Zbornik Radova U Cast Akad Desanki Kovacevic Kojic

ɁȻɈɊɇɂɄ ɊȺȾɈȼȺ
ɍ ɑȺɋɌ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
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ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Book X
SECTION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES
Book 38
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
IN HONOR TO ACADEMICIAN
DESANKȺ KOVAýEVIû KOJIû
EDITOR IN CHIEF
Academician Rajko Kuzmanoviü
EXECUTIVE EDITOR
Academician Dragoljub Mirjaniü
EDITOR
Academician Ĉuro Tošiü
PREPARED BY
M.Sc. Željko Vujadinoviü
Banja Luka 2015
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ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂȳȺ ɇȺɍɄȺ ɂ ɍɆȳȿɌɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɄȿ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ
Ʉʃɢɝɚ X
ɈȾȳȿȴȿȵȿ ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇɂɏ ɇȺɍɄȺ
Ʉʃɢɝɚ 38
ɍ ɑȺɋɌ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ
ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
ȽɅȺȼɇɂ ɍɊȿȾɇɂɄ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɋɚʁɤɨ Ʉɭɡɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ
ɈȾȽɈȼɈɊɇɂ ɍɊȿȾɇɂɄ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɪɚɝɨʂɭɛ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɢʄ
ɍɊȿȾɇɂɄ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɉɊɂɊȿȭɂȼȺɑ
Ɇɪ ɀɟʂɤɨ ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ
Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 2015.
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Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ
ȾȿɋȺɇɄȺ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
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ɋȺȾɊɀȺȳ

ɉɊȿȾȽɈȼɈɊ ............................................................................................13

ɀɂȼɈɌ ɂ ȾȳȿɅɈ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ...............................19
ɋɥɚɜɢɰɚ Ɇɟɪɟɧɢɤ
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ...............................37
ɊȺȾɈȼɂ ɉɈɋȼȿȶȿɇɂ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ

ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇȿ Ɇȿɇɂɐȿ ɍ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄɍ ɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ.
ɉɊȺȼɈ ɂ ȿɄɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ. ɉɊɈɉɂɋɂ ɂ ɉɊȺɄɋȺ
Ɉ ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺȵɍ ɆȿɇɂɐȺɆȺ ɍ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄɍ
ɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ 15. ȼȿɄȺ................................................................................67
Medieval bills in Dubrovnik and Serbia.
Law and economy. Regulations and practice in operations
with bills in Dubrovnik and Serbia of 15th century
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ

ɉɊɈɉȺɋɌ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂȳȿ ɍ ɈȽɅȿȾȺɅɍ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳȿ .........83
Untergang von Byzanz im Spiegel der serbischen Geschichte
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ

ɉɈȾȺɐɂ ɉɈȼȿȴȺ ȾȿɋɉɈɌȺ ɋɌȿɎȺɇȺ ɅȺɁȺɊȿȼɂȶȺ
Ɉ ɋȼȿɌɈȳ ȽɈɊɂ. ɉɊɂɆȿɊ ɏɂɅȺɇȾȺɊȺ..........................................95
Data from the documents of despotes Stefan Lazareviü about
the holy mount. The example of the monastery of Hilandar
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ƚɨʁɤɨ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ

ɉɊȿɉɂɋɄȺ ɆɈɅȾȺȼɋɄɈȽ ȼɈȳȼɈȾȿ ɋɌȿɎȺɇȺ ȼȿɅɂɄɈȽ
ɂ ɈɏɊɂȾɋɄɈȽ ȺɊɏɂȿɉɂɋɄɈɉȺ ȾɈɊɈɌȿȳȺ.
ɉɈȻɍȾȿ ɂ ȼɊȿɆȿ ɇȺɋɌȺɇɄȺ .........................................................103
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Correspondence of moldovan prince Stephen the Great
and the archbishop of ohrid Dorotej.
Ɇotivations and the time of origin
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ

ɈȾɇɈɋɂ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ɋɊȻȺ ɂ ɏɊȼȺɌȺ ɍ ȼɊȿɆȿ
ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȿ 1848–1849. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ (ɉɊɂɅɈȽ ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳɂ) ...........135
Relations between the Serbs and the Croats
At the time of 18481849 revolution (A tribute to history)

ɋɍɀȵɂ ɇȺ ȾȼɈɊɈȼɂɆȺ ȻɈɋȺɇɋɄɂɏ ɄɊȺȴȿȼȺ
ɂ ȼȿɅɂɄȺɒȺ (ɀɂȼɈɌ ɋ Ɉɇȿ ɋɌɊȺɇȿ ɋɅɈȻɈȾȿ) ................... 161
Captives at the courts of bosnian kings and noblemen
(Life on the other side of human freedom)
Prof. dr Ignacij Voje

PRILOG PRɈUýAVANJU DUBROVAýKIH
TRGOVAýKIH DRUŠTAVA .................................................................175
A tribute to studying the Dubrovnik’s trade companies
Prof. Paola Pinelli

FLORENTINE MERCHANTS TRAVELING EAST
THROUGH RAGUSA (DUBROVNIK)
AND THE BALKANS AT THE END OF THE 15TH CENTURY ..........189
Ɏɢɪɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 15. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ
Prof. Francesca Bocchi

LA STORIA DELLE CITTÀ: UN VEICOLO
PER LA FORMAZIONE ALLA CITTADINANZA ...............................203
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ: ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ
Prof. dr Peter Rokay

DER EINFLUSS DER SITUATION
VON FLORENZ AUF DIE VERHÄLTNISSE
ZWISCHEN ANCONA UND DUBROVNIK (RAGUSA) .....................227
ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ (Ɋɚɝɭɡɟ)
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Ⱦɪ ɇɟɜɟɧ ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ
ɌɊȽɈȼɂɇɋɄɂ ɍȽɈȼɈɊɂ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ȻɈɋɇȿ ɂ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄȺ
ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵȿɆ ȼȿɄɍ: ȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɂɑɄɂ ɈɋȼɊɌ ..............................235
Commercial treaties between Bosnia and Dubrovnik (Ragusa)
in the middle ages: a diplomatical overview
Prof. dr Nenad Fejiü

DA LI SU U DUBROVNIKU KRAJEM SREDNJEG VEKA
POSTOJALE ORGANIZOVANE KOLONIJE TRGOVACA
I ZANATLIJA, POREKLOM SA PIRINEJSKOG
I APENINSKOG POLUOSTRVA? .........................................................259
La commune de Dubrovnik (Raguse), accueillit-elle à la fin
du moyen age, des colonies d’artisans et de marchands
originaires d’Espagne et d’Italie?
Ⱦɪ Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ
ɉɊȺȼɇɂ ɈɄȼɂɊ ɊȺɁȼɈȳȺ ɊɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȺ
ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȳ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ ..........................................................273
Legal frameworks of mining in the medieval Serbia
Ⱦɪ ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ
ɊɍȾȺɊɋɄɂ ɉɊȿȾɍɁȿɌɇɂɐɂ
ɄȺɈ ɉɊɂɅɈɀɇɂɐɂ ɂ ɁȺȾɍɀȻɂɇȺɊɂ .........................................289
Mining entrepreneurs as donators and ktetors
of churches and monasteries
Ⱦɪ Ȼɨʁɚɧ Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ
PRISTINA – REALE SEDIA ...................................................................299
Pristina Reale Sedia
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ɇɢɲɢʄ

ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇȺ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɉɊɂɁɊȿɇȺ ɍ 14. ȼȿɄɍ ......................319
Social structure of Prizren in 14th century
Prof. dr Esad Kurtoviü

HREBELJANOVIûI, BALIûIEVIûI I OSTALI FOýANSKI
TRGOVCI U PERIODU 1469–1524. GODINE ......................................327
Hrebeljanoviüi, Baliüieviüi
and other merchants from Foþa (14691524)
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Ⱦɪ ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɭɞɢʄ
ȼɅȺȾɂɆɂɊɂȶɂ ...................................................................................373
Vladimiriüi
Ⱦɪ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ

ȳɈȼȺɇ ȻɍȶȺ, ɄɈɌɈɊɋɄɂ ȼɅȺɋɌȿɅɂɇ (XIV–XV ȼȿɄ) ..............381
Jovan Buca, the lord of Kotor (14th – 15th century)
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ

ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺȵȿ ȽɊȻȴȺɇȺ ɍ ɄɈɌɈɊɍ
ɄɊȺȳȿɆ 14. ɂ ɌɈɄɈɆ 15. ȼȿɄȺ ........................................................391
Business dealings of inhabitants of Grbalj at the end
of 14th and during 15th century
Prof. dr Mihailo Popoviü

L'ESPACE IMPÉRIAL, L'ESPACE CONTESTÉ:
LE SUD-EST DE LA ɆACÉDOINE
ENTRE BYZANCE ET L'EMPIRE SERBE ........................................... 409
ɐɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ:
ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɤ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɞɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ

ɆȺɇȺɋɌɂɊɋɄɂ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋ ɍ ɄȺɅɍȾɊɂ ɄɈȾ ȻȿɊȺɇȺ.
ɌɊȺȽɈɆ ȳȿȾɇȿ ȺɇȺɏɈɊȿɌɋɄȿ ɆɈɇȺɒɄȿ ɁȺȳȿȾɇɂɐȿ .........427
The monastery complex in Ʉaludra near Berane
After the trace of an anchorites monastic community
Ⱦɪ ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ
ɊȺɑȼȺɋɌɂ ȾɍȻ ɂ ȽɊȻȺȼȺ ɄɊɍɒɄȺ:
ȾɊȼȿȶȿ ɂ ɋȿȽɆȿɇɌȺɐɂȳȺ ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇɈȽ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊȺ
ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȳ ɉȺɊɈɏɂȳɂ....................................................449
Forked oak and humped pear: trees and segmentation
of the social space in a medieval Parish
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞɪ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥ ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ

ȽɊɍɉɄɈ ȾɈȻɊɂɑȿȼɂȶ = ȽɊɍɉɄɈ ɉɈɉɈȼɂȶ, ȾȺ ɂɅɂ ɇȿ? ........ 473
Grupko Dobricevic = Grupko Popovic, yes or no?
Ⱦɪ Ƚɨɪɞɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ
ɄȺɊɌȺ ȻɈɋɇȿ ȭȺɄɈɆȺ ɄȺɇɌȿɅɂȳȺ ɂɁ 1689. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ ...........493
The map of Bosnia by Giacomo Cantelli da vignola (1689)
10
Dr Darja Miheliþ
DEMOGRAFSKA PODOBA ISTRSKEGA MESTA PIRAN
OKROG LETA 1890 ................................................................................531
Ⱦɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɨ 1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ɍ. Ȼɚɬɚɤɨɜɢʄ
ɋɊȻɂȳȺ ɇȺ ɉɍɌɍ ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɇɈȽ ɈɋɅɈȻɈȭȿȵȺ:
ɍɋɌȺɇɐɂ, ȺɍɌɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ, ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȺ (17881813)................545
Serbia on the road to national liberation:
rebellions, autonomy, revolution (17881813)
Mr Slobodan Šoja
L’AUTRICHE-HONGRIE ET LA
BOSNIE-HERZEGOVINE 18781918:
L’HISTOIRE D’UN MALENTENDU FATAL .......................................571
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ 18781918:
ɉɪɢɱɚ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɮɚɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɢɦɨɢɥɚɠɟʃɭ
Ɇɪ Ⱦɭɲɤɨ Ɍɨɩɚɥɨɜɢʄ
ɒȼȿȾɋɄɂ ɄȺɉɂɌȺɅ ɍ ɊɍȾȺɊɋɌȼɍ
ɄɊȺȴȿȼɂɇȿ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ: ȺɄɐɂɈɇȺɊɋɄɈ
ȾɊɍɒɌȼɈ „ɄɈɋɆȺɂ” ɂɁ ɏȿɅɋɂɇȻɈɊȳȺ .....................................589
Swedish capital in mining of the Kingdom of Serbia:
Joint stock company „Kosmai” from Helsingborg
ɀɟʂɤɨ ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ
ȼȿɊɌɂɄȺɅȺ ȿȼɊɈɉɋɄɈ-ɌɍɊɋɄɂɏ (ɈɋɆȺɇɋɄɂɏ)
ɋɍɄɈȻȺ ɂ ɉɊɈɀɂɆȺȵȺ ...................................................................... 601
A diachronic view of the history of confrontation
and approximation between Europe and Turkey
11
12
ɉɊȿȾȽɈȼɈɊ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɜɚɱɚ Ⱥɤɚ-

ɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɱɥɚɧ.
ɋɚɦɨ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ, ɫɬɢɰɚʁ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɨ ɞɚ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭ ʃɟɧɭ
ɱɚɫɬ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɜɟʄ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ʁɭɛɢɥɟʁɭ.
ȵɟɧɚ ɧɟɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɦʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɦ ɥɢɱ-
ɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɯɚɛɢɬɭɫɭ. ɇɚ ɨɧɟ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɭɫɪɟʄɟ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚɪɨ-
ɜɢɬɨɝ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɟ
ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɨɛɪɟ ʂɭɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ „ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɫʁɟɦɟ”, ɚ ɡɚ ɫʁɟɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɭɜɢ-
ʁɟɤ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ. Ɂɚɢɫɬɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɪɢ ʂɭɞɢ „ɫɪɟʄɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ”. ɋɚ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɤɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ – ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɦ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɨɦ
ɋɤɚɪɢʄɟɦ, ȼɚɫɢʂɟɦ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɟɦ, Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɦ ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄɟɦ – Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɭ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨ-
ɜɪɫɬɚɧ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɨɩɭɫ ɬɪɚʁɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɨɝɚɬɨ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɡɚ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ Ⱥɇɍ Ȼɢɏ, ɋȺ-
ɇɍ, ȺɇɍɊɋ-ɭ. ȵɟɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɞɨɦɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɲɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɰɟ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ
ɞɢɨ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɭ ɡɜɚʃɭ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ, ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɢ, ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɉɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ.
ɉɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱ ɨɜɨɝ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɨ
ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɨɦ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɨɦ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
ɍ ɡɧɚɬɧɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɞʁɟʂɟʃɚ.
Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ, ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɢ ɤɨɥɟɝɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɢ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɭ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. ɋɚɫɜɢɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ, ɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟɧɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭɦɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɚ, ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɡɚ
ɫɚɜʁɟɬ ɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ, ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ. ɂ ɞɚɧɚɫ, Ⱦɟ-
ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɫɧɚɝɨɦ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɧɨɦ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɨɦ.
ɋɬɨɝɚ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɢ ɞɢʁɚɥɨɝ ɫɚ-
ɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɲʄɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ, ɛɟɡ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɧɚɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɚ-
ʄɟʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɨ ɩpoɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɛɚ-
ɜɢɦɨ. Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɭ, ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɪɨɻɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ
ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ. ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɚʂɚɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɫɭ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢɯ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ
ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɤɢʃɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɧɨɧɢɦ ɧɚɲɟ ɧɚ-
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ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ – ɤɚɨ ɫɭɞɢɨɧɢɤ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɭ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱ
ʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.
Ⱥɭɬɨɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɚ ɭ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ, ɤɨɥɟɝɟ ɢ ɫɚ-
ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɟ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨ,
ɚ ɲɬɨ ɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɜɪɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢ ɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɢ ɫɭ, ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ,
ɩɪɨɬɤɚɧɢ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɱɢɧɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. ɍɜʁɟɪɟɧɢ ɫɦɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨ ɫɚɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɢ ɫɚɬɤɚɧ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ-
ɬɢ ɩɭɧ ɭɜɢɞ ɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɢɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨ, ɬɟ ʁɚɜɧɢ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɞ. ɍ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ ɪɚɞɨ-
ɜɢɦɚ, ɨɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ „ɨɞ ɧɟɪɜɚ” ɫɥɨɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɚ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤ, ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝ, ɧɟɫɟɛɢɱɚɧ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɫɚ ɩɭɧɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɢɫɰɪ-
ɩɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɜɢɞɚɧ ɬɪɚɝ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɦɚɩɢ ɢ ɧɚ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ʃɟɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
ɋɜɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɚ. Ʉɚɨ
ɤɚɪɢɤɚ ɭ ɥɚɧɰɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɦɚ, ɨɤɭɩɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɟ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨɰɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨɰɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ-
ɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɪɟɝɚɥɚɰɚ ɢɡ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɞ-
ɪɭɱʁɚ (Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Institut für Byzantinistik und
Neogräzistik – Universität Wien, Stockholms stad. Centrum för modersmål
och minorites språk, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Università di
Bologna, Filozofska fakulteta v Ljubljani, Zgodovinski inštitut Milka Kosa,
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ,
Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ
ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧ-
ɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤ-
ɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ). ɇɟɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɢɯ
ʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɨɦ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɭɝɨ ɫɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɚ, a ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɱɜɪɫɬ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɭɡɚʁɚɦɧɨɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ. ɇɟɤɨ-
ɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɫɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɛɢɜɲɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ, ɭ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɨɦ
ɡɚɦɚɯɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɢɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɭ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɚ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ, ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢ-
ɫɬɚ, ɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ. ɍ
ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɭ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭ
ɨɧɢ ɢɡ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɩɨʂɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɚɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɚɧ ɧɚ-
ɭɱɧɢ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ. Ɂɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ
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ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɭɱ-
ɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɚ ɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɨɫɜɪɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɭ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɲɤɭ ɞʁɟ-
ɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɢɦɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɬɢɩɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɭ
ɞɚɬɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɢ ɨɫɜɪɬ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɨ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɤɢʃɟ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
Ɉɜɢɦ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤɨɦ ȺɇɍɊɋ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ
ɬɪɚʁɧɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɭ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
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ȻɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
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ɍȾɄ 929 Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ⱦ. DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15001
COBISS.RS-ID 5545752
ɀɂȼɈɌ ɂ ȾȳȿɅɈ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ 3. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1925. ɝɨ-

