTOSHOWHOWDURINGTHETRANSITIONFROMORALTOWRITTEN(OLOCAUST
HISTORYTHETRANSLATIONOFORIGINALLYNON %NGLISHORALSOURCESINTOWRITTEN%NGLISH
historical records published as English translations, altered the text type and
TONE OF SUCH PRIMARY HISTORICAL SOURCES +UHIWCZAK GOES AS FAR AS THEORETICALLY
QUESTIONING WHETHER TRANSLATION AT A UNIVERSAL SCALE IS CAPABLE OF PRECISELY 
communicating others’ thoughts. This suggests that translators’ interpretation of
THETEXTSFORTRANSLATIONPLAYSACRUCIALROLEINPRODUCINGTHElNALISEDTARGETTEXT
.IKOLAOU   WITH THE HELP OF A COMPARATIVE TEXTUAL ANALYSIS EXAMINES
HOW #HRISTOPHER ,OGUES OWN PERSONALITY AND HIS LIFE EXPERIENCES CONTRIBUTED
to his creative translation of Homer’s Iliad. Nikolaou claims that, as an artefact,
,OGUESOWNLITERARYPIECE War Music is in fact the result of the act of translating
IliadANDTHAT,OGUESVIEWSOFTHESITUATIONSOFCONmICTSOFIliad evolve through
A HERMENEUTICAL DIALOGUE BETWEEN THE TEXT TO BE TRANSLATED AND THE TRANSLATOR
!PPARENTLYINTERPRETATIONWITHREFERENCETOBOTHSOURCEANDTARGETTEXTSPLAYSA
vital role in the translation of political texts.
)NTHELIGHTOFTHEABOVEITMAYJUSTIlABLYBECLAIMEDTHATANYRELIABLEANDVALID
TEXTUALANALYSISMUSTALLOWFORTHEEXPLORATIONOFTHETRANSLATORSOWNPOLITICAL
commitment and political attitudes as traceable in translated texts.

3.1.5. Manipulation in the translation of literary texts and other text types

-ANIPULATIONINTHETRANSLATIONOFPOLITICALTEXTSHASALSODEVELOPEDINTOAPROLIlC
RESEARCH AREA 7ILLIAMS   DESCRIBES th century contemporary German-
%NGLISHNATIONALRIVALRYANDCOMPARESBIOGRAPHICALDETAILSOF7ORDSWORTHANDHIS
'ERMANTRANSLATOR&REILIGRATHTOREVEALTEXTUALREALISATIONSOFSUCHRIVALRY!PART
FROMTHETEXTUALANALYSISOF&REILIGRATHSTRANSLATIONALPRACTICEIETHETRANSLATION
OF POEMS INCLUDING METRE IMAGERY ETC  7ILLIAMS INVESTIGATES &REILIGRATHS
SELECTION PROCEDURE OF CHOOSING 7ORDSWORTHS POLITICALLY CHARGED POEMS FOR
translation, and the effects contemporary German-English national rivalry and
HOSTILITYHADONTHE'ERMANRECEPTIONOF7ORDSWORTHSPOETRY)TISCONCLUDED
that interpretation is only possible in the light of contemporary historical and
cultural contexts.
"AKER PROVIDESANINTEGRATIVEFULLYDEVELOPEDFRAMEWORKFORTHEANALYSIS
OFPOLITICALDISCOURSE$UETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHISAPPROACHTHISFRAMEWORKWILL

