Assignment:

1. What are the bacterial growth requirements?

- microorganisms must have a supply of water as well as numerous other substances including mineral
elements, growth factors, and gas, such as oxygen. Virtually all chemical substances in microorganisms
contain carbon in some form, whether they be proteins, fats, carbohydrates, or lipids.

AVAILABITY OF NUTRIENTS

- to survive in a particular environment, appropriate nutrients must be available. Many nutrients are
energy sources; organisms will obtain energy from these chemicals by breaking chemical bonds.
Nutrients also serve as sources of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur as well
as other elements (e.g., sodium; potassium; chlorine; magnesium; calcium; and trace elements such as
iron, iodine, and zinc) that are usually required in lesser amounts.

- SULFUR CAN FIND AT VOLCANO AND VERY HOT TEMPT

MOISTURE

- Cells consist of anywhere between 70% and 95% water. All living organisms require water to carry out
their normal metabolic processes, and most will die in environments containing too little moisture.

- microbial stages (bacterial endospores, protozoan, cysts), however, that can survive the complete
drying process (desiccation).

- spores and cysts are in a dormant or resting state; if they are placed in a moist, nutrient-rich
environment, they will grow and reproduce normally.

TEMPERATURE

- Every microorganism has an optimal, a minimum, and a maximum growth temperature .

- Every microorganism has an optimum growth temperature the temperature at which the organism
grows best. Every microorganism also has a minimum growth temperature, below which it ceases to
grow, and a maximum growth temperature, above which it dies.

PH

- “pH” refers to the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution and, thus, the acidity or alkalinity of the
solution. Most microorganisms prefer a neutral or slightly alkaline growth medium (pH 7.0–7.4), but
acidophilic microbes (acidophiles), such as those that can live in the human stomach and in pickled
foods, prefer a pH of 2 to 5.
- Acidophiles prefer acidic environments PH 2 TO 5, whereas alkaliphiles prefer environments that are
alkaline PH >8.5.

BAROMETRIC PRESSURE

- Most bacteria are not affected by minor changes in barometric pressure. Some thrive at normal
atmospheric pressure

- as piezophiles, thrive deep in the ocean and in oil wells, where the atmospheric pressure is very high.

GASEOUS PRESSURE

- microorganisms vary with respect to the type of gaseous atmosphere that they require.

2. What do you mean by "growth" in the bacterial growth?

- growth refers to an increase in size

- Although bacteria do increase in size before cell division, bacterial growth refers to an increase in the
number of organisms rather than an increase in their size . Thus, with respect to bacteria, growth refers
to pH, moisture content, available nutrients, and the characteristics of other organisms presen t.
Therefore, the number of bacteria in nature fluctuates unpredictably because these factors vary with
the seasons, rainfall, temperature, and time of day.

- Microorganisms that are difficult to grow in the laboratory are said to be fastidious.

3. What are the nutritional requirements needed for bacterial growth?

- For growth and nutrition of bacteria, the minimum nutritional requirements are water, a source of
carbon, a source of nitrogen and some inorganic salts.

4. Find the definition of the following:

SUFFIX:

4.1. troph - nutrient matter /othotorops can produce own food

4.2. phile - lover of or enthusiast/ mesophile grow at moderate temperature

4.3. obe – against / microbes, microorganism, especially a bacterium causing disease or fermentation.

PREFIX:

4.4. hetero – other, different/ heterotroph is an organism that eats other plants or animals for energy
and nutrients.

4.5. photo – light/ Phototroph is an organism that can use visible light as a primary energy source for
metabolism, a process known as photosynthesis

4.6. chemo – chemical/ Chemotrophs are a class of organisms that obtain their energy through the
oxidation of inorganic molecules, such as iron and magnesium. chemoorganotrophs

4.7. auto – self/ autotroph is an organism that can produce its own food using light, water, carbon
dioxide, or other chemicals

4.8. saphro – rotten/saprophyte t can't make their own food. In order to survive, they feed on dead and
decaying matter.