ɞɢɧɟ, ɨɞ ɨɰɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɢ ɦɚʁɤɟ ȴɭɛɢɰɟ ɋɚɥɚɬɢʄ, ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɠɢɜɢ
ɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ,
ɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɧɚ Ƚɪɭɩɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ (1950). ɍɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ
ʁɟ, ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚ ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɧɚ
Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ.
ɇɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ 1956. ɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɭ ɬɟɡɭ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ. Ʉɚɨ
ɦɥɚɞɚ ɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɚ, ɩɨɥɟɬɧɚ ɢ ɠɟʂɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ, ɨɜɚ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤ-
ɬɢɜɧɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɰɢ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ (ȳɨɪʁɚ Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɧɢ-
ʄɚ), ɲɤɨɥɫɤɟ 1957/58. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɭɫɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɭ ɉɚ-
ɪɢɡɭ ɤɨɞ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɚ Ȼɪɨɞɟɥɚ, ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɯ
ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɧɚ L'École pratique des hautes études.
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬ, ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬ ʁɨɲ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ, ɨɞɚɬɥɟ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɜɨ-
ɞɢɨ ɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɢɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɚ, Ɇɢɥɚɧɨ), ɫɚ ɱɢʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɭɩɨɡɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɟ ʁɨʁ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫɚ ɠɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɦ
ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɲʄɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ „ɬɟɤɥɚ” ɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ, ɧɢ-
ɲɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɢ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɭ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɭ, ɩɪɨɲɚɜɲɢ ɤɪɨɡ
ɫɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɚ ɡɜɚʃɚ – ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɚɫɢɫɬɟɧɬɚ (1950) ɩɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ (1969) – ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɭɡ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɉɨɦɨʄɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɧɚɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɱɢɬɭʁɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɫʁɚʁɧɚ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɚ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢ ɭ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɬɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ
ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɲɬɪɨ ɢ ɛɪɢɬɤɨ ɩɟɪɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɟɤɫɰɟɪɩɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɯɢʂɚ-
ɞɟ ɢ ɯɢʂɚɞɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɮɨɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɲɭ ɞɨɦɚ-
ʄɭ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɭ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ, ɡɚɢɫɬɚ, ɪɟʄɢ ɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚɥɚɱɤɢ ɧɚɞɚɯɧɭɬɨɦ ɡɚɧɨɫɭ, ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɯɢʂɚɞɚɦɚ ɫɩɢɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɞɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɢʁɟ ɫɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɥɚ-
ɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɨɝ
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ɩɢɫɚɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ, ɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ
ɞɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. ȳɚɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɟ, ɫɢɬɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɯɚɛɚɧɟ, ɚ
ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚɧɟ, ɩɚ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɧɟɱɢɬʂɢɜɟ ɢ
ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɥɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɪɟɨɬɢɩɧɟ ɛɢʂɟɲɤɟ, ɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɬ-
ɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɜɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ „ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɭɬɪɨɛɟ”, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɜɢɞɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɚ-
ɡɢ ɛɢɫɬɪɨ, ɜɢɫɩɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɡɜʁɟɠɛɚɧɨ ɨɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɋɨɻɟ-
ɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɢɫɩɨɧɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɞɚɪɨɦ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɢ ɩɨɦɧɨ ɩɨɞɭɱɚɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɛɢ-
ʂɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɝɚ „ɦɟɲɬɪɚ” ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɪɚɞɨɡɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɞɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɢ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ
ɧɨɜɢɯ „ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɦɚʁɞɚɧɚ”, ɱɢʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɚ,
ɜɟʄ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢɯ „ɤɨɥɨɩɥɟɬɚ” ɫɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ-
ɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ʃɢɦɚ ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ.
Ʉɚɨ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɚ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ: ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ
ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɢ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɨɦ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɨɫɬɢ
ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟ-
ɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɫ ɩɭɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɭɫɪɟɞɫɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚ-
ʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ, ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɤɚɡɚɧɢɦ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚɦɚ, ɭɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢʁɨʁ, ɱɜɪɲ-
ʄɨʁ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ, ɢ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨɝ
ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɞɨɫɚɞ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ
ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɫɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɜɟɬ (ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ, ɲɬɨ ɭ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪ-
ɫɬɜɭ) ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɜɪɯɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ
ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ. Ⱥɭɬɨɪ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ɩɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɲɢ-
ɪɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɱɢʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟ-
ɻɚʁɭ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɢ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ: Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ
(1954), Trgovina u srednjevjekovnoj Bosni (1961), Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1978), Privredni razvoj srednjovjekovne bo-
sanske države (ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɟ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I,
1987), Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ/Caboga/ (1426–1433) (1999),
ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ (ɭ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ ɋɢɦɨɦ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ Ɋɭɠ-
ɨɦ ȶɭɤ, 2002), Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ: XIV–XV ɜɟɤ (2007),
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ (2010) ɢ La Serbie et les Pays
Serbes: L’Economie Urbaine XIVe–XVe siecles (2012).
ɉɭɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɟ-
ɝɚɦɚ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɭ, ɞɨɛɪɨɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɭ ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɭ
ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɟɬɧɚɟɫɬɚɤ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ, ɱɥɚɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɚ-
ʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɢɯ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɚɰɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɨɫɜɪɬɚ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɟ (Ⱥɧɬɟ Ȼɚɛɢʄɚ, Ƚɪɟɝɨɪɚ ɑɪɟɦɨɲɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ). ɍɱɟ-
20
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɥɟɤɫɢɤɨɝɪɚɮ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɨɝɚɬɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɩɢɫɚɬɟʂɢɰɚ ɫɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚ ɢ
ɧɟɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɚ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ, ɜɪɚʄɚ ɨɧɨɦ „ɡɥɚɬɧɨɦ ɞɨɛɭ” ɨɞ
1979. ɞɨ 2004, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɢ
ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ „Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ”. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɝɥɨ-
ɦɟɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ – ɨɞ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ,
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ – ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɞ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɟ. ɂ ɫɚɞɚ, ɭ ɡɪɟɥɢʁɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ
ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢ ɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɉ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ
ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɱɚɫɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ.
Ʉɚɨ ɜɪɫɬɚɧ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɡɪɟɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥ-
ɧɨɝ, ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ, ɚ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ
ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɚ
ɧɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɢʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɟ.
Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɧɟɞɚʄɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɨ-
ɦɢɲʂɚɥɚ ɞɭɝɨ, ɜɟʄ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɜɢɦɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɚɦɨ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɚɪɦɚɧɬɧɢ ɢ
ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɧɢ, ɞɨɛɪɨɞɭɲɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɬʂɢɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɝɥɨɬɚ ɢ ɚɥ-
ɬɪɭɢɫɬɚ, ɛɪɡɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɦɭɤɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ-
ɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɚ, ɬɪɚʁɧɚ ɢ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɱɢɦɟ ɩɨɦɭʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ.
Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɨʁ, ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ,
ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢɦ ɦɥɚɻɢɦ, ʁɨɲ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɢɦ ɢ ɬɟɤ
ɫɬɚɫɚɥɢɦ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɚ, ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢ ɪɭɰɢ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɟ
ɩɨɦɨʄɢ. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɢʁɟɱʁɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɰɢʁɟɥɢɦ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɛɢʄɟɦ ɨɧɚʁ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɬɟ „ɨɞ ʃɟɝ
ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɡɚɛɨʂɟɬɢ ɝɥɚɜɚ”, ɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɧɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɢɧɬɭɢɰɢʁɢ ɧɟɩɨɝɪɟɲɢɜɨ ɨɫʁɟʄɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ, ɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪ-
ɲɚɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɨ. ɋɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɥɚɜɢɥɢ
ɢ ɯɜɚɥɢɥɢ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɚɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɛɢɨ „ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɤɪɟɞɨ” ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚɥɧɟ
ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɋɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɯɬʁɟɥɢ ɢ ɠɟʂɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ ɢ
ɩɪɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɨɦ ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɟɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟ-
ʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɨ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ. ɉɪɚɜɢ ɰɢʂ ɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɦɟɬɢ, ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɢ
ɧɚʁɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɫɧɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɰ ɛɚɥ-
ɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɭ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɭ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨɝ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɪɟɡɚ-
ɧɨɦ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɤɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɨɦ: „Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɱɭɞɨ-
ɜɢɲɧɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ”. ɂ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɧɨɦ ɫɬɨɥɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ „ɤʃɢɝɨʂɭɛɚɰɚ”
21
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɜɟ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ” ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ʁɨɲ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɢʁɟ” ɤʃɢɝɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɚɲɥɟ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ, ɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɟ
ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɩɟɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢʁɟ ɪɭɤɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɪɚɞɨ
ɫɪɟʄɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɧɰɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɟ ɢ
ɧɟɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚɱɟɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɦɟɧɬɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ʃɟɧɟ ɦɥɚɞɚɥɚɱɤɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɢ
ɧɟɩɪɨɥɚɡɧɟ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɫɜʁɟɠɢɧɟ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɝ, ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ, ɛɚɜɢɥɚ
ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɪɟɤɥɨ, ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɢʁɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɦ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɱɚɫɧɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɭ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨʁ „Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ”, ɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ
ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɚ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ Ɉɞɛɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɪɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɞ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1993. ɫɩɨʂɧɢ ʁɟ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɥɚ ɭ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɜɟʄɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ. ɑɥɚɧ ʁɟ ɋɚɜɟɬɚ ȼɭɤɨɜɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ. Ɉɞ
1975. ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɢɫɧɢ, ɚ ɨɞ 1981. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɱɥɚɧ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ
ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ
ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ 27. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1994, ɚ 1996. ɉɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɱɥɚɧ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɚɧ ɪɚɞɧɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɋȺɇɍ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨʁ ɞɟɫɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɢ
ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ȺɇɍɊɋ-ɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ 8. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 2006. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ⱦɨɛɢɬɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ-
ɝɪɚɞâ: „ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ” ɡɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ ɪɚɞ, Ⱦɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɫɟɞɦɨʁɭɥɫɤɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ
ɡɚ ɤʃɢɝɭ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1979) ɢ
ɧɚɝɪɚɞɟ „ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ” ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ (2002).
Ʉɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɟ
ɚɤɪɢɛɢɱɧɨɲʄɭ, ɬɟɦɟʂɢɬɨɲʄɭ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɲʄɭ, ʁɚɫɧɨʄɨɦ
ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɦɢɫɥɢ, ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɬɟɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɢɦ
ɨɫɥɨɧɰɟɦ ɧɚ ɟɝɡɚɤɬɧɟ, ɦɚɯɨɦ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ,
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢɦɚ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɚ-
ɜʂɢɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɉɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɟ: ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ
(Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1995), ȳɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ – ɪɚɫɤɪɫɧɢɰɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢ-
ʁɚ (ɉɚɪɢɡ, ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1998), Ɋɚɡɚɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ (ɋɩɚ, Ȼɟɥɝɢʁɚ, ɫɟɩ-
ɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1998), Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ: ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ (Ƚɚɰɤɨ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2000),
Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɒɬɚʁɧɯɚɭɫ, ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ, ɨɤɬɨ-
ɛɚɪ–ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2000), Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɉʂɟɜɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ (ɉʂɟɜʂɚ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2000), ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɚ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ (ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2001), Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ (Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ, ʁɭɧ 2002), ɋɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (Ȼɟɱ, ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2003;
Ɇɢɧɫɬɟɪ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2004), Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ, ȳɚɞɪɚɧ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
22
13. ɢ 18. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ (Ȼɟɱ–ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 2006), ɉɚɞ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 2009), ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɨ-
ɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ (Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ, ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2011).
ɍɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɨɲ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɩɨʂɧɢ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ, ɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤ-
ɬɢɦɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɩɪɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ
ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢ-
ʁɟɤɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 2010. ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ, ɤɨ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢɤɚɞɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɭ ɱɢʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɨɦɭ ɫɢɫɬɟ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ „ɦɚʁɞɚɧɚ” ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ.
Ɂɚɩɨɱɢʃɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ʁɨɲ ɤɚɨ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ, ɬɚɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɫɚɦɨ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢ-
ɤɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie Médiévales: Les Mines d’or et
d’argent (U srednjovjekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni: Rudnici zlata i srebra), ɨɛʁɚɜ-
ʂɟɧɢɦ 1960. ɭ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɦ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ Annales: Économies, So-
ciétés, Civilisations, ɝɥɚɫɢɥɭ ɧɚɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɧɚɧɟ, ɢ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɪɧɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ „ɚɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ”.
Ⱥɤɨ ɢɡɭɡɦɟɦɨ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ, ɚɥɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧ
ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɜɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɇɚɭɱɧɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɇɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 1961. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɢɦ
ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Trgovina u srednjevjekovnoj Bosni, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɭ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɭ. ɉɨɞɢʁɟɥɢɥɚ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɪɢ, „ɩɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɯɟɭɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ” ɧɟ ɛɚɲ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟ„ɧɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ: ɉɪɜɢ
ɞɢɨ: Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ – ɉɨɱɟɰɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɦʁɟ-
ɧɟ; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ: Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ – ɍɥɨɝɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ: Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ
XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ 1463. – Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ. ɇɚ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɨʁ
ɢ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɨʁ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɢʁɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɧɢʁɟɧɰɢʁɟ,
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ, „ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɨɞ ɧɟɪɜɚ”, ɨɬɜɨ-
ɪɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞ
ɤʂɭɱɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɭ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɭ ɞɚ ɭ ɲɬɨ ɛɨʂɟɦ,
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟɦ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɢ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɟɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɟ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɉɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢ-
ɫɩʁɟɥɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ: ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɟ, ɧɨ-
ɫɢɨɰɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ II ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ
ɤɚɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢʁɟ ɢ, ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ, ɧɟɩɪɨɦʁɟʃɢɜɟ ɰʁɟɥɢ-
ɧɟ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ
23
ɡɚɥɟɻɚ, ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɢ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɱɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɢ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɟ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɧɨɜ-
ɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ-
ɲɬɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɜɨɡɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ
ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɪɟɰɢɜɨɝ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɢɦɚ-
ɥɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɛɢɥɚɧɫ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɪɟʄɢ – ɜɟʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɨɞ ɭɜɨɡɚ ɭ
ɬɨɤɭ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɢɬɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɧɚɲɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɢ ɭ
ɩɪɟɞɫɨɛʂɭ Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɚ ɲɬɨ
ɫɟ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɤɥɨɩɢɥɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɢɡɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɨɧɟ ʃɟɧɟ
„ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ” ɤʃɢɝɟ ɢɡ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɟ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ
ɡɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɤɚɞɟ-
ɦɢɤ, ɚ ʃɟɧɚ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɚ” ɤʃɢɝɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ Ⱦɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɫɟɞɦɨʁɭɥɫɤɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɭ
ɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɫɥɚɜʂɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɛɢɥɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɨ-
ʂɟɥɚ ɩɭɧɨ „ɯɚɥɚɛɭɤɟ” ɨɤɨ ɫɟɛɟ. Ⱥ, ɞɚ! ɇɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɦɨ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɟʄɢ.
Ʉɚɞ ɝɨɞ ɛɢ ʁɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ „ɩɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɦɚɡɢɥɚ” ɤɚɨ ɪɨɻɟɧɭ ɞʁɟɰɭ, ɧɚ
ɲɬɚ ɫɚɦ – ɦɨɪɚɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢ – ɛɢɨ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɢ ʂɭɛɨɦɨɪɚɧ, ɱɟɫɬɢɬɚɥɢ ɡɚ
ɧɟɤɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɭ (ɚ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɦɚɪɢɥɚ), ɨɧɚ ɢɦ
ʁɟ ɬɢɯɨ ɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɨ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚ
ɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɲɚɪɦɚ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ: „ɏɜɚɥɚ
ɜɚɦ, ɞʁɟɰɨ! ɂ ʁɚ ɜɚɦɚ ɠɟɥɢɦ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɚɦ ʁɟ ɢ
ɫɚɦɚ ɨɫʁɟʄɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚɦ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ.” ȼʁɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɫɭɫɪɟɬʂɢɜɚ, ɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɢʁɟɝɨɪɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɩɪɨɮɟ-
ɫɨɪɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɨɥɭɦɢɧɨɡɧɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɨ ɢ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨ
ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ „ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɜʁɟɱɧɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ”. Ɂɚɭɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɦɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟɝ ɢ ɡɚɦɢʁɟɧɢɦɨ ɝɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨ-
ɥɚɡɧɨɝ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ: „Ɍɟɲ-
ɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨɦ ɤɨɝɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɨ ɞɚ ɱɟɤɚ ɢɡɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɜɪɚɬɚ”.
Ⱦɚ ɧɟ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ „ɞɚɪ-ɦɚɪ” ɭ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɢ ɨɧɚɤɨ ɛɨɝ ɡɧɚ
ɱɢɦɟ ɫɜɟ ɧɟ ɡɛɭʃɟɧɨɝ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɚ, ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɮɢɰɢʁɟɥɧɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɨ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ
Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ” ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ
„ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ ʂɟɩɨɬɟ” ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ. ɇɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɬɤɚɧɚ
ɩɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɡɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤʃɢɲɤɨɦ „ɲɧɢɬɭ” ɢ ɨɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɢɡ-
ɪɢɱɢɬɨ ʁɚɫɧɨɦ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. Ⱦɢʁɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ ɧɟʁ-
ɟɞɧɚɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɢɫɤɨ-
ɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ: ɉɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ
– ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɪɢɜ-
ɪɟɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ – ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ; Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ: Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ
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ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ – ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɑɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɞɢɨ: Ƚɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ – ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ɇɨɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɚ,
ɫɦɢɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɩɟʂɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɭɬɪɨɲɢɬɢ ɧɟɢɡɦʁɟɪɧɭ ɢ
ɮɢɡɢɱɤɭ ɢ ɭɦɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɚɛɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɚɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɝɪɚɻɭ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ
ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ
ɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ɭ ɦɢɧɭɰɢɨɡɧɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ. Ɍɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ʁɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ,
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ, ɭɫɩɨɧ ɢ ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ. ȵɟɧɨɦ
ɨɲɬɪɨɦ ɨɤɭ ɢ ɛɪɢɬɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɩɪɨɦɚʄɢ ɧɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɤɪɚ-
ʂɟɜɫɤɟ ɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ
(contrata del Re), ɬɟ Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɟ ɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɟ ɢ ɏɭɦɫɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɫ
ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢɥɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɛɢɥɧɢʁɢɦ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɇɢɲɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɢ ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ
ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ „ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɢɦ ɠɚɪɨɦ” ɯɪɚ-
ɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɥɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɟɬɧɢɱ-
ɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ, ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ,
ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɫ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɜɚɪɚ, ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɡɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧ-
ɬɭ. Ɍɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦ ɡɚɛɚɜɢɥɚ (ɭ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɦ Ȼɚɛɢʄɟɦ ɢ ɋɢ-
ɦɨɦ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ) ɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɚ-
ɜʂɭ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I. Društvo i privreda
srednjovjekovne bosanske države (1987), ɫ ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ „ɭɩɪ-
ɬɢɦ ɩɪɫɬɨɦ” ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɨɧɨɜ-
ɧɨ ɛɭɻɟʃɟ ɢ „ɜɚɫɤɪɫɧɭʄɟ” ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɫɧɚɠɢʁɢ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɡɢɜɧɢʁɢ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ɉɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɢɦ ɞɚɧɨɦ ɫɜɟ ʁɟɞɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɱɜɪɲʄɚ „ɩɚɭɤɨɜɚ
ɦɪɟɠɚ” ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɨɤɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ: ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞ-
ɧɢɱɤɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɢ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɢ. ɉɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɢ
ɤɨɧɰɢɡɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɧɚɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ (ɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɨɫɜɪɬɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ)
ɤɨʁɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɨɞɢɲɭ ɫɜʁɟɠɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɝ ɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨʁ
ɜɪɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɢʁɟɞɚʃɚ ɛɟɫɤɪɚʁɧɨ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ.
ɉɪɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɫɟ, ɫɚ ɞɭɠɢɦ ɢɥɢ
ɤɪɚʄɢɦ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɢɦɚ, ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ
ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚ ɭ ɞɟɩɨɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢ-
25
ɜɚ. ɇɨɜɨɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɨɞ Ƚɥɚɜɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ (Quaderno), Ⱦɧɟɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ (Giornale) ɢ ɉɨɞɫʁɟɬɧɢɤɚ (Squarço). Ɉɜɟ ɧɟɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɚ
ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɨɞ 15.
XII 1426. ɞɨ 25. V 1433. ɍɡ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʄɢ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ ɢɡ 1437–1438. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ. Ɋɟɤɨɫɦɨ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɩɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ, Ʉɚɛɭ-
ɠɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɢ
ɧɚ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɨɦɟɻɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ. Ɉɧɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɨʁ
ɬɜɪɞʃɢ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɛɢɬɧɨ ɫɜʁɟ-
ɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨʁ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ
ɬɟɯɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɭ-
ɠɚʁɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚɰɚ. Ƚɥɟɞɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɚɭɬ-
ɨɪɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɨɝ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟ ɪʁɟɲɟ-
ʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ
ȿɜɪɨɩɨɦ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɚ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɨɦ.
Ɉɞ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɡɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɢ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ, ɞɨɤ ɉɨɞɫʁɟɬɧɢɤ, ɡɛɨɝ
ɫɜɨɝɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɟɬ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ Ⱦɧɟɜɧɢɤ (1437–1438), ɛɭɞɭʄɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ ɭɞɚʂɟɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ. Ɉɞɚɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ
ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ Ɏɟɞɟɪɢɝɨ Ɇɟɥɢɫ
ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɫɚ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ
ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɛɥɢɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢɨ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɭɡ
ɩɭɧɨ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɢ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɤɨɥɟɝɢʁɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱɭ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɭ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɢ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɞɚ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɢ
ɛɪɠɟ ɫɚɜɥɚɞɚ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɭ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ.
ɉɨɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɱɭɞɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɝɨɧɟɬɧɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ Ɏɟɪɧɚɧɚ Ȼɪɨɞɟɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ, ɭ ɢɡ-
ɞɚʃɭ L’École pratique des hautes études. Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɜɟʄ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɦʁɟɪɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɭɜɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ
ȳɨɪʁɚ Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ, ɩɨɫɬɯɭɦɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ XVIII (1971). ɋɬɢ-
ɰɚʁɟɦ ɧɟɤɢɯ, ɛɚɪɟɦ ɩɢɫɰɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ʃɢɯɨɜɨ
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɨ ɬɟɤ 1999. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ
ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɋȺɇɍ.
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɫɟ, ɧɟɞɭɝɨ ɡɚɬɢɦ, ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ-
ɩɭɬ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɪɯɭɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɤɨɫɧɨɜɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɥɚɰ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ. ɍ ɤɨɚɭɬɨɪɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ ɋɢɦɨɦ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ Ɋɭɠɨɦ
26
ȶɭɤ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɫɚʃɭ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ (ɇɨɜɢ
ɋɚɞ, 2002) ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ, ɩɨ ɛɨɝ ɡɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɭɬ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɞɚ-
ɥɟɤɨ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɦɢʂɟɧɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ
ɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɭɥɨɝɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɭɫɩɨɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɬɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɭɫɩɨɪɟɧɨʁ ɢ
ɩɨɫɭɫɬɚɥɨʁ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
ɢ ɩɨɬɤɪɚʁ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ
ɡɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ.
ȼɟʄ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚ, ɧɚʁɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɭɠɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɤɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɭ
ɛɥɢɠɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ. ɇɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɨɝ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɱɢɬɟʂɚ,
ʁɨɲ ɭ ɧɚɭɱɧɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɨɝ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄɚ (ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ
ɨɞ ɦɢʂɚ ɡɜɚɥɢ „ɱɢɤɚ Ɇɢɤɚ”), ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ „ɭɫɧɭɥɟ”
ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɢɫɩɢɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɦ ɭɞɚɯɧɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ „ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɱɤɭ ɞɭɲɭ”.
ɂɚɤɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɫɩɭɬ ɢ ɨɜɥɚɲ ɞɨɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɚ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ
ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ʃɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ, ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɧɚʁɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɭ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɭ.
Ɍɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɫʁɚʁɧɨɝ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɨɝ ɭɦɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ
ɫɤɥɨɩɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɭ ɢ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɋɪɟɛɪɟ-
ɧɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟ-
ɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2010).
Ʉɚɨ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɩɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɞɨ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ (ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ). ɉɭɬ ʁɟ ɧɚɞɚʂɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɞɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ,
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ, ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɦɢ-
'ɰɢɥɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ
ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɋɪɻɚ. Ⱥ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ, ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɨɜɟ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨ ɤɨɧɰɢɩɢɪɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɫ ɩɭɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɦɢʁɟʃɚɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ: ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ȳɨɪʁɚ
Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɬ ɞɨ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ, ɚ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ Ʉɪɢɜɨɲɢʄ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɟɦ,
ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVI ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɤɨ 6.000 ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɞɚʂɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɨ ɤɨɧɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ
27
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɬɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ (ɢɡ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɚɫɤɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ) ɢ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬɚ
ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɜɨ ɦɚʃɟ (ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪ Ɇɢ-
ɥɨɛɪɚɬ, ɩɨɩ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁ ɢ „popchoviza” ɬʁ. ɩɨɩɚɞɢʁɚ ȴɭɛɢɫɚɜɚ), ɡɚɤɭɩɚɰ ɰɚ-
ɪɢɧɟ Ɍɭɪɱɢɧ ȳɭɫɭɮ ɢ (ɩɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɝɚ ɤɭɪɢɨɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ) Ɋɚɞɨʁɤɨ ɐɢɝɚɧɢɧ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ „ɠɢɜɨɬɚɪɢɨ” ɨɞ ɧɟɤɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ.
ɍ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɪɭɞɟ, ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɤɚɞ ɭ ɫɚ-
ɦɨɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɢ ɠɚɥɛɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɭ ȭɭɪ-
ɻɭ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɭ, ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɝɚɻɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ-
ɧɚ, ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɡɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɦɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ. ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɂ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɞɚɧɨɧɨʄɧɨ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɭʁɭʄɟ ɪɚɞɢ-
ɥɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɭɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ „ɝɨɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ”, ɢɫɩɢʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɟ
ɡɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɭ, ɭ ɬɚɜɟɪɧɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɝ „ɬɚɛɟɪɧɚɪɚ” ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ
ɭ „ɩɢɜɧɢɰɢ” (pivniza) Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɟ Ȼɨɛɚʂɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ȳɚɤɨɜɚ ȼɨɞɨɩɢʁɟ.
Ɇɟɻɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɜɢʁɟʄɚ, ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ
ɫɪɟʄɭ: ɩɭɪɝɚɪɢ, ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ, ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜɢ, ɬɟɥɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɬɚ-
ɥɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɪɢ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ, ɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟ-
ɧɢɰɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɜɢʁɟʄɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨ-
ɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɜɢɲɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ, ɩɚ ɨɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜ ɡɚɤ-
ʂɭɱɚɤ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ ɞɢʁɟɥɢɨ ɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ. ɇɚɞɚʂɟ, ɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɫɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɦ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɥɟɩɪɨɡɨɪɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɫɦʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɢɡɨ-
ɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɝɭɛɚɜɚɰɚ ɭ ɤɚɪɚɧɬɢɧɭ ɩɪɢ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɭ, ɚ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɜɚ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɛɨʂɟ ɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɫɭɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɤɧɟɡ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɪɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɚ ɫɚ ʄɢɪɢɥɫɤɢɦ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɪɢɦɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɍ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ. ɋɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɨ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ. ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɦ ȭɭɪɻɟɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ɫɧɚɝɭ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ, ɤɚɤɜɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ
ɇɨɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ. ɍ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɥɨ-
ɤɚɥɧɟ uzance, ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚ ɤɚɨ
ɨ ɧɟɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ.
ɇɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨ-
ɦɚʄɢ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɢ: ɤɪɨʁɚɱɢ, ɩɨɞɫɬɪɢɝɚɱɢ ɫɭɤɧɚ, ɨɛɭʄɚɪɢ, ɤɨɠɚɪɢ,
ɤɪɡɧɚɪɢ ɢ ɤɥɨɛɭɱɚɪɢ. ɍ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɢʁɟɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɭ
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ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɜɨɡɢɥɟ ɫɤɭɩɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɛɨʁɧɟ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɚ, ɫɬɚɤɥɨ, ɧɚɤɢɬ, ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ, ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ, ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɜɢɤɚɦɚ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɬɨ ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɫ, ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɧɨ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɫʁɚʁɭ ɡɪɚɱɟ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɟ ɥɢʁɟɩɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɪɢɬɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ. ɂ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɨɞ ɬɚɤ-
ɜɢɯ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɢ ɭɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɦɭɤɭ „ɬɚɜɨɪɢɥɢ” ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɚɧ ɡɚ ɞɚ-
ɧɨɦ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɜɢɪɤɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɝɥɭɦɨɦ, ɢɝɪɨɦ ɢ ɦɭɡɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɜɟɫɟʂɚɜɚɥɢ
ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɟ ɠɟʂɧɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɬɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ. ɇɟ ɝɪɢʁɟɲɢɦɨ ɞɭɲɭ, ɜɟʄ „ɩɪɨɡɛɨɪɢɦɨ” ɤɨʁɭ ɢ ɨ ɞɭ-
ɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɤɚɤɜɢɦ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɦɢɥɨ-
ɞɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɪɭɲɟɧɢɯ, ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɚ
ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ. Ⱦɚ ɧɢ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɦɟɬ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ, ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɯ ɞʁɟ-
ɥɚ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɰɚ, ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɚ, ɬɟ ɨɧɚ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɜʁɟɲɬɚɨ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ƚɭɱɟɬɢʄ ɞɪɚɝɨɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɭ
ȳɭɧɢʁɭ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ƚɪɚɞɢʄɚ. ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɡʃɟɞɪɢɥɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ȭɭɪɭ Ⱦɪɚɝɢɲɢʄɚ, ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨɝ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɚ ɢ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɝɚ „ɞʁɟɱɚɲɬɜɚ”, ɞɚ ɛɢ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɫɬɚɪɢ-
ʁɢɯ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɰɚ, ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɲɤɨɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɤɪɫɬɚɪɢɨ „ɞɢʂɟɦ” ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ,
ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɤɪɚɫɢɨ ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ, ɭɡ ɱɭɜɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ Ɇɟɞɢɱɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɨ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɝɪɥɢɨ ɤɚɨ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ.
ɉɨɩɭɬ ɯɢɬɪɟ ɢ ɧɟɭɦɨɪɧɟ ɩɱɟɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɜɪɜɢ ɢ ɛɪɭʁɢ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɨʁ
ɤɨɲɧɢɰɢ, ɜɢɞɢɦɨ, ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɦɚɥɨ ɧɟɪɜɨ-
ɡɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɠɭɪɛɚɧɨ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤʃɢɲɤɢɯ ɤɨɪɢ-
ɰɚ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɚɤɜɨʁ „ɩɱɟɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɢɰɢ” ɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɦɧɨ-
ɲɬɜɨ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɫɚɞ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ
ɧɨɜɭ – ɧɟɤɚ ɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɰɢʁɟɧɟ! – ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ „ɱɭɞɨɜɢɲɧɟ ʂɟ-
ɩɨɬɟ” ɧɚɫɬɚɥɭ ɢɡ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɩɨɫɭɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɧɟɦɨʄɚɥɨɝ ɩɟɪɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟ-
ɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
ɇɚɭɱɧɚ „ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ” ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɢɦɚ ɭ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɥɚ-
ɧɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ (ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɚ, ɧɨɜɱɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, ɰɚɪɢɧɟ), ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɢ
ɪɭɪɚɥɧɟ (ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ), ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ,
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ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɫɨɥɢɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɧɚ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɥɚ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ
ɤɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚ
ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɨ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɭ
ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɬɟɦɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɨɩɭɫɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ, ɱɢɬɚɨɰɭ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɢɬɚ ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɫɜɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɚ, ɫɚɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɢ ɚɤɪɢɛɢɱɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ʁɨʁ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ
ɧɚʁɨɦɢʂɟɧɢʁɚ ɬɟɦɚ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɚ. ȳɨɲ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɜɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʉɪɢɬɨɜɭɥ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ
Ɍɪɢɛɚɥɚ (ɬʁ. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ) ɢɦɚɥɚ „ɛɨʂɟ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɟ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɧɟɝɨ
ɂɧɞɢʁɚ”. ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɛɚɲ ɂɧɞɢʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɪɚ-
ɱɭɧɢɦɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭɧɰɭ
„ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 10 ɬɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ”, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɟʄɚ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ.
Ʉɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɨɜɢʁɟɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ, ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɩɨɱɟɬ-
ɤɨɦ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ 200.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɡ, ɨɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ 100 ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, ɚ 300 ɞɨ 500 ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ
Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɢ. ɍ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɡɪɨɤɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ, ɧɚɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɨɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɤɪɢɡɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ.
ɂɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɥɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɤɨɩɚɨ-
ɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ
ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɇɨɜɨ Ȼɪɞɨ ɢ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʂ ɀɢɝɦɭɧɞ Ʌɭɤɫɟɦ-
ɛɭɪɲɤɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɨ 1411. ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɭ. Ⱦɨɛɢʁɚ-
ɧɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ: ɩɥɢɤɨ, ɮɢɧɨ, ɜɟɥɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ (ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɨ: argentum de glama, argentum
auro, argentum indorato, argento che tiene oro), ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɨɦ
ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɫɤɭɩʂɟ ɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ
ɋɚɫɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɚ, ɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨʁ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʃɭ
ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɦ
ɫɟ ɞɨɢɦɚ ɟɝɡɚɤɬɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ 1426–1432. ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɡɟɧɨ ɢ
ɩɪɨɞɚɬɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɨɤɨ 1.129 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɤɨ 376 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɩɥɢ-
ɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ (plicho de Bosna ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ argento di Bosna), ɚ 1426–1429. ɭ
ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ 350 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ 1427. ɝɨɞɢɧɚ –
146 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɢ 1433. – 133 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.
30
Ⱥɭɬɨɪɤɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ ɬɪɢ-
ɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ ɨɧɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ
ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ: ɪɭɩɚɪɢ (foxeri), ɝɜɚɪɰɢ,
ɭɪɛɭɪɚɪɢ, ɯɭɬɦɚɧɢ, ɬɟ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ: ɩɥɚɤɚɨɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɲɦɢɨɱɚɪɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɨɞɚɥɨ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ, ɜɟʄɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɋɚɫɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɨɧɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɢɧɟ
ɠɟʂɧɟ „ɯʂɟɛɚ ɢ ɢɝɚɪɚ” (panem et circenses) – ɢɝɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɤ, ɚ ɯʂɟɛɚ,
ɛɨɝɚɦɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɨɦɟ... ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɜɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɛɚɲ ɬɚɤɨ, ɧɟ ɛɢ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ
ɛɨʂɟɝ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢʁɟɝɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɨɞ
ɨɜɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɭɨɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɥɢɤɨɝ, ʁɨɲ ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ,
ɞɨɛɢʁɚɧɨ ɮɢɧɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ (argento fino), ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɨɜɚʃɟ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɰɢʁɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɮɢɧɨɝ (ɨɤɨ 7,5 ɞɭ-
ɤɚɬɚ) ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɟɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ (ɨɤɨ 6,5 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ) ɤɪɟʄɟ ɨɤɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɥɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɭ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɭ ɭ ɟɧɢɝɦɢ ɡɜɚɧɨʁ Ʉʃɢɝɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ.
Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɢɨɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɦ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɰɢ: ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, Ɉɥɨɜɨ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ɉɨɞɜɢɫɨɤɢ, Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɚ, Ʉɪɟ-
ɲɟɜɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬʂɢɜɨɲʄɭ.
Ɉɬɭɞɚ ʁɟ, ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢ, ɢ ɧɚɲɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɞɟɫɟɬɨɱ-
ɥɚɧɨɝ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɥɨɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟɪ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɟɬ ɭ
ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɬɭ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɩɟɬ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɢɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɢɦɚ (ɋɬɨɧ, Ʌɚɛ, Ɉɥɨɜɨ ɢ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ).
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ: ɡɥɚ-
ɬɚɪɚ, ɤɨɜɚɱɚ, ɩɨɞɫɬɪɢɝɚɱɚ ɫɭɤɧɚ, ɦɟɫɚɪɚ, ɤɨɠɭɯɚɪɚ-ɤɪɡɧɚɪɚ, ɨɛɭʄɚɪɚ,
ɬɤɚɱɚ, ɤɥɨɛɭɱɚɪɚ, ɛɪɢʁɚɱɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨɦ ɢɡ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ
Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ. ɍ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɛɨʂɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɦ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ
„ɻɟɬɢʄɚ” ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɭɱɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɡɚɧɚɬ. ɋɚ ɦɧɨɲ-
ɬɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɚɧɚ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɛɪɻɚɧɚ ɫɭɫ-
ɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɥɢɫɬɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɢ
ɩɨɯɚɛɚɧɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ ɩɚɩɢɪɟ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɞɭ. ɂ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɡɚɯɜɚ-
ʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ, ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɬɟɤ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɡɪɧɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɫɬɨɱɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɛɢ ɞɨɫɩɢʁɟɥɨ ɧɚ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɋɜɟ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ
ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɬɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɡ ɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ, ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ
ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɞɭɛɨɤɟ ɢ ɨɲɬɪɢʁɟ ɬɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɢ
ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɚ. ɇɚ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɫɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧ-
31
ɰɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɞɭɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟʄɢ
ʁɟɞɧɭ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɨɫɨɛɟ.
ȵɟɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɨɝ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ȼɥɚɬɤɨɦ ȼɭɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɛɨʁɭ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ
ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚ
ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɚɞɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɨɞ Ɍɭɪɤɟ (1463) ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ. Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧ-
ɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɧɢɦ ɩɚɩɢɪɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɨɩɭɬ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɩɨɠɭɬʁɟɥɢɦ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɫɢɦɚ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɢɦɚ,
ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɟɲɢɧɟ – ɩɨɩɭɬ Ɉɛɪɚɞɚ Ȼɨɪɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɤɚɬɭɧɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɭɧɚ ɍɝɚɪ-
ɰɢ ɢ ɇɟɧɤɚ Ʉɪɚʁɫɚʂɢʄɚ, ɤɚɬɭɧɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɭɧɚ Ȼɭɪɦɚɡɚ – ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɜʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɟɞ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɦ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɟɦ, ɲɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɜɟ ɬʁɟɲʃɨʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɯɚ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɢɯ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɢ, ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɨɦ ɪɨɛɟ,
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɭɡɝɨʁɟɦ ɤɨʃɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ.
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ
ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɚ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɡɚɤɭɩ-
ɰɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɧɨɫɚɧ ɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɬɚɛɢɥɚɧ ɩɨɫɚɨ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢɫɦɨ
ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ʁɚɫɧɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɢʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɚɭɬɨɪɤɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɚɝɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɨɦ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɚ ɢɡ
1449, ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɋɩɥɢɬɭ, Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɢ,
ȳɚʁɰɭ ɢ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɦ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨʁ ɤɨɦɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɚ 6.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɭ ɞɭɤɚɬɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ
ɫɪɟɛɪɭ, ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɨɝ „ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɚ” ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
Ɍɪɨɝɢɪɚɧɢɧɚ, ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ „ɞɨɦɚɤɭ” ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɨɦɨɪɚ – ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɭ Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɢ – ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɫ-
ɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ Ɏɨʁ-
ɧɢɰɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɚɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ „ɡɪɟɥɚ ɤɪɭ-
ɲɤɚ” ɩɚɨ ɭ ɤɪɢɥɨ ɪɚɞɨɡɧɚɥɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɟ. ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ „ɜɚʁɧɢ” ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢɫɬɢ ɪɟɤɥɢ „ɭɛɪɢɡɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɞɪɚɜɨɝ ɧɨɜ-
ɰɚ”, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɤɨɥɢɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɟ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɚ ɥɚɭɪɟɚɬɤɢʃɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɟʄɢ, ɫɢɧ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɨɝ
ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɚɪɚ ɀɨɪɟ Ȼɨɤɲɢʄ, ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ „ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢ ɡɧɚɤ” ɭɫ-
ɩʁɟɥɨɝ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɚɨ ɧɨ-
ɜɢ „Eldorado” ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜʂɟʃɟ ɛɥɢɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɤɚɪɢ-
ʁɟɪɟ. Ɉɞ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ (1376) ɜɪɬɨɝɥɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ
ɜɢɱɚɧ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɧ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɭɪɨ-
ɻɟɧɨʁ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬɢʁɚɪ (ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɚ) ɢ ɦɢʂɟɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɧɚ-
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ɥɚɠʂɢɜ ɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɟ ɪɚɞɧɟ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ, ɜʁɟɲɬ ɭ ɨɩɯɨ-
ɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɦʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɫɚ ɢɦɚʃɟɦ
ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ ɪɢʁɟɤɟ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɢ ɭ Ɉɥɨɜɭ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɠɢɜɨɩɢ-
ɫɧɢɦ ɥɢɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɤɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɱɭɞɢ ɧɢ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧ-
ɬɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɢɦ ɧɢɡɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɱɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ „ɩɨɯɚɪɱɢɨ” ʃɟɝɨɜ ɪɚɫɢɩɧɢ
ɫɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɨ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɛɢʁɟɞɭ ɢ ɫɢɥɧɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ ʁɟɪ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɢ-
ɜɚ, ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɡɚɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɫɬɢɱɭ ʁɟɞɧɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɢɥɢ ɱɚɫ
„ɩɪɨʄɟɪɞɚʁɭ” ɢ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟ.
Ȼɪɚʄɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ Ʌɭɤɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɭ – ɇɢɤɨ-
ɥɭ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ƚɥɚɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɀɢɜɨɥɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ – ɧɟɭɦɨɪɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ „ɢɡɜɟɥɚ” ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɫɰɟɧɭ, ɭɡ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ
ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟ ɱɢɬɚɨɰɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɭ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɫ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɇɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɭ – Ȼɚɪɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ Ɂɨɩɢʁɭ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ
Ⱥɪɞɨɜɢɧɢʁɚ – ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɫɪɟʄɚ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɡɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ
ɜɨɫɤɚ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɧɢɡɨɦ
ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ: ɧɟɦɢɪɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ, ɝɪɚɦɡɢɜɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧʂɢɜɟ ɰɢʁɟɧɟ, ɬɟ
ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɟ ɧɟɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚ. ɇɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɦɨ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɚ-
ɥɚɧɫɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ „ɫɬɚɡɚɦɚ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɡɚɦɚ” ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɪ-
ɥɟɬɢ ɡɚɪɚɞ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɨɦ ɜɭɧɨɦ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ, ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨɦ ɧɚ-
ɭɱɧɨɦ ɨɩɭɫɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɧɢ ɧɚ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɭ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ,
ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɜɢʁɟɫɧɢɤɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ
ɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ „ɬɟɦɟʂɭ” ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɨɧɟ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ.
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢ –
ɯɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɞɭɛɢɧɢ, ɩɪɨ-
ɮɟɫɨɪɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɚɥɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɬɢɦɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɱɜɪɲʄɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɢʁɟ.
ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɻɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɋɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢ ɞɢɨ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɛɢɨ, ɚ ɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ, ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ, ɫɤɭɥɩɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɦɚ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ.
Ɉɛʁɟɞɢʃɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɜɢɲɟɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɯ, ɦɭɥɬɢɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚɪ-
ɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɱɥɚɧɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɚ. ɉɪɜɚ,
ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ
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ʁɟ 2007. ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, ɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɟɞɢɰɢʁɟ „Studia Histo-
rica Collecta“, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɟɦɢɧɟɧɬ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɫɢɧɬɟɧɬɢɱɤɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɟ (Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬ, Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɭɪɛɚ-
ɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ) ɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ 31
ɪɚɞ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ
(ɋɥɢɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ 1403–1521) ɞɨɠɢɜɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ
ɢɡɞɚʃɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ
ɋȺɇɍ ɢ Ɂɚɜɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɧɨɫɢ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ La Serbie et les pays serbes :
l'économie urbaine, XIVe-XVe siècles (ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ: ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɚ, XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ (ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɟ) ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ. ɑɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɟ:
ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ: ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɡɚɧɚɬ-
ɫɬɜɨ, ɬɟ Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 21 ɱɥɚɧɚɤ,
ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ (ɍɥɨɝɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɟ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɭ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɨɞ XIV ɞɨ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ). ɂɡɭɡɟɜ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ
ɡɛɢɪɤɟ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɢɰɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ 20 ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɧɟɤɢ ɧɚ ɢɬɚ-
ɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.
Ʉɚɠɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɚ ɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɢɰɚ – ɭ ɦɚɧɢɪɭ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɢ
ɜɚɫɩɢɬɚɧɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ – ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ
ɢɫɤɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɪɞɧɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ, ɧɟɫɭɦ-
ʃɢɜɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɟɞɢɟɜɢɫɬɢɤɟ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɭ ɋɢɦɢ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɭ, ɤɨɝɚ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɧɟɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɦɚ. ɂ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɟɜɟɞɟɫɟɬ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ,
ɦɨɠɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ ɩɢʁɟɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɦɭ, ɫʁɟɞɢ ɫɦɢɪɟɧɨ, ɫɬɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɬ-
ɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɪɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɭ „ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ” ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɥɢɤɨɜɚ
ɢɡ ʃɟɧɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɟ ɢ ɧɚɞɚɯɧɭɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ
„ɡɛɨɪɢ”, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ „ɩɪɨɡɛɨɪɢ” ɢɦɚɲ ɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɱɭʁɟɲ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɪɚɫ-
ɩɪɚɜʂɚ ɨ ɧɚʁɟɫɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ. ɂ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫʁɟʄɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢ, ɢɲɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɨɝ ɩɚɩɢɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɧɢɤɚ ʁɟɪ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɪɟɱɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɪɱɤɢɯ
ɦɭɞɪɚɰɚ, ɚɤɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ, ɞɚ „Sapiens omnia sua secum portant”
(„Ɇɭɞɪɚɰ ɫɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɫɢ”). Ɂɚɬɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨʁ ʁɭɧɚɤɢʃɢ
ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɢɱɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɨɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ:
»ɄɊȼ ȳɍɇȺɑɄȺ, ȾɍɒȺ ȾȳȿȼɈȳȺɑɄȺ!«
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ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
35
36
ɍȾɄ 012 Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ⱦ. DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15002
ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ
ɉɈɋȿȻɇȺ ɂɁȾȺȵȺ
1954.
1. Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ. –

ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɜʁɟɬɚ, 1954. – 39 ɫɬɪ.; 17 cm. – (Ɇɚɥɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨ-
ɬɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɜʁɟʄɢɜɚʃɟ; 13).
1961.
2. Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni / Desanka Kovaþeviü. – Sara-

jevo: Nauþno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1961. – 216 str.; 24 cm. –
(Djela / Nauþno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine; 18. Odjeljenje istorijsko-
filoloških nauka; 13).
S a d r ž a j : Uvod, 5; Prvi dio: Razvoj trgovine do kraja XIV vijeka: I
Poþeci trgovinskih veza: 1. Promet s Jadranskim primorjem, 9–12; 2. Predme-
ti i obim razmjene, 12–14; II Napredak trgovine u XIV vijeku: 1. Trgovaþki
odnosi sa stranim gradovima, 15–18; 2. Poþeci rudarstva, 18–19; 3. Trgo-
vinska razmjena, 19–22; 4. Proširenje trgovinskih odnosa, 22–25; 5. Prošire-
nje trgovinske razmjene, 25–34; 6. Nosioci trgovine, 34–36; 7. Privredni pla-
novi Tvrtka I, 37–40; Drugi dio: Razvoj trgovine od poþetka XV vijeka do
1463: III Uloga Dubrovnika u bosanskoj trgovini: 1. Trgovinski odnosi izme-
ÿu Bosne i Dubrovnika, 43–51: a) vladara i Dubrovnika, 44–48; b) feudalaca i
Dubrovnika, 48–51; 2. Predmeti dubrovaþke trgovine, 51–60; 3. Organizacija
dubrovaþke trgovine, 60–64; IV Dubrovaþke kolonije u Bosni, 65–88: 1. Po-
þeci i razvitak dubrovaþkih kolonija, 66–79; 2. Privredna aktivnost u koloni-
jama, 79–82; 3. Pravni položaj kolonija, 83–85; 4. Život u dubrovaþkim ko-
lonijama, 85–88; V Uloga ostalih stranih gradova u bosanskoj trgovini: 1.
Srednjodalmatinski gradovi, 89–91; 2. Posredniþka uloga Dubrovnika (tali-
janski trgovci), 91–93; Bosansko-mletaþki trgovinski odnosi, 93–97; VI Uþe-
šüe bosanskih vladara i feudalaca u trgovini: 1. Neposredno uþešüe vladara i
feudalaca u trgovini, 98–101; 2. Trgovinska politika: a) vladara, 102–103; b)
vladara u odnosu na položaj Dubrovþana, 104–105; c) feudalaca, 105–107;
VII Domaüi trgovci, 108–136: 1. Uþešüe domaüih ljudi u trgovinskom prome-
tu: a) na podruþju cijele Bosne, 109–112; b) u pojedinim mjestima, 112–116;
37
2. Predmeti trgovine domaüih trgovaca, 116–124; 3. Obim poslova domaüih
trgovaca, 125–128; 4. Organizacija poslova domaüih trgovaca, 128–132; 5.
Pravni i društveni položaj domaüih trgovaca, 132–136; Treüi dio: Analiza
trgovine od poþetka XV vijeka do 1463: VIII Znaþaj rudarstva u trgovini: 1.
Proizvodnja bosanskih rudnika, 139–142; 2. Proizvodi bosanskih rudnika,
142–146; 3. Rudarsko pravo i organizacija rada, 146–149; 4. Strani i domaüi
rudari, 149–152; 5. Proces proizvodnje i topioniþarstvo, 152–157; IX Trgo-
vaþki putovi i dažbine: 1. Trgovaþki putovi, 158–161; 2. Dažbine, 161–164;
X Osvrt na trgovinski promet od poþetka XV vijeka do 1463, 165–189: 1.
Izvoz, 166–177; 2. Uvoz, 177–185; 3. Proizvodi bosanske privrede i evropsko
tržište, 185–186; 4. Novþani promet, 186–189; 5. Zakljuþak, 189; Résume: Le
commerce dans la Bosnie médiévale, 190–200; Registar, 201–216.
1978.
3. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: „ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ”, 1978. – 421 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm
– (Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ Ʉɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɧɚɫʂɟɻɟ).
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 7–8: ɍɜɨɞ, 9–13; ɉɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: I ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ,
17–27; II ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 29–53; III ɍɫ-
ɩɨɧ ɢ ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ: 1. Ɋɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢ, 55–77; 2. ɋɪɟɞʃɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ, 77–86; 3. Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɟ ɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɟ,
86–112; 4. ɏɭɦɫɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢ, 112–125; 5. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɚ
Ȼɨɫɧɚ, 125–132; IV ɇɚɡɢɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 133–142; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ: ɉɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: V Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 145–157; VI Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ: 1. Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, 159–167; 2. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, 167–191; 3. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟʂɚ – ɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɟ, 191–199; VII Ɂɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, 201–222; Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ:
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ: VIII ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ,
225–244; IX Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 245–257;
ɑɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɞɢɨ: Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ: X Ɍɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 261–
279; XI ɐɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ, 281–304; XII Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 305–343; ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɚ, 345–352; Résumé: Les agglomérations urbaines dans l'état médiéval
bosniaque, 355–371; ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, 373–389; Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, 391–418.
1987.
4. Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I: Društvo i privreda sred-

njovjekovne bosanske države = Contributions to the History of Bosnia and
Hercegovina I: Society and Economy of the Medieval Bosnian State / ured-
38
nik Enver Redžiü. – Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Herce-
govine, 1987. – 264 str.; 25 cm. – (Posebna izdanja / ANU BiH; 79. Odje-
ljenje društvenih nauka; 17).
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ:] Privredni razvoj sred-
njovjekovne bosanske države: I Privredne prilike do kraja XIII vijeka, 89–
93; II Privredno buÿenje, 95–105; III Uspon privrede i razvoj gradskih nase-
lja u drugoj polovini XIV vijeka, 107–113; IV Privreda sela: 1. Vlastelin-
stvo, 115–120; 2. Zemljoradniþko gazdinstvo, 120–138; 3. Vlasi, 138–144;
V Gradska privreda: 1. Rudarstvo, 145–150; 2. Trgovina, 151–165; 3. Za-
natstvo, 165–169; VI Uspon i širenje gradskih naselja, 171–182; VII Odnos
grada i sela, 183–186; Osvrt na privredni razvoj srednjovjekovne bosanske
države, 187–188; Résumé: Le développement économique de l'état bos-
niaque médiéval, 189–190.
ISBN 86-7123-009-0
1999.
5. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga): 1426–1433 = Acco-

unt Books of the Caboga (Kabužiü) Brothers: 1426–1433 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ. ISSN
0354–1479. 137–11 (1999) 1–366.
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 9; Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ: I
Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, 11–15; II Ʉʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, 15–19; III Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ –
ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ, 19–26; IV Ɉ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ, 26–28; Ⱦɧɟɜ-
ɧɢɤ (Giornale) ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (1426–1433), 29–145; Ƚɥɚɜɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ
(Quderno) ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (1426–1433), 146–363; Summary: Account
Books of Caboga (Kabužiü) Brothers (1426–1433), 355; Riassunto: I libri
contabili dei fratelli Caboga (Kabužiü) (1426–1433), 356; Index nominum,
357–363; Index materiae, 364–366.
2002.
6. ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɋɭɠɚ ȶɭɤ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȼɭɤɨɜɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ; ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɉɪɨɦɟɬɟʁ,
2002. – 262 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm. – (Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ).
ɂɡ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ: [ɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ:] VII: ɇɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV
ɜɟɤɚ, 95–111; VIII: ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, 113–
121; IX: Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 123–144; X: Ɋɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨ-
ɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, 145–157.
ISBN 86-7639-659-0
39
2007.
7. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) = The Urban