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148 Mátyás Bánhegyi

BEDESCRIBEDINAMOREDETAILEDWAYBELOW4HISMODELCANSERVEASARESOURCEOF
the description of potential textual features translated political texts may display.
In fact, Baker restricts her approach practically to narratives only and does not
RELYASHEAVILYONTEXTLINGUISTIClNDINGSASITWOULDBEDESIRABLE
Baker’s approach is multidisciplinary in nature and is based on several theories.
)TSSTARTINGPOINTISTHEPREMISETHATPOLITICALCONmICTSANDTHERESOLUTIONOFSUCH
CONmICTSINTODAYSGLOBALISEDWORLDASARULESTRETCHOVERNATIONALBOUNDARIESAND
thus inevitably involve translation and interpretation activities. According to Baker,
POWERISPRESENTEXCLUSIVELYINSITUATIONSINWHICHAPARTYORPARTIESAREFORCEDTO
ACTCONTRARYTOTHEIRWILLSANDINTERESTS#ONmICTS"AKER ASSERTSEVOLVE
WHENPARTIESOFOPPOSINGINTERESTSINTENDTOhUNDERMINEEACHOTHERBECAUSETHEY
have incompatible goals, competing interests, or fundamentally different values”.
By integrating a theory of narrative types, a theory of the assessment of the
EFFECTIVENESS OF SUCH NARRATIVES AND THEORIES OF TRANSLATORS ATTITUDES TOWARDS
consenting to or denying the reproduction of ideological contents in texts, Baker
WISHESTODEMONSTRATETHATTRANSLATIONITSELFCANEITHERFUNCTIONASATOOLINTHE
HANDSOFPOLITICALELITESBYCREATINGONESINGLEANDCONSEQUENTLYONE SIDED TRUTH
and reality and can therefore enforce a given social and political order on citizens
ORQUITETHECONTRARYTRANSLATIONCANBEUSEDASATOOLFORlGHTINGAGAINSTSUCH
manipulation and corruption of texts.
"AKERINTENDSTOPROVIDEAFRAMEWORKFOREXPLORINGHOWTRANSLATORSTHROUGH
text production, contribute to the creation and promotion of politically-charged
NARRATIVES TO THE WIDE DISSEMINATION OF SUCH NARRATIVES OR TO THE RESISTANCE TO
the production and dissemination of these narratives. By adopting a standpoint
ASSUMEDINSOCIALANDCOMMUNICATIONTHEORY"AKER DElNESNARRATIVE
ORSTORY ASALINGUISTICREALISATIONOFSEQUENTIALEVENTSOFhEVERYDAYSTORIESWE
LIVEBYvANDLATERRELYINGON&ISHERS CLAIMOFALLHUMANCOMMUNICATION
ESSENTIALLY BEING A NARRATIVE EXTENDS HER DElNITION TO INCORPORATE PRACTICALLY
EVERY TYPE OF DISCOURSE 4HIS BROAD DElNITION ALLOWS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF
several genres of discourse in a very diverse range of media.
As far as the possibilities for manipulating narratives in the translation process
ARE CONCERNED "AKER ON THE BASIS OF 3OMERS AND 'IBSON   DESCRIBES
FOURTECHNIQUESTHROUGHWHICHTHERECEPTIONOFNARRATIVESCANBEINmUENCED
Temporality, relationality, causal emplotment and selective appropriation are
all factors impacting the reception of narratives. Such instances of manipulation
are common in mediatised communication and in translations transmitted
BY THE MASS MEDIA "ELOW THE FOUR TECHNIQUES ESTABLISHED BY "AKER WILL BE
explored in more detail.
.OTNECESSARILYPORTRAYINGATRUE TO LIFESEQUENCINGOFEVENTSTEMPORALITYIS
THE SUBJECTIVE PERSON SPECIlC INTERPRETATION AND ORDERING OF THE SEQUENCES OF
events contained in a narrative. Such a narrative is created through an individual’s

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 Translation and Political Discourse 149

perception of the events included in the given narrative. It is the temporality of

