SCADA

For Beginners
 Table of Contents
Chapter 1: SCADA
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Basics
1.3 Characteristics
1.4 Potential Benefits of SCADA
1.5 Main Goals

Chapter 2: Project
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Power Supply
2.3 IR Transceiver
2.4 Input Wiring
2.5 Output Wiring

Chapter 3: Software
3.1 Ladder Logic
3.2 RS Logic 500
3.3 Programming Logic
3.4 Wonderware Intouch
3.5 The Wonderware Advantage
Chapter 4: Future Implementation
4.1 Temperature Control Loop
4.2 Fire Detection
4.3 Fuel Level Monitoring and Control
CHAPTER 1
SCADA
1.1 Introduction
SCADA (supervisory control and data acquisition): An industrial measurement and control
system consisting of a central host or master (usually called a master station, master terminal unit
or MTU); one or more field data gathering and control units or remotes (usually called remote
stations, remote terminal units, or RTU's); and a collection of standard and/or custom software
used to monitor and control remotely located field data elements. Contemporary SCADA
systems exhibit predominantly open-loop control characteristics and utilize predominantly long
distance communications, although some elements of closed-loop control and/or short distance
communications may also be present.

Systems similar to SCADA systems are routinely seen in factories, treatment plants etc. These
are often referred to as Distributed Control Systems (DCS). They have similar functions to
SCADA systems, but the field data gathering or control units are usually located within a more
confined area. Communications may be via a local area network (LAN), and will normally be
reliable and high speed. A DCS system usually employs significant amounts of closed loop
control.
SCADA systems on the other hand generally cover larger geographic areas, and rely on a variety
of communications systems that are normally less reliable than a LAN. Closed loop control in
this situation is less desirable. So what is SCADA? It is used to monitor and control plant or
equipment. The control may be automatic, or initiated by operator commands. The data
acquisition is accomplished firstly by the RTU's scanning the field inputs connected to the RTU
(it may be also called a PLC - programmable logic controller). This is usually at a fast rate. The
central host will scan the RTU's (usually at a slower rate.) The data is processed to detect alarm
conditions, and if an alarm is present, it will be displayed on special alarm lists.
Data can be of three main types.

Analogue data (i.e. real numbers) will be trended (i.e. placed in graphs).
Digital data (on/off) may have alarms attached to one state or the other.
Pulse data (e.g. counting revolutions of a meter) is normally accumulated or counted.

The primary interface to the operator is a graphical display, which shows a representation of the
plant or equipment in graphical form. Live data is shown as graphical shapes (foreground) over a
static background. As the data changes in the field, the foreground is updated. E.g. a valve may
be shown as open or closed. Analog data can be shown either as a number, or graphically. The
system may have many such displays, and the operator can select from the relevant ones at any
time.
1.2 Basics
A SCADA system consists of a number of components.

The central SCADA master system.

A communications network.
The RTU's. Remote Telemetry (or Terminal) Units.
Field instrumentation.

The SCADA RTU is a (hopefully) small ruggedised computer, which provides intelligence in the
field, and allows the central SCADA master to communicate with the field instruments. It is a
stand-alone data acquisition and control unit. Its function is to control process equipment at the
remote site, acquire data from the equipment, and transfer the data back to the central SCADA
system.

There are two basic types of RTU - the "single board RTU" which is compact, and contains all
I/O on a single board, and the "modular RTU" which has a separate CPU module, and can have
other modules added, normally by plugging into a common "back plane" (a bit like a PC
motherboard and plug in peripheral cards).
The single board RTU normally has fixed I/O e.g. 16 digital inputs, 8 digital outputs, 8 analogue
inputs, and say 4 analogue outputs. It is normally not possible to expand its capability.
The modular RTU is designed to be expanded by adding additional modules. Typical modules
may be a 8 analog in module, a 8 digital out module. Some specialized modules such as a GPS
time stamp module may be available.