Life in Serbia and Bosnia (14th–15th Century) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ.
– Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2007. – 494 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm. – (Studia Histo-
rica Collecta / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ; 2).
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 9–10; I Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: 1. Ɉ ȳɚʃɟɜɭ ɭ
ɞɨɛɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 13–23 (ʋ 11); 2. Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ (Ɂɜɨɧɢɤ)
ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 25–43 (ʋ 22); 3. Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ, 45–55 (ʋ 25); 4. ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 57–
91 (ʋ 36); 5. Ɉ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ, 93–101 (ʋ 37); 6.
Ɏɨʁɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 103–139 (ʋ 50); 7. ɉʂɟɜʂɚ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ
ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ ɢ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɚ, 141–146 (ʋ 72); 8. ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ Ʉɨɫɚ-
ɱɚ, 147–159 (ʋ 73); 9. Ȼɨɪɚɱ – ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, 161–177 (ʋ
74); 10. Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, 179–181 (ʋ 46); 11. ɋɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɫ-
ɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, 183–191 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 56); II Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬ:
12. ɋɥɢɤɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ (1403–1521), 195–201 (ɫɚɨɩ-
ɲɬɟʃɟ „L'image de Belgrade dans les oeuveres des contemporains (1403–
1521)” ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ
„Bild und Wahrnehmung der Stadt”, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɦ ɭ Ɇɢɧɫɬɟɪɭ, 22–25. ɫɟɩ-
ɬɟɦɛɪɚ 2004. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ; ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ; ʋ 9/14); 13. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɋɪɟɛ-
ɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ (1352–1460), 203–218 (ʋ 78); 14.
Ɂɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪ-
ɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, 219–224 (ʋ 24); 15. Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟ-
ɬɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ (XIII–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ),
225–235 (ʋ 79; ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 67 ɢ 9/8); 16. Ɏɪɚʃɟɜɰɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ
ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 237–252 (ʋ 62); 17. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɧɚ-
ɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ, 253–275 (ʋ 23); 18. Ɉ ɤɧɟ-
ɡɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 277–291 (ʋ 29);
19. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, 293–309 (ʋ 57); 20. Ɉ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ,
311–315 (ʋ 31); III Ɏɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ: 21. ɍɥɨɝɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɜ-
ɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ
XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, 319–327 (ʋ 27); 22. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɨɞ XIII ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, 329–336 (ɧɚ ɮɪɚɧ-
ɰɭɫɤɨɦ ʋ 30); 23. Ɉɞɧɨɫɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 337–341 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 48); 24. Ɋɚɡɚɪɟʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 343–349 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 69); IV Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɤɨ-
ɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɚ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ: 25. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, 353–369 (ʋ 14); 26. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ
40
ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ, 371–380 (ʋ 20); 27. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, 381–403 (ʋ 21); 28. ɂɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ, 405–416 (ʋ 58); 29. Ⱦɨɦɚ-
ʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤ-
ɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 417–427 (ʋ 59); 30. Ɉ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, 429–438 (ʋ 61); 31. Ƚɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, 439–447 (ʋ 10); Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, 449–494.
ISBN 978-86-7743-059-7
2010.
8. ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ = Medieval Srebre-

nica XIV–XV Century / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ
ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 2010. – 312 ɫɬɪ.; 25 cm. – (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚ-
ʃɚ / ɋȺɇɍ; 668. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ; 29).
ɋ ɚ ɞ ɪ ɠ ɚ ʁ : ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ, 9–10; ɉɪɜɢ ɞɢɨ: ɇɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁ: I ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ: 1. ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 13–22; 2. Ɉ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ
ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 23–25; II ɍɫɩɨɧ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ: 1. Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 27–42; 2. Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ,
42–58; 3. Ɂɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨ, 58–62; 4. Ɉɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ, 62–66; Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɢɨ:
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ: III ɍɞɢɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ: 1. Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ, 69–79; 2. ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ, 80–83; 3. ɉɭɱɚɧɢ, 83–95; IV Ⱦɨ-
ɦɚʄɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ: 1. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ, 97–
104; 2. ɋɚɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɬ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, 104–108; Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ: ɍɪɛɚɧɢ ɚɦɛɢ-
ʁɟɧɬ: V ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, 111; VI ɍɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ: 1. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ,
123–129; 2. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, 130–139; 3. Ɉ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ, 139–150; ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, 151–
158; ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ: Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ: ɍɜɨɞ, 161–162; ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ:
ɉɪɢɥɨɝ 1, 163–169; ɉɭɱɚɧɢ: ɉɪɢɥɨɝ 2, 171–227; ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ,
229–239; Summary: Medieval Srebrenica XIV–XV Century, 243–247; Ré-
sumé: Srebrenica médiévale XIVe–XVe siècle, 249–254 (ɩɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ
ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles /
D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de livres scolaires:
Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012. Str. 245–264); Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, 255–312.
ISBN 978-7025-529-6
2012.
9. La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles

/ Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de livres
scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012. – 335, XVI str.; 25 cm. –
(Édition Studia Serbica).
41
S a d r ž a j : Préface, 7–8; I L'essor économique des pays serbes:
l'industrie minière, le commerce, l'artisant: 1. Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie
médiévales: les mines d'or et d'argent, 11–27 (ʋ 15); 2. Le rôle de l'indu-
strie minière dans le développement des centres économiques en Serbie et
en Bosnie pendant la première moitié du XVe siècle, 29–38 (ʋ 26); 3.
L'apogée économique: la Serbie, mines, d'argent et d'or, 39–55 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ
ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 40); 4. L'économie naturelle et la production marchande dans
l'espace Yougoslave (XIIIe – XVe siècles) / Sima ûirkoviü, D. Kovaþeviü
Kojiü, 57–72 (ʋ 41); 5. Les métaux précieux de Serbie et de Bosnie: esti-
mation de la production (XIVe – XVe siècles), 73–85 (ʋ 75); 6. Les métaux
précieux de Serbie et le marché européen (XIVe – XVe siécles), 87–103 (ʋ
76); 7. La Serbie dans l'économie de Venise au XVe siècle, 105–122 (ʋ
85); 8. Les marchands, précurceurs des organisations catholiques dans les
Balkans (XIIIe – XVe siècles), 123–131 (ʋ 67; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/15 ɢ 79);
9. Les livres de commerce des frères Kabužiü (Caboga): source pour l’étude
de l'économie de la Serbie mediévale, 133–146 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 65); 10.
Les Catalans dans les affaires de la compagnie Caboga (1426–1433), 147–
156 (ʋ 80; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 83); 11. I libri contabili dei fratteli Caboga
(Kabužiü) (1423–1433) fonte importante per la storia dei rapporti economici
fra la Serbia e Venezia (comprese le città marchigane), 157–168 (ʋ 81); II
Les villes et la culture urbaine: 12. Janjevo dans la Serbie médiévale, 171–
182 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 11; ʋ 7/1); 13. Priština au Moyen Âge, 183–222
(ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 36; ʋ 7/4); 14. L'image de Belgrade dans les oeuvres des
contemporains (1403–1521), 223–230 (ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/12); 15. Smedere-
vo: un centre économique, 231–237 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 89); 16. La
bibliothèque de Nikola de Kotor (Cattaro), chancelier à la cour des despotes
serbes, 241–244 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ʋ 31; ʋ 7/20); 17. Srebrenica médiévale,
XIVe – XVe siècles, 245–264 (ɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ʋ 8); 18. Le rôle de la
réglementation dans la formation de nouvelles villes dans la Serbie et la
Bosnie du XIVe au XVe siècle, 265–276 (ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ
ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ Ɇɚɞɪɢɞɭ, 1990; ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ
ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ); 19. Relazioni fra i centri minerali e le campagne in Serbia e in
Bosnia nel medioevo, 277–282 (ʋ 48; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/23); 20. La destruc-
tion des villes serbes au XVe siècle, 283–291 (ʋ 69; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/24);
21. Les villes médiévales de Serbie et de Bosnie avant et après l'instauration
du pouvoir ottoman, 293–304 (ʋ 56; ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/11); Annexes, 305–
312; Index des noms de personnes, 321–328; Index géographique et ethni-
que, 329–335.
ISBN 978-86-17-18055-1
42
ɋɌɍȾɂȳȿ ɂ ɑɅȺɇɐɂ
1952.
10. Ƚɞjɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-

ɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 4 (1952)
269–276. ISSN 0350–1981.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–
XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2007,
439–447.
11. Ɉ ȳɚʃɟɜɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ1–4 (1952) 121–126. ISSN 0021–2644.
13–23.
ɉɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine
XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
de livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 171–182.
1954.
12. Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-

ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 6 (1954) 229–248. ISSN 0350–1981.
13. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢ Ʌɭɤɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟ-

ɜɢʄ // Historijski pregled 1–1 (Zagreb 1954) 46–48.
1959.
14. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-

ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 10 (1959) 279–295. ISSN 0350–1981.
Résumé: Apport à l'étude de l'artisanat dans la Bosnie médiévale.
353–369.
43
1960.
15. Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie médiévales: Les mines d'or et d'argent

/ Desanka Kovaþeviü // Annales: Économies Sociétés Civilisations 15–2
(Paris 1960) 248–258. ISSN 1774–2234.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urba-
ine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
1961.
16. Prilog pitanju ranih bosansko-turskih odnosa / Desanka Kovaþeviü

// Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 11 (1960) [1961], 257–
263. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Ein Beitrag zur Frage der frühen bosnisch-türki-
schen Beziehungen.
1963.
17. Žore Bokšiü, dubrovaþki trgovac i protovestijar bosanskih kraljeva

/ Desanka Kovaþeviü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine
13 (1963) 289–310. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Žore Bokšiü ein Handelsmann aus Dubrovnik und
Provestijar der bosnichen Könige.
18. ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɤɚɬɭɧɢ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // ɋɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɭɧɭ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧ 24. ɢ 25.
ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1961. ɝ. / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɋ. Ɏɢɥɢɩɨɜɢʄ. ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: ɇɚɭɱɧɨ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɋɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 1963, 121–140. (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ /
ɇɚɭɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɋɊ Ȼɢɏ; 2. Ɉɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ;
1).
Zusammenfassung: Die mittelalterlichen Katune nach den Quellen des
Archivs in Dubrovnik.
1964.
19. ɉɚɞ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ-

ɦɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪ-
ɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 14 (1963) [1964], 205–220. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Der Fall des bosnischen Staates im Lichte der
dubrovniker Quellen.
44
20. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-
ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ 8–2 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964)
525–532 (ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄɚ). ISSN 0352–5546.
Résumé: Contribution aux recherches concernant l'artisanat à Novo
Brdo et ses environs.
371–380.
1966.
21. Dubrovþani zanatlije u srednjovjekovnoj Srebrenici / Desanka Ko-

vaþeviü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 15 (1964)
[1966], 25–45. ISSN 0350–1981.
Zusammenfassung: Die ragusaner Gewerbeitreibenden im mittelalter-
lichen Srebrenica.
381–403.
1967.
22. Zvornik (Zvonik) u srednjem vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Go-

dišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 16 (1967) 15–35. ISSN
0350–1981.
Résumé: Zvornik (Zvonik) au Moyen Âge.
25–43.
1970.
23. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ //

Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ 1862–1867. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ
ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɟ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɟ 100-ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ
ȼɚɫɚ ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 1970,
103–120.
Résumé: Colonie ragusaine à Smederevo à l'époque du despotat.
45
253–275.
24. Zdravstvene prilike u srednjovjekovnoj bosanskoj državi / Desan-

ka Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Sima ûirkoviü // Acta historica medicinae, pharmaciae,
veterinae 10–2 (1970) 93–98. ISSN 0352–7778.
[Résumé:] Conditions médicales dans l'état bosnique du Moyen Age.
219–224.
25. Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ 11–1 (Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1970) 353–362 (ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ ȳɨɪʁɚ Ɍɚɞɢʄɚ). ISSN 0352–5546.
Résumé: Du marché médiévale sur la place de Sarajevo d'aujord'hui.
45–55.
26. Le rôle de l'industrie minière dans le développement des centres

économiques en Serbie et en Bosnie, pendant la première moitié du XVe siècle /
Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Studia balcanica 3 (Sofia 1970) 133–138.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbai-
ne XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
27. Uloga rudarstva u privrednom razvoju gradskih naselja Srbije i

Bosne tokom prve polovine XV vijeka / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Godi-
šnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 18 (1970) 257–263. ISSN
0350–1981.
319–327.
1971.
28. Ɉ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɛ-

ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 18 (1971)
143–153. ISSN 0350–0802.
46
Zusammenfassung: Wachsausfuhr über Dubrovnik aus Bosnien und
Serbien im Mittelalter.
29. O knezovima u gradskim naseljima srednjovjekovne Bosne /

Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta 6 (Sarajevo 1971)
333–345. ISSN 0581–7447.
Résumé: Les knez (comites) dans les agglomérations urbaines de la
Bosnie médiévale.
277–291.
1972.
30. Le développement économique des agglomérations urbaines sur le

territoire actuel de la Yugoslavie du XIIIe au XVe siècle / Desanka Kovaþe-
viü Kojiü // Actes du IIe congrès international des études du sud-est euro-
péen: (Athènes, 7–13 mai 1970) 2: Histoire. Athènes: Association interna-
tionale des études du sud-est européen, 1972, 167–176.
ɉɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV
ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2007,
329–336.
31. Ɉ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ

ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta 7 (Sa-
rajevo 1972) 415–419 (Spomenica Salka Nazeþiüa). ISSN 0581–7447.
Résumé: La bibliothèque de Nikola de Kotor, chancelier à la cour des
despotes serbes.
311–315.
XIV –XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
e
1973.
32. Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XII ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ = Kosova nga

gjysma e shekullit XII gjer në gjysmën e shekullit XV / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ: ɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ = Kosova: dikur e sot / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ
Ɇɚɥɟɬɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɇɂɉ Ȼɨɪɛɚ. ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 1973, 109–128.
47
33. Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɤɚɬɭɧɚɪɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɭ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɭ /
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 19 (1973) 229–233. ISSN 0350–1981.
Résumé: Promesses de fidélité de deux chefs des Valaques au duc
Sandalj Hraniü.
1974.
34. Ⱥɧɬɨ Ȼɚɛɢʄ: in memoriam / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨ-

ɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ 1–2 (1974) 179–180.
35. La laine dans l'exportation des matières premières de la Bosnie

médiévale / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // La lana come materia prima: i fe-
nomeni della sua produzione e circolazione nei secoli XIII–XVII: atti della
"prima Settimana di studio" (18–24 aprile 1969) / a cura di Marco Spallan-
zani. Firenze: Leo S. Olschki, 1974, 289–290. (Pubblicazioni; Serie 1. Do-
cumenti).
1975.
36. ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫ-

ɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 22 (1975) 45–74. ISSN 0350–0802.
Résumé: Priština au Moyen Age.
57–91.
XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
1976.
37. Ɉ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 21–27
(1976) 29–36. ISSN 0350–1981.
Rezime: Sur l'agglomération Drijeva et sa position.
93–101.
48
1979.
38. Dubrovaþki arhiv kao izvor za istoriju srednjovjekovne bosanske

države, Zbornik Historijskog arhiva u Dubrovniku / Desanka Kovaþeviü
Kojiü // Arhivist 29/1–2 (Beograd 1979) 69–73. ISSN 0350–2856.
Résumé: Les Archives de Dubrovnik en source historique de l'état de
Bosnie au Moyen Âge.
1981.
39. Arhivsko-istorijska istraživanja Gornjeg Podrinja / Desanka Kovaþe-

viü Kojiü // Naše starine 14–15 (Sarajevo 1981) 109–125. ISSN 0547–3136.
Rad na projektu „Drina u doba Kosaþa” autora Desanke Kovaþeviü
Kojiü, Vlajka Palavestre i Zdravka Kajmakoviüa.
1982.
40. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ʉʃ. 2, Ⱦɨɛɚ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɛ-

ɧɨɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1371–1537) / ɧɚɩɢɫɚɥɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢ-
ɯɚʂɱɢʄ, ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ... Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ. – Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩ-
ɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ, 1982. – 597 ɫɬɪ., [134] ɫɬɪ. ɫ ɬɚɛɥɚɦɚ; 23 cm.
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ:] ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ,
100–108; ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɦɚʁɞɚɧ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ, 268–277.
2. ɢɡɞ. 1994.
ISBN 86-379-0477-7
3. ɢɡɞ. 2000.
ISBN 86-379-0717-2
XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de
livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 39–55.
1983.
41. L'économie naturelle et la production marchande aux XIIIe – XVe

siècles dans les regions actuelles de la Yougoslavie / Sima ûirkoviü, Desan-
ka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Balcanica 13–14 (1982/83) 45–56. ISSN 0350–7653.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urba-
ine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
42. Srednji vijek / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Savjetovanje o istorio-

grafiji Bosne i Hercegovine: (1945–1982) [Sarajevo, 11. i 12. II 1982] /
49
urednik Nedim Filipoviü. Sarajevo: Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i
Hercegovine, 1983, 31–36. (Posebna izdanja / ANU BiH; 65. Odjeljenje
društvenih nauka; 12).
43. Ɉ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ 34 (1983) 113–122. ISSN 0350–1981.
Résumé: De l'industrie minière dans la Bosnie médiévale.
44. Uþešüe Vlaha u trgovinskoj razmjeni tokom XIV i XV vijeka //

Radovi / Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Odjeljenje
društvenih nauka 73–22 (1983) 79–84. ISSN 0350–0020.
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɦɩɨɡɢʁɭɦɚ „ȼɥɚɫɢ ɭ XV ɢ XVI ɜɢʁɟɤɭ”, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ
ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, 13–16. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1973.
1984.
45. Ekonomske veze i kulturni uticaji izmeÿu bosanske države i tali-

janskih gradova u XIV i XV vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Godišnjak
Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 35 (1984) 35–44. ISSN 0350–1981.
[Riasunto:] Legami economici e influssi culturali fra lo stato bosniaco
e le città italiane nel XIV e nel XV secolo.
1986.
46. Gradovi. Bosna i Hercegovina: srednjovjekovna država / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Enciklopedija Jugoslavije 4. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski lek-
sikografski zavod „Miroslav Krleža”, 1986, 507–508.
179–181.
47. ɉɪɢɦʁɟɛɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬ „ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ” / Ⱦɟ-

ɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ. ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ 21–22 (ɋɚɪɚ-
ʁɟɜɨ 1986) 261– 262. ISSN 0350–1159.
Ⱦɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɚ ɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɭ „ɋɊ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ” ɢɡ II ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ, Ɂɚɝɪɟɛ 1983,
ɜɨɻɟɧɚ 29. ɦɚʁɚ 1984. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
48. Relazioni fra i centri minerali e le campagne in Serbia e in Bosnia

nel medioevo / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Storia della città: Rivista inter-
nazionale di storia urbana e territoriale 36 (Roma 1986) 91–94.
50
[Summary:] Relation between mining centers and rural areas in Serbia
and Bosnia during the Middle Ages. [Résumé:] Relationes entre les centres
miniers et les campagnes en Serbie et en Bosnie médievale. [Zusammen-
fassung:] Bezihungen zwischen den Bergwerksgebieten und den Land ge-
bieten in Serbien und Bosnien im Mitelalter. [Resumen:] Relaciones entre
los centros mineros y los campos en la Serbia y en la Bosnia medioevales.
337–341.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine
XIV –XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de
e
1987.
49. Ɉ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ ɢɡ 1477. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ /

Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȼɚɫɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 38 (1987) 123–127. ISSN 0350–1981.
50. Fojnica u srednjem vijeku. – Fojnica: Skupština opštine; Sarajevo:

„Veselin Masleša”, 1987. – 534 str.; 29 cm.
[Poglavlje:] Fojnica u srednjem vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü, 35–61.
[Summary:] Fojnica in Middle Ages.
ISBN 86-21-00183-7
103–139.
1988.
51. Dvojno knjigovodstvo u Dubrovniku i Benko Kotruljeviü / Desan-
ka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara Bosne i Hercegovine 39
(1984) 57–64 (Ekmeþiüev zbornik). ISSN 0350–1981.
52. Humska zemlja / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Ante Babiü // Encik-
lopedija Jugoslavije 5. Zagreb: Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod „Miro-
slav Krleža”, 1988, 466–467.
1989.
53. Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɉɫɚɦɫɬɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɧɚ Ʉɭɥɢɧɚ:
1189–1989. / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ⱥɫɢɦ ɉɟɰɨ. ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬ-
51
ɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 1989, 37–44. (ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ / Ⱥɇɍ Ȼɢɏ;
90. Ɉɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ; 23).
Summary: The Charter of Kulin Ban and the Relations between Bos-
nia and Dubrovnik.
ISBN 86-7123-025-2
54. O uþešüu bosanskog odreda u Kosovskoj bici: [obilježavanje 600

godina Kosovske bitke] / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Naši dani: list Saveza
socijalistiþke omladine BiH (Sarajevo). 36–970. Nova serija 40 (23. jun
1989) 42.
1990.
55. Il commercio raguseo di terraferma nel Medio Evo / Desanka Ko-

vaþeviü Kojiü // Ragusa e il Mediterraneo: ruolo e funzioni di una Republli-
ca marinara tra Medioevo ed Età moderna: Atti del Convegno internazionale
di studi su Ragusa e il Mediterraneo, ruolo e funzioni di una repubblica ma-
rinara tra Medioevo ed éta moderna, Bari, 21–22 ottobre 1988 / a cura di
Antonio Di Vittorio. Bari: Caccudi editore, 1990, 61–78.
1991.
56. Les villes médiévales de Serbie et de Bosnie avant et après l'insta-

uration du pouvoir ottoman / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // La culture urbaine
des Balkans (XVe – XIXe siècles) 3: La ville dans les Balkans dépuis la fin
du Moyen Age jusqu'au debut du XXe siècle: recueil d'études. Belgrade:
Paris: Institut des études balkaniques, 1991, 9–16. (Editions speciales / Insti-
tut des études balkaniques. Académie serbe des sciences et des arts; 46).
Rezime: Gradovi srednjovjekovne Srbije i Bosne prije i poslije uspos-
tavljanja otomanske vlasti.
ISBN 86-7179-010-X
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ,
ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, 5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1999.
183–191.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie ur-
baine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe
d'édition de livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 293–304.
52
1992.
57. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ (XII–XVIII ɜɟɤ) / ɭɪɟɞ-
ɧɢɰɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɤɚ Ʉɚɥɢʄ, Ɇɢɥɨɫɚɜ ɑɨɥɨɜɢʄ. ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ: Ɇɭɡɟʁ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ;
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ, 1992, 35–49.
Résumé: La structure sociale dans les villes minières.
293–309.
1994.
58. ɂɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ȼɚʂɟɜɨ – ɩɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɫɟ-
ɞɢɲɬɚ: ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɲɟɫɬ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢ-
ʁɟɝ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ȼɚʂɟɜɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ 8–10. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ
1993. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ȼɚʂɟɜɭ / ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ. ȼɚʂɟɜɨ: ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɭɡɟʁ; Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ, 1994, 122–132. (ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ; 7).
405–416.
1995.
59. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ

ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ: ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ: ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩ, 13–15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ 1994. / ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɤɨ Ɍɟɪɡɢʄ. Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɱ, 1995, 149–
158. (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; 12).
Summary: Local Population – Citizens of Dubrovnik in Medieval
Bosnian Towns.
ISBN 86-7743-007-5
417–427.
60. ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ƚɥɚɜɢʄ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɀɢɜɨɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɭ Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ

ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨ-
ɩɢɫ 40–41(1995) 5–18. ISSN 0350–0802.
53
Summary: Nikola Tvrtka Glaviü and Nikola Živolinoviü in the Acco-
unt Books of the Kabužiü Brothers.
61. Ɉ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧ-

ɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. ISSN
0354–9461. 1. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 1995, 57–
65.
[Summary:] Domestik Merchants in Medieval Srebrenica.
429–438.
62. Franjevci u gradskim naseljima srednjovjekovne Bosne / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Radovi Hrvatskog društva za znanost i umjetnost 3 (Sa-
rajevo 1995) 33–44. ISSN 1330–2922.
237–252.
1996.
63. ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢ-

ʁɟɤ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ: ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩ, 13–15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1995. / ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɤɨ Ɍɟɪɡɢʄ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɉɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɪɟɱ,
1996, 165–173. (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ; 13).
Summary: Serbian Silver and Gold in European Production (14th–15th
Centuries).
ISBN 86-7743-009-1
1997.
64. ɑɪɟɦɨɲɧɢɤ, Ƚɪɟɝɨɪ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ȿɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟ-
ɞɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ / ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂ-
ɱɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Knowledge, 1997, 713.
ISBN 86-80269-35-2
1998.
65. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ: ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟ-

ɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ: (ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɛɟɫɟɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɋȺ-
54
ɇɍ 31. ɦɚʁɚ 1995. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɥɚɫ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟ-
ʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 384–10 (1998) 33–42. ISSN 0351–4765.
Résumé: Les livres de commerce des frères Kabužiü – source pour
l'étude de l'économie de l'état médiéval Serbe.
XIV –XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition
e
1999.
66. Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ / ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ,

Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Knowledge, 1997. – XI, 832 ɫɬɪ.; 29 cm.
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ:] Ƚɨɫɬɢɨɧɢɰɚ, 122;
Ʉɚɬɭɧ, 286–287; Ʉɚɬɭɧɚɪ, 287; Ʉɪɟɞɢɬ, 326–326; Ʌɟɩɪɚ (ɝɭɛɚ, ɩɪɨɤɚɡɚ),
366; Ʌɟɩɪɨɡɨɪɢʁ, 366–367; ɉɨɞɝɪɚɻɟ (suburbium), 534–535; ɋɬɚɧ (alber-
go), 696; ɋɬɚʃɚɧɢɧ (albergar), 699; Ɍɪɝ, 737–739.
ISBN 86-83233-01-4
67. Les marchands, précurceurs des organisations catholiques dans les

Balkans du XIIIe au XVe siècle / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Actes de la
Conférence "Le Sud–Est europeén, carrefour de civilisations" (Siège de
l'UNESCO, Paris, 9 et 10 février 1998) / éd. Rӽzvan Theodorescu. Bucureú-
ti: Editura Encicopedica, 1999, 75–81. (Bulletin. Association internationale
d'études du Sud – Est européen. 28 (1998–1999)).
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie
urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe
ɇɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 7/15 ɢ 79.
68. O rudarskoj proizvodnji u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni / Desanka Ko-
vaþeviü Kojiü // Radovi sa simpozijuma Rudarstvo i metalurgija Bosne i
Hercegovine od prahistorije do poþetka XX vijeka, [Zenica, 8–11. XI.
1973.]. Zenica: Muzej grada Zenice, 1999, 177–183.
Résumé: La production minière en Bosnie médiévale.
ISBN 9958-9413-0-9
2000.
69. La destruction des villes serbes au XVe siècle / Desanka Kovaþe-

viü Kojiü // Stadtzerstörung und Wiederaufbau: Zerstörung durch die Stadt-
herrschaft, innere Unruhen und Kriege = Destruction and Reconstruction of
Towns: Destruction by the 71. Lord's Power, Internal Troubles and Wars =
55
Destruction et reconstruction des villes: Destruction par le pouvoir seigne-
urial, les troubles internes et les guerres. 2 / M. Körner Hrsg./Ed.; N. Bartlo-
me, E. Flückiger Redaktion. Bern: Stuttgart: Wienn: Paul Haupt, 2000, 179–
188.
ISBN-10 3258061416
ISBN-13 978-3258061412
343–349.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie ur-
baine XIVe–XVe siècles / D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe
70. Prilog o historiografiji srednjovjekovne Bosne i Hercegovine / An-

to Babiü, Desanka Kovaþeviü // Most: þasopis za obrazovanje, nauku i kul-
turu 26–131 (42 – nova serija) (Mostar, oktobar/listopad 2000).
Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ: http://www.most.ba/042/073.htm
71. Ɋɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ: Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɞɚɥɦɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɢɡ-

ɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ: [ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ] / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ //
Ⱦɚɧ 2–391 (ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ, 16. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 2000) 10–11. ISSN 1450–7943.
2001.
72. ɉʂɟɜʂɚ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ ɢ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧ-

ɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ɂɚɜɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ 2 (ɉʂɟɜʂɚ 2001) 21–
26. ISSN 1450–8559.
Summary: Pljevlja in the Process of Urbanization of the Regions of
Polimlje and Upper Podrinje.
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ „Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ
ɩʂɟɜɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ: ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ”, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ
ɉʂɟɜʂɢɦɚ, 17–19. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2000.
141–146.
2002.
73. ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɪɩɫɤɚ

ɩɪɨɡɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ: Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ / ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄɟɜɢ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɡ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɰɚ ɭ Ȼɢɥɟʄɢ, ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ ɭ Ƚɚɰɤɭ; [ɩɪɢɪɟɻɢɜɚɱ
56
Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ Ȼɪɚɬɢʄ]. Ȼɢɥɟʄɚ: ɉɪɨɫɜʁɟɬɚ; Ƚɚɰɤɨ: ɉɪɨɫɜʁɟɬɚ; Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ɏɨɧɞ
„ɋɜɟɬɨɡɚɪ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ”, 2002, 363–377.
ISBN 99938-621-2-6
147–159.
2003.
74. Ȼɨɪɚɱ – ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨ-

ʁɢʄ // Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ: ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ: ɡɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ, 27–29. ʁɭɧɚ 2002. Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ;
ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ,
2003, 47–64. (ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ / ȺɇɍɊɋ; 5. Ɉɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭ-
ɤɚ; 7).
Summary: Boraþ – Center of the Land of Pavloviü's.
ISBN 99938-631-1-4
161–177.
2004.
75. Les métaux précieux de Serbie et de Bosnie: Estimation de la pro-

duction (XIVe – XVe siècle) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Der Tiroler Berg-
bau und die Depression der europäischen Montanwirtschaft im 14. und 15.
Jahrhundert: Akten der internationalen bergbaugeschtlichen Tagung Stein-
haus / herausgegeben von Rudolf Tasser und Ekkehard Westermann. Inns-
bruck: Wien: München: Bozen: Studien Verlag, 2004, 87–93.
ISBN–10 3706518872
ISBN–13 978-3706518871
76. Les métaux précieux de Serbie et le marché européen (XIVe – XVe

siécles) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 41 (2004) 191–203. ISSN 0584–9888.
[Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ:] ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ
(XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ).
57
77. ɉɢɫɦɨ Ȼɚɪɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ Ɂɨɩɢʁɚ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɪɞɨɜɢɧɢʁɚ ɛɪɚʄɢ

Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɭ ɉɟɡɚɪɭ 26. ʁɭɥɚ 1426. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ //
Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ (Miscellanea), ɤʃ. 22. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ,
2004, 111–116. ISSN 0350–5650.
2005.
78. ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ: (1352–1460) /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɢʄɚ / ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ
Ɋɚɞɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ. Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ, 2005, 79–98.
Résumé: Aspect de Srebrenica dans les sources ragusaines (1351–
1460).
ISBN 99938-631-6-5
203–218.
79. Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ

Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ: (XIII–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
16 (ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2005) 103–112. ISSN 0350–2112.
Summary: Merchants as Forerunners of Catholic Church Organiza-
tions in the Balkans (XIII–XV Century).
225–235.
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ „Les marchands, précurceurs des organisations catho-
liques dans les Balkans du XIIIe au XVe siècle”. ȼɢɞ. ʋ 9/8 ɢ 67.
80. Les Catalans dans les affaires de la compagnie Caboga: (1426–

1433) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Acta Historica et Archaeologica Media-
evalia 26 (Barcelona 2005) 759–766. (Homenatge a la professora Dra Car-
men Batlle I Gallart) ISSN 0212–2960.
ɇɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʋ 83.
58
2006.
81. I libri contabili dei fratelli Caboga (Kabužiü) (1426–1433) fonte

importante per la storia dei rapporti economici fra la Serbia e Venezia (compre-
se le città marchigiane) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Ƚɥɚɫ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 404–13 (2006) 107–118. ISSN 0351–4765.
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ: Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga) (1426–1433)
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ȼɟɧɟ-
ɰɢʁɟ (ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ Ɇɚɪɤɟ).
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ „Serbia e Italia nel medioevo (sec. X–
e
XV )” („ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ (X–XV ɜɟɤ)”), ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, 18–20. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2001.
ɉɪɟɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ: La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine
82. Poslovne knjige dubrovaþkih trgovaca (XV vijek) / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Med srednjo Evropo in Sredozemljem: Vojetov zbornik /
uredio Saso Jerse. Ljubljana: Zgodovinski inštitut Milka Kosa ZRC SAZU:
Odelek za zgodovino Filozofske fakultete, 2006, 451–461.
[Summary:] Business Books of the Merchants of 15th-Century
Dubrovnik. ISBN 978-961-6568-3
2008.
83. Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga) 1426–1433 /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 56 (2008) 39–48. ISSN
0350–0802.
Summary: Catalans in the Caboga (Kabužiü) Brothers' Business
(1426–1433).
ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ „Les Catalans dans les affaires de la compagnie Caboga:
(1426–1433)”. ȼɢɞ. ʋ 9/10 ɢ 80.
84. Poslovne knjige dubrovaþkih trgovaca (XV stoljeüa) / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Raþunovodstvo, revizija i financije 18–8 (Zagreb 2008)
155–159. ISSN 0353–8087.
2009.
85. La Serbie dans l’économie de Venise au XVème siècle / Desanka

Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Balcani occidentali, Adriatico e Venezia fra XIII e XVIII
59
secolo = Der westliche Balkan, der Adriaraum und Venedig (13–18. Jahr-
hundert) / a cura di / herausgegeben von Gherardo Ortalli e / und Oliver Jens
Schmitt. Venezia: Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
2009, 39–52. (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften Philosophisch-
historische Klasse. Istituto Veneto di Scienze Lettere ed Arti. Schrifthen der
Balkan-Kommission; 50).
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, 25–29. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 2006.
ISBN 978-3-7001-6501-9
ISBN 978-3-7001-6718-1
2010.
86. Pliko srebro iz Srednje Bosne u trgovaþkim knjigama braüe Kabu-