NARRATIVESTHATALLOWSTRANSLATORSTOINTERPRETTHETEXTUALMATERIALANDTHELOGICAL
IMPLICATIONSCONTAINEDINTHETEXT!NALTERATIONOFTHESEQUENCINGOFEVENTSFOR
instance as a result of translation, can have different implications in the target
language text from those surfacing in the source text.
2ELATIONALITYREFERSTOTHEINTERRELATEDNESSOFEVENTSWITHINANARRATIVEEVENTS
HAVE TO CONSTITUTE ONE SINGLE NARRATIVE THE NARRATED EVENTS MUST MAKE UP ONE
NARRATIVELOGICALLYANDTHEMATICALLY &URTHERMORETHEINTERPRETATIONOFEVERYEVENT
of a certain narrative is exclusively possible in the light of other events of the given
NARRATIVE AS A WHOLE 4RANSLATION IS OF KEY IMPORTANCE HERE AS FOR INSTANCE THE
choice of certain lexical items in the target language text can trigger associations of
CERTAINNARRATIVESWHICHAREPOSSIBLYDIFFERENTFROMTHENARRATIVEASSOCIATIONSOF
the source language community. This feature seems easy to be utilised for political
REASONSEGFORWARPROPAGANDA INCASEWELL SELECTEDLEXISISUSEDTHATEVOKES
REFERENCESTOWELL ESTABLISHEDPUBLICNARRATIVESOFPOLITICALAGENDAS
#ARRYINGALSOETHICALIMPLICATIONSCAUSALEMPLOTMENTENTAILSTHESIGNIlCANCE
of events in narratives, and is connected to the fact that narratives do not
MERELYLISTEVENTSBUThWEIGHTANDEXPLAINvTHEM"AKER INTERMSOF
the interpretation and evaluation of events, motifs, etc., thus providing a moral
READING OF THE NARRATIVE 4HROUGH TRANSLATION THE WEIGHTING OF EVENTS CAN BE
changed to produce deliberately altered patterns of causal emplotment in the
target language text.
The last factor in Baker’s theory affecting the reception of narratives, selective
appropriation, denotes the conscious or subconscious processes during the
CREATIONOFANARRATIVETHROUGHWHICHCERTAINEVENTSGETINCLUDEDWHEREASOTHERS
GETEXCLUDEDFROMTHElNALVERSIONOFTHENARRATIVE4HISINTHELARGESCALEIN
TERMSOFTRANSLATIONEXTENDSTOTHECHOICESOFWHATNARRATIVESOFTHESOURCECULTURE
IENARRATIVESABOUTWHICHEVENTS GETTRANSLATED4HISSELECTIONINTHEHANDSOF
POLITICSANDJOURNALISTSETCACTINGASPOLITICALACTORSMIGHTEASILYCONTRIBUTETO
THECREATIONOFFALSEIMAGESORINWORSECASESTOTHECREATIONOFENEMYCULTURES
through acts of deliberate appropriation, i.e. purposeful selection of events
ALONGCERTAINIDEOLOGIESORPOLITICALPURPOSESCFSELECTIVEAPPROPRIATIONABOVE 
"AKERSAPPROACHISREVEALINGANDEXEMPLARYINAWAYTHATISSHOWSTHATPOWER
ideology and politics related translation research must be multidisciplinary and
based on interrelated theories.
&URTHERMORE WITH REFERENCE TO THE RECEPTION OF NARRATIVES "AKER IDENTIlES
translation as an act involving possible alterations in the features of the resulting
target text: the aim of altering certain features of target texts can be to renegotiate
the features of a given narrative “to produce a politically charged narrative in the
TARGETCONTEXTv"AKER 4HISCANFUNCTIONASAMEANSOFCONSTRUCTING
A MODIlED INmUENCED REALITY FOR RECEPTORS THROUGH hSTRATEGIC MOVES THAT ARE

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150 Mátyás Bánhegyi

consciously initiated in order to present a [social, political or other] movement