1.3 CHARACTERISTICS
A. SCALABILITY

Scalability is understood as the possibility to extend the SCADA based control system by adding
more process variables, more specialized servers (e.g., for alarm handling) or more clients. The
products achieve scalability by having multiple data servers connected to multiple controllers.
Each data server has its own configuration database and RTDB and is responsible for the
handling of a sub-set of the process variables (acquisitions, alarm handling, archiving).
B. REDUNDANCY
The products often have built in software redundancy at a server level, which is normally
transparent to the user. Many of the products also provide more complete redundancy solutions if
required.
C. MMI
The products support multiple screens, which can contain combinations of synoptic diagrams
and text. Most of the SCADA products that were evaluated decompose the process in “atomic”
parameters (e.g., a power supply current, its maximum value, its
on/off status, etc.) to which a Tag-name is associated. The Tag-name used to link graphical
objects to devices can be edited as required.
The products include a library of standard graphical symbols, many of which would however not
be applicable to the type of applications encountered in the experimental physics
community.Standard windows editing facilities are provided: zooming, re-sizing, scrolling… on-
line configuration and customization of the MMI is possible for users.

D.TRENDING

The products to be trended in a specific chart can be predefined or defined on line

A chart may contain more than 8 trended parameters or pens and an unlimited
number of charts can be displayed (restricted only by the readability )
Real–time and historical trending are possible, although generally not in the same
chart
Historical trending is possible for any archived parameter
Zooming and scrolling functions are provided
Parameter values at the cursor position can be displayed
E. ALARM HANDLING

Alarm handling is based on limit and status checking and performed in the data servers. More
complicated expressions (using arithmetic or logical expressions) can be developed by creating
derived parameters on which status or limit checking is then performed. The alarms are logically
handled centrally, i.e., the information only exists in one place and all users see the same status
(e.g., the acknowledgement), and multiple alarm priority levels (in general many more than 3
such levels) are supported.
It is generally possible to group alarms and to handle these as an entity (typically filtering on
group or acknowledgement of all alarms in a group). Furthermore, it is possible to suppress
alarms either individually or as a complete group. The filtering of alarms seen on the alarm page
or when viewing the alarm log is also possible at least on priority, time and group. However,
relationships between alarms cannot generally be defined in a straightforward manner.
F. DATABASE
The configuration data are stored in a database that is logically centralized but physically
disturbed and that is generally of a proprietary format. For performance reasons, the RTDB
resides in the memory of the servers and is also of proprietary format. The archive and logging
format is usually also proprietary for performance reasons, but some products do support logging
to a Relation Data Base Management System (RDBMS) at a slower rate either directly or via an
ODBC interface.
G. LOGGING/ARCHIVING

The terms logging and archiving are often used to describe the same facility. However, logging
can be thought of as medium-term storage of data on disk, whereas archiving is long-term
storage of data either on disk or on another permanent storage medium.
Logging is typically performed on a cyclic basis, i.e., once a certain file size, time period or
number of points is reached the data is overwritten. Logging of data can be performed at a set
frequency, or only initiated if the value changes or when a specific predefined event occurs.
Logged data is time-stamped and can be filtered when viewed by a user.
The logging of user actions is in general performed together with either a user actions is in
general performed together with either a user ID or station ID. There is often also a VCR facility
to play back archived data.

H. REPORT GENERATION

One can produce reports using SQL type queries to the archive, RTDB or logs. Although it is
sometimes possible to embed EXCEL charts in the report, a “cut and paste” capability is in
general not provided. Facilities exist to be able to automatically generate, print and archive
reports.
I. AUTOMATION

The majority of the products allow actions to be automatically triggered by events. A scripting
language provided by the SCADA products allow these actions to be defined. In general, one can
load a particular display, send an email, run a user defined application or script and write to the
RTDB. The concept of recipes is supported, whereby a particular system configuration can be
saved to a file and re-loaded at a later date.

Sequencing is also supported whereby, as the name indicates, it is possible to execute a more
complex sequence of actions on one or more devices. Sequences may also react to external
events. Some of the products do support an expert system but none has the concept of a finite
state machine (FSM).
J. COMPONENTS OF SCADA
(a) MASTER UNIT
This is heart of the system and is centrally located under the operator’s control.
(b) REMOTE UNIT
This unit is installed from where the process is actually monitored.
It gathers required data about the process and sends it to the master unit.
 (c) COMMUNICATION MODE
This unit transmits signals/data between the master unit and the remote unit.
Communication mode can be a cable, wireless media, geo-synchronous satellite, etc.
(d) SOFTWARE
The software is an interface between the operator and the units.
It allows the operator to visualize and the functions of the process.
(e) CONFIGURATION
The development of the applications is typically done in two stages. First the process parameters
and associated information (e.g., relating to alarm conditions) are defined through some sort of
parameter definition template and then the graphics, including trending and alarm displays are
developed, and linked were appropriate to the process parameters to be configured in a more
efficient manner using an external editor such as Excel and then importing the data into the
configuration database.