4.9. halo – salt/ halophile grown in ocean DI LAHAT SABI NI MS GIRL KAY HELY HEHE

4.10. thermo – hot, heat temperature/ Thermophiles" are microorganisms with optimal growth
temperatures between 60 and 108 degrees Celsius,

4.11. psychro – cold/psychrophile organism in cold area. CAN FIND IN COLD TERM

4.12. aero - air, oxygen or gas aerobes/ Organisms that grow in the absence of free oxygen are termed
anaerobes; those that grow only in the absence of oxygen are obligate, or strict, anaerobes.
5. Difference between obligate and facultative microorganisms

6. What are the Physical requirements for bacterial growth?

Temperature

- Microbes can be separated into groups based on the range of temperatures at which they can
survive. At the edges of each range, microbes can usually survive but not thrive, whereas the
perfect conditions for growth are usually somewhere in the middle.
 - Heat loving thermophiles mesophilr

Ph

- Another physical growth condition important to microorganisms is pH. The pH is the measure
of how acidic or alkaline a solution is, with values from 0 to 14. Acidic environments include
acid mine drainage, iron lakes, and the jar of pickles in your cupboard, with ranges between 1
and 6. Neutral pH is around 7. Alkaline, or basic pH, is 8 to 14.
- PH MEANS POWER OF HYDROGEN

OSMOTIC PRESSURE AND SANITY

- exerted on a cell membrane by solutions both inside and outside the cell.
- Cells lose water and shrink when placed into a hypertonic solution.
- Cells swell up, and sometimes burst, when placed into a hypotonic solution.
- Microorganisms that prefer salty environments are called halophiles.

7. Recall what is Endocytosis and Exocytosis

ENDOCYTOSIS (outside to inside)

- The process of taking a particle or substance from outside of the cell and transferring it inside the cell
using a vesicle.

- Absorbing nutrients for cellular function, eliminating pathogens, Disposing of old/damaged cells

- Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis

EXOCYTOSIS (inside to outside)

- The process of taking a substance or particle from inside of the cell and transferring it to outside the
cell using a vesicle

- Removing toxins or waste products, Repairing the cell membrane, Facilitating communication
between cells

- Regulated exocytosis, Constitutive exocytosis

8. What is the Bacterial Growth Curve?

- The bacterial growth curve consists of a lag phase, a log phase, a stationary phase and a decline
phase. This is seen in a liquid medium.
- In the lag phase, the bacteria adapt to the environment. There is no appreciable increase in cell
number.

- In the log phase, there is exponential increase in the number of bacterial cells.

- In the stationary phase, there is no increase or decrease in the number of bacterial cells.

- In the decline phase, there is a decrease in the bacterial population due to cell death.

NUTRIENTS

-refers to the various chemical compounds that organisms including microorganisms use to sustain
life.

-are energy sources; organisms will obtain energy from these chemicals by breaking chemical bonds.

MICROBAL NUTRIONAL REQUIREMENTS

-All organisms require a source of energy, a source of carbon, and additional nutrients.

Phototrophs

- use light as an energy source. The process by which organisms convert light energy into chemical
energy is called photosynthesis.

Chemotrophs

- use either inorganic or organic chemicals as an energy source.

Chemolithotrophs

- (or simply lithotrophs) are organisms that use inorganic chemicals as an energy source.

Chemoorganotrophs

- (or simply organotrophs) are organisms that use organic chemicals as an energy source.

Autotrophs

- use carbon dioxide (CO2) as their sole source of carbon.

Heterotrophs

- use other carbon-containing compounds as their carbon source.

Photoautotrophs

- are organisms (t) that use light as an energy source and CO2 as a carbon source.
Photoheterotrophs

- such as purple nonsulfur and green nonsulfur bacteria, use light as an energy source and
organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source.

Chemoautotrophs

- (such as nitrifying, hydrogen, iron, and sulfur bacteria) use chemicals as an energy source and
CO2 as a carbon source.

Chemoheterotrophs

- use chemicals as an energy source and organic compounds other than CO2 as a carbon source.