OR A PARTICULAR POSITION WITHIN A CERTAIN PERSPECTIVEv "AKER    "AKER
terms this practice framing.
"AKER EXPLORES FOUR DIFFERENT WAYS OF FRAMING SELECTING FROM AMONG THE
practically endless methods available and describes the potential uses of such
MEANS IN TRANSLATION 4HE lRST METHOD OF FRAMING IS TERMED TEMPORAL AND
spatial framing and involves no alterations in the text for translation itself but
achieves its effect by the careful selection of a suitable text for translation and
by embedding such a text “in a temporal and spatial context that accentuates the
NARRATIVE IT DEPICTS AND ENCOURAGES RECEPTORS TO ESTABLISH LINKS BETWEEN IT AND
CURRENTNARRATIVESv"AKER 4HISPRACTICEISCAPABLEOFEXERTINGPOLITICAL
INmUENCEDESPITETHEFACTTHATTHEEVENTSOFTHENARRATIVEOFTHESOURCETEXTMAY
ACTUALLYBECONTAINEDWITHINANABSOLUTELYDIFFERENTTEMPORALANDSPATIALSETTING
!N ESPECIALLY COMMON WAY OF FRAMING THAT APPEARS IN CONNECTION WITH THE
TRANSLATIONOFLITERARYPIECESISSELECTIVEAPPROPRIATIONOFTEXTUALMATERIALWHICH
also has possible political implications. In this case, omissions from or additions
to the original text are effected in order to “suppress, accentuate or elaborate
particular aspects of a narrative encoded in the source text or utterance, or
ASPECTSOFTHELARGERNARRATIVES INWHICHIT;THEGIVENNARRATIVE=ISEMBEDDEDv
"AKER /NTHETRANSLATORSSIDETHISACTCANHAPPENEITHERCONSCIOUSLY
ORUNCONSCIOUSLYANDMAYWELLSERVEPOLITICALPURPOSES
!NOTHERWAYOFFRAMINGISBYLABELLING,ABELLINGINTHISCONTEXTDENOTESTHE
practice of using “a lexical item, term or phrase to identify a person, place, group,
EVENTORANYOTHERKEYELEMENTINANARRATIVEv"AKER GIVENTHATSUCH
NAMES EMBODY PARTICULAR VIEWPOINTS BELIEFS OR POLITICAL COMMITMENTS OF A
community.
The fourth method of framing is termed repositioning of participants. This
denotes rearranging the hierarchical positions of the characters of the narrative and
the receptors of the narrative through altering partly the socio-linguistic features
of the participants’ speech and partly other features used for such participants’
LINGUISTICIDENTIlCATIONANDCHARACTERISATION4HISALSOCREATESSPACEFORPOLITICAL
manipulation through translation.
!S A SUMMARY IT CAN BE CONCLUDED THAT "AKERS THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK TAKES
ACCOUNTOFSEVERALCONTEXTUALANDINTERTEXTUALFEATURESASWELLASDISCUSSESSEVERAL
INSTANCESANDMEANSOFPOSSIBLE POLITICALMANIPULATION(OWEVERITDOESNOTRELY
on theories to pinpoint exact textual realisations of such instances of manipulation.
Baker rather explains textual phenomena in their social, cultural and political
CONTEXT 7E ARE OF THE OPINION THAT FOR THE SAKE OF OBJECTIVITY THE ANALYSIS OF
POLITICALMANIPULATIONINTRANSLATEDTEXTSMUSTINCLUDETHEPRECISEANDOBJECTIVE
pinpointing of textual elements capable of manipulation, rather than providing
solely the social, cultural and political contexts of these texts as a mere backdrop.

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 Translation and Political Discourse 151

5SINGANAPPROACHQUITEDIFFERENTFROMTHEABOVEANDRELYINGONEXAMPLESFROM
INTERNATIONALPOLITICS3CHÉFFNER INTHECONTEXTOFINTERNATIONALTRANSLATION
PRACTICE EXPLORES THE WAYS HYBRID TEXTS COME ABOUT THROUGH THE TRANSLATION
process. Hybrid texts are the result of conscious, deliberate decisions on the part
OFTHETRANSLATORTHESETEXTSSHOWUNUSUALSTRANGETEXTUALFEATURESINTHETARGET
CULTUREANDYETFULlLTHEIRINTENDEDPURPOSEINTHECOMMUNICATIVESITUATIONIN
WHICHTHEYEXIST4HEREASONFORTHISSTRANGENESSOFTARGETTEXTSISTHATTHEGENRE
OFTHESOURCETEXTDOESNOTEXISTINTHETARGETCULTUREANDCONSEQUENTLYTHEREARE
no model texts that could guide translators. With reference to political discourse,
3CHÉFFNERNOTESTHATONEREASONWHYHYBRIDTEXTSCANCOMEABOUTISGLOBALISATION
as internationalisation potentially facilitates the dissemination of source genres
POSSIBLYUNKNOWN INTARGETLANGUAGECULTURES4HROUGHTHEUSEOFCONTRASTIVE
text typological analysis, it is concluded that hybrid texts often display textual
FEATURES THAT CLASH WITH THE EXISTING NORMS IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE 4HIS COULD
POSSIBLYALLOWFORTHEINTRODUCTIONOFSOCIALLYUNACCEPTEDUNACCEPTABLECONCEPTS
INTHETARGETCULTUREANDTHUSPLAYAROLEINPOWERGAMESANDPOLITICALPERSUASION
Based on the studies detailed above, it can be concluded that translation can
PURPOSEFULLYBEUSEDFORPOLITICALMANIPULATION7ITHAVIEWTOTHISTHEANALYSIS
of any translated text must extend to contemporary social, cultural, political and
IDEOLOGICAL FEATURES AS WELL AS TO THE TEXTUAL REALISATION AND THE CONTEXT BASED
interpretation of such features.