žiü (1426–1433) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Spomenica akademika Mar-
ka Šunjiüa: (1927–1998). Sarajevo: Filozofski fakultet, 2010, 59–68.
Summary: Auriferous Silver from Central Bosnia in the Accounting
Records of the Kabužiü (Caboga) Brothers (1426–1433).
ISBN 978-9958-625-14-5
2011.
87. ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚ-
ɤɚ: ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ / [ɭɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚ-
ɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɪɤɨ Ⱥɬɥɚɝɢʄ, Ⱦɚɥɢɛɨɪ ȿɥɟɡɨɜɢʄ]. Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ:
Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, 2011, 235–241.
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧ-
ɨɝ ɭ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨʁ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɢ, 6–8. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 2011.
ISBN 978-86-80273-68-6
88. ɉɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɨʁɟɧɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ /

Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɚ / Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩ ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ Ȼɨɝɭɦɢɥɚ ɏɪɚɛɚɤɚ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ,
6–8. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 2011; [ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪ] ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ; [ɭɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɢʄ] = Book of
Abstracts / International Scientific Conference Life and Work of Academi-
cian Bogumil Hrabak, Kosovska Mitrovica, October 6–8, 2011; [organizer]
60
University of Pristhina, Faculty of Philosophy; [editors Dragi Malikovic,
Dragana Spasic]. Kosovska Mitrovica: Faculty of Philosophy, University of
Pristhina, 2011, 41–42.
ISBN: 978-86-80273-64-8
89. ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ //

ɉɚɞ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ
ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ 12–14. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 2009. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ / ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ.
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 2011, 257–262. (ɇɚɭɱɧɢ
ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ / ɋȺɇɍ; 134. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ; 32).
Summary: Smederevo as a Centre of Trade.
ISBN 978–86–7025–543–2
90. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ (XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ɋɢɦɟ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ / ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ
ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɭɞɢʄ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, 2011, 15–27.
(Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ / ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ; 25).
Résumé: La Serbie dans l'économie de Venise au XVéme siècle.
ISBN 978–86–7743–091–7
91. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨɩɟɞɢʁɚ. Ɍɨɦ I, ɤʃ. 2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – Ȼɭɲɬɪɚʃɟ. –
ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ; Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋȺɇɍ: Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ, 2011. –
690 ɫɬɪ.; 31 cm.
[Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ:] Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ, 243;
Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ, ɤɟɮɚɥɢʁɚ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɟ / Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ, 492.
ISBN: 978–86–7946–097–4
2012.
92. L’image de Belgrade dans les œuvres des contemporains (1403–

1521) / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Bild und Wahrnehmung der Stadt /
herausgegeben von Peter Johanek). Wien: Köln: Weimar: Böhlau Verlag,
2012, 99–104. (Städteforschung Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für ver-
gleichende Städtegeschichte in Münster. Reihe A: Darstellungen; 63).
English Summary.
ISBN 978-3-412-20595-9
61
93. Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɭ: ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɋɪɟɛ-
ɪɟɧɢɰɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ƚɥɚɫ / ɋȺɇɍ. Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 420–16 (2012) 139–146. ISSN 0351–4765.
Summary: Relationship between Town and Village in XV Century on
the Examples of Novo Brdo and Srebrenica.
2013.
94. O ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɞɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-

ɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 50–2 (2013) 853–861 (Mélanges Ljubomir Maksimo-
viü) ISSN 0584–9888.
Summary: About the Composition and Processing of Precious Metals
from the Serbian Medieval Mines.
2014.
95. On the Composition and Processing of Precious Metals from the

Serbian Medieval Mines // Balcanica 45 (2014) 97–106. ISSN 0350–7653.
OɋȼɊɌɂ, ɄɊɂɌɂɄȿ, ɉɊɂɄȺɁɂ
1952.
96. Ⱦɪ. ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ɋɢɦɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɟɨ-

ɝɪɚɞ 1951 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 4 (1952) 301–304. ISSN 0350–1981.
1954.
97. Ⱥɧɚɥɢ ɏɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-

ɱɟɜɢʄ // ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ 10 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1954).
1956.
98. Ⱥɧɪɢ ɉɢɪɟɧ (Henri Pirenne), ɉɨɜɢʁɟɫɬ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 8
(1956) 350–351. ISSN 0350–1981.
62
1962.
99. B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant au Moyen Age, École

Pratique des Hautes Études – Sorbonne VIe section, Mounton et Co. la
Haye, Paris 1961, str. 440. / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Jugoslovenski istorijski
þasopis 1 (1962) 90–95. ISSN 0350–2902.
1963.
100. M. Diniü, Za istoriju rudarstva u srednjevekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni I,

posebno izdanje SAN, Beograd 1955, 109; Za istoriju rudarstva u srednjo-
vekovnoj Srbiji i Bosni II, posebno izdanje SAN, Beograd 1962, str. 109 /
Desanka Kovaþeviü // Jugoslovenski istorijski þasopis 2 (1963) 104–108.
ISSN 0350–2902.
101. M. Diniü, Iz Dubrovaþkog arhiva, knj. I, Posebno izdanje SAN,

Beograd, 1957, 114. / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Godišnjak Društva istoriþara
Bosne i Hercegovine 13 (1963) 389–391. ISSN 0350–1981.
1964.
102. ɀ. Ʉɚɥɦɟɬ, Ɏɟɭɞɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1964, 182 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 14
(1964) 292–293. ISSN 0350–1981.
103. Tadeusz Rosáanowski, Recherches sur la vie urbaine et en particulier
sur le patricia dans les villes de la moyenne Rhénanie septentrionale (Fin du XI –
début du XIV siècles), Instytut historii kultury materijalnej polskiej Akademii
Nauk, Warszawa 1964, 137 / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ // Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 14 (1964) 295–296. ISSN 0350–1981.
1968.
104. Sima ûirkoviü, Herceg Stefan Vukþiü Kosaþa i njegovo doba,

Posebno izdanje SAN, Beograd 1964, 309 / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü //
Jugoslovenski istorijski þasopis 7/1–2 (1968) 121–123. ISSN 0350–2902.
1969.
105. Jovanka Kaliü Mijuškoviü, Beograd u srednjem veku, SKZ. Beo-

grad 1967, 503 / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Jugoslovenski istorijski þaso-
pis 8/1–2 (1969) 240–243. ISSN 0350–2902.
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106. Ĉuro Tošiü, Trg Drijeva u srednjem vijeku. Veselin Masleša,

Sarajevo, 1987, 324. / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü // Prilozi. Institut za istori-
ju 22–23 (Sarajevo 1987) 227–229. ISSN 0350–1159.
1997.
107. ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɂɞɟɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995,

271 // ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 42–43 (1997) 423–427. ISSN 0350–0802.
2014.
108. La Serbie et les pays serbes: l'économie urbaine: XIVe–XVe

siècles / Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü. – Belgrade: Maison serbe d'édition de
livres scolaires: ASSA, Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012 // Ɍɪɢɛɢɧɚ
Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɋȺɇɍ 2–2 (2014) 86–88. ISSN 2335–0121.
Ɋɟɱ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɨɰɢʁɢ ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɭ, 28. ɦɚʁɚ 2013.
ɋɥɚɜɢɰɚ Ɇɟɪɟɧɢɤ
64
ɊȺȾɈȼɂ ɉɈɋȼȿȶȿɇɂ
65
66
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ

ɍȾɄ 347.746(497.11)“04/15“ DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15003
ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇȿ Ɇȿɇɂɐȿ ɍ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄɍ ɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ.

ɉɊȺȼɈ ɂ ȿɄɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ. ɉɊɈɉɂɋɂ ɂ ɉɊȺɄɋȺ Ɉ ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺȵɍ
ɆȿɇɂɐȺɆȺ ɍ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄɍ ɂ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ 15. ȼȿɄȺ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ

ɋȺɇɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɍ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁ-

ɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚʃɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɚ („lettera di cambio”) ɩɨɧɢɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɥɟ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɟ
ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ: ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɭ ɜɚɥɭɬɟ ɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɧɨ-
ɫɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɤɨɩɱɚɧɨ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɪɢ-
ɡɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɭ 14. ɢ 15. ɜɟɤɭ ɧɚɲɥɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɚ Ȼɟɧɤɨ
Ʉɨɬɭʂɟɜɢʄ, ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ 15.
ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɞɟɥɭ Ɉ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ
ɝɥɚɜɭ. ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢ, ɩɨɫɥɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɟʄ
ɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɤɪɟɞɢɬ, ɦɟɧɢɰɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭ-
ʂɟɜɢʄ, ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚ, ɜɚɥɭɬɚ, ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ.
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɛɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞ-

ɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɫɪɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɚɪ-
ɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɧɢɯ
ɩɚɩɢɪɚ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ. ɍ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɨɦ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɡɚ Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ʁɨʁ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɚɠɟɦ ɪɚɞ ɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɭ
ɦɟɧɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɥɚ ɞɚʂɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ. ɉɨɞ
ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɚ. ɉɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ „ɋɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ”, ɋȺɇɍ, Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ XVI, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2009, 165–178. ɍ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɨ-
67
Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ
ɜɥɚɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɡɚ

ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɭ.1 Ⱦɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɥɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɜɟɬɭ ɦɚɥɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ. ɍ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ, ɜɟɤɭ ɧɨɜɚɰ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚɧ ɭɡ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪ, ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ ɨɞ 10 ɞɨ 15%, ɚ ɭ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɢ ɱɚɤ ɭɡ 25 ɞɨ 30%.2 ɍ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɞɚɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɚɦ ɭɡ ɡɚɪɚɞɭ ɨɞ 10 ɞɨ 12%.3 ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɫ-
ɤɭɞɢɰɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ, ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɲɬɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ,
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɨɛɧɢ ɢ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧ Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟ-
ɜɢʄ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ 15. ɜɟɤɭ ɭ
ɫɜɨɦɟ ɞɟɥɭ Ɉ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɭ: „ɧɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ
ɦɟɻɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ, ɩɪɨɩɚɥɚ ɛɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɚ, ɬɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɚɰɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ” ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɪɨɛɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ.4
ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɚ
(„lettera di cambio”) ɩɨɧɢɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ (Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟ-
ɜɢʄ), ɭ 13. ɜɟɤɭ, ɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɭ 14. ɜɟɤɭ.5 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „Ɇɟɧɢɰɟ (‫ތ‬litterae cambii‫ )ތ‬ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢɡ-
ɪɟɤɨɦ ɬɟɤ ɨɞ 1398, ɭ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɫ ɞɨʃɨɦ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɨɦ, ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ”,
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ 14. ɜɟ-
ɤɚ. Ʉɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢɦɚ, ɚ 1368. ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɦɟ-
ɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ.6 Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂ-
ɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɢ, ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɡ-

1
H. Perenne, Histoire économique de l'occident médieval, Brugges 1951, 106.
2
Cl. Carrère, Barcelone, centre économique à l'époque des difficulté, 1380–1462, Paris –
La Haye, 1967, 845; A. Sapori, I mutui dei mercanti fiorentini del Trecento a l'incremento della
proprietà fondiarioa, Studi di Storia economica medievale, Firenze 1940, 49.
3
I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina u srednjovjekovnom Dubrovniku, Sarajevo 1976, 170.
4
Benedetto Cotrugli Raguseo, Il libro dell'arte di mercatura, a cura di Ugo Tucci,
Venezia 1990 (ɞɚʂɟ: U. Tucci) 150; O trgovini i o savršenom trgovcu þetiri knjige Gospara
Bene Kotruljeviüa, Dubrovþanina, (preveo Ž. Muljaþiü, pogovor A. Runjiü), Dubrovnik 1989
(ɞɚʂɟ: Ž. Muljaþiü) 118–119; M. Zebiü, Život i rad Dubrovþanina Benka Kotruljiüa i njegov
spis o trgovini i o savršenom trgovcu (ɞɚʂɟ: M. Zebiü), Titograd 1963, 130. ɍɩ. M. ȼɭʁɢʄ,
ɉɪɜɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧɚ Ȼɟɧɤɚ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɢʄɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ CKA, 80 (1909)
25–124; D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Dvojno knjigovodstvo u Dubrovniku i Benko Kotruljeviü, Go-
dišnjak DI BiH, 30 (1988) 57–64; M. Spremiü, Benedetto de Cotrugli, un Raguseo del secolo
XV: mentalità e potere, Forme e tecniche del potere nella città (secoli XIV–XVII), Annali
della Facoltà di Scienze Politiche, a.a. 1979–1980, 16, Materiali di Storia 4, Perugia 1981,
190–199. Ɉ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɢɡɞɚʃɢɦɚ Ȼɟɧɤɨɜɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ: Raþunovodstvo, revizija i finansije 8,
Zagreb 2008, 154–155. Ɉ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ Ȼɟɧɤɚ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄɚ: Dub-
rovþanin Benedikt Kotruljeviü, hrvatski i svjetski ekonomist XV stoljeüa, Zagreb 1996,
I–XXIV, 1–383.
5
Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ 2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1952, 205.
6
Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɧ. ɞ. 2, 205; I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 156.
68
ɞɜɚʁɚɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ: „Ɇɟʃɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɡɝɨɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɧɚɥɚɡɚɤ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ-

ɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɢ ɤɪɭɧɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ. Ȼɟɡ ʃɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ... Ƚɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɨ ɦɟʃɚʃɭ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ”.
Ⱥɭɬɨɪ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ „ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɦɨʄɚɧ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ
ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɟɡ ʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ”.7 Ɇɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫ-
ɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɦɨɞɚɜɚɰ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɧɟɤɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɭɡ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬ ɡɚɪɚɞɟ, ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɱɨɜɟɤɭ, ɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ
ɞɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɜɚɥɭɬɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɭ
ɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ: ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɥɭɬɟ.8 ɉɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɞɜɚ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ: ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɛɭɯ-
ɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɨɫɨɛɟ: ɞɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɜɪɚ-
ʄɚʃɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ. ɉɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɭ: „il traente” – ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɢɫ-
ɩɥɚɬɭ, „il trattario”– ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ, „il beneficiario” – ɨɧɚʁ ɭ
ɱɢʁɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɜɪɲɢ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɢ „il numerante” – ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɪɲɢ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ.9
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɜɚɥɭɬɟ, ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɨɜɚɰ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɤɨɩɱɚɧɨ
ɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɪɢɡɢɰɢɦɚ. Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ
ɤɚɠɟ: „Ɇɟʃɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ɢ ɧɭɠɧɨ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɯɨʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɭɬɭʁɭ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɜɚɥɭɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɨɞɥɚɡɟ, ɚ ɜɨʂɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɬɢ ɭ
ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɥɚɬɢ, ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɢ, ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɢ,
ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɫɜɟɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɢɡ ɋɢɰɢɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɪɚ-
ʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɭ Ȼɪɢɠ ɭ Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢʁɢ ɢɬɞ., ɩɚ ɬɪɚɠɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɞɚʁɭ ɨɜɭ ɜɚ-
ɥɭɬɭ, ɚ ɩɪɢɦɢʄɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɨɧɨʁ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ”.10
ɇɚɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɧɚɩɭʂɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɭɩɢɨ ɫɭɤɧɨ ɡɚ 1.000
ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ, Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɨɧɟɬɢ
ɬɚʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɢɡ ɇɚɩɭʂɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ.
„Ⱥ ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ [ɧɨɜɰɢ] ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ, ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ

7
U. Tucci, 165; Ž. Muljaþiü, 170–171; M. Zebiü, 139.
8
R. De Roover, L'evolution de la lettre de change, 14–18 siècle, Paris 1953, 43; G.
Cassandro, Vicende storiche della lettera di cambio, Bollettino dell'Archivio storico del
Banco di Napoli (1956–1957) 7. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɜɚɥɭɬɟ. J. Kulišer,
Opüa ekonomska povijest srednjeg i novog vijeka, Zagreb 1957, 273–331; The Cambridge
economic history of Europe III, Economic organization and policies in the Middle Ages,
Cambridge 1963, 95; G. Luzzato, Ekonomska povijest Italije I, Zagreb 1960, 331–333.
9
G. Cassandro, Cambiale (Premessa storica), Enciclopedia del diritto V, Milano
1959, 83; G. Cassandro, Vicende, 39; H. Lapeyre, Alphonse V et ses banquiers, Le Moyen
Age, 67 (1961) 97.
10
Ž. Muljaþiü, 176–179; M. Zebic, 141; ɍɩ. U. Tucci, 155.
69
ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɢ ɩɭɬ”.

Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɧɚʄɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɚ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɭ
ɇɚɩɭʂɭ. ɉɨɥɨɠɢʄɟ ɦɭ 1.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɇɚɩɭʂɭ, ɚ ɞɨɛɢʄɟ ɬɚʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɭ
Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ ɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɨʁ ɜɚɥɭɬɢ. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɰ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭ
ɬɨɦɟ ɧɨɜɰɭ ɤɨɲɬɚ ɫɭɤɧɨ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ. ɐɟɥɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ „ɪɚɡ-
ɦɟɧɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ”. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ɦɨɪɚ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɲɬɚ ɫɭɤɧɨ ɭ
ɇɚɩɭʂɭ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ ɭ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ. ɇɚ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ „ɧɚʁɚɦ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚʃɟ”, ɢ ɡɧɚʄɟ
ɫɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ ɫɭɤɧɚ ɭ ɇɚɩɭʂɭ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɭɲɬɢɧɚ
ɰɟɥɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɩɭʂɫɤɨɝ. ɍ
ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɡɚɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɭɪɫɭ ɜɚɥɭɬɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧ ɨ ɤɭɪɫɭ
ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɬɢ „ɩɢɫɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ ɢɡ ɦɟɫ-
ɬɚ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɭ ɤɭɪɫɟɜɚ”. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, „ɦɨɪɚ ɭɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɭ
ɨɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɦɟʃɚɬɢ”. ɍ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ
ɞɨɛɢɬɤɚ ɩɪɟɬɪɩɟɬɢ ɲɬɟɬɭ.11
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭɡɟɬɨɝ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɚɦ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ. ɇɚɜɟɲʄɟɦɨ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ 13. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1445. ɩɨɞɧɟɨ Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ Ⱥɧɢ-
ɟɥɭ ɑɢɤɚɩɟɲɟ: „A tergo. Domino Anieli Cichapesse in Ragusi. Jesus Maria,
a di 5 decembris 1444 in Venexia. Pagate per questa prima mia de cambio
vista, a uno mexe, ducatos cento doro a ser Benedeto de Cotruglio, zoe
ducatos C per altrotanto ho avuto de qua da ser Marin de Dimitri et al tempo li
fati bon pagamento et meteti a mio conto, che Cristo vi guardi. Andrea de
Grezi saluti.”12 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚ ɞɟ Ƚɪɟɰɢ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ Ⱥɧɢɟɥɭ
ɑɢɤɚɩɟɲɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ Ȼɟɧɤɭ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄɭ 100 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɚ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɨɞ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɨɝ. Ɇɟɻɭ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢɦɟ
ɞɟɫɬɢɧɚɬɚɪɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ, ɪɨɤ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ, ɫɭɦɚ
ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɚ, ɢɦɟ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɞɚɜɰɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɤɪɚɫɟ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ
„Jesus Maria” ɢ „che Cristo vi guardi”.
ɍ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɭɦɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɭɤɚɬɢɦɚ. ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ
ʁɟ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ ɪɟɬɤɨ, ɧɚɥɚɝɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɭ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ
ɞɭɤɚɬɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɞɟ Ɋɨɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ, ɭ ʁɭɧɭ 1445.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɞ ȳɨɯɚɧɟɫɚ ɋɩɚɪɬɟɪɢʁɭɫɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɂɜɚɧɭ Ȼɭɧɢʄɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟ-

11
U. Tucci, 165–166; 2. Muljaþiü, 172–173; M. Zebiü, 139–140.
12
Historijski arhiv u Dubrovniku. Diversa Notariae (ɞɚʂɟ: Div. Not.) XXIX, 70.
70
ɧɢɰɟ „ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬ ɞɜɚ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɜɟɧɟɰɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ”.13 Ⱥɥɢ, ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ

ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɧɨ, ɨɩɲɬɟ ɦɨɧɟɬɚɪɧɨ ɦɟɪɢɥɨ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢ ɞɭɤɚɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ
15. ɜɟɤɭ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɨ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟɦ ɋɪɟɞɨɡɟɦʂɚ, ɚ ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɚɥɭɬɚɦɚ, ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɫɤɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɞɭɤɚɬɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɭɪɫ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢɨ, ɞɭɠɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦ
ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɞɭɤɚɬɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɭ ɤɭɪɫɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ Ɇɚɬɟʁ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ 15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1452. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɧɚʁɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ
ɞɚɧɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɛɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ ɉɢɤɟɪɭ (,,Picher”) „duc.
919 ad sol. XVI de Barcelona pro ducato qui sunt libr. 735 et sol. 4 de Bar-
celona”. Ⱦɭɠɧɢɤ ʄɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɫɭɦɭ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɤɭɪɫ
ɦɨɧɟɬɚɦɚ „que current ad presens in Barcelona”, ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ „du-
catos venetos bonos et iusti ponderis pro admontantia dictorum denariorum
secundum quod valebunt cambia a Napulis Barcelone”.14 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ
ɤɭɩɨɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɚɠɟʄɟɦ ɤɭɪɫɭ.15 Ⱦɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ ɪɟɬɤɨ,
ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɪɨɛɢ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧ
Ɏɪɚʃɨ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ, ɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ 1457. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɉɟɬɪɭ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʉɚɫɟɥɟ („Caselle”) ɞɚ ɂɜɚɧɭ ɀɢɜɭɥɢɧɨɜɢʄɭ ɩɪɟɞɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɱɟ
ɫɭɤɧɚ.16 ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɦ ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɩɨ-
ɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.17
ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɢɯ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɩɪɟ
ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚʁɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɞɨɡɟɦʂɭ. ɍɩɪɚ-
ɜɨ ɭ 15. ɜɟɤɭ Ɋɢɚɥɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɂɚ-
ɬɢɦ ɫɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɬɢɡɚɥɟ ɢɡ ʁɭɠɧɟ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɢɡ Ⱥɩɭɥɢʁɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ɫɚ
ɋɢɰɢɥɢʁɟ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɋɢɪɚɤɭɡɟ, ɩɚ ɢɡ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɚ Ʌɟɜɚɧɬɚ,
ɩɪɟɜɚɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ. ɍ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫ Ʌɟɜɚɧɬɨɦ, ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɭ ɦɟ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɢ.18 ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɭ ɫɥɚɬɟ

13
Div. Not, XXIX, 106.
14
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɪɟɬɤɢɯ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧ ɤɭɪɫ ɛɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɭɤɚɬɭ. ɋɥɢɱɚɧ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɨ ɫ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɦ ɉɢɤɟɪɨɦ
ɢ Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ. I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 158–159; ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, ɒɩɚɧɰɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1988, 76.
15
ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 69, 76.
16
Div Not, XLI, 99–100.
17
Debita Notariae (ɞɚʂɟ: Deb. Not.), XXX, 167’.
18
B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant au Moyen Age, Paris – La Haye, 1961,
76, br. 421, 563, 642, 895, 942, 969, 1232, 1329, 1422, 1423; ɂɫɬɢ, La Puglia tra Dubrovnik
(Ragusa) e il Levante nell'epoca Angioina, Per una storia delle relazioni tra le due sponde
Adriatiche, Bari 1962, 68; Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, ɉɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɚɰɚ ɢɡ Ɇɚɧɮɪɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɨɞ 1420. ɞɨ 1520. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɂɑ 56 (2008) 92, 98–99.
71
ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɭ, ɨɩɟɬ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ,19 ɡɚɬɢɦ ɭ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɭ, ɧɚ

ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɭ. ȵɢɦɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɢ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɜɭɧɭ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɞɨɜɨɡ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ȼɨɠɢɱɤɨ Ȼɭɧɢʄ 3. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ
1451. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ 305 1/9 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ Ɇɚɬɟʁɭ Ʉɚɩɟɥɭ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ
ɜɨɡɚɪɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɜɭɧɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢɡ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɟ.20 ȼɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɧɚɩɢ-
ɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɬ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭɩɭ-
ʄɟɧɨ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ
ɤɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɨɰɢ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɬɧɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ–Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚ
ɥɢɧɢʁɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ–Ʌɟɜɚɧɬ.
ɍ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɡɟɥɨ ɦɚɯɚ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ Ʉɚɬɚ-
ɥɨɧɚɰɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ, ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɨɬɚʇɛɢɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɲɢɰɚ
ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ ɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɲɥɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ.21 Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɛɚɲ ɩɪɟɤɨ
ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɨɛɢɦɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨ
ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɜɭɧɨɦ ɫ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɨɦ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɤɚɬɚ-
ɥɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ.22 Ɇɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɬɚ-
ɥɨɧɫɤɢ ɜɟɥɟɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ȳɨɯɚɧɟɫ ɋɩɚɪɬɟɪɢʁɭɫ, ɤɨɧɡɭɥ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɚɪɚɝɨɧ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɨɞ 1439. ɞɨ 1469, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɩɭ-
ɧɢɯ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɉɪɨɞɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɭɧɭ ɫɚ ɉɢɪɢɧɟʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɢ
ɠɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɋɢɰɢɥɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ ɭ
ɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ 67.287, ɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɨ

19
I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 156 ɧɚɩ. 344, 152 ɧɚɩ. 206, 207, ɧɚɩ. 55, 349, 350; Ȼ.
ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ ɢ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɢ ɭ 14, 15. ɢ 16. ɜɟɤɭ, ɂȽ 1–2 (1980) 67.
20
Div. Not, XXXVI, 61. ɍɩ. ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 173.
21
M. Del Treppo, I mercanti Catalani e l'espansione della Corona Aragonese nel
secolo XV, Napoli 1967, 66–75; A. E. Sayous, Les métodes commerciales de Barcelone au
XV siècle d'apres des documents inédits de ses archives. La bourse, le pret et l'assirance
marittimes, les sociétés commerciales, la lettre de change, une banque d'Etat, Revue
historique de droit francais et étranger, année 15, Nr. 2 (1936) 274–286; A. E. Sayous, Note
sur l'origine de la lettre de change et les débuts de son emploi a Barcelone (XIV siècle),
Revue historique de droit francais et etranger, année 13, Nr. 2 (1934) 316–318; Cl. Carrère,
69–70, 792, 844.
22
Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ Ʌɭɤɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ 1426. ɞɨ 1433.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, ɢɡɜɟɡɥɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨ 100.000
ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɦɚʃɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ 16.093 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ ɲɬɨ ɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ. Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga) 1426–1433, ɂɑ 56 (2008)
43–46. ɍɩ. . Diversa Cancellariae (ɞɚʂɟ: Div. Cane.), LXV, 72’–73, 78; Div. Not, XXXV,
182’; XXXVI, 61; XXXVII, 159’; XLV, 35; Deb. Not, XXXII, 105’. Ɉ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɤʃɢ-
ɝɚɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ: Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga)
1426–1433, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋȺɇɍ 137, Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 11, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1999.
72
ɫɜɟɝɚ 1.580 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɉɪɢɫɩɟɥɭ ɜɭɧɭ ɢɡ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɨ

ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɩɥɚʄɚɥɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɜɭɧɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟ-
ɧɢɰɚ.23 Ɇɚɪɤɨ Ȼɭɧɢʄ ɢ Ʌɚɦɩɪɢɰɚ ɐɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɜɭɧɭ ɩɨ
ɰɟɧɢ ɨɞ 2.296 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɢ 14 ɝɪɨɲɚ. Ɇɚɪɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɭ ȼɟ-
ɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ „litteram cambii” ɨɞɦɚɯ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɨ 800 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.24 Ɂɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
13 ɦɟɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɩɚɪɬɟɪɢʁɭɫɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ 2.700 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.25
Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ʁɟ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɨɦ,
ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ
ɭ ɛɚɫɟɧɭ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ.
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɟɧɨ, ɢ ɫɚɦɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɟ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɟ ɮɢɧɚɧ-
ɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟ Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɢʄ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ 22. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1480. ɭ Ȼɚɪɥɟɬɢ ɨɞ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ɋɚɞɟʂɢɧɨɝ ɞɚ ɋɢɦɨɧɭ „de
Chalistis de Ragusio” ɩɥɚɬɢ 54,5 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɨɞ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ
„de Chalistis”.26 ɂ ɫɚɦɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɤɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ. ɉɨ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɭ, ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɢ ȳɭɧɢʁɟ Ƚɪɚɞɢʄ ɢ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧ Ƚɭɧ-
ɞɭɥɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɲɥɢ ɧɚɩɭʂɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɭ Ɏɟɪɚɧɬɟɭ, ɡɚɞɭɠɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ ɤɨɞ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ƚɭɱɟɬɢʄɚ ɧɚ 240 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɤɨʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɞʁɚɯɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜ ɥɨɝɨɪ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɥɚ Ƚɭɱɟɬɢʄɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ.27
ɋɭɦɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɧɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɪɟɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨ-
ɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɝɚ 20, 30, 40 ɢɥɢ 50 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ʉɚɬɚ-
ɥɨɧɚɰ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ȼɢɞɚɥ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɨ 1475. Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɢ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ Ɇɚɬɟʁɭ Ȼɭɧɢʄɭ 25 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.28 ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɭɦɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɟ
ɫɭ ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɭ ɜɭɧɟ ɨɞ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ. Ɇɚɪɬɨɥ ɐɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɨɛɚ-
ɜɟɡɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ 1458. ɞɚ ɡɚ ɤɭɩʂɟɧɭ ɜɭɧɭ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ
Ɇɚɬɟʁɭ „de Campis” ɢɡ Ɍɨɪɬɨɡɟ 1.760 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.29 Ɇɚɬɟʁ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɩɥɚɬɢɨ ʁɟ
ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1445. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ, ɞɜɟɦɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɱɚɤ 2.089 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.30

23
Div. Not, XXXVI, 70; XXXIX, 12–12’, 19–19’; XLI, 73’–74.
24
Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɤɚɧɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1982, 97.
25
M. Spremiü, Johannes Sparterius da Saragozza, console aragonese a Ragusa, X
Songreso de historia de la Corona de Aragon, Zaragoza 1984, 549–559; ɂɫɬɢ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ
Ⱥɪɚɝɨɧɰɢ 1442–1495, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1971, 71–73,121; ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 155–158.
26
Div. Not, LXV, 52–52’. ɍɩ. Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, ȼɭɧɚ ɫɚ ɉɢɪɢɧɟʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ 15. ɜɟɤɭ, ɂɑ 27 (1980) 77–78.
27
ȳ. Ɋɚɞɨɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ 2–1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1935, 622–625.
28
Div. Not, LIX, 144–144’.
29
Deb. Not, XXXII, 105’. ɍɩ. ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 185.
30
Div. Not, XXIX, 158’.
73
ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɨɤ ɞɨ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ

ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ.31 Ɍɚʁ ɪɨɤ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ: ɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚ ɞɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɨɰɭ ɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ. ɉɪɜɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ
ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɨɜɚɧ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɪɨɤ „ɡɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɢɡ Ɋɢɦɚ ɭ ɇɚɩɭʂ ɨɫɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɭ, ɢɡ ɇɚ-
ɩɭʂɚ ɭ Ɋɢɦ ɞɟɫɟɬ, ɢɡ ɇɚɩɭʂɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɩɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ, ɢɡ ɇɚɩɭʂɚ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɭ
ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬ ɞɚɧɚ”.32 Ɂɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɇɚɩɭʂɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɨɛɚ-
ɜɢɬɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ 8 ɞɚɧɚ. ɂɜɚɧ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢʄ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ
1446. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɭ Ɍɪɚɧɢʁɭ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɰɭ Ȼɚɥɞɚɫɚɪɭ ȶɟɧ-
ɬɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɉɚɜɥɭ ɢɡ ɍɪɛɢɧɚ 40 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ 8 ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɨ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ – „et vista a di 8 fate li bon pagamento”.33 Ɇɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɥɚɬɟ ɢɡ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ 8 ɢɥɢ 10 ɞɚɧɚ.34 ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɛɢɥɨ
ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɫɩɟɥɢɯ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɡɚ 10, 15, ɩɚ ɢ ɡɚ
30 ɞɚɧɚ.35 Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ, ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɪɟɬɤɢɯ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ, ɩɚ ɢ ɡɚ
ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ.36 Ɇɚɪɢɧ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1454. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ
ɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɭ Ʉɚɬɚɧɰɚɪɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɛɪɚɬɭ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɢ ɞɚ „ɨɞɦɚɯ” ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ Ɋɚɞɚɧɭ Ɋɚ-
ɞɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɭ 1.264 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɢɧ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɭ Ʉɚɥɚɛɪɢʁɢ ɨɞ Ɋɚɞɚɧɨɜɨɝ
ɛɪɚɬɚ ȭɭɪɻa.37 Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɨɤ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɬɟɤɚɨ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ, ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ
ɞɭɠɢɧɚ ɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɟ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ. Ɂɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɥɚɬɟ ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɢɥɢ ɞɜɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɢɡ Ⱥɩɭɥɢʁɟ – ɞɨ 40 ɞɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɩɢɫɚ-
ʃɚ.38 ɍ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɧɟ
ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ 70 ɞɚɧɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ. ȼɟʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ Ȼɨɠɢɱɤɨ Ȼɭɧɢʄ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɨ ʁɟ
ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɭ Ɇɚɬɟʁɭ Ʉɚɩɟɥɭ 3. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1451. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ Ⱥɧ-
ɬɨɧɢʁɚ Ɏɨɧɬɚ 305 1/9 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɜɨɡɚɪɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɜɨɡ ɜɭɧɟ ɢɡ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɟ.
Ɋɨɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ 70 ɞɚɧɚ.39 ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ Ⱥɩɭɥɢʁɢ ɭɪɭɱɢɜɚ-
ɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɨɰɢɦɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɛɪɡɨ – ɡɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɨ ɬɪɢ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ, ɩɚ
ɱɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ.40
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɪɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ, ɩɪɢɦɚɥɚɰ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɨ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɨɬɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ

31
R. De Roover, 47.
32
Z. Muljaþiü, 176–177; M. Zebiü, 141.
33
Div. Not. XXX, 89’.
34
I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 156 ɧɚɩ. 344, 152 ɧɚɩ. 206, 207, ɧɚɩ. 55, 349, 350.
35
Div. Not, XXVI, 64’; XXIX, 49–49’; XLIII a tergo. ɍɩ. ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 185.
36
Div. Cane, LXII, 263; Div. Not, XXXIX, 6.
37
Div. Not, XXXIX, 168.
38
Div. Not, XXIX, 51, 70, 58; XLII, 32–33.
39
Div. Not, XXXVI, 61. ɍɩ. ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 173.
40
Div. Not, LIX, 144–144’; LXV, 92–92’. ɍɩ. ɇ. Ɏɟʁɢʄ, 191.
74
– „acceptare et subscribere secundum usum et morem” – ɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ

ɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɦ ɪɨɤɭ.41 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ
ɫɦɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɢ, ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ Ƚ. Ʉɚɫɚɧɞɪɨ (G. Ca-
saandro) ɡɚ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɭ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɧɟɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɲɬɨ „il
numerante”, ɬʁ. ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɪɲɢɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ, ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɨ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɨɞ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɛɟ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢɧ ɐɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ 1457. ɭ Ɍɪɚɧɢʁɭ ɨɞ
ɫɜɨɝɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȳɚɤɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɭ Ɋɨɛɟɪɬɨɜɨɦ ɢɡ Ɍɪɚɧɢʁɚ 111
ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ȳɚɤɨɜ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ, ʁɟɪ „non habet in se aliquas pecunias dicti
Nicolini eius fratris” ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ.42 ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ
15. ɜɟɤɚ Ⱥ. ȿ. ɋɚʁɭ (A. E. Sayous) ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɯ-
ɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ, ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ „il numerante” ɢɦɚɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ
ɢɥɢ ɪɨɛɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ. 43 Ɇɚɪɢɧ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ
1457. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ Ȼɨɠɢɱɤɭ Ȼɭɧɢʄɭ 403, ɚ ɧɟ 550 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ,
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɇɚɩɭʂɭ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ɂɜɚɧ ɞɟ Ɏɥɨɪɢɨ,
ɢɡʁɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɞɚ ɨɞ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ 403 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.44 ɍ
ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ʃɟɧ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɨɞ
ɩɪɢɦɚɨɰɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ. ɇɟɭɪɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ
ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ.45 ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɉɭɰɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ 1456. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɞɚ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ȳɨɯɚɧɟɫɭ ɋɩɚɪɬɟɪɢʁɭɫɭ, ɩɪɚɜɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɭɡ ʃɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨ-
ɛɢɨ ɢ „lettera de aviso”.46
Ʉɚɞɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɧɨɜɚɰ
ɢɡɧɚʁɦʂɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɬɚɪɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ
ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ, ɩɢɫɚɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɥɨ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɟ, ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɟɬ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɧɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ
ȳɨɯɚɧɟɫ ɋɩɚɪɬɟɪɢʁɭɫ ɭ ʁɭɥɭ 1442. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɯɬɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɢ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ Ɍɨɦɢ ɇɚʂɟɲɤɨɜɢʄɭ, ɨɩɭɧɨɦɨʄɟɧɢɤɭ Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ
ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɚ, Ɍɨɦɚ „dixit et protestatus fuit et dicit et protestatur de omni
damno, dispendio, interesse et expensis que dicto domini Nicolao Justiniano
sequentur vel ipse pacietur et passurus est ex eo quod dictus ser Johannes
Expartieri dictam litteram cambii et cambium ipsum non acceptavit nec
acceptat”.47 ɉɪɨɬɟɫɬ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɱɢʃɟɧ ɬɟɤ ɩɨ ɢɫɬɟɤɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɡɧɚ-

41
Div. Not, XXVI, 64’.
42
Div. Not, XLI, 107–107’; G. Cassandro, Vicende, 43–44.
43
A. E. Sayous, Les méthodes commerciales, 283–284.
44
Div. Not, XLI, 161–162.
45
G. Cassandro, Vicende, 44.
46
Div. Not, XLI, 73–74.
47
Div. Not, XXVI, 64’.
75
ɱɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɨ ɪɨɤ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɬɟʁ Ȼɭɧɢʄ ɭ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɭ 1475.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɨɝ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚ-
ɬɢɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭ Ɇɚɧɮɪɟɞɨɧɢʁɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɚɰ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ȼɢɞɚɥ,
Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ʁɨɲ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɟɤɚɨ
ɪɨɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ.48 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɭɥɚɝɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɪɨɤɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝ ɭ ʃɨʁ.
Ɇɚɬɟʁ Ɋɚʃɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɭ 1473. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɀɢɜɭɥɢɧɚ
ɑɢɤɚɩɟɲɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ, ɫ ɨɛ-
ɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɨɞɥɨɠɢ.49
Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɥɢ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ, ʃɟɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɩɪɟɭɡɢ-
ɦɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ. ȼɥɚɯɨ Ɋɚʃɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɭ 1450. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ
884 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ „cum omnibus damnis et interesse” ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜ-
ɰɭ ɚɤɨ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ,
ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ȼɥɚɯɨ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ.50 ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɩɚɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ,
ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɞɟɫɬɢɧɚɬɚɪɭ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɞɭɠ-
ɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɦɨɪɚɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ
ʁɟɦɰɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɧɢ ʃɟɧ ɚɭɬɨɪ.51
ɋɩɨɪɨɜɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɤɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ
ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɢ. ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ Ȼɚɪɫɟɥɨɧɢ 15.
ɜɟɤɚ, Ⱥ. ȿ. ɋɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɦɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɦɟɧɢ-
ɰɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɬɚɪɢ, ɞɨɤ ɦɟ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɟ. 52 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɨ ɨɞ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɦɟɧɢɱ-
ɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ. Ɉɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ
ɤɚɨ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɋɪɟɞɨɡɟɦʂɚ.
ȼɟʄ ɭ 15. ɜɟɤɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ. Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ
ɤɚɠɟ: „ɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɟ ɢ ’ɫɭɜɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ’”. Ɇɟʃɚɱ ɧɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ, ɧɟ ɩɢɲɟ, ɧɟ
ɩɥɚʄɚ ɦɟɲɟɬɚɪɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɬɪɨɲɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɭɪɢɪɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɬɟ-
ɤɭʄɢ ɤɭɪɫ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɪɚɞɢɬɢ. ɋɜɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɥɢɯɜɚɪɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɭɡɟɬɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ. ɍɫɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɥɢɯɜɚɪɚ, ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɩɨɬ-
ɭɪɚʁɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ „ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ, ɩɪɟɥɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɭ ɬɚʁ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟʁɭ”.53 Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɜɟ
ʁɚɫɧɨ ɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ 15. ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɧɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɬɨɝɚ

48
Div. Not, LIX, 144–144’.
49
ɂɫɬɨ, LVII, 90’.
50
ɂɫɬɨ, XXXV, 182’.
51
Sentenze di Cancellaria, XXXII, 6–6’.
52
A. E. Sayous, Les méthodes, 277, 285–286.
53
U. Tucci, 199–200; Ž. Muljacic, 277; M. Zebiü, 163.
76
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ: „ȳɚ ɫɚɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɦ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁ

ɩɨɫɚɨ, ɩɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫ ɬɢɦ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɞɨɤ ɫɚɦ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ, ɚ
ɢɦɚɨ ɫɚɦ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɬɚɥɟɧɚɬ, ɜɨʂɭ ɢ ɠɟʂɭ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɦ”. „Ɇɟɧɢ-
ɰɚ ʁɟ”, ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɧ, „ɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧ ɢɡɭɦ ɡɚ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʃɨɦɟ ɭɦɟɥɢ ɫɥɭ-
ɠɢɬɢ. Ɋɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɢʂɚ-
ɪɢ, ‫ތ‬ɬɪɝɨɜɱɢʄɢ ʁɟɝɭʂɢɧɢɯ ɤɨɠɚ‫”ތ‬, ɤɚɠɟ ɨɧ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɫɚɥɚ ɧɟ ɭ ɦɚ-
ɥɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɢɦɚ.54 Ɋɚɡɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɱɢɬɨ ɫɚ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɢɦɚ.
ɇɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭʄɢ ɧɢɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɢɦɟɧɢɱɧɨ, Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ
„ɦɧɨɝɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɭɻɭʁɭ ɦɟʃɚʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɞɨ-
ɩɭɲɬɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɚɨ”. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɞɚ „ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ
ɫɭɞ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ”. Ʉɚɨ ɭɱɟɧ ɢ ɩɨɛɨɠɚɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ
ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɫɬɚ ɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ. ɐɢɬɢ-
ɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɋɜ. Ɍɨɦɭ, ɛɪɚɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɪɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɢ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɨɝ
ɬɟɱɚʁɚ. ɇɚɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɦɟʃɚ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨ ɭɡ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɩɨɫɬɨɬɚɤ, ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɤɭɩɟɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɡɚɪɚɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɮɬɢɧɢɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ.
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɟɢɡɜɟɫɧɨɫɬ, ɚ ɭɡ ɬɨ ɬɪɭɞ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɪɚɞɚ ɨɩɪɚɜ-
ɞɚɧɚ.55 ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɠɟɥɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɨɪɚɥɨɦ.
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɪɟɞɨɡ-
ɟɦɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨ ɡɚɥɟɻɟ. ɍɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ,
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɚɜɚ, ʁɟɦɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɭ
ɡɚɥɟɻɭ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɢ, ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ. ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ
ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɞɨ-
ɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɪɨɛɭ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɪɨɛɨɦ ɫɭ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ȳ. Ɍɚɞɢʄɭ, ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ ɬɤɚ-
ɧɢɧɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɡɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ 250.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ.56 Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢɡ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ ɜɪɚ-
ʄɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɢ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɭ. Ʉɪɟɞɢɬɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɤɪɟ-
ɞɢɬɟ ɫɭ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɋɨɪɤɨ-
ɱɟɜɢʄɢ ɢ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄɢ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɜɪɚ-

54
Ž. Muljaþiü, 177–179; M. Zebiü, 141–142.
55
Ž. Muljaþiü, 179–183; M. Zebiü, 141–144, 163.
56
ȳ. Ɍɚɞɢʄ, ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ, ɁɎɎ
10–1 (1968) 535.
77
ʄɚʃɟ ɞɭɝɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ

ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧɨɝ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɢɪɚʃɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɨɰɢ, ɚɥɢ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ
ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɚ, Ƚɪɤɚ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ. Ȼɪɨʁ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ
ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨ ʃɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ. Ɍɨ ɧɚʁ-
ɛɨʂɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ.
ȵɟɝɨɜ ɜɪɟɞɚɧ ɫɩɢɫ ʁɟ, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɤʃɢɝɚ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ, ɫɚ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɦ ɜɢ-
ɫɢɧɨɦ ɞɭɝɚ. Ʉʃɢɝɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɯɢʂɚɞɭ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ
ɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɬ, ɪɭɞɚɪɢ, ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚɧ ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɚʂ. Ʉʃɢɝɚ
Ɇ. Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ, ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɪɟɬɤɢɯ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ,
ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢɦɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɤɪɭɩɧɟ ɫɜɨɬɟ, ɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ-
ɦɟ.57
ɇɚʁɬɟɠɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ. ɉɨɜɟɪɢɨɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɞɫɤɢ ɝɨɧɢɥɢ
ɞɭɠɧɢɤɟ, ɩɥɟɧɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ, ɛɚɰɚɥɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟ ɢ ɨɤɢɜɚɥɢ.
Ⱦɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɰɪɩɭ ɫɜɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ
ɧɚɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ. ɂɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɨɥɜɟɧɬɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɬɚɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɱɟɫɬɚ, ɪɟɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɦɢɪɧɨɞɨɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ. ɇɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɪɟɞɚɤ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɭɬɨɪɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɭ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɭɦɪɥɢɯ
ɥɢɰɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɭɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɭ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɪɨɛɭ ɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɤɨɞ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɢɥɢ ɡɚɜɟɲɬɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ.
Ʉɚɬɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɪɟɬɚɥɢ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɟ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢ-
ɜɚʃɚ, ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɚɥɢ ɞɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɨɧɨɦɟ ɤɨ ɭɫɩɟ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ.
Ɂɛɨɝ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɟ ɞɭɝɨɜɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚɥɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɦɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ, ɲɬɢɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɟ. ɍɜɭɤɚɜɲɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ
ɩʂɚɱɤɚɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞ ɩɚɞ
ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ.
ɂɩɚɤ, ɠɢɬɟʂɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɤɪɨɡ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɫ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚ-
ɧɢɦɚ, ʁɚɱɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ. Ɋɨɛ-
ɧɨ-ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɥɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɜɢɧɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɧɢɯ ɩɚɩɢɪɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɢ
ɦɟɧɢɰɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭ
ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɨɻɭ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɤɭɩɟ ɤɨʃɟ ɢ
ɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɉɨɪɬɭ.58 ɍ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ 1441. ɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ

57
I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 228–258.
58
Lettere di Levante, XI, 58–61.
78
ɞɚ ɭ ȳɟɞɪɟɧɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɟɬɚɥ ɨɞ ȭɟɧɨɜʂɚɧɚ,

Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɚ, Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɚɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɞ „ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɨɫɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ Ɋɨɦ-
ɟɧɢʁɭ”, ɭɡ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɨɞ 8%, ɭɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ. ɉɨɫɥɚɥɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ, „uno in volgar schiavo, l'altro per
gramatica latina”. Ⱥɤɨ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɭ ɭ ȳɟɞɪɟɧɭ, ɧɟɤɚ ɝɚ ɬɪɚɠɟ ɭ
ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢɥɢ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ.59 Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɚ ɫ ɯɚɪɚɱɟɦ ɧɚ
ɉɨɪɬɭ – „ad tempus caratii mictendi per dominium ad portam imperatoris”. ɇɨ-
ɜɚɰ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ
ɢɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɋɨɮɢʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ, ɞɭɠɧɢɤ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɭ 100 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ „aut pro
eo in Turchia oratoribus communis Ragusii qui de proximo ibunt ad portam cum
tributo”, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ – „in hinc modum et ad hos terminos videli-
cet: ducatos 50 pro ipso ser Junio primis oratoribus ituris ad portam cum charaz
per unam litteram cambii dirigendam per dictum ser Junium”. Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɢ
ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɨɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɜɟʄ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ, ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɧɚɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɭ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ.60
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɞɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ. ɍ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1452. ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɥɟɦɢʄɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɻɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɤɨ 1.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ
ɞɚɪɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɉɨɪɬɢ, ɨɛɟɜɟɡɚɜɲɢ ɫɟ „Quod infra dies XV postquam presentate
fuerint lettere cambii dominationi nostre debeanti fieri solutio”.61 ɒɟɫɬ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ʃɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɨɻɭ ɞɨ ɧɟɤɨ-
ɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɦɢʄɢɜɚʃɟ Ɇɚɯɦɭɞ-ɩɚɲɟ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.62 Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɚɤɨɜ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄ ɢɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪ
ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɛɚɜɢɨ ɞɜɟ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɟ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɦɭ ʁɟ ʁɭɥɚ 1453. ɜɥɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ.63 Ʉɨɦɭɧɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɤɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɭɤ-

59
N. Jorga, Notes et extraits pour servir a l'histoire des Croisades au XV siècle II,
Paris 1899, 384; B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant, 325 (ɛɪ. 971). ɍ ɦɚʁɭ 1451.
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɋɟɧɚɬ ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ȼɭɤɭ Ȼɨɛɚʂɟɜɢʄɭ, ɫɜɨɦɟ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɭ ɤɨɞ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢ ɧɚ 25 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɦɢɪɟɧɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ. B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant, 371–372 (ɛɪ. 1216, 1217).
60
I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 132–133, 158.
61
Acta Consilii Rogatorum XII, 259. Ɉɪɬɚɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢ-
ɻɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ȼɟɧɟ-
ɰɢʁɢ „vel cum cambiis secundum cursum et per cursum ut sit“. Ƚɥɚɦɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɂ. ȼɨʁɟ, Argentum de glama, ɂɑ 16–17 (1970) 32.
62
Ȼ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɞ 23. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1458. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɁɎɎ 11–1
(1970) 376–377.
63
Acta Minoris Consilii (ɞɚʂɟ: Cons. Minus), XIII, 139.
79
ʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ. „ɑɟɥɧɢɤ ɪɢɡɧɢɱɤɢ” ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨ-

ɬɚ, ɉɚɫɤɨʁɟ ɋɨɪɤɨɱɟɜɢʄ, ɞɚɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɜɲɢ
ɦɟɧɢɰɭ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɜɲɢ ʁɟ „de solvendo ser Damiano de Sorgo
argentum quod dedit ser Pasqualis Ceonich nostro ambassiatori Smedrevi per
litteram cambii”.64 Ⱦɚɦʃɚɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɛɪɚɬ, ɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ
ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɤɨɦɭɧɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɜɚɥɚ ɦɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɚ
ɞɭɝɨɜɟ ʁɟ, ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɪɨɤɭ, ɜɪɚʄɚɥɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɪɚɞɟʄɢ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ
ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɫ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɨɦ.
Ɇɟɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɫɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1436. ɧɚɥɨɠɢɥɟ ɬɪɨʁɢɰɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɞɚ ɧɨɜɚɰ
ɨɞ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ȼɟɥɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɭ „in nostre man e del nostro
officio over per lettera di cambio per quella piu segur via et modo vi pare-
ra”.65 ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɢ ɞɭɝ ɧɟɤɨɦ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧ-
ɰɭ, ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɛɪɚɬ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɨ ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɞɭɝ ɦɟɧɢɰɨɦ. 66 ɂɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɦ ɜɢɞɨɦ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ
ɫɥɭɠɢɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ
ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɚ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ
„lettera de aviso”, ɧɚɪɟɻɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɢ. Ɇ. Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ „ɩɢɫɦɨ” ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ.67
ɂɡɜɨɪɢ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɭɩ-
ɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ
ɫɚɦɭ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɭ, ɭ ʃɭ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɡɚɥɟ ɢ ɢɡ ʃɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. Ɇɚɞɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɨ ɦɟɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɭ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɜɟɡɚɦɚ ɫ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ. ɇɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɟ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɝ
ɡɚ ɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɚ. ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ,
ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɧɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ
ɨɞ 15 ɞɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɦɚ. ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɚʁɦʂɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ
8%.68 Ɇɟɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ 1441. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ʁɨɲ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ. ɇɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ
ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɤɚ, „uno in volgar schiavo, l'altro per gramati-

64
ɂɫɬɨ, XIII, 116’.
65
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1958, 38.
66
ɂɫɬɨ, 40–41.
67
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, ɂɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1967, 58; I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina,
157–158.
68
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɐɪɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɭɡɟɨ ʁɟ 1470. ɨɞ Ɇɚɬɟʁɚ Ȼɭɧɢʄɚ 560 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ
ɧɨɜɚɰ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟɧɢɰɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɚɰ ɭ ȳɟɞɪɟɧɭ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ɥɢɱɧɨ
ɩɨɞɦɢɪɢ 560 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ „et de pluri ducatos 50 pro suo interesse” ɚɤɨ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɚɰ ɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɭɡɦɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɭ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɨ 8,9%. I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 173.
80
ca latina”. Ʌɚɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ȭɟɧɨɜʂɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ

Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ Ɏɥɨɪɟɧɬɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧ ɨɧɢɦɚ „ɤɨʁɢ ɧɨɫɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ Ɋɨɦɟɧɢʁɭ”, ɚ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ. Ɇɟɧɢɰɟ ɫɭ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.69
ɍ ɫɜɟ ɨɛɢɦɧɢʁɟɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɫ ɧɨɜɰɟɦ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɚ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɫ-
ɥɨɜɢ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1448. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɟ ɭ
ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɭ ȭɭɪɻɭ Ƚɨɥɟɦɨɜɢʄɭ, ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȭɭɪɻɚ, „ducatos
illos centum nonaginta duos qui alias despositati fuerunt in bancho”.70 Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ,
ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ ɪɚɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɪɬɚɰɢ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɩɨɞɦɢɪɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚ-
ɬɢɥɚ 43 ɥɢɬɪɟ ɢ 10 ɭɧɱɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ 54 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ „existentibus sequestratis et de-
positatis in banco canzelarie mandato domini”.71 ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰ-
ɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɚɧɚɤɚ, ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɜɟ-
ɡɚɦɚ. ɂɡ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ-Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɫɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɚ „bancho di ser Goane Horsini e chompagni” ɢ „bancho di
Priuli” ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ.72 ɏɜɚɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɚ ɠɢɪɚɧɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɟ ɭ ɛɚɧɤɚɦɚ. ɂɦɚɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟ-
ɜɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɍ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ
ɫɜɨʁ „ɤɨɧɬɨ” ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ – „e si do par conto mio de Venexia”.73
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɝɪɚɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɢ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɪɟɞɨɡɟɦɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɛɚɥ-
ɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ. ȵɟ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ, ɭ 15. ɜɟɤɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɜɢ-
ʁɟɧɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɧɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɪɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɩɟɲɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ
ɩɪɨɦɟɬ. ɉɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ Ȼɟɧɤɨ Ʉɨɬɪɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɟ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɝ
Ʉɜɚɬɪɨʄɟɧɬɚ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɬɢɦ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ
ɦɟɧɢɰɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ, ɭɡ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɢ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɜɚɥɭɬɟ, ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟʃɟ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɭ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ʃɭ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ

69
Ɋɚɞɨʃɚ Ɇɢɨɛɪɚɬɨɜɢʄ ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ 25 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɭɰɢʄɚ, ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɢɯ
ɜɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ 15 ɞɚɧɚ. Ɋɚɞɨʃɚ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ „...quo sunt pro una littera cambia manus Radoe
fratri mei scripta in litera sclaua in Neapoli sub die 3 junii 1488 et michi directa de dicta
quantitate”. I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina, 158 ɧɚɩ. 355.
70
Cons. Minus XI, 161’.
71
Deb. Not XXIII, 53. ɍɩ. ɂ. ȼɨʁɟ, Argentum de glama, 35–36.
72
Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɚɥɨɧɰɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, 44.
73
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, ɂɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ I, 60.
81
ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɞɢɪɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ

ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɥɭ ɛɢɨ
ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɨɩɫɬɜɨɦ.
Momþilo Spremiü
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade
MEDIEVAL BILLS IN DUBROVNIK AND SERBIA.

LAW AND ECONOMY. REGULATIONS AND PRACTICE IN OPERATIONS
WITH BILLS IN DUBROVNIK AND SERBIA OF 15TH CENTURY
Summary
One of the ways of activity of crediting in the Middle Ages has been the dealing
with bills of exchange. This instrument (lettera di cambio) was a brief document by
which a lender provides a certain amount of money, stipulating a percentage of profit for
himself, to another man of business, while the latter one assumes the obligation to repay
it, usually at another place and in other currency. Two operations are included in the bill
of exchange: providing credit and currency exchange. In addition, this was the practical
way of not carrying money from place to place, which in the Middle Ages was a risky
venture. The profit in this kind of deal was based on the currency rate of exchange and
the interest calculated for the money that was lent. The Dubrovnik Commune contracted
debts in Italy through bills of exchange, usually when its plenipotentiaries travelled in
order to realize some mission. Majority of bills of exchange included the indication of
strict deadline for paying off. At its presentation, the one to receive it declared whether
he accepted it or not. Should he refuse the acceptance, a tradesman suffering loss hired a
notary public who wrote the protest for nonpayment against the property and person
who refused the payment.
The citizens of Dubrovnik have transferred the organizational forms of business
operation from Mediterranean countries into the Balkan hinterland. Similarly to Dub-
rovnik Commune providing money it needed in Italy by using bills of exchange, Serbia
as well was engaged in this sort of financial activity. The money was necessary for
paying the poll-tax to Porte, for gifts and for bribery. Bills of exchange served to
individual tradesmen as well. They were written in Serbia and were coming to Serbia,
and also went to Dubrovnik and to other countries. When issued in Serbia, they were
paid in Dubrovnik within fifteen days counting from the day of acceptance, while the
interest against the money lent in this way amounted to about eight percent. A specific
bill of exchange made in 1441 for the purpose of borrowing money in Turkey or Serbia
included significant information. It was issued in Dubrovnik in two copies – uno in
volgar schiavo, I’altro pergramatica latina. Consequently, bills of exchange have not
only been in use in the 15th century Serbia, but were also written in Serbian language.
82
ɉɪɨɩɚɫɬ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɍȾɄ 94(495.02)"1401/1477" DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15004

ɉɊɈɉȺɋɌ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂȳȿ ɍ ɈȽɅȿȾȺɅɍ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳȿ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ

Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 13. ɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ

ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɲɥɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɨɤɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɤɪɢɡɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ, ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɚɱɚ, ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ
ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɞ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɡɧɚɬɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ʃɟɧɢɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɡɚɤɨɪɚɱɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ʁɟ
ɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ⱥɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɧɨɦ ɫɦɪ-
ʄɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ
ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ
ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɭ. Ɉɛɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɟ-
ɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɜɟɤɚ
ɭɩɢɪɭ ɨɱɢ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ, ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ. ɋɬɪɚɯ
ɡɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɧ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʃɢɦɟ
ɧɚɞʁɚɱɚɜɚɧ, ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɚ ɤɚɨ ɟɤɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɨɪ-
ɬɨɞɨɤɫɢʁɟ. ɂɡ ɨɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɚɞ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɪɚʁ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɤɪɢɡɚ, ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɟɫɯɚɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢ-
ʁɟ, ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ.
Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 13. ɜɟɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɤɪɢɡɟ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁ-

ɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɟɧɢ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɚʁɢ.1 ɉɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɡɧɚ-
ɰɢ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ.2 Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ ɤɨ-
ʁɟɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɚɱɚ, ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɞ ȼɢ-
ɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɡɧɚɬɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪɚ.3
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɡɚɤɨɪɚɱɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡ-
ɦɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 14. ɜɟɤɚ, ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɧɚɞ-
ɜɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɭ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɟʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɛɪɢɫɚɧɚ ɭɫɩɨɫ-
1
Cf. G. Ostrogorsky, Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, München 1963³, 394.
2
ȴ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɟɧɟɡɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɚɩɚɧɚɠɚ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ (ɁɊȼɂI) 14–15 (1973) 103–154.
3
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ (ɂɋɇ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1981, I, 468 (ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ).
83
ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ
ɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɦ ɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɭ ɢ ɫɪɩ-

ɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɦ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ.4 Ⱥɥɢ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɜɢɲɟ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɟɜɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɧɟɝɨ ɡɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɧ-
ɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɛɢɨ ɨɦɟɬɟɧ ɰɚɪɟɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɪɚɧɨɦ ɫɦɪʄɭ ɢ ɤɪɢɡɨɦ
ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɥɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ.
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ (1355) ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ ɧɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨ ɬɥɨ. ɇɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɚ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɜɨɦ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɭ, ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɟ
ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɭ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɝɭɛɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ
ɞɨɞɢɪ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ, ɢɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ
ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɱɟɜɢ.5 Ɏɢɡɢɱɤɨ ɭɞɚʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɧɢʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɦɟɥɨ ɧɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɫɬ ɧɢ ɫɥɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ. Ʉɪɢɡɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɚ
ɫɜaɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɚ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ 1341–1347, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɰɟɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɩɨɬ-
ɪɟɫɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɛɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɭ ɫɭɩɟɪɢɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɭɱɟʂɚ-
ɜɚʃɭ ɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɨɦ.6
ɍ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɫɭɱɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɛɢɥɨ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ
14. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ. Ɉɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨʁ ɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɟʁɭ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ. ȳɟɞɧɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɢ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢ ɧɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ. ɂ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ
ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɚɤɚɜ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɨɧɮɟɞɟ-
ɪɚɰɢʁɟ.7 Ⱥɥɢ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ
ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɭ 15. ɜɟɤ. ɍɩ-
ɪɤɨɫ ɨɜɨʁ ɪɚɡɥɢɰɢ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɭɩɢɪɭ ɨɱɢ ɭ
4
Cf. Lj. Maksimoviü, L'Empire de Stefan Dušan: genèse et caractère, Travaux et
mémoires (Mélanges Gilbert Dagron) 14 (2002) 415428.
5
ɋɟɪ: Ƚ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɋɟɪɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1965, 18
ɫɥ.; Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɋɟɪ ɭ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1994, 63–112; Ɍɟɫɚ-
ɥɢʁɚ: Ɋ. Ɋɚɞɢʄ, ȅ ȈȣȝİȫȞ ȅȪȡİıȚȢ ȆĮȜĮȚȠȜȩȖȠȢ țĮȚ ĲȠ țȡȐĲȠȢ ĲȠȣ ȝİĲĮȟȪ ĲȘȢ ȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞȒȢ
țĮȚ ĲȘȢ ıİȡȕȚțȒȢ ĮȣĲȠțȡĮĲȠȡȓĮȢ, Byzantium and Serbia in the 14th Century, Athens 1996,
195208; ȿɩɢɪ: Ch. Matanov, The Phenomenon Thomas Preljuboviü, ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐ ǻȚİșȞȠȪȢ
ȈȣȝʌȠıȓȠȣ ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ǻİıʌȠĲȐĲȠ ĲȘȢ ǾʌİȓȡȠȣ, Arta 1992, 6368.
6
ɍɩ. Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ʉɪɚʁ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1975.
7
Lj. Maksimoviü, Ǿ ĮȞȐʌĲȣȟȘ. țİȞĲȡȩĳȣȖȦȞ ȡȠʌȫȞ ıĲȚȢ ʌȠȜȚĲȚțȑȢ ıȤȑıİȚȢ ǺȣȗĮȞĲȓȠȣ
țĮȚ ȈİȡȕȓĮȢ ĲȠȞ ǿǻǯ ĮȚȫȞĮ, Byzantium and Serbia in the 14th Century, Athens 1996,
282290.
84
ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ, ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɬɚɦɨ, ɤɚɨ ɭ ɞɚɜɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ

ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ.
ɉɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ 12. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ, ɢ ɬɨ
ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɡɚɪɟɞɨɦ – ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ ɢ ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɬɪɚɠɢ ɢ ɞɨ-
ɛɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɭ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ.8 Ⱦɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɞɟɫ-
ɩɨɬɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ, ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɪɟɬɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɟ-
ʂɢɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɦɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ.9 ɉɨɱɚɫɬ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɢ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɚɥɚ ɢɞɟɚɥ-
ɧɭ ɩɨɤɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɭ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɩɚɞ-
ʂɢɜɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ, ɛɢɥɨ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɰɚɪɟɜɢ, ɩɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɤɚɪ „ɫɚɦɨ“ ɤɧɟ-
ɠɟɜɢ, ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ-
ɫɚɥɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ.10 Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɚɞʂɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ȼɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɢɡ 14. ɭ 15. ɜɟɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ
ɧɟɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɧɟɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɨ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɜɚɡɚɥɢ.11 Ɍɚɤɜɨʁ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɨɞɪɢ-
ɰɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɱɤɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɪɭɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪ-
ɲɢʁɭ.12 ɋɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɨʁɧɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɟɱɟɪʁɟ ɩɚɞɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɚ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɚ ɫɚ-
ɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɚɭɬɨɤɟɮɚɥɧɨɦ
ɰɪɤɜɨɦ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɬɚɧ ɩɭɬ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɪɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ-
ɦɚ. ɋ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ, ɨɪɬɨ-
ɞɨɤɫɧɨɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɭ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɟ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɪɯɢ-
ɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɢ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɚ.13 Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ
8
ɂɋɇ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1981, 64 (ȳ. Ʉɚɥɢʄ), 218 (M. ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ); ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ
ɦɟɻɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 92.
9
ɍɩ. Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɢ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɢ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1960, 9.
10
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ I, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2000, 87, 122, 206;
ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 40, 61, 80.
11
Cf. G. Ostrogorsky, Byzance. État tributaire de l’Empire turc, ZRVI 5 (1958) 49–58.
12
Ostrogorsky, Geschichte, 457.
13
G. Subotiü, Lj. Maksimoviü, La Serbie entre Byzance et l'Occident, ɭ: Dossiers
Byzantins 2 – Byzantina-Metabyzantina, La Périphérie dans le temps et l’espace, Actes de
85
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟʃɚɥɨ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-

ɡɚɰɢɨɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ, ɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɭ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɨɞ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ, ɚɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɨ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ, ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɬɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɭɦ-
ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɚɰɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ (ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɇɟɦɰɢ) ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚɦɚ (ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟ-
ɝɚ Ɋɚɝɭɠɚɧɢ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚɧɰɢ), ʁɚɱɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ
ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ.14 ɇɚʁɡɚɞ,
ɚɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɢ ɬɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɦɟɪɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ, ɭɞɚɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɧɚɠɚɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ
ɫɮɟɪɚɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.15
ɋɩɟɢɮɰɢɱɧɚ ɡɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɩɨɬɤɚ ɨɜ-
ɚɤɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. ɋɢɦɮɨɧɢʁɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (1217) ɢ ɚɭɬɨɤɟɮɚɥɧɟ
ɰɪɤɜɟ (1219), ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɩɨɱɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɭɡɨɪɢɦɚ.16 Ⱥɥɢ,
ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɢʁɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɨ-
ɬɟɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɜɨʁɫɬɜɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ, ɤɚɨ ɭ ȼɢ-
ɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ, ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɪɟ-
ɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɛɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨɡɚɜɟɬ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ.17 Ʉɨɩɱɚ ɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚʁɟɞ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜʂɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɬ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ „ɦɨɞɟɥɚ”.
Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɥɟ
ɞɚ „ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɡɚɦ” ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɟ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ. ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɨ
ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɭɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɪɟɞ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɰɢ-
ɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ.18 Ʉɚɤɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ „ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞ” ɬɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ
ɭɡɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɤɪɨɡ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɡɚɬɢɰɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɠɢɜɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɋ
la 6e Séance plénière du XXe Congrès international des Études byzantines (Paris 2003)
169184.
14
Ibid.
15
Ibid.
16
Cf. B. Bojoviü, L’idéologie monarchique dans les hagio-biographies dynastiques
du Moyen Âge serbe, Roma 1995, 681.
17
Ibid., 301; Lj. Maksimoviü, ȅȚ ȐȖȚȠȚ ıȑȡȕȠȚ ȕĮıȚȜİȓȢ, The Heroes of the Orthodox
Church: The New Saints, 8th–16th Centuries, Athens 2004 [ed. 2005] 107122.
18
ȼ. ȳ. ȭɭɪɢʄ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɮɪɟɫɤɟ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974, 6, 31.
86
ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɩɭ-

ʄɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɚɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭ-
ɰɢʁɟ, ɧɟ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɭʁɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɢɯ „ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɢɡɚɦɚ” ɛɢɥɚ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɚ. ɉɪɜɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɢɪɚʁɭ ɜɟɪɭ, ɰɪɤɜɭ,
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɭ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɬ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɥɢɤɨɜɧɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, 19 ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.20
ɉɪɜɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɬɪɚʁɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɬɥɭ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.21 ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɬɪɚʁɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɭ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʁɭ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ʃɢɯɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ
ɢɡɜɨɪɧɢɤ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɋɜɟɬɚ Ƚɨɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ
ɇɟɦɚʃɚ, ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ, ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ ɋɚɜɚ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ (1198),22 ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɱɢɬɚɜ 13. ɢ 14.
ɜɟɤ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɨɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ɢɫɢɯɚɡɦɚ ɧɚ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.23
ɉɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɧ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɥ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜʂɚ, ɚ ɬɟɤ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɚʃɭ ɨɧɢɯ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɜɨɪɟ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɦɨ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɲʄɭ ɢ ɯɟɥɟɧ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɦ.24 ɍ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ, ɩɪɚɜɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ. ȵɟɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ, ɩɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬ ʃɟ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ, ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɭ ɩɨɫ-
ɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɛɢɬɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɬɡɜ. ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɦɟʃɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ɉɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɜɢ-
ɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ (1282–1321) ɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ,
ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɰɚɪɚ, ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ (1331–1355) ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɢ-
ɦɚʃɟ „ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ” ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ-
ɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ
19
Subotiü–Maksimoviü, op. cit., passim.
20
ɍɩ. ȴ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ƚɥɚɫ
ɋȺɇɍ 404 (2006) 39, 45.
21
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, 56, 147, 246.
22
ɍɩ. Ɇ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998, 42.
23
Ⱦ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1980, 164.
24
Cf. Ostrogorsky, Geschichte, 22.
87
ɞɚɜɧɨ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɩɨɫɟɝɧɟ ɡɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ.25 Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɡɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɟ

ɜɥɚɞɟ 1345/46. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɧɟɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɐɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ.
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚ-
ɻɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ 1341–1347. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɰɚɪɫɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɢɦɚɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɩɨɧɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ.26 Ʉɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɡɟɦʂɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɟɧɚ.27 ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɫɩɟɨ ɢɡ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɭɥɚɡɢɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɞ-
ɜɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢɦɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɦʃɟʃɚ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ, ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɟ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ.28
ɋɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɢɫɯɨɞɨɦ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢ-
ɲʃɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɢɫɤɢɜɚʃɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɟ. ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɧ ɢ ɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ, ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɩɨ-
ɱɟɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɢɱɟ ɨɪɟɨɥ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɨɞ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɬɟɤ ɨɞ ɟɩɨɯɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɞɚ ɛɢɜɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟɦ, ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ.29 ɋɢɦɩ-
ɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɍɝʂɟɲɚ, ɩɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɢɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɤɚɞɚ Ⱦɭ-
ɲɚɧɨɜɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ (1371), ɛɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɢɡɦɢɪɟʃɟ ɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɨɞɪɢɱɭ-
ʄɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɧɨ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ (1368).30
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭɲɥɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ
ɫɜɟɲʄɭ ɞɚ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɡɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ.
Ⱦɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢʁɨɦ, ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɟɮɟ-
ɦɟɪɧɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɬɟɪɟɬ. ɋɚɞɚ, ɫɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɩʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ
ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨ, ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢ ɢ ɝɪɱɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɢɥɢ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɨɦ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɟ
25
Maksimoviü, L'Empire de Stefan Dušan, 415.
26
Ibid., 422.
27
Ibid., 423.
28
ɍɩ. ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ VI, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986,
269, ɧ. 125 (Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ); Bojoviü, op. cit., 105, 182.
29
Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ, ɤɪɚʂ ɢ ɰɚɪ (1331–1355), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2003, 325.
30
ɍɩ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɋɟɪɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ, 134.
88
ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɟ, ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭ ɜɚɡɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɫ-

ɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɟɦɢɪɭ.31 Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɪɚɡ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ (ȿɜɪɨɫɭ) 1371.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɨ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɍɝʂɟɲɚ, ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɨɜɚʁ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ,32 ɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɚɡ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ 1389. ɡɚɩɟɱɚɬɢɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ.33
Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ,
ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɧɚʁ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ II (1282–1328) ɭɱɟɧɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ Ɇɟ-
ɬɨɯɢɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɢ ɰɚɪɟɜ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ, ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ Ɉ ɋɤɢɬɢɦɚ (Ɍɭɪ-
ɰɢɦɚ) ɩɪɜɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɚ ɂɫɬɨɤɚ,34 ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ, ɰɚɪɟɜ ɬɚɫɬ, ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞɪɟɞ ɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ȼɢɡ-
ɚɧɬɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɭ Ɇɚɥɨʁ Ⱥɡɢʁɢ (1312/13).35 ɍɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɢ ɰɚɪɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ
Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ, ɩɪɚʄɟɧɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɜɢɡɚɧ-
ɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɞɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ
Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɟɦɢɪɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɡɚ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ. Ⱦɨ ɨɛɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ (ɋɬɟɮɚɧɢʁɚɧɚ – 1344, Ⱦɢɞɢɦɨɬɢɤɚ – 1352)
ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨ. ɍ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɧɟɥɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ
ɩɨɪɚɡɟ, ɭ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɨ
ʃɢɯɨɜ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɡɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ. ɂ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚɧɚ-
ɰɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɡɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ (1350), ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɫɟɛɟ ɦɨ-
ɪɚɨ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɰɚɪɟɜɚ,36 ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɚɩɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ,
ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɨɦ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɯɪɢɲ-
ʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ (1355).37
ɉɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɤɭ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɨɞɪɲɰɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ
ɨɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɜɚɡɚɥɢɦɚ, ɧɢ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɨɧɨɝ
ɬɢɩɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɢɻɟɧ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ, ɚ ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɦɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪ-
ɰɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɬɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ, ɠɟʂɟɧɟ ɚ ɧɟɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ. Ɉɫɟʄɚʃɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭ ʁɟɫɭ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨʄɧɨɫɬ, ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɨɦ
31
ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɦɚ, 80.
32
Ostrogorski, op. cit., 127–146.
33
ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 86–91.
34
C. Müller, Th. Kiessling, Theodori Metochitae Miscellanea philosophica et histo-
rica, Leipzig 1921 (Neudr. Amsterdam 1966) 723734.
35
ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1960³, 100–120; L. Mav-
romatis, La fondation de l’Empire serbe. Le Kralj Milutin, Thessaloniki 1978, 70.
36
Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1978³, 227.
37
ɂɫɬɨ, 233; ɂɋɇ I, 554 (ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ).
89
ɢ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɟɫɯɚɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɨɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ.38 Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɧɚɤɨɧ

ɛɢɬɤɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ,
ʁɚɫɧɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ. ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ
ɂɫɚɢʁɚ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɚɰ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɚ Ⱥɪɟɨɩɚɝɢɬɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɱɭɜɟɧɭ ɪɟ-
ɱɟɧɢɰɭ ɨ ɞɨɛɭ „ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɢ ɡɚɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɦɪɬɜɢɦɚ”.39 ɉɚɪɚɮɪɚɡɢɪɚɨ ʁɟ, ɭ
ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ, ɇɢʄɢɮɨɪɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɭ ɭ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɭ ɩɚɞɚ
Ɍɪɚɥɚ 1284. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɦɚɥɨɚɡɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ
ɩɪɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ.40 ȼɚɡɚɥɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɟɦɢɪɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɫɩɟɜɚʁɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɇɚɪɢɰɟ, ɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɭ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɡɚɦɚɥɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɚ ɠɟʂɚ Ȼɚʁɚɡɢɬɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɛɢʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ
ɜɚɡɚɥɟ, ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɚɡɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ
ɭ ɋɟɪɭ (ɡɢɦɚ 1393/94).41
ɇɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ „ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ”, ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ, ɭ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɪɟɜʃɢɜɨɫɬ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɪɚɡʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨʁ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ. Ɋɟɤɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚʁ-
ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧɢʁɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɭ ɩɪɟɬʃɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɛɞɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɡɚɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɤɭɩʂɟʃɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɨɞɪɲɰɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ
ɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ Ʉɨɧ-
ɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɲ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɢɥɢ ɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɍɝʂɟɲɚ ɩɪɟ Ɇɚɪɢɱɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ (ɋɟɪ) ɢɥɢ Ɍɨɦɚ
ɉɪɟʂɭɛɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɥɟ (ȿɩɢɪ). ȳɚɱɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɤɚɞ ɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɢɱɤɭ ɋɜɟɬɭ Ƚɨɪɭ, ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɥɨ ɢ
ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɥɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɭ ɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɂɚ-
ɩɚɞɭ. Ɉɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɬɨɧɨɜɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɍɧɢʁɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɢ ɫɜɨɝ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɢɥ ɭ Ɏɟɪɚɪɢ ɢ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ.42 ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɛɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɢɬɨɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɋɪɛɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭɱɟɲʄɚ
ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɤɪɫɬɚɲɤɢɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɢɦɚ 1396. ɢ 1444. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚɥɢ
38
Cf. Lj. Maksimoviü, ȉȠ ĲȑȜȠȢ ĲȠȣ ȂİıĮȓȦȞĮ ıĲĮ ǺĮȜțȐȞȚĮ ȦȢ ȚįİȠȜȠȖȚțȒ
ĮȞĲȚȝİĲȫʌȚıȘ ĲȘȢ țĮĲĮıĲȡȠĳȒȢ: Ș ʌİȡȓʌĲȦıȘ ĲȦȞ ȈȑȡȕȦȞ, The Balkans and the Eastern Me-
diterranean, 12th – 17th Centuries, Athens 1998, 141149.
39
ɂɡɞ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ III, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1905 (ɪɟɩɪ.
1984), ʋ 4944, ɫɬɪ. 4144. ɇɚʁɛɨʂɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ: ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ɀɢɬɢɟ ɫɬɚɪɰɚ ɂɫɚɢɢ, ɢɝɭɦɟɧɚ
Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɵɪɹ ɧɚ Ⱥɮɨɧɟ, ɋɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɜ Ʉɨɪɨ-
ɥɟɜɫɬɜɟ ɘɝɨɫɥɚɜɢɢ 3 (1940) 125–167. ɍɩ. ɢ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ 188.
40
Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia I, ed. L. Schopen, Bonnae 1829, 142.
41
ɍɩ. ɂ ȭɭɪɢʄ, ɋɭɦɪɚɤ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ. ȼɪɟɦɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ VIII ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝɚ (1392–1448),
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984, 69, 84.
42
Ɇ. ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1994, 224.
90
ʄɟ ɡɚɬɨ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɦɨɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ Ȼɚʁɚɡɢɬɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɫɭ-

ɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɫɚ ȼɥɚɲɤɨɦ (1395) ɢ Ɍɚɦɟɪɥɚɧɨɜɢɦ Ɇɨɧɝɨɥɢɦɚ (1402).43 ɉɨɬɨ-
ʃɟ ɦɟɲɚʃɟ ɭ ɞɟɫɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɨɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɩɨ-
ɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɱɚʁɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ.44
ɉɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɛʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ɞɪɠɚɜɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɫɤɟ ɬɢɬɭɥɟ ɞɨ-
ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɚ
ɨɞ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɚ (ɋɨɥɭɧ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɞɭɝɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ, ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ
ɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ), ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɫɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɰɢɦɚ.
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɫɬ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɪɟɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɨɦ ɪɟ-
ɡɭɥɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ
ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɤʂɭɱɧɢɯ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ „Ɋɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɟ ɉɚ-
ɥɟɨɥɨɝɚ” ɢ, ɱɚɤ, ɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɨɜɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɭ – ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ.45 ɉɨ ɩɪɜɢ
ɩɭɬ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɯ
ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɝ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ.46
ɋɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɚ ɢ ɛɢɬɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ ɞɜɟʁɭ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɢɤɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɦ
ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɧɨɜɰɟɦ ɞɚ
ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɞɟɨ ɡɢɞɢɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɚ,47 ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧ ɞɚ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭ-
ʄɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɪɚɧɢɥɚɰɚ ɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɡɢɞɢɧɚ, ɭɩɭɬɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɭ ɩɨ-
ɦɨʄɧɭ ɬɪɭɩɭ ɨɞ 1.500 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ.48 ɋɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ,49 ʃɟɧɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɍɝ-
ɚɪɫɤɭ ɢ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɞɢɪɚ-
ʃɚ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɞ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɞɭɠɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɨɞ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢ-
ʁɟ. ɋɬɪɚɯ ɡɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɲɚɧ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟ-
ɧɨ ʃɢɦɟ ɧɚɞʁɚɱɚɜɚɧ, ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɚ ɤɚɨ ɟɤɭɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɢɲɬɚ ɨɪɬɨɞɨɤɫɢʁɟ. ɂɡ ɨɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɟ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɚɞ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɪɚʁ ɐɚɪ-
43
ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ I, 331, 334, 336, 369.
44
ɂɋɇ II, 68, 82 (ȳ. Ʉɚɥɢʄ); ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 302, 338.
45
ɍɩ. Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢɧɰɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɁɊȼɂ 26
(1987) 173216.
46
ȴ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɪɟɱɢ „Ƚɪɤ” ɢ „ȳɟɥɢɧ” ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɡ-
ɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɁɊȼɂ 38 (1999/2000) 223.
47
J. Kaliü, Ǿ ȈİȡȕȓĮ țĮȚ Ș ʌĲȫıȘ ĲȘȢ ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȚȞȠȣʌȩȜİȦȢ, Ǿ ȐȜȦıȘ ĲȘȢ ȆȩȜȘȢ,
Athen 1994, 198.
48
ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 361, 402; Kaliü, op. cit., 199.
49
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
– ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2002, 95, 113, 123, 145.
91
ɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.50 ɉɚɞ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂɚ (1453) ɨɩɥɚ-

ɤɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɪɚʄɟɧ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɦ
ɜɢɲɟɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɢɡ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.51 ɂ
ɡɚɢɫɬɚ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɭ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɭ ɧɚɞɠɢɜɟɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɚ (1459). Ⱦɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɩɥɟɬɚɧɨɫɬ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɜɟʁɭ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ
ɞɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɤɪɚʁ ɛɭɞɟ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ – ɢɲɱɟɡɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɰɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɨɫɦɚɧ-
ɥɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ.
Akademiemitglied Ljubomir Maksimoviü

UNTERGANG VON BYZANZ IM SPIEGEL

DER SERBISCHEN GESCHICHTE
Zusammenfassung
In der ersten Hälfte des 14. Jahrhunderts geriet Byzanz in eine schwere
Krise. In dieser Zeit wird dagegen Serbien immer stärker, es entreißt Byzanz
immer größere Teile seines Territoriums und übernimmt zahlreiche Institutionen
und Amtsträger. Zum Schluss sollten kulturelle und sonstige Integrationsprozessen
stärker sein als die feindliche Komponente der serbischen Beziehung zu Byzanz, so
dass später die Grenzen zwischen diesen beiden orthodoxen Staaten verwischt
werden sollen, um ein einheitliches Kaiserreich zu bilden. Dieser Prozess hing
jedoch mehr mit der Persönlichkeit des Kaisers Stefan Dušan zusammen als mit
einem systematischen Aufbau jener Institutionen.
Dušan Starb (1355), unmittelbar nachdem die Osmanen europäischen Boden
betreten hatten. In der kommenden Zeit mussten sich sowohl Byzanz, im Herzen des
Staates, als auch Serbien, an seinen Ostgrenzen, mit der Bedrohung der eigenen
Existenz auseinandersetzen. Ähnlicherweise durchlebten Byzanz wie Serbien eine Zeit
der politischen Desintegration und dennoch richten die serbischen Herrscher der ersten
Hälfte des 15. Jahrhunderts ihren Blick nach Konstantinopel, da sie dort, wie in alten
Zeiten, ihren Titel und die Bestätigung ihres Herrscherstatus bekamen. Die geistige
Nähe und die gemeinsame Angst vor dem unmittelbar bevorstehenden Schicksal hatten
50
Cf. Maksimoviü, ȉȠ ĲȑȜȠȢ ĲȠȣ ȂİıĮȓȦȞĮ, 147.
51
Lj. Maksimoviü, Ǿ İʌȠȤȒ ĲȘȢ ǯǹȜȦıȘȢ țĮȚ ȠȚ ȈȑȡȕȠȚ, 1453. Ǿ ȐȜȦıȘ ĲȘȢ
ȀȦȞıĲĮȞĲȚȞȠȪʌȠȜȘȢ țĮȚ Ș ȝİĲȐȕĮıȘ Įʌȩ ĲȠȣȢ ȝİıĮȚȦȞȚțȠȪȢ ıĲȠȣȢ ȞİȫĲİȡȠȣȢ ȤȡȩȞȠȣȢ,
Herakleion 2005, 203.
92
eine große Offenheit des serbischen Staates gegenüber byzantinischen Flüchtlingen zur
Folge.
Es konnte gar keine wesentlichen Unterschiede im Schicksal der beiden
Länder geben. Unter diesen Umständen kam der alte Widerwille der serbischen
Elite gegen die byzantinischen Verständigungsversuche mit dem Westen wieder
zum Ausdruck, als einziges übrig gebliebenes Missverständnis zwischen Byzanz
und Serbien. Die Angst um das eigene Schicksal war gleichwohl vermischt mit der
Angst um das Schicksal Konstantinopels als ökumenischer Mittelpunkt der
Orthodoxie. Aus den Quellen geht eindeutig der Glaube hervor, dass der Untergang
der byzantinischen Hauptstadt nicht nur das Ende des Reiches bedeuten würde,
sondern auch das Ende des serbischen Staates. Der Fall Konstantinopels (1453)
wurde in allen gesellschaftlichen Schichten betrauert, und Smederevo überdauerte
diese Katastrophe nur noch sechs Jahre lang (1459). Die länger als hundert Jahre
währende Verflechtung der Lebensumstände dieser beiden Staaten fand somit ein
gemeinsames Ende.
93
94
ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɨ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ. ɉɪɢɦɟɪ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ
ɍȾɄ 930.2:003.074(497.11)"13" DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15005

ɉɈȾȺɐɂ ɉɈȼȿȴȺ ȾȿɋɉɈɌȺ ɋɌȿɎȺɇȺ ɅȺɁȺɊȿȼɂȶȺ

Ɉ ɋȼȿɌɈȳ ȽɈɊɂ. ɉɊɂɆȿɊ ɏɂɅȺɇȾȺɊȺ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ

ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ⱥɝɨɧɢʁɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ

ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɤɪɟɬɚɥɢ ɧɚʁ-
ɩɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ, ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɦɚ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ,
ɋɜɟɬɚ Ƚɨɪɚ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɨɦ
ɚɞɟɥɮɚɬɚ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ,
ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɟɛɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ. Ƚɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɦɟɬɨɯɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɨ-
ɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ, ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫ-
ɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɟ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚʃɟɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ. ɂ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ,
ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɰɢ, ɬɢɦɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ, ɡɚ-
ɭɡɜɪɚɬ ɫɭ ɞɚɪɨɞɚɜɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɭɠɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɡɚ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ ɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜ-
ɟɤ ɧɟɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɋɜɟɬɚ Ƚɨɪɚ, ɦɨɧɚɫɢ, ɦɟɬɨɯ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ, ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, ɚɞɟɥ-
ɮɚɬ, ɫɬɚɪɚɰ, ɤɬɢɬɨɪ, ɛɨɥɧɢɰɚ, ɞɚɪɨɜɚɬɢ.
ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ 14. ɢ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɟ-

ɰɟɧɢʁɚ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ƚɨɪɟ ɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɞɪɠɚɜƗ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ
ɡɚɥɟɻɭ, ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɨ. ɉɨ-
ɪɚɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ (26. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1371) ɡɧɚɱɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɫɥɨɦ
ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɟɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɍɝʂɟɲɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ȼɭɤɚ-
ɲɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɭɩɪɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɚ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ
ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɢʁɢɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɨ 1453. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ (26. ɫɟɩ-
ɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1371) ɜɟɨɦɚ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɫɬɚɪɚɰ – ɦɨɧɚɯ ɂɫɚɢʁɚ:
„ɉɨ ɭɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɦɭɠɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɯɪɚɛɪɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɍɝʂɟɲɟ ɩɪɨɫɭɲɟ ɫɟ ɂɡɦɚ-
ɢɥɢʄɚɧɢ, ɢ ɩɨɥɟɬɟɲɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɤɚɨ ɩɬɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɭ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɯɪɢɲ-

ɉɪɜɚ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ ȈĲȠȚȤİȓĮ ĲȦȞ İȖȖȡȐĳȦȞ ĲȠȣ
įİıʌȩĲȠȣ ȈĲİĳȐȞȠȣ Lazareviü ȖȚĮ ĲȠ ǱȖȚȠȞ ǵȡȠȢ. ȉȠ ʌĮȡȐįİȚȖȝĮ ĲȘȢ ȝȠȞȒȢ ĲȠȣ
ȋȚȜĮȞįĮȡȓȠȣ, ȉȠ ǱȖȚȠȞ ǵȡȠȢ ıĲȠȞ 15Ƞ țĮȚ 16Ƞ ĮȚȫȞĮ. ȆȡĮțĲȚțȐ ȈȣȞİįȡȓȠȣ, ĬİııĮȜȠȞȓțȘ
2012, 155–162.
95
Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ
ʄɚɧɟ ɦɚɱɟɦ ɤɥɚɯɭ, ɞɪɭɝɟ ɭ ɪɨɩɫɬɜɨ ɨɞɜɨɻɚɯɭ. Ⱥ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɦɪɬ
ɩɪɟɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɠɟ. Ⱥ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɻɭ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟɧɢ ɛɢɲɟ.
ȳɟɪ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɝɥɚɞ ɛɢ ɩɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ... Ⱥ
ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɝɥɚɞ ɧɟ ɩɨɝɭɛɢ, ɨɜɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟʃɟɦ ɛɨɠɢʁɢɦ ɜɭɰɢ ɧɨʄɭ ɢ ɞɚʃɭ
ɧɚɩɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɠɞɟɪɚɯɭ... ɍɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɠɢɜɢ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɯɭ ɡɚ ɛɥɚɠɟɧɟ ɨɧɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɦɪɥɢ... ”1
ɂ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɞɟ-
ɫɩɨɬ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨ, ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɤ ɋɨɥɭɧɚ, ɛɪɡɨ ɡɚɩɨɫɟɨ ɞɟɨ ɫɟɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɝɢ-
ɧɭɥɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɍɝʂɟɲɟ, ɩɨɪɚɡ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɚɝɨɧɢʁɟ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɫɟɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɛɪɚʄɚɥɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɱɚɧɨɝ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, a
ɨɜɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɭ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛ-
ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɧɚʁɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɢʁɟɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ. Ɉɞ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚ-
ɪɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɇɟɦɚʃɢ-
ʄɚ. ɂɡɭɦɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɬɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɞɨ-
ɛɪɨɱɢɧɢɬɟʂɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɢ ɫɭ (ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭ-
ʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɡɞɚɲɧɢɦ ɞɚɪɨɜɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟɛɟ, ɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɨɝɚ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢɦɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ) ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɧɚʁɦɨʄɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɪɨ-
ɞɢɰɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ – ȼɭɤ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɲ ɢ ɤɧɟɡ
Ʌɚɡɚɪ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ ɭ Kɨɫɨɜɫɤɨʁ ɛɢɰɢ 28. ʁɭɧɚ 1389. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɢɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 12 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ȼɭɤ ɛɢɨ ʁɨɲ
ɦɥɚɻɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɤɧɟɝɢʃɚ Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ, ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɚ ɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɞɪɠ-
ɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɡɚɜɢɞɧɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɭ.
Ɇɢɪ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɚ ʄɟɪɤɚ
Ɉɥɢɜɟɪɚ, ɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɯɚɪɟɦ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ Ȼɚʁɚɡɢɬɚ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɬɩɪɚɬɢɨ
ɫɟɫɬɪɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɭ 1390. ɢɥɢ 1391. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɢ-
ɯɜɚɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɡɚɥɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ. ɍ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɤɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɇɢɥɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɭɱɜɪɫɬɢ ɥɟ-
ɝɢɬɢɦɢɬɟɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɫɢɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɧɚɤɥɨɧɨ ɞɪɠɚʃɟ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ – ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɨʁ Ʌɚɜɪɢ, ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɟʁɦɨɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ. ɇɚʁɢ-
ɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɰɢ ɬɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ, ɢɡ-
ɥɨɠɢɜɲɢ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ, ɞɨɛɢɥɢ
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ⱦɪɚɝɚɲɚ ɢ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ – ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɛɢ-
ʁɚʃɟɦ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɢɦɭɧɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɝ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ. Ɉɜɞɟ ʄɟɦɨ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɨɦ.
1
Ɂɚɩɢɫ ɢɧɨɤɚ ɂɫɚɢʁɟ ɢɡ 1371. ɝ. ɭ ɉɢɫɚɰ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɚɰ ɢɧɨɤ ɂɫɚɢʁɚ, (ɭɜɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɱ,
ɢɡɞɚʃɟ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪ ȭ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ), Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ–Ȼɚɝɞɚɥɚ, 1980, 85.
96
Ɉɬɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɡɨɪɧɢɰɟ ɨɬɢɲɥɢ

Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɲ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɢɧɭɨ ɭ ɛɢɰɢ ɧɚ Ɋɨɜɢɧɚɦɚ 1395. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɢ ȼɭɤ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɱɢʁɭ ɫɭ ɦɨʄ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɤɪɲɢɥɢ 1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɭɦɪɨ ʁɟ
1397), ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɥɢɠɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ. Ɍɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ (ɧɟɝɞɟ 1392.–1396 ?) ɤɧɟ-
ɡɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɭ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ „ɧɚʁɱɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɢɧɨɰɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɰ ɤɢɪ” Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦ2 ɢ
ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɰɢ ȳɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɩɨɩ ɋɢɥɜɟɫɬɚɪ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧ ɨɪɚ-
ɲɚɱɤɢ ɋɢɦɨɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɟɥɢ ɦɭ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɩɨɤ-
ɥɨɧɢɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɧɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɂɛɪɭ.3
Ʉɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ ɤɧɟɝɢʃɨɦ Ɇɢɥɢɰɨɦ, ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ȼɭɤɨɦ
ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɨɦ, ɢɫɩɭɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɠɟʂɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚɰɚ.4 Ⱦɚɪɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨ-
ɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɰɪɤɟ, ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ʁɨɲ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɡɚɫɟɥɚɤɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɭ-
ɩɚʃɟɦ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ, ɤɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚ-
ɪɟɜɢʄ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ. Ɍɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ
ɢ ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ: „ȳɚ, ɭ ɏɪɢɫɬɭ Ȼɨɝɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɟɪɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɋɪ-
ɛɚ, ɉɨɫɚɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɉɨɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ”.5
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ 1402. ɢɡ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɢɝɭ-
ɦɚɧ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɟ, ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟɜɨɝ ɩɢɪɝɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢʁɟ, ɫɬɚɪɰɢ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧ
ɂɥɢʄ ɢ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɩ Ɍɟɨɞɨɫɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɡɚ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɩɢɪɝ ɭ ɏɪɭɫɢʁɢ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɢ – ɡɚɦɨɧɚɲɟɧɚ ɤɧɟɝɢʃɚ Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ ȳɟɜɝɟɧɢʁɚ, ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɦ ɢ ȼɭɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɨ-
2
ȼɟɥɢɤɨɫɯɢɦɧɢɤ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦ, ɛɪɚɬ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɟɦɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢ-
ɰɢ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɚ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɥɢɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɏɢɥɚɧ-
ɞɚɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ; Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɞɢ Ƚ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ, Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɭ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, ɁɊȼɂ 22 (1983) 224.
3
Ɍɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ-
ɫɚʂɢʄ ɢ ɭɡ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɭ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ʁɨʁ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɫɤɨ ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɭɤɚʃ ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɡɚɫɟ-
ɨɤɚ: ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ (ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1388) ɭ ɢɡɞ. Ⱥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ–ɑɢɝɨʁɚ, 2003, XII, 201206, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʃɟɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ; ɰɢɬ. Ɇɥɚɞɟ-
ɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɞɚɪɭʁɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ,
ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ, ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɨ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɨɝ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ, ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɞɪɠ-
ɚʃɟɦ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɤɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɇɢɥɢɰɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ, Ɉɛɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɟɜɟɪɢɨ ɤɧɟɡɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ, ɬɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɨɞɭɡɟɨ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ: ɜ. ɧɚɩ. 4.
4
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ ɬɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ ɫɚ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢɦ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɟʃɟɦ ɪɚɧɢ-
ʁɢɯ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ: Ɇ. ɒɭɢɰɚ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ 3 (2004) 107–123; Ⱥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ,
ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɑɢɝɨʁɚ, 2007, II–1, 155162; ɰɢɬ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨ-
ɜɟʂɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ. ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ; ɧɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ ɤɧɟɝɢʃɟ Ɇɢɥɢɰɟ, jɟɪ ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɦɨɧɚɲɟʃɚ (ɧɟɝɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 6. ɚɜɝɭ-
ɫɬɚ 1392. ɞɨ 1396) ɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ ȳɟɜɝɟɧɢʁɚ.
5
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ II–1, 6–7;
97
ɠɢɥɚ ʁɟ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɩɢɪɝɭ ɫɟɥɨ Ʌɢɜɨɱɭ ɧɚ Ȼɢɧɚɱɤɨʁ Ɇɨɪɚɜɢ. ɉɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ

ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧ ɞɚɪɨɜɧɢ ɚɤɬ, Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɚɰɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɟ ɦɟɻɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ʌɢɜɨɱɟ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ (ɫɟɥɚ) ɉɚɫɢʁɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɢ ɞɟɨ ɦɟɻɟ Ʌɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɦɟɬɨɯɚ.6
ɋɚɦɨ ɩɚɪ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ, ɛɪɚʄɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢ ȼɭɤ ɫɚ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɫɟɫɬɪɢʄɚ, ɤɚɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɜɚɡɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ Ɇɚɥɭ Ⱥɡɢʁɭ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ Ȼɚʁɚɡɢɬɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɦɨɧɝɨɥɫɤɨʁ Ɍɢɦɭɪɨɜɨʁ ɜɨʁɫɰɢ. ɉɨɫ-
ɥɟ ɩɨɪɚɡɚ Ȼɚʁɚɡɢɬɨɜɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɤɨɞ Ⱥɧɝɨɪɟ (Ⱥɧɤɚɪɟ), 28. ʁɭɥɚ 1402. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚ ȼɭɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɢʄɟɦ ȭɭɪɚɻɟɦ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ, ɝɞɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ,
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ, ȳɨɜɚɧ VII ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ ɞɨɞɟɥɢɨ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ.7
Ʉɚɨ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ (ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɦɢ = h` basilei,a mou) ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɢɡɞɚɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ ȳɟɜɝɟɧɢʁɚ, ɢ ɛɪɚɬ ȼɭɤ ɫɚ-
ɦɨ ɭɡɝɪɟɞ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɥɟɬɨ
1405. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (6913, ɢɧɞɢɤɬ 13) ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɰɢ ɤɢɪɚ ȳɟɜɩɪɚɤɫɢʁɢ, ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚ-
ʁɭʄɢ ʃɟɧɭ ɠɟʂɭ, ɫɟɥɨ ȳɚɛɭɱʁɟ ɭ ɠɭɩɢ Ʌɟɜɚɱ ɫɚ ɡɚɫɟɨɤɨɦ, ɫɚ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɬɟɪɢ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɚ ɨɧɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ.8 ɉɪɟɦɞɚ ʁɟ
ȳɚɛɭɱʁɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɩɨ-
ɪɟɡɢ ɭɛɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɬɟɲɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ, ɠɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɥɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ
ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɪɟɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ, ɚ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɢ ɧɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ.
ɂɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɨɫɤɭɞɟɜɚɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ, ɦɨɧɚɫɢɦɚ
ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɲ-
ɬɢɬɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚ-
ɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ 14. ɜɟɤɭ, ɩɨɪɚɫɬɚɨ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɥɟɤɨɜɢ-
ɦɚ, ɫɚɧɢɬɟɬɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɛɨ-
ɥɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɚ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ
ɛɨɥɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ – ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ Ʌɚɜɪɢ,9 ȼɚ-
6
ɂɫɬɨ II–2, 163–173. ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɬɢɪɚɧɚ. ɉɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɢɝɭɦɚɧ
ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ 15. ɜɟɤɚ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ
ɩɪɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɤɨɞ Ⱥɧɝɨɪɟ; ɜɢɞɢ, ȼɥ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, Ⱥɥ. ɉɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɢ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɟɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ,( ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɢɥɚ Ɇ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 19992, 112113.
7
Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɢ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɢ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1960, 182187.
8
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ II–3, 175181.
9
ɂɡ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ ȳɨɜɚɧ V ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ, ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1342. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ, ɞɚɪɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ Ʌɚɜɪɢ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ ɰɚɪɟɜ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɨɬɚɰ, ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɇɢɮɨɧ, ɫɚɡɧɚ-
ʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɛɭɞɟ 70 ɤɪɟɜɟɬɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ
ɡɚɫɚɞɟ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɦɚɫɥɢʃɚɰɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɯɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɥɟ-
ɠɟ; ɭɡ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɞɚɪɢɨ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɭ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ
98
ɬɨɩɟɞɭ10 ɢ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ. ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɰɚɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɩɨɛɪɢɧɭɨ ɡɚ

ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ ɛɥɚɝɚʁɧɟ 200 ɜɟɧɟɰɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ11 ɢ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ
Ƚɨɪɢ ɤɭɩɢɨ ɨɞ Ⱥɥɢɩɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɥɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɬɭʃɟɜɚ.12
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɢɪ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢ-
ɦɚ, 1379/1380. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɧɟɨ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɭ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɬ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɭ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɭ. Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ
ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɚɧ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɩɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɫɚɜɟɬɭ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ
ɇɟɨɮɢɬɚ ɢ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɭ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ, ɫɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɞɚʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 100 ɭɧɱɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɨ ɨɞ ɉɪɨɬɚɬɚ.13 Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɢɨ
ɬɚʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɟɥɚ – ȳɟɥɲɚɧɢɰɭ ȭɭɪɻɚ ɇɟɧɢɲɢʄɚ
ɢ ȳɟɥɲɚɧɢɰɭ Ƚɪɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɬɟɩɱɢʁɟ,14 ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ-
ɥɚ, ɫɚ ɡɚɫɟɨɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɬɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ.15 Ɇɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɨ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɧɚ
ɫɧɚɡɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ.
ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɛɢɨ 200 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ; ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ 100 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɭɬɪɨɲɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɭ
ɲɟʄɟɪɚ, ɦɟɥɟɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɩɨɫɥɚɬɢ ɭ Ʌɚɜɪɭ ɡɚ ɛɨɥɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɟ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɟ ɢɬɞ.: Ⱥctes de Lavra III, de 1329 à
1500, (éd. par P. Lemerle et al.), Paris 1979, no 123, l. 134155.
10
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɫ, o` evpi. th/j trapezhj, ɤɟɮɚɥɢʁɚ ɋɨɥɭɧɚ 1358. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɚɪɨ-
ɜɚɨ ʁɟ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɫɤɨ ɢɦɚʃɟ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ. ɍ ɚɤɬɭ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ
ɬɨ ɞɚɪɨɜɚʃɟ 1366. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɫ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɞ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ
ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɢɦɚʃɚ, 50 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɧɨɝɚ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɭ ɛɨɥɧɢɰɭ: Actes de Vatopédi II de 1330 à 1376, (éd. dipl. J.
Lefort, V. Kravari, Ch. Giros et K. Smyrlis), Paris 2006, no 126, l. 13–16.
11
ɋɬ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1912, 420, V–VII.
12
ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɡɚ Ʉɚɪɟʁɫɤɭ ʄɟɥɢʁɭ, ɢɡɞɚɬɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɥɟɩɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ
1348, ɢɡɞ. Ⱦ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ 1, Ʌɚɤɬɚɲɢ 2002, 72–73, ɪ. 36–38.
13
ɇɨɜɚɰ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢɡ Ɇɟɫɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɨɞ ɬɡɜ.
„ɰɚɪɫɤɟ“ ɢɥɢ „ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɪɨɝɟ”. ɍ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɰɚɪɟɜɢ ɨɞ 10.
ɜɟɤɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɥɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɚɬɭ; ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɦ
ɦɨɧɚɫɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɚ; ɜɢɞɢ. Ɇ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɨɝɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɚ
ɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ , ɭ ɲɬɚɦɩɢ.
14
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɩɪɢɥɚɠɟ ɬɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɨɧɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɟɨ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ, ɬʁ. ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɞɟɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɂɦɟɧɚ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɛɢɜɲɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ⱦɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɬɟɩɱɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɻɚ; ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɩɨɫɟɞɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɦɟɻɟ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɟɩɱɢʁɚ, ɜɢɞɢ, Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ,
Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, 25–30.
15
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ V, 129138, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ
ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɨ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ.
99
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɪɭɝɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ

ɨɞɪɟɞɢɜɲɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚʁɟ 100 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɞ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɟ
ɰɚɪɢɧɟ, ɛɪɡɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ. Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɭ
ʁɟɫɟɧ 1406. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɥɢ „ɧɚʁɱɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɦɨɧɚɫɢɦɚ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɚɰ ɤɢɪ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɧɚʁɱɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɫɢɦɚ ɩɨɩ ɤɢɪ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪ”. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ
ɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɚɪ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨɦɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɢɧɬɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɨɦ:
„Ɇɢɥɨɲʄɭ...ɂɫɭɫɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɢ ɦɨ-
ɥɢɬɜɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɦɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɨɬɚɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɞɟɞɨɜɚ – ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɚ ɢ
ɋɚɜɟ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɟɪɧɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɫɜɢɯ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɉɨɞɭɧɚɜʂɚ ɢ
ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɨʁ, ɧɚʁɨɞɚɧɢʁɢ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪ”,16 ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞ-
ɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɢɯ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ
ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ. Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ
Ⱦɪɚɝɚɲɚ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɰɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɟ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɚ, ʁɟɪ ɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ
ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɛɟɥɟɲɰɢ Ɋɨɦɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɢɤɚ ɨ ɩɨ-
ɦɢʃɚʃɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ.17
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɜɟɬɚ Ƚɨɪɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɨɧɢɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɟɛɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɭɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ
ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ ȳɟɜɝɟɧɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ 20 ɚɞɟɥɮɚɬɚ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ
ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɟʁɦɨɧɚ ʁɨɲ 1395/1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɤɥɨɩɢɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɨ ɚɞɟɥ-
ɮɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɢɦɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ 8. ʁɭɧɚ 1411. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɨɠɢɨ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɨɤɨ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɭ ɠɭɩɢ Ʌɟɜɚɱ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɚ ʃɢ-
ɯɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɫɟɨɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ. ɍɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɡɟ ɨɞ
ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ, ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ
ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ („ɜɨʁɧɢɰɚ ɢ
ɞɚɧɚɤ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɦɢ”); ɭɡ ɬɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ, ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ, ɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɬɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɢɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ
„ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɚ”, ɬʁ. ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɰɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ʂɚ ɬɢɦ ɢɦɚʃɢɦɚ. Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɜɪɚɬ ɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɚɞɟɥɮɚɬɚ
ɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɬɡɜ. ɝɟɪɚɫɢɦɨɜɫɤɟ ɤɟ-
ɥɢʁɟ.18
16
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ II–4, 1–5; ɨ ɬɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɜ. ɢɫɬɨ,
183199.
17
ȴɭɛ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ 3, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1905, ɮɨɬɨɬɢɩ.
ɢɡɞ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984,50085011 (1382).
18
Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ II–5, 191199. ɉɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ ɤɟɥɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɨ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɛɪɚɬ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢ-
ʄɚ Ɋɚɞɨʃɚ – ɦɨɧɚɯ Ɋɨɦɚɧ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɫɯɢɦɧɢɤ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦ. Ɇɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɭɩɨɤɨʁɢɨ
100
Ⱦɚ ɪɟɡɢɦɢɪɚɦɨ: ɋɚ ɚɝɨɧɢʁɨɦ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɫɟ

ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɤɪɟʄɭ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɟɫɩɨ-
ɬɢɦɚ. ɂ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɭ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ
ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫ-
ɬɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ, ɦɟɬɨɫɢ ɨɤɨ
ɋɤɨɩʂɚ, ɋɬɪɭɦɢɰɟ ɢ Ȼɪɟɝɚɥɧɢɰɟ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɭɜɟɤ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɢ. ɉɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ
ɦɨʄɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɟ-
ɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ʃɢ-
ɯɨɜɢɯ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɢ ɡɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ
Ɍɭɪɰɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ.
Academician Mirjana Živojinoviü

DATA FROM THE DOCUMENTS OF DESPOTES STEFAN LAZAREVIû

ABOUT THE HOLY MOUNT
The example of the monastery of Hilandar
Summary
In the years when the Turks were penetrating the Balkan Peninsula, after the
Battle at the Maritza in September 1371, the conquest of Serres (1383) and Thessa-
loniki (1387) and, particularly after the Battle of Kosovo, on June 28, 1389, the
monasteries of the Holy Mount began more and more frequently, to seek assistance
from the rulers of the fragmented Serbian Empire. In the efforts by those rulers to
enlarge their lands and, especially to win recognition as legitimate successors of the
Nemanjiü dynasty, their connections with the monasteries on the Holy Mount, to
which they were very generous, had great influence. Apart from that, fearing the
arrival of the Turks, the members of the ruling and prominent noble families, by
donating the churches and villages they had inherited, or money from customs
duties and the mines in Novo Brdo, secured for themselves a refuge within the
strong monastery defence walls of Athos. The Holy Mount still seemed like a safe
and enduring institution, where not only those, who purchased the so-called adelp-
hata - a share in the brotherhood, earning the right to enter the monastery as adelp-
hatarioi, would take refuge, but the Holy Mount, if they joined, would ensure the
ɫɢɧ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ Ƚɪɝɭɪ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɧɚɯ Ƚɟɪɚɫɢɦ († 13/14.ɦɚɪɬ 1408). Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢɯ
ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɡ 1406. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ, ɜ. ɨɜɞɟ, ɧɚɩ. 16.
101
continued existence of impoverished and abandoned churches the guardians of

Orthodoxy in the face of advancing Islam.
In this paper, we focus particularly on the example of the monastery of
Hilandar in which Despotes Stefan Lazareviü secured six adelphata (June 8, 1411),
having made a a very precise agreement with the monks about how they would be
used.
102

ɉɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ...
ɍȾɄ 271.2-475.5: 271.2-296 DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15006

ɉɊȿɉɂɋɄȺ ɆɈɅȾȺȼɋɄɈȽ ȼɈȳȼɈȾȿ ɋɌȿɎȺɇȺ ȼȿɅɂɄɈȽ

ɂ ɈɏɊɂȾɋɄɈȽ ȺɊɏɂȿɉɂɋɄɈɉȺ ȾɈɊɈɌȿȳȺ
ɉɨɛɭɞɟ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ƚɨʁɤɨ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ

Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɇɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ

Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɡ 1466, ɫɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ (ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭ
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ Ɋɭɦʁɚɧɰɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ), ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɚ ɩɢɫ-
ɦɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟ-
ɥɢɤɨɝ. ɉɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɨɥɢɱɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɨʁɟɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɤɟɧɞɟɪ-ɛɟɝɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ
ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞ. ȼɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɦɨɥɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɨɲɚʂɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɭ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ. ɂ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ
ɞɚ, ɩɨ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ, ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɤɥɢɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɨʂɚɪɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɟɫɟʂɟɧ
ɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɜ ɝɪɚɞ, ɩɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɚɛɟɪɟ ɦɢɬ-
ɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɨɬɚɰɚ, ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢ ɚɪɯɢ-
ʁɟɪɟʁɢ. ȼɟɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɦɟ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɉɨ-
ɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɞɨɧɟɨ ɞɢʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ, ɚɥɢ ɦɧɨɝe ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɬɚɱɧɟ. Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ɫɚɞ-
ɪɠɢɧɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟ-
ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɞɟɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ
ɢɫɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɤɨɥɟɝɢɧɢɰɚ Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ ɋɬɢɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɬɪɢ ɛɪɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɫɚ ɤɪɫɬɨɦ ɧɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɢɦ
ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɞɢ-
ʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɢɬɭɥâ
ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ:
ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɭ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ Ȼɭ-
ɝɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, ɚ ɨɧ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ
Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɦɢɥɨɲʄɭ Ȼɨɠɢʁɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ Ȼɭ-
ɝɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ. Ⱦɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ
ɨɜɢɦ, ɫɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ, ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ʃɟɧɨ ɱɟɥɨ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ (ɫɫɚ 1525–1550), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɪɭɞɢɨ ɞɚ
ɭɜɟʄɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɭ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɭ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɭ ɫɚɠɟɬɢʁɟɦ ɜɢɞɭ, ɛɟɡ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ, ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ,
ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɦ Ⱦ. Ⱥ. Ɂɚɤɢɬɢɧɨɫɭ
14–15. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1994, ɭ Ⱥɬɢɧɢ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ λληλογραφα το Μολδβου βοεβδα
Στεφνου το Μεγλου και το ρχιεπισκπου τς χρδας Δωροϑ"ου. Πρωτοβουλ-
ες–$ποκιν%σεις κα& χρνος 'μφνισης, Βαλκνια κα& νατολικ) Μεσγειος, 12ος–17ȠȢ
Į*+νες, ,νστιτο το βυζαντιν/ν 0ρευν/ν, Τ2 Βυζντιο σ%μερα 2, 199–206.
103
Ƚɨʁɤɨ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ
ɞɚ ʁɨʁ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɭ ɋɟɪɜɢʁɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ, 1544, ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɞɚ

ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɪɬɨɦ ɞɨɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɲɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɟ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɯ-
ɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɤɪɟɩe ɬɜɪɞʃɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ. ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ
ɭɥɚɝɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɧɚɠɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɫ-
ɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɚ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɫɚɱɭ-
ɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɭ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɢɦɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɨ-
ɯɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɭɜɟʄɚ ɭɝɥɟɞ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɟ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ,
Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɚ, Ɉɯɪɢɞ, ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ, ɞɢ-
ʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ.
ɍ ɥɟɬɨ 1844. ɨɬɢɫɧɭɨ ɫɟ ɛɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ Ɉɞɟɫɟ ɤɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ ɦɥɚɞɢ

ɫɥɚɜɢɫɬɚ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢɱ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ɫ ɧɚɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɟ-
ɥɨɜɢɦɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɤɭɩɢ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɭ ɝɪɚɻɭ ɨ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.1 ɋɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɚɦɚ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟʃɟ ɭɦɧɨɝɨɦɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ
ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɫɚɝɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɩɭɧɢɦ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɢɡ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɢɨ. Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɡɛɢɪɤɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɯɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɭ Ɋɭɦʁɚɧɰɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɦɭɡɟʁɭ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ 2 ɢ ɪɚɧɨ
ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɇɟɻɭ
ʃɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɩɚɠɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɢ ɨɯ-
ɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɢɡ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɝ
ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɨɜ-
ɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭɧɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɥɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɟ
ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨɫɬɢ.3

1
ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ Ɍɭɪɰɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 18772, 7;
ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ ɜ. Ⱦɨɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɨɛ ɟɝɨ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɨ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦɥɹɦ,
ɢɡɞ. Ɉɬɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɤɨɝɨ ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɂȺɇ, Ʉɚɡɚɧ 1915, 18–35, 43 et passim; Ⱥ.
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1922, 159 ɢ ɞ.
2
Ⱥ. ȿ. ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɚ, Ɉɬɱɟɬ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɉɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ Ɋɭɦɹɧɰɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɭɡɟɟɜ, ɡɚ 1876–1878 ɝ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1879, 3.
3
ɋɩɨɪɧɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɚ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɭɡ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɟ
ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɟ: ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ XV ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ. Ⱦɜɚ ɩɢɫɶɦɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɨɟɜɨɞɵ
Ɇɨɥɞɨɜɥɚɯɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ⱦɨɪɨɮɟɹ, Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɵ ɬ. ɟ. Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝɨ, ȼɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɧɢɤ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ V
(Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1850) 34–36; ȳ. ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ, Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɡɚ ɫɪɛɫɤɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ. Ⱦɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɬɟ-
ɮɚɧɚ ɜɨɟɜɨɞɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɢ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɩɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚ-
ɧɢʁɟ, ɥɟɬɚ 1456-ɬɨɝ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ⱦɋɋ VII (1855) 177–179; Ⱥ(ɪɯɢɦɚɧɞɪɢɬ) ɉ(ɚɪɬɟɧɢɣ)
Ɂ(ɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ), Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɹ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɢɠɢɰɢ ʋ 9
(ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ 1858) 26–28; ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, Ɉ ɋɟɪɛɢɢ ɢ ɟɹ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɤ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɪ-
104
ɉɢɫɦɨ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ,

ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɦɨ ɫɟ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɡɚɝɭɛʂɟɧɨɝ
ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ,
ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɠɟʂɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɢʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ ɢɡ Ʉɪɚ-
ɬɨɜɚ. ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɨɞɥɨɦɚɤ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚ, ɭ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɨʁ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɡɚ-
ɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ 1707, ɫɚɞɪɠɢ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ, ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɚɤ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɢ, ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ʃɢɦ, ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨ-
ɥɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɢ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ
ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɩɲɢɪɚɧ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ, ɛɨɝɚɬ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ
ɫɟɞɦɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ.4
ɍ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ʁɟ ɦɨɥɢɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɞɚ
ɦɭ ɩɨɲɚʂɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɭ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ ɭɫɬɨɥɢɱɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨ-
ɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɨɝ ȼɢɫɚɪɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɨ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚʁ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ. „ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɬɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɲ – ɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ – ɡɛɨɝ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɩɭɬɚ
ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ”, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ɪɚɬɭʁɟ
„ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ”.5 ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ, Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɨ ɦɨɥɞɚɜ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɨ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ, ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɧɢ ɨɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ
ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɭɩɭɬɢ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɟɢɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɞɨ-

ɠɚɜɚɦ ɜ XIV–XV ɜ., Ʉɚɡɚɧ 1859, ɉɪɢɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ, 41; Ⱥ. Ʌ., Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɘɫɬɢ-
ɧɢɹɧɵ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɟɹ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɘɠɧɵɯ ɋɥɚɜɹɧ, Ȼɨɥɝɚɪ ɢ ɋɟɪɛɨɜ,
ɑɬɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɂɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɟɣ ɪɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɦ
ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬɟ IV (1866) 56–57; Episc. Melchisedec, Cronica Romanului I, Bucureúti 1874,
112–117; S. Nicolaescu, Documente slavo-române cu privire la relaĠiile ğarii Românesti úi
Moldovei cu Ardealul in sec. XV–XVI, Bucureúti 1905, 126–129, 226–229.
4
ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ: ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, Ɉ ɋɟɪɛɢɢ, 41–-
42; Ⱥ. Ʌ., Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɹɧɵ, ɑɬɟɧɢɹ IV (1866) 20–21; Ⱥ. ȿ. ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ,
ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ, 20–21; V. Kaþanovskij, Njekoliko spomenika za srbsku i bugarsku poviest, 3.
Bilježka ÿakona Mite ɢ posleslovju Nomokanona god. 1466, Starine XII (1880) 254–257; ȴ.
ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ, I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1902, 98–102, ɛɪɨʁ 328; I.
Bogdan, Documente false atribuite lui ùtefan cel Ɇɚrɟ, 1, CorespondenĠa lui ùtefan cel Mare
cu arhiepiscopul din Ohrida, an 1456/57, Buletinul Comisiei istorice a României 1 (Bucu-
reúti 1915) 117–120; Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1931,
151–152. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ Ȼ. Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ
ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ II, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1967, 259–267. ɍ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ
ɞɟɨ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ Ĉ. Radojiþiü, Antologija stare srpske književnosti (XI–XVIII veka),
Beograd 1960, 198–200, ɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɢ ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɤɨɜ, Nɨɜ ɥɴɱ ɜɪɯɭ ɤɧɢɠɨɜɧɚɬɚ
ɞɟɣɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤ, ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɨɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ
XXII–XXIV (1948) 172–178, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɲɢɪɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɞɢʁɚɤɭ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɉɨɫɥɟɫ-
ɥɨɜɢʁɭ. ȼ. ɬɚɤɨɻe Ĉ. Radojiþiü, Antologija, 344–345; ȼ. Ʉɢɫɟɥɤɨɜ, ɉɪɨɭɤɢ ɢ ɨɱɟɪɬɢ ɩɨ
ɫɬɚɪɨɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1956, 304–307.
5
ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ XV ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, 35.
105
ɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɢ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɞɨ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ.6 ɉɨɞɢɝɥɚ ɫɟ ’ɧɟɤɚ
ɤɪɚɦɨɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɛɨʂɚɪɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɥɢɪɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ’, ʁɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɢɡ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɟ, „ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɫɟɥɟ ɭ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢ-
ɧɨɜ ɝɪɚɞ”. Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ ɢɡɚɛɟɪɟ ɦɢɬ-
ɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ’ɩɨ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɨɬɚɰɚ’ ɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɟ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢ ɚɪɯɢʁɟ-
ɪɟʁɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɡɨɜɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɲɤɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟ”.7
ȼɟɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɦɧɨɝɨɦɟ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɚɥɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɭɝɨɦ
ɡɚɩɢɫɭ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɞɨɧɟɨ ɞɢʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ, ɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ
ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɚ II Ɉɫɜɚʁɚɱɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɤɟɧ-
ɞɟɪ-ɛɟɝɚ. ɍ ɥɟɬɨ 1466. ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ɢ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɢɨ ɫɜɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɢɡɭɡɟɜ Ʉɪɨʁɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɚɥɛɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɤ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ
ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ.
ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ
ɢɡ 1466. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɩɨɪɭɰɢ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɚɩɪɢɥ 6974 (1456), ɭɡ ɢɧɞɢɤɬ 14, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ
ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 6974 (1455) ɫɚ ɢɧɞɢɤɬɨɦ 1. ɇɟɨɛɢɱɧɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ, ɱɢʁɚ
ʁɟ ɧɟɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɫɬ ɭɨɱɟɧɚ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ ɡɚɦɪɲɟɧɢɯ
ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɢ, ɭɡ ɨɞɪɟ-
ɻɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ, ɫɦɟɫɬɟ ɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɤɜɢɪɟ. ȵɢɦɚ ɫɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟ
ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɨɜɞɟ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ, ɬɢɦ ɩɪɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɡɧɚɤɨɜɢ – ɮɚɤɫ-
ɢɦɢɥɢ ɬɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ – ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɢɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬ-
ɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ.
ɇɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, ɫɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɨ ɜɟʄ ɧɨ-
ɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1845. ɭ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬɭ,8 ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ.9 Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɪɭɤɨ-
ɩɢɫɭ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɢ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭ ɡɚɝɪɚɞɢ, ɞɨɩɢɫɚɜɲɢ, ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ, ɨɧɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢɦ.10
ȼɪɟɞɧɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨ-
ɜɢɱ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɩɢɫɦɚ. ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɛɭɧɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ

6
ɂɫɬɨ.
7
ɂɫɬɨ, 35–36.
8
J. Bogdan, Documente false,ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɭ.
9
ɉ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, Ʉ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɭ ɨ ɩɟɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɦɨɥɞɨɜɥɚɯɢɣɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɟɨɜɨɞɵ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɨɝɨ ɫ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɉɟɪɜɨɣ ɘɫɬɢɧɢɚɧɵ Ⱦɨɪɨɮɟɟɦ, Revue des études Sud-Est euro-
péennes IV/1–2 (Bucarest 1966) 239–246.
10
ɍ ȼɥɚɲɤɭ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ 20. ʁɭɥɚ ɢ, ɡɛɨɝ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ, ɨɫɬɚɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ, ɞɨ 26.
ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1845, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɭ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬɭ – ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, Ⱦɨɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ, 218–219. ȵɟ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ,
ɫɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ, ɭ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɦɟɬɨɯɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɝɪɨɛɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɭ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɢ (ɉ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, Ʉ ɜɨɩ-
ɪɨɫɭ, 239).
106
ɭɬɢɫɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ʁɟ ɢ

ɫɚɦ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɨ ɡɛɪɰɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɩɭɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟ-
ʃɢɦɚ. ȼɟʄ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟɪɭɱɧɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɨ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ 1845, ɩɨɥɚ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ, ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɟ ɫɚ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɭ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ, ɞɨɞɚɜɲɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɧɚ
ɤɪɚʁɭ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ.11 Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɨ ɢ ɭ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɥɚ-
ɬɨɦ ɢɡ Ȼɟɱɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,12 ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɭ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɢɡ
Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɭ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ, ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɲɬɚɦɩɚ-
ɧɨɦ 1848. ɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤɚ.13 ɇɚʁɡɚɞ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ,
ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ.14 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɫɬɚɪɨʁ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟ-
ɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɯɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ
Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɉɟɪɢɜɥɟɩɬɟ ɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɭ, ɢɦɚɥɚ 69 ɝɪɱɤɢɯ ɢ 23
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ, ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚ-
ɫɬɚɪɚ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɚ, ɩɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, ɭ XV ɜɟɤɭ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ
Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ. 15 ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɉɨɫɥɟ-
ɫɥɨɜɢʁɟ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ, ɭɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɲɢɜɟɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. 16 ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɟ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ,
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɨ ɨɞ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɧɟɨ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ,
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ. Ɍɨ
ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɢ Ⱥ. ȿ. ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɜɲɢ ɭ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨ-
ɜɢɱɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɨɦɚɤ Nɨ 1707 ɫɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɨɦ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɟɝɥɟ-
ɞɨɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɲɢʁɢ, ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɱɧɢɤɨɦ, ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ
ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɛɢɨ „ɢɡ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ”.17
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɧɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɨɜɨɝ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ
ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɧɢɰɟ,18 ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤ ɢɡ Ɋɢɥɟ.19 ɋ

11
ɂɫɬɨ, ɪɢɫ. 3.
12
ɂɫɬɨ, 241, ɪɢɫ. 3.
13
ȼ. ɂ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, Ⱦɨɧɟɫɟɧɢɹ, 200.
14
ɂɫɬɢ, Ɉɱɟɪɤ, 158.
15
ɂɫɬɢ, ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ XV ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, 36. ɉɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢ.
16
ɂɫɬɢ, Ɉɱɟɪɤ, 156.
17
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɫɬɚɪɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ – ɭ ɨɪɦɚɧɭ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ɡɢɞɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɟ (ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ ɬɪɟɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ) – ɢɫɬɨ, 155.
18
Ⱥ. ȿ. ȼɢɤɬɨɪɨɜ, ɋɨɛɪɚɧɢɟ, 19.
19
ɍ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ ɫɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɢʁɢ ɢɡ XIV ɜɟɤɚ – ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, Ɋɚɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɨɬ ɦɭɡɟʁ ɜɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ
ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢ, ɇɚɪɨɞɟɧ ɦɭɡɟʁ 87 (Ɉɯɪɢɞ 1961) 173, 181, 237–238. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
107
ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢɜɚɱɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ

ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ, ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɝɭɛʂɟɧɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɫɚ
ɡɛɢɪɤɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɧɚʄɢ.20
ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɞɨɧɟɥɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɫɚɞ-
ɪɠɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ 1845. ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬɭ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ.21
ɉɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɢɫɦɚ ʁɟ, ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɦɨ, ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɫɚɦ
ȼ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ.22 ɍ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɪɚɧɨ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ –
ɩɪɟɜɟɜɲɢ ɢɯ ɫɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɨɝ – ɢɡɞɚɨ ȳ. ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ,23 ɚ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨ ɫɨɩ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ, ɜɪɥɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ, ɢ ȼ. Ʉɚɱɚɧɨɜɫɤɢ.24 ɍ ɨɛɢɦɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɭ
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ, ɩɪɢɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɭɡ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɧɚɲ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ, ɧɢʁɟ ɭɨɱɟɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ
ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ ɫɚ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ƚɪɢ-
ɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ɩɨɧɟɨ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ. 25 Ɉɞʁɟɤ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɟ ɨɩɚɡɢɬɢ ɭ ɂɫ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ȿ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɥ-
ɞɚɜɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XV ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢ-
ɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ.26 ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ɇɟɥɯɢɫɟɞɟɤ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟʄ 1874. ɩɪɢɦɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɚ
ɱɟɥɭ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɨʁ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ȼɢɫɚɪɢɨɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁ ɢɡ
Ɋɨɦɚɧɚ.27 Ȼɟɡ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟʃɚ, ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ʁɟ ɏ. Ƚɟɥɰɟɪ, ɨɛʁɚ-
ɜɢɜɲɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢ,28 ɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɨ, ɛɚ-
ɜɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɦ, ɢ ɂ. ȳɚɰɢɦɢɪɫɤɢ.29

ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɢɦɚɨ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɢʁɚɤɭ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɭ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ
ɧɟɦɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ – Ȼ.
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, 265.
20
ȿ. ɋɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɜ, Ɉɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɪɴɤɨɩɢɫɢɬɟ ɜ Ɋɢɥɫɤɢɹ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɋɨɮɢɹ, 21.
21
ɍ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ Magasinul istoric pentru Dacia I (1845) 277–278.
22
ɂɫɬɢ, ɉɚɦɹɬɧɢɤɢ XV ɫɬɨɥɟɬɢɹ, 35–36.
23
ȳ. ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ, Ⱦɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɜɨɟɜɨɞɟ VII, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɢ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɩɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɢʁɟ, ɥɟɬɚ 1456-ɬɨɝ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋɍȾ
VII (1855) 177–178.
24
V. Kaþanovskij, Njekoliko spomenika, 253–254.
25
ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ, ɢɡɞ. Ɍɚɬʁɚɧɟ ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2014.
26
ȿ. Ƚɨɥɭɛɢɧɫɤɢɣ, Ʉɪɚɬɤɢɣ ɨɱɟɪɤ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɵɯ ɰɟɪɤɜɟɣ,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1871, 385.
27
Ep. Melchisedec, Chronica Romanului, 113.
28
M. Gelzer, Der Patriarchat von Achrida. Geschichte und Urkunden, Leipzig 1902,
21–23. ȼ. ɢɫɩɪɚɜɤɟ ɱɢɬɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ C. Jireþek, BZ XIII (1904) 200.
29
Ⱥ. ɂ. əɰɢɦɢɪɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɐɚɦɛɥɚɤ. Ɉɱɟɪɤ ɟɝɨ ɠɢɡɧɢ, ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ
ɢ ɤɧɢɠɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋ. ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ 1904, 293, 295.
108
ɋɭɦʃɭ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɢɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɢ ɇ.

ȳɨɪɝɚ ɢ ɇ. Ⱦɨɛɪɟɫɤɭ,31 ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɨ
30
ɩɪɟɬɪɟɫɚɨ ɬɟɤ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɚɬɚ XV ɢ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ȳ. Ȼɨɝ-

ɞɚɧ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɧɟɫɤɥɚɞ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɢ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɢʁɟ ɦɭ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ Ɇɟɥɯɢɫɟɞɟɤɭ, ɩɪɨ-
ɦɚɤɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚ
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1466, ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɧɨɜɚ
ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ, ʁɨɲ ʁɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɛɢɨ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ
Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬ.32 ɒɬɚɜɢɲɟ, ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ
ɨɜɨɝ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɨɬɩɨɱɟɨ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɉɭɬɧɟ ɭ
Ȼɭɤɨɜɢɧɢ,33 ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɯɪɚɦ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ,34 ɚ ɭ
ʃɟɦɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɨʁ ɩɥɨɱɢ, 18. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1476. ɢ ɭɦɪɨ.35
ɉɪɟɩɭɲɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɦ ɤɥɢɪɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɨɛɚɜɢ ɭɫɬɨɥɢɱɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɚ-
ɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɡɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɡɨɜɟ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟ ɢɡ ȼɥɚɲɤɟ. ɍ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɟ,
ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɭɝɪɨɜɥɚɲɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ.36
ɇɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɬɚɱɧɚ,
ɩɚ ʁɟ ȳ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɨɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ
ɫɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ – ɛɚɪ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɚ ɭ Ƚɪɢ-
ɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ – ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɬɢ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XV ɜɟ-
ɤɚ.37 Ɍɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɢɫɦɚ, ɨɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ
ɩɪɢɲɢɜɟɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɤɜɚɬɟɪɧɢɨɧ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɤɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ, ɛɢɥɚ
ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɭɪɡɢɜɨɦ, ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɦ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɨɦ, ɲɬɚɜɢɲɟ,

30
N. Iorga, Istoria bisericii româneúti (úi a vieĠii religioase a Românilor), I, Vale-
nii-de-Munte 1908, 85 ɢ ɞ.
31
N. Dobrescu, Din istoria bisericii românesti in secolul al XV-lea, Bucureúti 1910,
16, 29.
32
I. Bogdan, Documente false, 111–112.
33
N. Jorga, Geschichte des rumänischen Volkes in Rhamen seiner Staatsbildungenɦ
I, Gotha 1905, 337.
34
I. Bogdan, Vechile cronici moldoveneúti până la Urechia. Texte slave cu studiu,
traduceri úi note, Bucureúti 1891, 145; N. Jorga, Istoria bisericii romaneúti, I, 91, n. 2.
35
I. Bogdan, Vechile cronici moldoveneúti, 146 (ɧɚɜɨɞɢ 8. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1476, ɪɚɱɭɧɚ-
ʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ /6985/ ɨɞ 1. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ); Episcopul Melchisedec, O visită la câteva
mânăstiri úi bisericƱ antice din Bucovina, Revista pentru istorie, archeologie úi filologie I,
vol. I (1883) 253; ɂ. A. əɰɢɦɢɪɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢɣ ɐɚɦɛɥɚɤ, 287 (ɞɪɠɢ ɫɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɚ 1. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ 18. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1477).
36
I. Bogdan, Documente false, 111.
37
ɂɫɬɨ, 112.
109
ɦɢɫɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ, ɢ ɧɚ ɦɥɚɻɨʁ ɯɚɪɬɢʁɢ.38 Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɢɫɦɚ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ,

ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ʁɟ XVII, ɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ XVIII ɜɟɤɭ.39
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɭ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɚ Ɉɫɜɚʁɚɱɚ ɭ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɢ
ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɦɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɤɥɢɪɨɦ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɥɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɝɨɧɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɭ
ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ, ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɢ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ
ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ. 40 ɉɢɫɦɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɭ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ,
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɞɢɜʂɟʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɢ, ɧɚɞɚɯɧɭɬ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɝɥɟɞ.41
Ȼɟɥɟɲɤɚ ȼ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɤɚ ɭ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜɨɝ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɭ ȼɥɚɲɤɨʁ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ʁɟ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɭ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɞɚ
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɟɨ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɢɡ Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ (ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɢ ɫɚɦ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ), ɧɟɝɨ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɜɥɚɲɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɚ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢɡ Ȼɢɫɬɪɢɰɟ. ɉɢɫɦɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ,
ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɞɨɞɚɨ ɢɡɚ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪ.42
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ – ɩɨɡɢɜ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɞɚ
ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ – ɩɨɱɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɩɟʄɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦ.
ɋɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪ ɛɢɨ ɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ
ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦɨɦ, ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ 1451/2. ɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ʌɟɲɚɧɚ ɤɨɞ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ,43 ɬʁ. ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɥɨ
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ.44
ɋɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɢɦɚ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɚ-
ɝɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɧɟ ɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɦɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɚɪ-
ɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ.45
Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ ȳ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ. ȳɚɰɢɦɢɪɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢʁɢ
ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɜɟɞɭ ɞɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ, ɢɫɬɢɱɭʄɢ ɞɚ
ɛɢ, ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ, ɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɢɜɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʃɟɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ

38
ɂɫɬɨ, 109.
39
ɂɫɬɨ, 109–110.
40
ɂɫɬɨ, 112–113.
41
ɂɫɬɨ, 113–114.
42
ɂɫɬɨ, 114–115.
43
ɘ. Ɍɪɢɮɨɧɨɜ, ɋɴɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟɬɨ ɧɚ ɂɩɟɤɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɹɪɲɢɹ ɫ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪ-
ɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ ɜ XV ɜ., ɋɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɧɚ Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɧɚ ɧɚɭɤɢɬɟ, III, Ʉɥɨɧ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɧ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɫɨɮɫɤɨ-ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧ 2 (ɋɨɮɢɹ 1912) 12–42.
44
45
ɂɫɬɨ, 113, 115.
110
ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɡɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ: ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ

ɥɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɪɢɜɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ.
ɋɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ɨɬɩɨɪ – ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɥɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ
ȳ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɚ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɢɬɚ-
ʃɟɦ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ.46 ɂ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɦɚɯɨɦ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ
(ɫɭɱɚɜɫɤɨɝ) ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɇɢɤɨ-
ɞɢɦ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨ-
ɥɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭɮɪɚɝɚɧ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ.
Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɟɛ-
ɧɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ,
ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɱɟɥɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɫɬɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ. ɋɚɦ Ɇ. Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢ ɪɟɲɟʃɭ ɨɜɟ ɡɚɝɨɧɟɬɤɟ ɤɚ-
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɫɭɦʃɭ ɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɢɡ 1451/2, ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɨ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ.47 Ⱥ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ʁɟ, ɱɭɞɧɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɨɲʄɭ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɯɪɚɦɭ ɋɜɢɯ
ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɭ Ʌɟɲɚɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ. ɉɢ-
ɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɢɦ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢ-
ɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɥɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɢ. Ɂɚɝɨɧɟɬɤɚ ʁɟ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ
ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɤɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ȼɟɥɟɫɬɨɜɭ ɤɪɚʁ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ,
1450/1, ɭ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ, ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɀɢɬɢʁɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɇɢɮɨɧɚ I, ɧɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɧɚ-
ɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ-ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ (1453).48 Ɍɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɢɦɟ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ
ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɨ: ɭ Ʌɟɲɚɧɢɦɚ 1451/2. ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦ, ɧɟɝɨ ɇɢɤɨ-
ɥɚ. Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ.49

46
ɘ. Ɍɪɢɮɨɧɨɜ, Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬ ɧɚ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɨɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɜ ɩɨɥɨɜɢ-
ɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ XV ɜ., Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ V–1 (1929) 45–70; ɂ. ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ, Ʉɴɦ ɜɴɩɪɨɫɚ ɫɚ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɴɬɚ ɧɚ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɚɬɚ ɰɴɪɤɜɚ ɨɬ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɡ XV ɜ., Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ
V–3 (1929) 53–62; ȿɩ. ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧ (ɂ. Ɂɟɪɟɦɫɤɢ), ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɩɨɞ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢ-
ɫɤɨɩɢʁɨɦ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ XI–11 (ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ 1930)
168–169; ɂ. ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ ɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚɬɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢɹ–ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɲɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɚɞɚ-
ɧɟɬɨ ù ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɰɢɬɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɣɧɨɬɨ ɭɧɢɳɨɠɟɧɢɟ (1394–1767 ɝ.) , II, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1932, 15.
47
M. Lascaris, Joachim, métropolite de Moldavie et les relations de l’ Église moldave
avec l’ Patriarcat de Peü et l’Archevêché d’Achris au XVe siècle, Bulletin de la Section histo-
rique de l’Academie Roumaine XIII (Bucarest 1927) 155.
48
K. Dukakis, Μ"γας συναξαριστ)ς πντων τ/ν <γων τ/ν καϑ’=παντα τ2ν μνα
α>γουστον ?ορταζομ"νων, Atina 1894, 158; Ⱥɮɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɩɚɬɟɪɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɠɢɡɧɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ
ɫɜɹɬɵɯ ɧɚ ɋɜɹɬɨɣ Ƚɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɫɢɹɜɲɢɯ, II, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1897, 128–129.
49
Ƚ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ, ɉɟʄɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦ, ɁɊȼɂ XXI
(1982) 224–232 (ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
111
Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɯɢɪɨɬɨɧɢɫɚɨ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟ ɫɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢ-

ʁɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦ, ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 1453. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚɢɦɟ,
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɚɞɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɚ ɧɚɞɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɨʄɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ,
ɢɡ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢ ɤɥɢɪ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɭ
ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɭ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ.50
ɍ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ, ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ
ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɥɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɤɟ, ɭɩɥɟɨ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ 1927.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɛɪɢɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɢɬɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ. 51
ɒɢɪɨɤɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɰ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɚɛɚɜɢɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨ-
ɜɟɪɡɧɨɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɲʄɭ Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɤɚ, ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ȳɨɚɤɢɦɚ ɢ
ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɭɧɢʁɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɨɪɬɨ-
ɞɨɤɫɧɟ ɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɚɦ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɚɞ. ɋɭɤɨɛ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɩɪɟɧɟɨ ɢ ɭ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɭ ɢ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɨɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ȳɨɚ-
ɤɢɦɚ ɭ ɉɨʂɫɤɭ.52 Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ ʁɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɨ ɜɟɪɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɯ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȭɭɪɻɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɨ – ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɦɨ
ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞɨɦɚʄɢɨ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ – ɥɟɝɟɧɞɢ ɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɨɞ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ.53
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɜɟɞɭ ɞɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɫɚɫɬɚ-
ɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, Ɇ. Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɦɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɇɨɦɨɤɚɧɨɧɚ (Indreptarea Legii) ɢɡ 1652. ɛɢɥɨ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɨɞ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢ-
ɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ.
Ɉɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫ ɧɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɢ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ,
ɩɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɝ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ
ɋɬɨ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɨɜɟɥɟ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ.
ɉɨ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɥɢɯ, Ⱦɚɤɢʁɚ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɟɚ: ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ʃɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɢʁɢ ɩɢɫɰɢ, ɡɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɨɦ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɟ ɫɚ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɲʄɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ.54 Ɍɚɤɜɨ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ Ɇ. Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫɚ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢɦ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɩɢɫ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ ɭ ȼɥɚɲɤɨʁ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ ɞɨ
XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɨ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ
ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɚ.