Ecology

- is the study of the interactions between organisms and the world around them.
- The term ecosystem refers to the interactions between living organisms and their nonliving
environment.

METABOLIC ENZYMES

- The term metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions that occur within any cell.
- These chemical reactions are referred to as metabolic reactions.
- Metabolic reactions are enhanced and regulated by enzymes, known as metabolic enzymes.
- Hydrolases and polymerases are additional examples of metabolic enzymes.

BIOLOGIC CATALYSTS ENZYMES

- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze (speed up or accelerate) the rate of biochemical reactions.
- The substance upon which an enzyme acts is known as that enzyme’s substrate.
- Endoenzymes remain within the cell that produced them, whereas exoenzymes leave the cell
to catalyze reactions outside of the cell.
- Hydrolases break down macromolecules by the addition of water, in a process called hydrolysis
or a hydrolysis reaction.

METABOLISM

- metabolism refers to all the chemical reactions occurring within a cell.

- The reactions are referred to as metabolic reactions.

Catabolic reactions

- involve the breaking of chemical bonds and the release of energy.

Anabolic reactions
 - involve the formation of bonds, which requires energy.

ATP molecules

- are the major energy storing or energy carrying molecules within a cell.

AEROBIC RESPIRATION OF GLUCOSE

- complete catabolism of glucose by the process known as aerobic respiration (or cellular
respiration) occurs in three phases, each of which is a biochemical pathway: (a) glycolysis, (b)
the Krebs cycle, and (c) the electron transport chain.

BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS

- is a series of linked biochemical reactions that occur in a stepwise manner, leading from a
starting material to an end product
- Nutrients should be thought of as energy sources, and chemical bonds should be thought of as
stored energy.

GLYCOLYSIS

- the glycolytic pathway, the Embden–Meyerhof pathway, and the Embden Meyerhof–Parnas
pathway, is a nine-step biochemical pathway, involving nine separate biochemical reactions,
each of which requires a specific enzyme
 - a six-carbon molecule of glucose is ultimately broken down into two three-carbon molecules
of pyruvic acid

Krebs Cycle

- The pyruvic acid molecules produce during glycolysis are converted into acetyl-coenzyme A
(acetyl-CoA) molecules, which then enter the Krebs cycle

Electron Transport Chain

- As previously mentioned, certain of the products produced during the Krebs cycle enter the
electron transport chain (also called the electron transport system or respiratory chain).

FERMENTATION OF GLUCOSE

- Is that they do not involve oxygen; therefore, fermentations usually take place in anaerobic
environments.
- Oxygen does not participate in fermentation reactions.

OXIDATION REACTION REDOX REACTIONS

- paired reactions in which electrons are transferred from one compound to another
- Oxidation reactions involve the loss of an electron, whereas reduction reactions involve the
gain of an electron.

CHEMOSYNTHESIS

- involves a chemical source of energy and raw materials for synthesis of the metabolites and
macromolecules required for growth and function of the organisms.

Mutations

- involve changes in the base sequences of genes)

Lysogenic

- conversion (involves bacteriophages and the acquisition of new viral genes)

- A lysogenic bacterium is capable of producing one or more new gene products as a result of
infection by a temperate bacteriophage.

Transduction

- involves bacteriophages and the acquisition of new bacterial genes)

Transformation

- involves the uptake of “naked” DNA)

- In transformation, a bacterial cell becomes genetically transformed following uptake of DNA
fragments (“naked DNA”) from the environment.

Conjugation

- involves the transfer of genetic information from one cell to another involving what is
known as a sex pilus)

GENETIC ENGINEERING

- An array of techniques has been developed to transfer eukaryotic genes, particularly human
genes, into other easily cultured cells to facilitate the large-scale production of important gene
products (proteins, in most cases).
- A plasmid that contains multiple genes for antibiotic resistance is called a resistance factor or
R-factor.

GENE THERAPY

- of human diseases involves the insertion of a normal gene into cells to correct a specific
genetic or acquired disorder that is being caused by a defective gene