3.1.6. Critical discourse awareness in Translation Studies

)NITIATIVESOFCRITICALDISCOURSEAWARENESSAREIDENTIlABLEIN4RANSLATION3TUDIES
4HIS RESEARCH APPROACH WAS MOTIVATED BY THE INTERNATIONALISATION OF POLITICS
WHICH RESULTED IN AN INCREASED NUMBER OF TRANSLATED POLITICAL TEXTS ACCESSIBLE
IN DIVERSE CHANNELS OF THE MASS MEDIA /NCE IT HAS BEEN THEORISED AND LATER
PROVENEG"AKER THATSOURCEANDTARGETTEXTSARENOTALWAYSEQUIVALENTIN
a political sense, and that target texts may be designed to realise partly different
COMMUNICATION AIMS FROM THOSE OF THE SOURCE TEXT AN EVEN GROWING CONCERN
started to surround the translation of political texts.
2ELATEDTEXTLINGUISTICRESEARCHAIMEDTOPOINTOUTTEXTUALLYWHEREANDINWHAT
WAYSSOURCEANDTARGETLANGUAGEPOLITICALTEXTSWERENOTEQUIVALENT4HEENSUING
ethical, political and professional need to critically relate to translated texts,
translation activities and the pragmatic effects of translation activities has given
RISETONUMEROUSCRITICALAPPROACHES)NWHATFOLLOWSSOMEOFTHESEAPPROACHES
WILLBEDESCRIBEDINGREATERDETAIL
2ELYING ON THE THEORIES OF THE BEST KNOWN AND BEST ESTABLISHED SCHOLARS OF
#RITICAL$ISCOURSE!NALYSISANDIDEOLOGY&AIRCLOUGH;=VAN$IJK;
= ASWELLASOFMEDIADISCOURSEANALYSIS"ELL;=3CHELESINGERAND