The facilities provided by the products for configuring very large numbers of parameters are not
very strong. However, this has not really been an issue.
1.4 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF SCADA

The benefits one can expert from adopting a SCADA system for the control of experimental
physics facilities can be summarized as follows:

A rich functionality and extensive development facilities. The amount of effort

invested in SCADA product amounts from 50 to 100 p-years!
The amount of specific development that needs to be performed by the end-user is
limited, especially with suitable engineering.
Reliability and robustness. These systems are used for mission critical industrial
processes where reliability and performance are paramount. In addition, specific
development is performed within a well established frame work that enhances
reliability and robustness.
Technical support and maintenance by the vendor.
1.5 MAIN GOALS

(a). VERSATILITY
SCADA has been developed to interface heterogeneous devises. The many available drives
allow the connection to devices of any kind and complexity, so it is possible to control PLC as
well as special purpose devices or communication multiplexer using all transmission methods
and media.

(b). SPEED
The event driver architecture allows extremely quick response times, therefore the system
performance is not affected by the number of I/Os connected.

(c). EFFICIENCY
SCADA requires a limited budget of memory and processing power, allowing cost effective
configurations that can still use all of the system features.
(d). EASE OF USE
The initiative developing environment and the natural user. Interface, together with the ability to
verify at any time the correctness of the project, allow the development of complete applications
in hours instead of days or months. Special attention has been devoted to beginners. The tutorial
section of the user manual has a friendly guide through all the development steps of a simple
project.

(e). RELIABILITY
SCADA’s modular and protected structure is one of the elements that add to the system stability
and reliability, allowing the operator to deactivate and update only selected modules without
shutting the whole system down.

(f). COMPACTNESS
SCADA has been specifically designed for efficient use of system resources, achieved through
highly optimized code and algorithms.
(g). SECURITY
All the operations executed and sent to the strictly controlled and audited. Operators are limited
to use only the part of the system they have been authorized.

(h). FUNCTIONS
SCADA simplifies data base creation and configuration procedure to a matter of fill –in –blanks
of forms in order defines only the really necessary parameters of the project. These methods not
only ease the designer task, but it actually shows the right way to automatically generate a clean
and complete documentation.

(i). SELECTIVE ALARM HANDLING

Alarms can be organized in logical groups and assigned a priority, thus allowing meaningful
views of alarms related to different sections of the plant, as well as hiding less significant alarms
in a specific condition.

(j). ON-LINE CONFIGURATION

Every SCADA project parameter, either a database object or a graphic symbol, can be added,
modified or deleted on-line keeping active all the real-time supervisory and control activities.
This feature can increase the speed the project tuning, usually done at the customer site with all
devices regularly running.
(k). OPEN ARCHITECTURE
All data managed by SCADA can be exchanged with other Windows applications in real time
using standard protocols like DDE.

Off-line treatment of data is also possible by using formatted exchange files, thus allowing the
user to operate on his familiar tools and work on the same system which simultaneously runs
supervisory functions.

(l). OPEN CONNECTIVITY

SCADA includes several communication protocols which can directly connect to PLC of most
brands and models. New protocols are continuously developed, extending connectivity to
special-purpose devices such as fire and intrusion detectors as they are available. A driver
toolkit is available for power user who needs to develop a special or proprietary protocol driver.
(m). FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
SCADA internally represents all the managed data as object which embody all the properties and
behavior of their real counterparts, allowing only meaningful actions to take place while
implicitly denying any action that could bring to an incoherent state.Complex devices such as
controllers or entire machines are handled as objects accessible to all and only correct operations.
CHAPTER 2
PROJECT
2.1 INTRODUCTION:

The project “RAILWAY TRACKING CONTROL SYSTEM” performs two main important
tasks namely to assign the free platforms to the coming trains and automate the level crossings.
For achieving this purpose we are using a PLC and are monitoring the ongoing process by using
a SCADA.

