Artem Mavrin MATH 342A ASSIGNMENT 3 PROBLEMS, SECTION 11.3 Eapress each of the following integrals as aT function. By computer, evaluate numerically both the P function and the original integral. [ edz lo We have the Gamma function P’, defined 9. Hint: Put ot = (a) ro) fa ale tde such that for positive integers p we have 2) T(p) = (p- 1). T also has a recursive property: (3) T(p+1) =pP(p). Let u= a, Then du = 4e%de and « = u'/*, Thus, = co t= 1 fo (4) i e ar= i f edu = if we du = if ul te du, fn I" o lo ‘The integral in (4) is exactly the same as the integral in (1) for p Mota ip ()\ on 5 (5) i e d= ir (t)=r ($41) -r(3) Maple solves the integral in question as ea, 1 ae a [e= ietip and MATLAB numerically computes both (5) and (6) as 0.906402477055477. Therefore, o f ; “de =T (3) 0.906402477055477. 10. + 80 we have [ a e*da 0 * g8I8-1e-tde =P (3) 1 From (1), we see that (8) [otter ee hMaple confirms this exactly, and MATLAB computes (8) as 1.489192248812817. Thus, (9) a x Vertde = 11, 2) = 1.489192248812817. [ re M dr o Maple simplifies this integral to 1. Let u =. Use this result and (5.3) to derive the duplication formula for TP’ functions: T(2n) = wr (nr (n+ 3) Check this formula for the case n = } by using (5.4) From (17) we know that m2 (sin @ cos @)°""" da, 5 (33)and from the trigonometric identity 2sin@ cos @ = sin 20 it follows that n/t (4 ana a) : (34) B(n.n) -2f (55028) a - a | (sin20)"""" a9. 0 lo Lot ¢ = 28. Then dé = 2d0. So, we have 1if he (35) B (an) = 535 | (sin "tag [ (sing) de m2 [ (sin g)"""" dg ln =eh f f *? ing)" coxa a A 1 1 “ pa? (> ‘) 1 Now, we know from (18) and (30) that Lin) P(n) Qn) Therefore, from (35) and (36) it follows that PP) _ gral OdP in) _— 1 yon 1 (7) Pen) = ey =? Baa Re 'rayr(n+5) and B(n1/2) = EOE) varia) Ge Fea T(n+1/2) P(n+1/2)" Let n=}. Then by (30) we have (38) ren) =P (2-4) =r(3) v2. Also, by (21), we have (39) wer (yr (» + 5) = wr (3) ie (3) “e()e-) st 22/2 =Vk ‘Thus, we have verified (87) for the case n =PROBLEMS, SECTION 11.8 3. ‘The figure is part of a cycloid with parametric equations x=a(0+siné), y=a(1—cosé). (The graph shown is like Figure 4.4 of Chapter 9 with the origin shifted to Ps.) Show that the time for a particle to slide without friction along the curve from (2,1) is given by ope 1 (Oe jae nena bl Vly) Hint: Show that the arc length element is ds = \/2a/ydy. Evaluate the integral to show that the time is independent of the starting height uw We assume that the particle has initial conditions y(0) = y1 and v(0) = 0. For the kinetic energy of the particle, we have ds\? 2 aa “0 o— tnt Im(3), where s is the arc length of the curve parametrized by x and y. For the gravitational potential energy (after defining h = 0 at y = yi) we have (41) V = mgh = mg (ym). Since y (0) = y, V (0) = 0, and since v(0) =0, T (0) =0. So, B(0) = T(0) + V(0) = 0. Since there is no friction, energy remains constant; the sum of T and V is always zero. ‘That is, ds\? (42) T+V=5 (3) +mg(y—w) = ‘Therefore, we solve for ds/dt to obtain a © mn (43) ees t~ far f tle: dt 0 y-0 /29(m—y) By definition, the arc length of the curve is given by dx\* (dy\? ws a= (8) +(a) 0 a = 2 sin 0)?—— (a +acos6)? + (asin) dy 1+2c0s@ + cos? + sin? Sy, sin? _ [20 Fc0s8) =Vrete YA 1\s So, we have (45) L Fa ape sv = /¢ | ——a v2g (un avi Vib Vi Let y = y:sin?