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152 Mátyás Bánhegyi

,UMLEY ;=  6ALDE×N   COMPARES WRITTEN NEWS REPORTS AIRED ON ""#
and CNN and their translations. With ideology interpreted in this context as “a
set of assumptions accepted by the participant in a given stretch of discourse”
6ALDE×N 6ALDE×NDISTINGUISHESTWOTYPESOFMEDIATIONWITHRESPECT
to media text producers: positive mediation, i.e. neutrality of text producers
TOWARDS THEIR SUBJECT AND NEGATIVE MEDIATION IE hIMPORTING EXTERNAL AGENDAS
THAT MIGHT STEM FROM THEIR ;THE TEXT PRODUCERS= OWN IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUNDv
6ALDE×N    6ALDE×N WITH REFERENCE TO "AKERS   CLASSIlCATION
OFNON EQUIVALENCEATWORDLEVELEXAMINESTHEUSEANDMEANINGOFTHELEXICAL
ITEMS OF hTERRORISTv AND hSEPARATISTv AS WELL AS THEIR ALLEGED  EQUIVALENTS 4HE
conclusion of the discussion is that translations produced both for BBC and CNN
on the Madrid terrorist attack in 2005 do not seem to “operate in the interest of
THETARGETCULTUREQUITETHECONTRARYTHEYOPERATEINTHEIROWNINTERESTWHETHER
THATISUNDERSTOODASPERSONALEDITORIALORNATIONALv6ALDE×N )TMAY
BECLAIMEDTHAT6ALDE×NUSING"AKERSTAXONOMYMANAGESTOREVEALINSTANCESOF
WORD LEVELMANIPULATION
#HAN   COMPARES THE TWO #HINESE VERSIONS OF (ILLARY #LINTONS ,IVING
History published by Chinese publishers China Times and Yilin Press. Chan
CONTEXTUALISESTHETWO#HINESEVERSIONSINTHEDIFFERENTRECEIVING#HINESECULTURES
ANDWITHTHEHELPOFCLOSEREADINGREVEALSNUMEROUSDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHE
TWOTRANSLATIONS4HEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHESOURCETEXTANDTHETWODIFFERENT
TRANSLATIONSINTERMSOFTHE#HINESETITLEOFTHEWORKCERTAINTEXTUALOMISSIONS
ANDTHETRANSLATIONSHIFTSIDENTIlEDAREDUETOMARKETCONSIDERATIONSASWELLAS
THEINmUENCEOF#HINESECENSORSHIPACTIVITIES#HANSSTUDYPERFECTLYEXEMPLIlES
that in the case of political texts textual features must be accounted for in the
backdrop of the receiving culture.
3CHÉFFNER   IN THE FRAMEWORK OF A THEORETICAL PROPOSAL URGES THE CLOSER
COOPERATION OF POLITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS 0$!  AND 4RANSLATION 3TUDIES
0$! EXPLORES THE LINK BETWEEN LINGUISTIC BEHAVIOUR AND POLITICS IN THE lELDS
OF PRAGMATICS SEMANTICS AND SYNTAX AND TRIES TO EXPLAIN IN WHAT WAYS SUCH
LINGUISTIC FEATURES CONTRIBUTE TO POLITICAL PERSUASION CF #HILTON AND 3CHÉFFNER
  )N THE SCOPE OF POLITICAL TEXTS 3CHÉFFNER REVIEWS THE MOST COMMON
RESEARCH AREAS IN 4RANSLATION 3TUDIES AND ESTABLISHES THE FOLLOWING THEMES AS
POSSIBLEJOINTRESEARCHAREASOF0$!AND4RANSLATION3TUDIESRESEARCHOFLEXICAL
CHOICEINTHETARGETTEXTINCOMPARISONWITHTHATOFTHESOURCETEXTTHEPRACTICE
OFSELECTINGINFORMATIONTOTRANSLATECREATINGNEWPOLITICALIDENTITIESBYPHRASING
ANDFRAMINGIEINmUENCINGREADERSTOASSOCIATECERTAINPHRASESWITHGIVENSOCIAL
ANDIDEOLOGICALCONTEXTS 4HROUGHEXAMPLESITISDEMONSTRATEDTHATALLOFTHESE
translational practices can be used for manipulative purposes, thus sensitivity to
such features in the receivers of political texts is very crucial in the case of the
translation of political texts.

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 Translation and Political Discourse 153