Now explaining what exactly would be done, firstly when the train is about to arrive at a
particular station then a sensor which is placed in each of the platform for the purpose of finding
which platform is free gives out a signal if it is free. This signal is acted upon by the PLC which
would make the necessary track and signal changes and ultimately lead the train to the platform
which is free without any manual intervention. The priority for each platform can be assigned in
the programming part thus making it very much programmer friendly and need based.
Depending on the priority the track and the signals change.
Next coming to the other important aspect of this project is the automation of level crossings
where there has been lot of accidents off late. This has an even special significance at unmanned
level crossings. Now when a train is about to pass through a level crossing then it is very
important that the gate is down at least few minutes ago so that no loss of life or property occurs.
So a sensor is placed a kilometer or two away depending on the needs and this sensor is used to
signal the coming of any trains. This sensor would be connected to the PLC and this would take
the appropriate actions like closing the gate. After the train passes then a timer can be used to
make the gate open. The lifting of the gate can also be done by another means that is using
another sensor. Once that sensor is activated then the PLC makes sure that train has comfortably
passed and can then open the gate.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
SENSOR UNIT:

The appropriate IR sensors are placed at platforms no.1, 2, 3, 4 and level gates. Any interruption
of signals will be informed to PLC control unit through Input Relay Unit.

PLC AND SCADA UNIT

The PLC is programmed in logic sequence to monitor the inputs from input relay unit and
appropriate control signals are given to the loads through output relay unit.

The SCADA graphics is used to monitor all the necessary parameters and allows the user to
interact with the system.
SCADA allows the user to view the information by four ways such as Graphical display, Real
time trends, Alarm history and Historical display.
OUTPUT RELAY UNIT:

OLU get the appropriate control signal from PLC and given to the loads, such as Level gates,
platform guidance signal and track changing signal.
 HARDWARE
4.2 POWER SUPPLY
Most electronics circuits need a source of D.C. power. For our device a simple power supply is
sufficient where the input voltage is converted to D.C. through full wave rectification.

POWER SUPPLY COMPONENTS

The power supply unit consists of

Transformer
Bridge rectifier
Voltage regulators
Filter circuit
(a) TRANSFORMER:
When A.C. is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped
down or up depending on the value of the D.C. needed. In our circuit the transformer performs
the step-down operation where the 230V A.C. appears as 12V A.C. across the secondary
winding. (Practically as 15V A.C.) One alteration of the input voltage will cause the top of the
transformer to be positive and the bottom negative. The next alteration will cause the polarity
reverse. The current rating of the transformer used in this project is 1A.

b) BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

A commonly used circuit for supplying large amounts of dc power is the bridge rectifier. In this
rectifier configuration, we have used four diodes, two diodes will conduct during the negative
alternation and two will conduct during positive alternation. The bridge transformer is used in
the half wave rectifier. The DC output voltage appearing across the output of the bridge circuit
will be somewhat less than 90% of the applied R.M.S. value. A boosting capacitor is provided
for boosting the DC voltage.
c) VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
Due to the fluctuation in the supply we need a regulator to provide a constant voltage of 5V. The
IC regulator 7805 produces a constant voltage of 5V and IC Regulator 7812 produces a constant
voltage of 12V for a given input ranging from 17.5V to 7.5V. The DC output produced will be as
unidirectional pulsating current with a ripple frequency of 120Hz.

d) FILTER CIRCUIT:

IC’s are always followed by filter circuits which is usually a capacitor acting as a surge arrester.
This capacitor is also called as a DC coupling capacitor or bypassing capacitor is used to short
the ripple with frequency of 120Hz to ground but leave with the frequency of the DC to appear at
the output. The load resistor R is connected so that a reference to the ground is maintained. The
load resistor should be 1% to 2.5% of the load.
4.3 IR TRANSCEIVER

2.3.1 INFRARED TRANSMITER

This is a simple IR transmitter circuit having IR LED connected to the transistor BC547. The
attractive issue of this simple circuit is its low cost. It is cost effective and it is simple to design.
The lucid style of the IR transmitter let the IR LED to sense the objects.

2.3.2 INFRARED RECEIVER

Infrared receiver is very simple in design and it is of low cost-effective. It has the receiver TSOP
1738 and BC 557 as transistor.
DESCRIPTION OF TSOP 1738

Miniaturized receiver of infrared remote controllers

PIN diode and pre amplifier are assembled on lead frame, the epoxy package is
designed as IR filter
The demodulated output can be directly decoded by microprocessors.

2.4 INPUT WIRING:

From the relay board 8 inputs are given to the plc

SENSOR WIRING:
Transmitter pins:

Anode
Cathode

Receiver pins:

Ground
Supply
Output
These 5 pins are connected to the sensor board. In the same fashion the other 7 pairs are
connected to the sensor boards. The wires from the 8 sensor pairs are given to the 8 pins of the
IC ULN 2803.

