Three Approach in Social Research

1. KUANTITATIF

PURPOSE : research is scientific to discover and document universal laws human behavior.

ONTOLOGI

1. What is nature of reality?

Reality is objective and singular, apart from the researcher. Social reality is out there to be
discovered, independent of human consciousnes.
2. Nature of human being
Social forces almost as if they had a life of their own and operated regardless of people’s
personal wishes.
3. Theory of social reality
Determinism human behavior is determined by casual laws over which humans little
control.
4. Fact
Object fact is natural, separate from values and social construction.

EPISTEMOLOGI

1. What is relationship between researcher to that researched?

Researched is independent from that being researched.

AKSIOLOGI

1. What is the role of values

Value-free and unblased. Objective, value free.

METODOLOGI

1. What is the process of the research?

 Inductive
 Cause and effect
 Static design-categories isolated before study.
 Context – free
 Generalization leading to prediction, explanation and understanding.
 Accurate and reliable through validity and reliability.

MODEL STUDY

1. Experiment
2. Surveys

RHETORICAL ASSUMTION

1. What Is the language research

 Formal
 Impersonal voice
  Based on set of definition.
2. KUALITATIF

PURPOSE :

To develop an understanding of social life and discover how people construct meaning in natural
setting.

ONTOLOGI

 What is the nature of reality

1. reality is subjective and multiple as seen by participants in a study.
2. social reality is created out of purposeful actions of interacting social being. What people
perceive it to be.
 Nature of human being
1. People are engaged in a process of creating flexible system of meaning through social
interaction. To discover what action means to the people who engage in them.
 Theory of social reality
1. Voluntarism : people have a large amount of free will to create social meaning.
 Fact
1. Subject : fact is made of created meaning with people creating and negotiating meanings.

EPISTEMOLOGI

What is the relationship between the researcher to that researched.

1. Researche interact with that being researched.

AKSIOLOGI

 What is the role of values?

1. Value laden and biased.
2. Relativism everything is relative and nothing is absolute.

METODOLOGI

What is the process of the research?

1. Inductive
2. Mutual simultaneous shaping of factors
3. Emerging design-categories identified during research process
4. Context-bound
5. Patterns, theories developed for understanding.
6. Accurate and reliable through verification.

MODEL OF STUDY

1. Ethnographies
2. Grounded theory
3. Case study
 4. Phenomenological studies

RHETORICAL ASSUMTION

 Informal
 Personal voice
 Evolving decision.

3. STUDI PUSTAKA

PURPOSE : To critique and transform social relations : uncover myths, reveal hidden truths and
help people to change the world for themselves.

ONTOLOGI

1. What is the nature of reality

Historical realism reality is seen as constantly shaped by social, political, cultural, and
similar factors.
2. Nature of human being
Reification (motive:niat) is giving the creations of your own activity. So discover what the
motive is.
3. Theory of social reality
So so : people are constrained by the material conditions, cultural context and historical
conditions in wich they find themselves. But people can develop new understandings or
ways of seeing that enable them to change these structures.
4. Fact
Object-subject: fact of material conditions exist independent of subjective perceptions, but
facts are not theory neutral. Instead, facts require an interprestation.

AKSIOLOGI

Research is a moral-political activity that requirea researchers to commit to a value position.

METODOLOGI

Looking at hidden conditions which constrain people and thus liberating people from this
constraint.

MODEL OF STUDY

1. Feminism
2. Class theory
3. Conflict theory
4. Heurmenetic
5. Discourse analysis
6. Deconstructionist theory