)N THE SAME STUDY 3CHÉFFNER CALLS FOR A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE RESEARCH
OF THE TRANSLATION OF POLITICAL TEXTS AND URGES THE FOLLOWING   THE STATUS OF
TRANSLATIONS OVERT OR COVERT TRANSLATION IE IS THE TARGET TEXT IDENTIlED AS
TRANSLATIONORNOT ANDTHEGENERALPRACTICEOFPERFORMINGSUCHTRANSLATIONWORK
SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED BEFORE EFFECTING ANY KIND OF ANALYSIS   TRANSLATED TEXTS
under scrutiny should be published in the original languages not only in English
FOR THE SAKE OF CLARITY   MISTRANSLATIONS OR INSTANCES OF TRANSLATION SHIFTS OR
losses should be analysed in their social-political context so that such shifts can
POSSIBLYREVEALIDEOLOGICALSTRUCTURESIESOCIALLYACCEPTEDIDEOLOGY AND THAT
THEENTIRETRANSLATIONPROCESSNOTONLYTHEEND PRODUCTSHOULDBEREVIEWEDIN
the scope of analyses.
3CHÉFFNER RELYING ON THE lNDINGS OF 0$! AND WITH A VIEW TO THE POLITICAL
strategic functions of political discourse established by PDA, discusses the
FOLLOWINGFOURPOLITICALSTRATEGIESTRANSLATIONCANSERVEORSUPPORTWHENITCOMES
TOTHERENDERINGOFPOLITICALTEXTSCOERCIONRESISTANCEDISSIMULATIONASWELLAS
legitimisation and delegitimisation. Putting this in perspective in her study, the
FOLLOWING IS CLAIMED TRANSLATION CAN BE USED AS A MEANS OF CONTROLLING ACCESS
TOINFORMATIONBYCAREFULLYSELECTINGTEXTSFORTRANSLATIONCOERCION 4RANSLATORS
can take an active role and select texts for translation and, by making such texts
AVAILABLETOTHEPUBLICTHEYCANMAKEVOICESOTHERTHANTHEOFlCIALONEHEARD
RESISTANCE  &URTHERMORE A MANIPULATIVE TRANSLATION STRATEGY IN THE HANDS OF
THOSECOMMISSIONINGTRANSLATIONSCOULDBEEITHERDISALLOWINGCERTAINTEXTSTOBE
translated, purposefully commissioning only certain extracts of given texts to be
translated or deliberately publishing inaccurate translations: this is collectively
termed dissimulation. All of these strategies can prevent persons from receiving
NON BIASED INFORMATION THROUGH TRANSLATION &INALLY POSITIVE SELF PRESENTATION
and the negative presentation of others can be effected as the fourth type of
translation strategy termed legitimisation and delegitimisation.
With reference to the possible cooperation of PDA and Translation Studies, it
MAYBESTATEDINGENERALTHATTHISAPPROACHSTRESSESTHATWORD LEVELEQUIVALENCE
should be assessed and analysed in the ideological context of the source and
TARGET CULTURES LEXICAL CHOICE IN THE TARGET TEXT MUST BE ANALYSED WITHIN THE
FRAMEWORK OF THE TARGET CULTURE THE SELECTION OF INFORMATION TO BE TRANSLATED
SHOULDBEINTERPRETEDWITHAVIEWTOTHEMOSTPOWERFULIDEOLOGYOFTHESOURCE
ANDTARGETCULTURESANDTHECREATIONOFNEWPOLITICALIDENTITIESTHROUGHLEXICAL
choice and framing should be contextualised in the target culture.
As the above studies in this section have demonstrated, critical approaches
to the translation of political texts must extend to the analysis of lexical-level
manipulation, to the comparison of cultural aspects of source and target cultures
ASWELLASTOTHEANALYSISOFLINGUISTICCHOICESPOSSIBLY RESPONSIBLEFORPOLITICAL
ANDORIDEOLOGICALMANIPULATION

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154 Mátyás Bánhegyi

4. Conclusions
Based on the studies described in this article, it can be concluded and claimed that
the Translation Studies focused analysis of political discourse offers numerous
DIVERSE APPROACHES AND A WIDE RANGE OF METHODOLOGIES 4HIS IS SO MUCH TRUE
THATTHERESEARCHMETHODSANDRESEARCHRESULTSAREHARDLYCOMPARABLEWITHONE
ANOTHERANDTHISHINDERSRAPIDSCIENTIlCADVANCEMENTINTHISlELD4OCOMBAT
THIS PROBLEM THE DEVELOPMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF A MORE UNIlED APPROACH
and research methodology seem desirable. Such an approach and methodology
should involve social, political, cultural, historical, hermeneutical and political
MASSCOMMUNICATIONCONTEXTUALFEATURESANDTHEIRINTERPRETATIONASMUCHAND
or relevant as possible. This may eventually ensure that all contextual features
of the creation of political texts, the features and the mediatised use of the
TRANSLATIONOFSUCHTEXTSASWELLASTHEINTERPLAYOFTHESEFEATURESBEDESCRIBED
ANDANALYSEDWITHINTHESCOPEOFONESINGLETHEORYRESEARCHMETHODANDTOOL
The actual development, description and testing of such a theory, method and
tool are to be accomplished in the future.

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