2.5 OUTPUT WIRING:

SIGNAL WIRING:
All the common terminals of the bi-color LED’s are shorted together. The other 2 pins of the bi-
color LED’s are connected to the PLC.

LED WIRING:
All the cathodes of the track and gate LED’s are shorted.
All the anodes of the LED’s in the same path are connected together and is given to the PLC.
Same is done with the rest.
 FIG 17: SIDE VIEW

FIG:TOP VIEW
CHAPTER 3
SOFTWARE
3.1 LADDER LOGIC
FIG 19 : LADDER DIAGRAM 1
FIG 19: LADDER DIAGRAM
3.2 RS LOGIC 500
The RSLogix™ family of IEC-1131-compliant ladder logic programming packages helps you
maximize performance, save project development time, and improve productivity. This family of
products has been developed to operate on Microsoft® Windows® operating systems.
Supporting the Allen-Bradley SLC™ 500 and MicroLogix™ families of processors, RSLogix™
500 was the first PLC® programming software to offer unbeatable productivity with an industry-
leading user interface. RSLogix™ 5 supports the Allen- Bradley PLC-5® family of
programmable controllers.
These RSLogix products share:

Flexible, easy-to-use editors

Common look-and-feel
Diagnostics and troubleshooting tools
Powerful, time-saving features and functionality

RSLogix programming packages are compatible with programs created with Rockwell
Software’s DOS-based programming packages for the PLC-5 or SLC 500 and MicroLogix
families of processors, making program maintenance across hardware platforms convenient and
easy.
3.3 PROGRAMMING LOGIC

The program has been executed using ladder logic method. The program is explained below.

The rungs from 0-4 are used for priority assignment. The assignment has been given to platform
1 first and then successively followed by platforms 2,3 and 4.
IR stands for the sensor. B1, etc and all are the dummy coils. SG is the signal post. So when all
the platforms are free, then the train first reaches platform 1 and then successively as per the
priority. If all the platforms are full then there is an alarm asking the train not to enter into the
platform.

When the train has to reach the platform 1 then there occurs a series of events which is
programmed in the rungs from 5-13. When the train is sensed by the IR8 sensor then SG7 turns
on, so does SG1, SG5. When IR7 is activated then the signal turns off again. The MT is also
activated. When IR7 is activated then SG5 is also activated and simultaneously the gate also
closes. When IR5 is activated then the T1 is also activated. The gate is programmed to close
down by using a timer after a certain time limit. The SG1 is put off after IR1 is sensed and there
is a timer where a time limit is set.
When the train has to reach the platform 2 then there occurs a series of events which is
programmed in the rungs from 14-21. When the train is sensed by the IR8 sensor then SG7 turns
on, so does SG2, SG5. When IR7 is activated then the signal turns off again. The MT is also
activated. When IR7 is activated then SG5 is also activated and simultaneously the gate also
closes. Here T1 remains in the same position. The gate is programmed to close down by using a
timer after a certain time limit. The SG2 is put off after IR2 is sensed and there is a timer where
a time limit is set.

When the train has to reach the platform 3 then there occurs a series of events which is
programmed in the rungs from 22-29. When the train is sensed by the IR8 sensor then SG7 turns
on, so does SG3, SG6. When IR7 is activated then the signal turns off again. The MT is normally
closed. When IR7 is activated then SG6 is also activated and simultaneously the gate also closes.
When IR6 is activated then the T1 is also activated. The gate is programmed to close down by
using a timer after a certain time limit. The SG3 is put off after IR3 is sensed and there is a timer
where a time limit is set.
When the train has to reach the platform 4, then there occurs a series of events which is
programmed in the rungs from 30-37. When the train is sensed by the IR8 sensor then SG7 turns
on, so does SG4, SG6. When IR7 is activated then the signal turns off again. The MT remains in
same position. When IR7 is activated then SG6 is also activated and simultaneously the gate also
closes. Here T1 remains in the same position. The gate is programmed to close down by using a
timer after a certain time limit. The SG4 is put off after IR4 is sensed and there is a timer where
a time limit is set.