@, Then dy = Zn sin 9 cos 6d9. So, we have @ (7? 2yn sind cos 0 mae a0 = = eel ee ae PROBLEMS, SECTION 11.12 1. Expand the integrands of K and E (see (12.3)] in power series in k? sin® @ {assuming small k), and integrate term by term to find power series approximations for the complete elliptic integrals K and B. ‘The K function (Complete Elliptic Integral of the first kind) is defined by /2 1 —— to Vi Besin? Suppose |k| < 1. Then |&*sin?4| < 1. Let ¢ = k?sin?@ and define a function f by (47) K (i= f(a) =2-¥?. Then ap (48) xw=[ f (1-2) a0, 0 We know that the Taylor approximation of f around x for a small ¢ is given by ed'y (19) ferg=D ooh ey a’ nen For our f (z) = 2~/?, the subsequent derivatives are df Jap 1 -emna (10) a3" vs = 13 -earne a 2 @f 18 yn 1-3-5 iayiny2 $b Fe? = reo af _ 105 oy _ 1:3-5-7, amen det 16 eee vs =" E Tle | p-omenre ‘Therefore, (51) f(ete) {Se (ft eo] eterWe are interested in the expansion of f (1 —¢), so we compute: (62) So, substituting (52) into (48) (and using equations (3), (17), (18), and (30)), we get a] [oes 2 M fo -5 - [Fale] f (sin 8)" do - = Dope? (a) Her. wm PHT) =e tas) Le» Re a = = a ee (» + 5) I (21-1) For n €N, let us examine I'(n + 1/2) (54)Plugging (54) into (53) and simplifying gives (55) KW = 5D ape LO z Now we look at the & function (Complete Elliptic Integral of the second kind). It is defined by (56) E(k) = fe V1 - W sin? 040. Lb Suppose again that |k| < 1, so |k? sin? 6] < 1, Let ¢ =k? sin? @ again as well and define a function g by g (x) = 2". Then «(2 (57) E(k) g(1—<)d8 The derivatives of g are 1 ea) (58) 4-0-0 — da ene 2 2-D/2 1-3-5) Aruna st T[@- s] seen = So, yt gn fact (59) g(ete) = rf! a s it 2 —1)] eon im = We are only interested in the expansion of g (1 — ¢), so we compute: TT (i - | 2nl (60) ie 5 [Re ay" (2)\so Now we substitute (60) into (57). We get = en (61) eu [°5]-Stle-] ao + nen 1m «2 =y]- (2-1) "a0 E[ ealteo] [" me 8-1 a = Fille] ( (sin 6)" d9 ee Qn+1 1\ 77 Lom? (4. 5) TWe- ken 1 (2) (5) - Lan Tint ve So, overall we have (62) 1 (very aye and (63) 17. Write the integral in equation (12.7) as an elliptic integral and show that (12.8) gives its value. Hints: Write cos@ = 1 — 2sin?9/2 and a similar equation for cosa. Then make the change of variable x = sin (0/2) /sin («/2). Equation (12.7) is G ( Lymm” rfBy the identity cos@ = (65) 2sin? 6/2, we get Sd = [ Veo — cosa Lea Let x = sin (0/2)/sin(a/2). Then dx = }cos(0/2)/sin(a/2)d@ and sin? (8/2) = a? sin? (a/2). So we have 1 r —=——=" =y8 ae fe 0 cos (6/2) / (1-22) sin? $ 1 1 =Vva [ —__1 ___ar. I, 008 (0/2) =) Now we use the identity cos (0/2) = I sin® (0/3): = 1 i 1 67 see - 4 fl ae ( I cos — con b Vina Oia) © z =v? f et b fi-eam@/)ya-=) An alternate way of writing the A’ funetion is 1 1 63 K(k ay eet. (68) ® ln VI - Bl — he We see that (67) is exactly (68) when k = sin (a/2). So, eo Lem (5) 2dw #2 Vs 1g CUn)= $= % 6. PCL) =e Ps) = -2 ve BPD C= ER | WAN — Sticling's formule nb ~ ne" feay [Ae lal) ~ Ante Venn) = nha) =n + Alen) + 5 hele) | Fer nsto pha) ® $296 "10°" tA Cn) & 9,184 Aula) 22 26,68 = 3 I Thus, the First tws terms are mest sigaifieast and Atal) ~ nbala) - 0 Aalto) ~ "8,176 «10°F te: Maple Pails to Find Arla!) y ty alt 44 ned | Feagene = 4S fe deee | “he ~h , I or = dt Since elliptic ‘ategrels are even | JeeVeE 2-5 ase — ——_— F(d, ) xo5¢223