3.4 WONDERWARE INTOUCH

3.4.1 INTOUCH 9.5 SOFTWARE

Significantly Improve Operational Efficiency
Dramatically Increase Engineering Productivity
Efficiently Propagate Changes to Multiple Applications with Wonderware SmartSymbols
Visualize and Control Operations with Impressive Ease of Use
Create Flexible, Agile, Scalable Applications
Keep Your Options Open with Unrivaled Connectivity
Design Applications That Are FDA 21 CFR Part 11 Ready
Benefit from the Convenience of Pre-Integrated Software and Hardware
InTouch Software Achieved "Designed For Windows® XP" Certification from Microsoft
(a). SIGNIFICANTLY IMPROVE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY
InTouch 9.5 software includes enhancements for operational efficiency that help users create
streamlined applications that enable them to do their jobs faster and smarter.
Dynamic Operator Guidance – These tools provide operator guidance and additional
functionality to give users what they need to quickly understand application information.
Intelligent Alarm Management – New alarm tools and functionality built into the InTouch
software facilitate better, quicker analysis of alarms, resulting in faster responses.
Runtime Language Switching – Users can dynamically switch the language at runtimeso that
text strings, comments, and alarm information are displayed in any desired language enabling
standardized multi-user, multi-international applications
(b). VISUALIZE AND CONTROL OPERATIONS WITH IMPRESSIVE EASE OF USE
When considering which HMI software to use for an industrial application, ease of use is a major
concern. Since its introduction, the InTouch HMI has been applauded for its ease of use. In fact,
for more than ten consecutive years, industrial software users have voted InTouch software the
number one HMI on the market.
The InTouch HMI empowers users to quickly and easily develop custom graphical views of their
processes. A user can develop graphics that are easy-to-use and intuitive with a variety of tools
in Wonderware's WindowMaker™ graphical editing program, helping users quickly develop and
deploy visualization applications.
FIG 20 : SIMPLE CONFIGURATION
3.5 THE WONDERWARE ADVANTAGE
Wonderware customers gain a distinct advantage by leveraging Wonderware® Software
Solutions because they can optimize their industrial organizations by standardizing on time- and
cost-saving techniques that increase efficiency and reduce excessive customization of
applications.
Wonderware Software Solutions provide valuable tools for manufacturing and operational
performance improvements because they reduce the amount of project-specific work required to
develop information and automation applications that integrate entire operational enterprises.
These solutions can also be implemented in the context of existing systems, at your own pace
and to the extent that you choose.
Our solutions leverage a powerful layered software architecture that enables a variety of features
and capabilities, highlighted below.

Microsoft Technologies, such as the Microsoft Windows® operating system, SQL

Server and .NET, are applied as a basis. They enable compatibility with commercial
IT hardware and software.
The Wonderware System Platform and Wonderware Client Software provide a
comprehensive set of services and capabilities to enable an industrial infrastructure
that includes all of the necessary functions needed by any industrial application
solution.
Function-Specific Modules make it easier than ever before to optimize production
and performance management.

They provide Production Management tools for MES functions, in order to:

Execute production orders;

Visualize production status and history; and
Manage operational master data (specifications or procedures).

These modules also simplify Performance Management for Manufacturing and Industrial
Intelligence activities including:

Recording of actual performance;

Identifying deviations from targets;
Generating KPIs (key performance indicators) based on manufacturing data;
Tools for notification, visualization and analysis; and
Visualization of performance data in a production context.
Wonderware QuickStarts provide examples of best practices in terms of:
Plant model configuration;
Pre-defined graphics for the InTouch HMI and Web reports; and
A fully functional and documented demo application.

All Wonderware Software Solutions -- whether in the areas of Supervisory HMI, Production and
Performance Management, or Geo-SCADA -- leverage the comprehensive ArchestrA industrial
automation and information software architecture. As a result, Wonderware customers benefit
from significant reductions in the effort and costs associated with designing, building, deploying
and maintaining secure and standardized applications.
Now you can achieve operational excellence without abandoning prior investments in
automation systems, production processes or intellectual property through an industry-standards
based, open environment that provides unsurpassed connectivity and integration capabilities.
Wonder ware gives you an advantage -– a competitive advantage to optimize and expand your
organization at your own pace, by offering you a sustainable platform and outstanding system
scalability.
 CHAPTER 4
FUTURE IMPLEMENTATION
In future various safety Parameters can be implemented are

Temperature control.
Fire Detection.
Fuel level indicator.

4.1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL LOOP

The basic idea involved in this loop is to maintain the room temperature of the coach at a
required ambient level. Temperature is one of crucial parameter which as to be monitored and
controlled in an locomotives. In this loop continuous scanning of room temperature is done using
a suitable sensor and by switching on/off the heating element, the room temperature can be
maintained at the required level.

4.2 FIRE DETECTION

Fire detection sensor is situated in a suitable position in the locomotives so as soon as there is a
accidental fire the sensor detects it and sends caution signal to the control room from where an
control signal is sent to actuate the fire extinguishing unit.
4.3 FUEL LEVEL MONITORING AND CONTROL
The fuel level in the tank is monitored using a suitable sensor. So when the fuel reaches low
level, a control signal is sent to activate the motor and as soon as fuel reaches the high level
another control signal is being sent to stop the motor.
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The report above deals extensively on how PLC can be used for “other than Industry”
applications which is the primary objective of this project which aims to bring the multi facets of
PLC which otherwise is thought to be useful or used only in industries. This would encourage
those acquainted with PLC’s to look at it with a lateral mind.

The project will surely reduce the amount of rail accidents as there is automation combined with
constant supervision which is the need of the hour. The reason being human errors are being
done away with at important junctions like the level crossings which are the nerve centres of
safety to both the railways and the common man. An alternative of human intervention or
manual control is also provided. This is because there is also a rare possibility of the system
failing or having an error. Thus as the option of manual control is also being provided the
chances of a security lapse would be very miniscule.

The operation of the Railways is also being simplified as the assignment of the platform which is
free is done to the train automatically without the need of human intervention which some times
may be prone to error. Also the option of assigning priorities for each platform provides the
much needed flexibility to the Railways which may change the way of programming to suits its
timely needs. The signals are also changed automatically not leaving behind the track changes
thus eliminating man from tiresome labour work.
APPENDIX
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS:
24V dc Sensor Power
Power Cycles
Operating Temperature
Horizontal mounting
Vertical mounting
Storage Temperature
Humidity
Shock, Operating
Shock, Non-Operating
Vibration, Operating
Vibration, Non-Operating
Terminal Screw Torque
Electrostatic Discharge
Radiated Susceptibility
Fast Transient
Isolation
Memory Type
Memory Size
Timers/Counters, Max.
Program Scan Time/Kword, 2 ms
200 Ma max. with 200 µF capacitive load max.
(for 1761-L10BWA, -L16NWA, -L16BWA, -L20BWA-
5A, and –L32BWA only)
50,000 minimum
0…55 °C (32…131 °F)
0…40 °C (32…104 °F)
-40…85 °C (-40…185 °F)
5…95% (without condensation)
10 g peak acceleration (7.5g DIN rail mounted)☐ (11±1
ms duration), 3 times each direction, each axis
20 g peak acceleration (11±1 ms duration), 3 times each
direction, each axis
5 Hz to 2 kHz, 0.381 mm (0.015 in) peak-to-peak / 2.5 g
panel mounted☐ , 1hr per axis
5 Hz to 2 kHz, 0.762 mm (0.030 in) peak-to-peak / 5 g
panel mounted, 1hr per axis
0.9 N-m maximum (8.0 pound-inch)
IEC801-2 @ 8 KV
IEC801-3 @ 10V/m, 27…1000 MHz
3V/m, 87…108 MHz, 174…230 MHz, and 470…790
MHz
IEC801-4 @ 2 KV Power Supply, 1 KV I/O
1500V ac
EEPROM
1K words (approximately 737 instruction words, 437
data-table words)
40 timers; 32 counters (fixed)
Typical
I/O Scan Time, Typical 0.21 ms
Communication Port RS-232-C (Can be configured for communication
through 1761-NET-AIC in a DH-485 network)

☐ Relays are derated an additional 2.5g on 32 I/O controllers.

☐ DIN rail mounted controller is 1g.

TABLE 3 : GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF ALLEN BRADLEY

WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS:

Cat. No. Weight: Height: Width: Depth:
kg (lb) mm (in) mm (in) mm (in)☐
1761-L32BWB 0.6 (1.2) 80 (3.15) 200 (7.87) 73 (2.87)

TABLE .4: WEIGHT AND DIMENSIONS

Cat. No. I/O Digital Analog Digital Analog Real Apparent Transformer
Inputs Inputs Outputs Outputs Input Input Load
Power Power
1761- 32 20 inputs 0 12 contact 0 7W @ — —
L32BWB 24V dc outputs 24V dc
sink/source
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION:

TABLE. 5: TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

8. References
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