50
ɂɫɬɨ, 218.
51
M. Lascaris, Joachim, métropolite de Moldavie, 129–159.
52
ɂɫɬɨ, 129–133.
53
ɂɫɬɨ, 133 ɢ ɞ.
54
ɂɫɬɨ, 139–148.
112
Ⱥɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ Ɇ. Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɢɫɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ

ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɢɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɢ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɭ XV ɜɟɤɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɭ. Ɂɚ ɩɨɬ-
ɩɭɧɭ ɩɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɢɦɚ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ
ɪɟɱɢ ɇ. ȳɨɪɝɟ ɞɚ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ʃɢɦɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ. 55 ɋɚɫɜɢɦ ɧɟɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨ,
ɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɭ ɜɟʄ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚɧɭ ɩɨɥɟɦɢɤɭ ɭɧɟɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ, ɞɨɤɚ-
ɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɲɤɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɟ-
ɻɟɧɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XVI ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ʃɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɫɟɞɟɥɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ. 56 ɍ
ɫɜɨɦ ɪɚɫɭɻɢɜɚʃɭ Ɇ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ɫɟ, ɞɭɯɨɜɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɪɟɤɚɨ, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ
ɪɚɡɛɨʁɧɢɤɭ – ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ. ɍ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɩɨɪɬɟ, ɦɟɻɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ-
ɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɫɜɟ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɂʁɭɛɨɦɨɪɧɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɱɭɜɚɧɢ,
ɧɚɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɟ ɮɟɪɦɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɜɟɡɢɪ 1544, ɭ ɢɦɟ ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧɚ
ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ, ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ ȼɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɯɨɞɢɦɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ.57
ɂɡ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɮɟɪɦɚɧɚ, ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ 10. ʁɭɧɚ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ
ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɬɚɞɚ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɢɜɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɤ ɭ ȼɥɚɲɤɨʁ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɭɩɢ, ʁɟɪ
ɫɭ ɝɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɨɦɟɥɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɢ. ɋɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɛɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɧɚ-
ɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɤɥɢɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ, ɤɚɤɨ
ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɚɫɩɪɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɢɡɦɢɪɟɧɚ, ɢ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɢ ɧɟ
ɦɟɲɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ.58 ȳɨɲ ɛɥɢɠɟ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɮɟɪɦɚɧ ɢɡɞɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, 22. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1544. ɂɡ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, ɬɟɠɟʄɢ ɞɚ
ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɟ ɧɚ ȼɥɚɲɤɭ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɭ, ɞɚɨ ɩɟɲ-
ɤɟɲ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɜɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ
ɩɥɚʄɚɥɚ 4.000.59 ɇɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɪɬɨɦ ɫɟ
ɩɨʁɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɛɟɪɚɬɨɦ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ
ɭɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɛɥɚɝɚʁɧɢ ɭɩɥɚʄɭʁɟ ɭɜɟʄɚɧɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 4.100 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ȼɨʁ-

55
N. Iorga, Istoria bisericii românesĠi, I, Bucureúti 19282, 46.
56
M. Maxim, Les relations des pays roumains avec l’Archevêché d'Ohrid à la
lumière de documents turcs inédits, Revue des études Sud-Est européennes XIX 4 (1981)
653–671.
57
ɂɫɬɨ, 653–655.
58
ɂɫɬɨ, 655–658. Ɏɟɪɦɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɪɟɩɥɢɰɢ, ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɨʁ ɭɡ ɦɚɥɟ
ɢɡɦɟɧɟ ɲɟɫɬ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, 16. ʁɭɧɚ 1544; ɩɪɜɢ ɚɤɬ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɦ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɜɥɚɲɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɭ – ɢɫɬɨ, 658, ɧɚɩ 25.
59
ɂɫɬɨ, 658–661.
113
ɜɨɞɚɦɚ ȼɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɚ ɧɨɜɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ

ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɟɧɚ.60
ɉɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɨɞ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ,
ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ɥɟɝɟɧɞɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɡ-
ɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ.61 ɉɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ Ⱥ. ȿɥɢʁɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ XVI
ɜɟɤɭ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɟɬɟ-
ɪɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ.62
ɋɜɨʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɨɬɤɪɢʄɟ Ɇ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɪɚɬɢɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟ-
ɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ. ɇɚɦɟɬɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɉɨɪɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɚ, 1538–1541, ɞɨɫɩɟɥɚ ɭ
ɜɚɡɚɥɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɢ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ʁɟ
ɬɟɤ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɉɚɜɥɨɦ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚɦɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1541,
ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɟɝɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ. 63 ɒɢɪɟ ɭɡɟɜɲɢ,
ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɟ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɢ-
ɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1541. ɢ 1544. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɟɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, Ɇ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ʁɟ ɫ ɨɫɧɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɬɟɤ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ1543. ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɭ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɢɝɧɭ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢ-
ɰɢ, ɧɟɝɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ, ɩɪɟɞ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ 1544, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɢɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɩɨɪ
ɤɥɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɨ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯɭ ɢɡɜɟ-
ɫɬɢɥɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɚɦ ɡɚɩɭɬɢɨ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɜɟʄ 10. ʁɭɧɚ
ɞɨɛɢɨ ɮɟɪɦɚɧ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɜɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ
ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɭɛɨɤɨɝ ɬɪɚɝɚ ɭ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɨʁ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ-
ɦɚ.64
ɒɢɪɟʃɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɟ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɨ, ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɦɚ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɚɪ-
ɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ ɭ XVI ɢ XVII ɜɟɤɭ.65 Ɍɨ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɭɩ-
ɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢʁɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɟɨɦɚ

60
ɂɫɬɨ.
61
ɂɫɬɨ, 663.
62
A. Elian, Legăturile Mitropoliei Ungrovlahiei cu Patriarhia de Constantinopol úi
cu celelalte Biserici Ortodoxe de la intemeiere pînă la 1800, Biserica Ortodoxa Română
7–10 (1959) 909–910.
63
M. Maxim, Les relations, 654, 663–665, 670.
64
ɂɫɬɨ, 667–670.
65
ɂ. ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ II, 379–380.
114
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɚɦɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɟ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɢ

ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɞ-
ɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɫɩɢ-
ɫɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɢɬɢ ɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ. ɇɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ – ɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ
ɞɪɟɜɧɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɚ, ɩɨ ɋɬɨ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɨʁ ɧɨɜɟɥɢ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɨɜɨɝ
ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ – ɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɤɨ-
ɬɢɧɭ ɭ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɨʁ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɟ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɢ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ʁɟ, ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɦɨ, ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɟɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɥɞɚɜ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ Ɍɟɨɤɬɢɫɬɚ, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɭ-
ɯɨɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɪɭɤɨɩɨɥɨɠɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦ. ȼɪɟɞɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ
ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɡɟ
Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ, ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɢ
ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɨɜɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɧɟ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ.
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɧɢɡ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɦɟ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɧɢɰɚ
Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɢɩɱɟɜɢʄ, ɫɚɜɟɬɧɢɤ Ⱥɪɯɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɇɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞɚʁɭʄɢ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɭ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɜɲɬ-
ɢɧɭ ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɚɧ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɚɰ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɞɨ
ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɱɢɦɚ ɢɡɦɚɤɥɚ. Ⱦɭɝɭʁɟɦ ʁɨʁ ɬɨɩɥɭ ɡɚɯ-
ɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɲɬɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʃɟɧɚ ɨɩɚɠɚʃɚ ɨɜɞɟ ɢ ɨɛ-
ʁɚɜɢɦ.
ɉɨɬɤɪɟɩʂɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢ-
ɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ, ȳ. Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɧɚɜɟɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɥɚ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɪɭɤɚ ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɬɢʁɢ ɦɥɚɻɨʁ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚ.66 ɇɚɥɚɡɢ Ȼ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɢɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɜɪɲɟɬɚɤ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɫɚ
ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɭ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɫɧɭɬ ɮɢɥɢɝɪɚɧɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɪɢ ɛɪɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɫɚ ɤɪɫɬɨɦ,
ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ȼɪɢɤɟɭ, ɛɢɨ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ 1463. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,67 ɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɞɜɚ
ɥɢɫɬɚ ɫɚ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɬɢɫɧɭɬɟ ɦɚɤɚɡɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɫɪɟɬɚɨ 1459/60.68 ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɯɚɪɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɚ: ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ
ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɤɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɨɝ
ɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ. Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤ-

66
67
Ch. M. Briquet, Les filigranes I–IV, Genève 1907, No 11734.
68
ɂɫɬo, No 3685.
115
ɥɟ, ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɭ – ɫɚ ɡɚɞʃɨɦ ɫɜɟɲɱɢɰɨɦ ɨɞ ɨɫɚɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ, ɩɨ

ɱɟɫɬɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ, ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɞɜɚ, ɭɡ ɤɨɪɢɰɟ – ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɞɨɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ 1467. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɠɚ-
ɥɨɫɬ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɢ ɤɚɤɜɟ ʁɟ ɮɢɥɢɝɪɚɧɨɥɨ-
ɲɤɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɨ ʃɟɧ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɡɚɝɭɛʂɟɧɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɫɚɦɟ
ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ.
ȼɨɞɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɰɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ
ȼɪɫɬɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɚ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɯ-

ɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɬɟɤ ɢɡ XVII ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ.
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢ, ɢɡɚ ɩɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɬɟɤ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢ-
ɞɭ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢ.
ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɭɝɨɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɞɢʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɨ ɫɟ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɟ ɚɪ-
ɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ. Ɉɛɢɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɩɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɟ, ɭ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɪɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ, ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟ-
ɬɢɨ ɢ ɛɨɝɨɯɪɚɧɢɦɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɨ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɫɚɛɨɪ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫ-
ɚɜɟɬɨɜɚɨ ɫɚ ɤɥɢɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɨɞ ɛɨʂɚɪɚ ɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɢ ʃɢ-
ɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɭ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɩɢ-
ɲɟ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ, ʁɟɪ ɬɭ ɤʃɢɝɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.69
Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɨɛɢɦɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚ,
ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɢɥɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ 1466.
ɩɪɨɬɟɪɚɧ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ

69
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ I, 99–100, ɛɪɨʁ 328.
116
ɛɢɜɲɢ ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ Ɇɚɪɤɨ Ʉɫɢɥɨɤɚɪɚɜɢɫ. Ⱦɢʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ ɫɟ ɡɚ-

ɬɨ, ɞɨɜɪɲɢɜɲɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, ɭ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɭ
ɢ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɨ ɝɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜɨ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ʃɟɦɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɫɪɨɞɧɢ-
ɰɢɦɚ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɧɚ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɚɛɨɪɧɨɦ ɯɪɚɦɭ.70 ɇɟɦɚ ɫɭɦ-
ʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ Ƚɪɢ-
ɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɟɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ, ɦɚʁɚ 1845, ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɦɨɥɞ-
ɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ, ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ
ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɯ-
ɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢ ɨɝɥɟɞ, ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɧɭɬ
ɠɢɜɢɦ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ⱦɦɢɬɪɚ? Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢɱ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɉɨɫɥɟɫɥɨɜɢʁɭ ɧɟɦɚ, ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɢɥɢ
ɛɚɪ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɚ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɞɚ
ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɨɦ ɛɢɥɟ ɬɚɱɧɟ? ɍ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɟ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɢɫɚɰ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ,
ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ʃɢɯ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ
ɧɚɜɟɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɤɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ,
ɦɟʃɚɧɢ, ɚ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɦɟɫɟɰɟ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢ ɫɚɫɬɚ-
ɜʂɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ. ɋɜɨʁɭ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɨɯ-
ɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ʁɟ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ, ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɭ ɚɩɪɢɥɭ, ɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ
ɧɚ ʃɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ, ɩɪɟɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨ
ɛɢɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ. ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɦɨɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ, ɱɚɤ ɧɟ ɧɢ
ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɩɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʃɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ – ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ
ɢɫɬɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ – ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ
ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ. Ɇɟɫɟɰ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ
ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɤɥɢɪɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɚɧ ɢɡ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ
ɏɥɭɞɨɜɚ, ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨʁɟɜɚɧɻɟʂɟ ɛɪ. 192 ɢ ɩɪɨɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ–ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ ɛɪ.
2/19, ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ ɬɚɱɚɧ ɞɚɬɭɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ: 2. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ, ɞɚɧ ɫɜ. Ʉɢɩ-
ɪɢʁɚɧɚ ɢ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɟ.71 ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɩɢɫɚɰ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ,
ɫɚɡɧɚɨ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ Ɉɯɪɢɻɚɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɫɟʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ
ɝɚ ɭɧɟɨ ɭ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɭ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɭ ɩɢɫɦɚ. ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɧɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ
ɞɚɬɭɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɚɧ. ɉɪɟɜɢɞɟɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɫɚɦɨ
1. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɟɰɭ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ Ɉɯɪɢɻɚɧɢ ɩɪɟ-

70
ɂɫɬɨ, 100—101.
71
Ⱥ. ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ Ⱥ. ɂ. ɏɥɭɞɨɜɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1872, 382; Ȼ.
Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ III, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1978, 180, 204.
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ɫɟʂɟɧɢ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɭ ɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢ ɧɟɜɨʂɟ ɤɨʁɟ

ɫɭ ɢɯ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɥɟ.
Ʉɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɛɢɨ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ
ɟɩɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ XV ɢ XVI ɜɟɤɚ? Ɂɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢɦ ɬɢɬɭɥɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ. ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɜɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ Ȼɥɚɠɟɧɟʁɲɟɦɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɭ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ
ɢ ɫɜɢɦ Ȼɭɝɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɬɟʂɭ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɭ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɦɢɥɨɲʄɭ Ȼɨɠɢ-
ʁɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ Ȼɭɝɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪ-
ɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɚɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ, ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ. ɋɚɦ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɫɟ 31.
ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1465. ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ ɡɟɥɟɧɢɦ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞ-
ʃɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ: † Δωρθεος ?λ"F Θ(εο) ρχιε-
πσκοπος τς Πρ+της ,ουστινιανς κα& Πσης Βουλγαρας †.72
Ɍɢɬɭɥɚ ʁɟ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ,
ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ.73 Ⱦɢʁɚɤ Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ, ɫɚɜ-

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Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜɚ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɧɬɢɤɨɫɬɚɪɭ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ ɢɡ Ȼɨɥɧɢɰɟ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɦ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ
ɥɟɤɚɪɚ ɚɪɯɨɧɬɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ Ʌɚɫɤɚɪɚ (ıʌȠȣįI ȝJȞ țĮ& 'ȟȩįF țȣȡȠ ĬİȠįKȡȠȣ LȡȤȠȞĲĮȢ
ȁMıțĮȡȘ ĲȠ ȞȠıȠțNȝȠȣ) – ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, Ɋɚɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɨɬ ɦɭɡɟʁ ɜɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞ, Ɂɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɬɪɭɞɨɜɢ, Ɉɯɪɢɞ 1961, 210–211. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɢɡɞɚɬ ɤɚɫɧɨ, ɨɜɭ
ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɡɦɭ ɭ
ɨɛɡɢɪ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɢ. ȼɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜ ɤɫɟɧɨɧ, ɫɬɚɪɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɝɪɱɤɢɯ, ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ, ɨɩɫɬɚɨ ɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭɜɟʄɚɜɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɢ ɛɟɱɤɢ Ⱦɢɨɫɤɨ-
ɪɢɞɨɜ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɢɡ VI ɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ, ɩɟɧɬɢɤɨɫɬɚɪ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɜɟ
ɭɝɥɟɞɧɟ ɤɚɪɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɢ ɜɚɫɩɢɬɧɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɞɨɫɩɟɨ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ Ɉɯɪɢɻɚɧɢɧɚ, Ɋɚɬɤɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ ɢ ɞɟɰɟ
ɨɬɤɭɩɢɨ ɤʃɢɝɭ ɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ. ɋɜɨʁɭ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɭ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ
ʁɟ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɪɨɱɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɭɝɨɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɨɦ. Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ ɤʃɢɠɧɢɰɢ
Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ (ɛɪɨʁ 45).
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ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɨ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɤɚɨ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ (ɂ. ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ
II, 378). ȼɟʄ ʁɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜɨ ɫɬɚɪɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɩɨɩɭɧɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɝɪɱɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɤɥɢɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɭɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɨ ɨɛɚ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɱɭɜɚ ɭ ɚɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ, ɦɥɚɞɢ ɫɯɟɞɨɝɪɚɮ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ʁɟ 1430/1.
ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟɧɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪʃɟɦ, ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ, ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɦɚɥɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɭ ɫɬɢ-
ɯɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ – ɜɟɠɛɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɲɤɨɥɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɚ (Ɋ. ɋɬɚɧɱɟɜ, Ⱥ. ȹɭɪɨɜɚ,
Ⱥɪɯɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɤɢ ɨɬ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɜ Ⱥɬɢɧɚ, ɋɬɚɪoɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɚ 9 (ɋɨɮɢɹ 1981) 64; L. Politis, ȀĮĲȐȜȠȖȠȢ ȤİȚȡȠȖȡȐĳȦȞ ĲȢ 0șȞȚțȢ ȕȚȕȜȚȠșȒțȘȢ ĲȢ
OȜȜȐįȠȢ, ȡ. Atina 1991, 426) ɍ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɭɱɢɥɢɲɬɟ ɤɨ-
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ɪɟɦɟɧɢɤ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɉɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ

ɛɥɚɠɟɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ, ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɲɟ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɉɪɜɨʁ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢ-
ʁɚɧɢ.74 ɇɢʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɪɟɱɢ ɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɟɤ ɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɟ
ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɫɚ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɨɦ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɬɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɱɟɥɨ ɞɨɲɚɨ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢ-
ɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢɯ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XVI ɜɟɤɚ. ɒɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɜɟ-
ɨɦɚ ɛɨɪɛɟɧ, ɨɧ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɱɟɬɜɪɬ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ɨɞ 1523–1524. ɞɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ 1550.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɬɪɭɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɭɜɟʄɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɭ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɭ, ɦɟʃɚʁɭʄɢ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɚɦɚ, ɢ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ.
ɉɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɩɪɟ 1219. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɜɟ ɬɟɠʃɟ ɫɭ,
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɧɚɢɲɥɟ ɧɚ ɠɢɥɚɜ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ
ɉɚɜɥɚ, ɪɟɲɟɧɨɝ ɞɚ ɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɧɚ
Ɇɨɯɚɱɭ (1526) ɨɫɥɚɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɚ ɧɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɫɥɨɧɢɬɢ.
ɋɭɤɨɛ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɫɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɞɭɝɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ. ɍ ɧɟɫɪɟʄ-
ɧɚ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɭɩɥɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɚ ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɫɭ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱɧɢɯ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟ-
ʁɚ, ɭɡɟɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɰɚɪɢ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɨɦ ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɨɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɫɥɟɞ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ, ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢɯ
ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɫɧɢɯ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ (ɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɩɨɪɧɢɯ) ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɭ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɭ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɚ-
ɛɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɚɡɜɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɬɰɟɩ-
ʂɟʃɟɦ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. ȳɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨʁ
ɫɬɪɚ'ɧɢ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɉɚɜɥɟ – ɢ
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɬɚ: ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɫɟ ɱɚɤ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɱɚɫɭ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ ɬɚɦ-
ɧɢɰɢ – ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚɦɚ ɛɢɨ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɢ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɱɢɧɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ʁɟ
ɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɭɧɟɨ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚɦɚ. ɍɱɢɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨ-

ʁɟ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɟɱɚɬɭ ɢɡ 1516, ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ȀȠȚȞòȞ ȝȠȣıİPȠȞ ĲȠ <ȖȚȦĲȐĲȠȣ țĮ&
ʌȠıĲȠȜȚțȠ șȡNȞȠȣ ĲȢ ȆȡȫĲȘȢ ,ȠȣıĲȚȞȚĮȞȢ ȤȡȚį/Ȟ țĮ& ʌȐıȘȢ ǺȠȣȜȖĮȡȓĮȢ † (G. Su-
botiü, M. Lazoviü, ȂȠȣıİPȠȞ de l’Archevêché d'Ohrid, Resumé des communications II,
XVIIIɟ Congrès international des études byzantines, Moskva 1991, 1131).
74
Ȼ. Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ II, 64–65.
119
ɦɢʃɚʃɟɦ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟɪɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ ɢɥɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ,

ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ ɡɜɚʃɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ ɢ
ɰɟɥɟ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ.
ȼɟʄ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ʁɚɱɚʃɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɫɚ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɦ, ɭ ɫɚɛɨɪɫɤɨʁ
ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɢɡ 1528/9, ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ togda Þb& prhstolÚ sÚdrèïemou ...
vÚseqystnomÞ arxÏepiskopÞ svetyje i vhlikÏe crykve Prvyjé
JÞstinÏanÏé BlÚgaromÚ è i SrÚbl!mÚ i zapadnomÞ PomorÏÞ kur
ProxorÞ75, ɚ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɭ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨ 1530. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ProxorÚ, milostÏ} bo`Ïé} arxÏépiskopÚ Prvyjé JÞstinÏanÏé
pap(a) BlÚgaromÚ i SrÚblemÚ i PomorÏÞ i proqÏimÚ.76
Ɍɢɬɭɥɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɧɨɫɢɨ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɫɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟ ɫɚ-
ɦɨ ɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɚ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɦɚ, ɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɦɚ ɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɥɟɠɚɤɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɚ. ɍ Ʌɚɜɪɢ, ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1539, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɬɚ ɋɜɟ-
ɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ, ɭ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ Ɍɢɩɢɤɚ ɫɜ. ɋɚɜɟ Ɉɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɝ Ⱥ 87 , ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ
ɫɟ † Πρχορος 'λ"F θεο ρχιεπσκοπος Q ,ουστινιανς κα& Πσης Βουλγαρας,
Σερβας κα& τ/ν λοιπ/ν,77 ɞɨɞɚɜɲɢ ʁɨɲ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɥɢɫɬɚ, ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɚɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ.78
ɇɚ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɉɟɪɢɜɥɟ-
ɩɬɟ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɋɨɮɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ, ɭɪɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ: † Proxory mi(lost)Ï} bo`Ïé} arxié-
pkpy PryvÏé Ü(stiniani)...79. Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ,
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɧɚ,80 ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ 1539/40, ɛɥɢɫɤɚ

75
ɉ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɨ ɛɭɧɢ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɬ-
ɱɢʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ LVI (ɋ. Ʉɚɪ-
ɥɨɜɰɢ 1922) 35.
76
ɂɫɬɨ, 37.
77
M. Gelzer, Der Patriarchat von Achrida, 194.
78
ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɟɪɢɫɨɫ (ɫɬɚɪɚ) Ⱥɩɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ( Sερισς Tτοι πολωνα), ɚ
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɉɪɨɬɚɬ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ – Ʉɭɬɥɭɦɭɲ, ɂɜɢɪɨɧ, ɉɚɧɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪ, Ɋɭɫɢɤ, Ʉɫɢ-
ɪɨɩɨɬɚɦ, Ɏɢɥɨɬɟʁ, Ʉɚɪɚɤɚɥ, ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞ, Ʉɫɟɧɨɮɨɧ, Ⱦɨɯɢʁɚɪ, Ʉɚɫɬɚɦɨɧɢɬ, ɋɢɦɨɧɨɩɟɬɪɚ,
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɚɬ, Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɚɬ, ɋɜɟɬɢ ɉɚɜɥɟ, Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ, ȿɫɮɢɝɦɟɧ, ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ ɢ Ʌɚɜɪɚ (M. Gelzer,
Der Patriarchat von Achrida, 104–105).
79
Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, 40, ɛɪɨʁ 12.
80
ɇɚɬɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ Ⱥɪɯɢɦɚɧɞɪɢɬ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɧ [ɂɡ Ɋɭɦɟɥɢɢ, ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
1886, 40], ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ 1528. ɉɨɬɩɭɧ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɞɚɬɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɨɧɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ȼ. ɏɚɧ [ɂɧɬɚɪɡɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ
ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ, XVI–XVIII ɜɢʁɟɤ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1966, 34–40, ɫɥ. 1] ɫɚ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɢɦ ɨɩɢ-
120
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɭɛɨɪɟɡɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ

ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ, ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ
ɦɟɰɟɧɟ.81 Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ, ɤɪɭɩɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɨ ɢɡɜɟ-
ɞɟɧ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɭ ɩɥɢɬɤɨɦ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɪɟʂɟɮɭ, ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ
ɬɢɬɭɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɉɪɜɭ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɭ, ɛɟɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɧ-
ʂɢɜɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚɥɟ ɨɛɢɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ.82
ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɢɯ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɝ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɚɦɚ
ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʃɭ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚɢɡ
ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ȼ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱɚ ɫɚ Ȼɢɛɥɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ, ɛɪɨʁ 1684, ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɚ
ɢɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫ: Pr&xorÚ prhosveïenyj arxÏepiskopÚ PrÚvea Ü-
stinÏane BlÚgaromÚ i SrÚbl!mÚ i Zapadne} PomorÏ}.83 Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ
ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɚɧ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɚɠɟɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɤʃɢɠɧɨɦ ɛɥɨɤɭ ɬɡɜ. Ⱦɨɜɨʂɫɤɨɝ
ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨʁɟɜɚɧɻɟʂɚ (ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɛɪɨʁ 638 ɭ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɟ): Pr&xorÚ prhosveïenyj arxÏepiskopÚ PrÚvea ÜstinÏane
BlÚgaromÚ i SrÚbl!mÚ i Zapadne} PomorÏ}.84 Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɪɟ 1547/8, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɧɢ ɨɤɨɜ. Ȼɟɥɟɲɤɚ ɫɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɢɬɭɥɨɦ ɧɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨʁɟɜɚɧɻɟʂɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ. ɍ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ, ɱɢʁɢ
ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɟɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɢ, ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɚ Ʌɭɤɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɤɥɨʃɟɧ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɢ, ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ, ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ
ɯɪɚɦ ȼɚɜɟɞɟʃɚ ɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɰɚ.85 Ʉʃɢɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟɦ ɚɪɯɢɟ-

ɫɨɦ, ɭɨɱɟɧɢɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɞɥɢɤɚɦɚ (ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɞɨɦ ɤɨɫɬɢ), ɫɬɢɥɫɤɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢ-
ɡɨɦ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ.
81
ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ, Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɚ ɞɟʁɧɨɫɬ, ɋɬɭɞɢɢ
ɡɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɨɬ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫ, ɋɤɨɩʁɟ 1990, 152–154.
82
Ɉɞ ɬɢɬɭɥɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ʃɟɧɨ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɞɭɠɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ
ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɨʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ.
83
ɉɪɜɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɧɚɯ ɋɢɫɨʁɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɝɢɧɢɰɢ
Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɢɩɱɟɜɢʄ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɢɡ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɭɝɚ; ɦɨɧɚɯ ɋɢɫɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɫɟɛɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɨ ɬɚʁɧɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ – Ɉɬɱɺɬ Ɇɨɫɤɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɭɛɥɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɢ Ɋɭɦɹɧɰɟɜɫɤɨɝɨ
ɦɭɡɟɟɜ ɡɚ 1876–1878 ɝ., Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1879, 3; ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ I, 167, ɛɪɨʁ 520.
84
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɱɢɬɚʃɭ Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɢɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɢ ɨɜɞɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚɦ ɬɨɩɥɭ ɛɥɚɝɨ-
ɞɚɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɥɟɞɟ.
85
ȴ. ɒɬɚɜʂɚɧɢɧ ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ɇ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɉɚʁɢʄ, Ʌ. ɐɟɪɧɢʄ, Ɉɩɢɫ ʄɢɪɢɥɫɤɢɯ
ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986, 311 (ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ). Ɉ
ɩɪɨɬɨɩɨɩɭ Ʌɭɤɢ ɢ ɜɟɡɚɦɚ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɞɟɦɢɪ-ɯɢɫɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɢ-
ɡɚɨ ɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɞɚɪɢɜɚɨ ɤɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ ɉɟɩɢʄ ɜ. ȳ. Ɋɚɞɨɧɢʄ, ȿɩɢɫɬɨɥɚɪ ɦɚ-
ɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɉɪɨɞɪɨɦɚ (ɋɥɟɩɱɟ) ɢɡ XVI ɜɟɤɚ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ XLIX (1910) 57 ɢ ɞ.; Ƚ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ,
ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɰɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 32 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1993) 192–197.
121
ɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ86, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ

1543.87
Ɉɛɢɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɜɟʄɚɧɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɟ, ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɟɬɢɨ ȳɚʃɟɜɨ ɢ 11. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1548, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨʁɟɜɚɧɻɟʂɭ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ
ɛɟɥɟɲɤɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ Pr&xor milostÏ} bo`Ïé} arxÏépisk&pV
J+stinÏanÏe vshm BlÚgar&m SrÚbl!m i proqim.88
ɂɡ ɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ
ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɬɟ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ.89 ɉɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɧɚɥɨɝɭ, ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ
Ⱦɨɯɢʁɚɪɚ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢ ɦɢɧɟʁɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɞɟɨ
ɰɟɥɢɧɟ – ɡɚ ɦɚɪɬ, ɚɩɪɢɥ, ɦɚʁ, ʁɭɧɢ ɢ ʁɭɥɢ – ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɱɭɜɚ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨʁ
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ. ɉɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ, ɭ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɨɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɱɢʁɭ ʁɟ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ ɩɨɧɨɜɢɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢɜɚɱ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ:
Ἑγράφησαν καὶ ἐτελειώθησαν τὰ παρόντα βιβλία ὅ τε μὴν μάρτιος καὶ
ἀπρίλλιος, διὰ συνδρομῆς καὶ ἐξόδου τοῦ μακαριωτάτου ἀρχιεπισκόπου τῆς α΄
ἰουστινιανῆς κυρίου προχόρου, καὶ νέου κτήτορος, τῆς σεβασμίας καὶ βασιλικῆς
μονῆς τοῦ δοχιαρίου τῶν ἁγίων ἀγγέλων, ἀφιερώνει δὲ αὐτὰ ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ μονῇ, εἰς
μνημόσυνον αἰωνίων μετὰ καὶ τῶν ἑτέρωνW καὶ ὁ βουλόμενος ἀποξενῶσαι αὐτά, ἐκ
τῆς αὐτῆς ἁγίας βασιλικῆς μονῆς, ἐχέτω τὰς ἀρὰς τῶν τριακοσίων δέκα καὶ ὀκτὼ
θεοφόρων π(ατέ)ρων, ὁποῖος ἆρα εἴη. ἐν ἔτει ͵ζνεῳ ἔτος, ἐν μηνὶ δεκεμβρίῳ.
†θ(εο)ῦ τὸ δῶρον καὶ δημητρίου πόνος.90
Ɂɛɨɝ ɭɝɥɟɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɠɢɜɚɨ, ɡɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
Ⱦɨɯɢʁɚɪɭ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɨɤɨɜɚɧɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɫɚ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɑɚɫɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ. ɍ
ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɛɪɧɨʁ ɩɥɨɱɢ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɫɬ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ ɚɪ-
ɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɧɨɜɨɝ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ. ɇɨɜɢʁɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɪɚɞ. Ƚɨɥɟɫ ʁɟ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɫɬ

86
ɍ ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɋɢɫɨʁɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɥɟʁɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɚ troudom i potyïanÏemy
prhosveïen%nago ar%xÏepiskopa kur$ Proxora – ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ I, 167, ɛɪɨʁ 520.
87
Priloìxy sÏ} knÏgu pale} svetyje i velikÏe crykvi ... vÚ lhto ì
XÆìÖìvëì, mhseca sek – ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ I, 167, ɛɪɨʁ 521.
88
Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ Ⱥ. ɂ. ɏɥɭɞɨɜɚ, ɛɪɨʁ 24, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ
ɦɭɡɟʁɭ (ȽɂɆ) ɭ Ɇɨɫɤɜɢ – Ⱥ. ɉɨɩɨɜ, Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟɣ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɢ Ⱥ. ɂ. ɏɥɭɞɨɜɚ,
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1872, 21; ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ I, 176, ɛɪɨʁ 547; Ȼ. Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ III, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1978, 180–181. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨɦ
ɡɚɩɢɫɭ, ɤʃɢɝɭ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɤɢɪ ɉɟɬɚɪ Ƚɟɪɡɢʄ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ɰɪɤɜɢ Ⱥɪɯɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɝɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɢ
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɭ ɉɥɚɤɚɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɦɚɯɚɥɢ.
89
ɉ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɨ ɋɜɹɬɨɣ Ƚɨɪɟ Ⱥɮɨɧɫɤɨɣ ... ɜ ɝɨɞɵ
1858, 1859, ɢ 1881, ɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɫɤɢɬɨɜ ɚɮɨɧɫɤɢɯ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1880, 75.
90
D. Pantos, [ ρχιεπσκοπος χρδας Πρχορος (;–1550) κα& οS σχ"σεις το μJ
τI μονI Δοχειαρου (πρ/το μισ2 το 16ου α*+να), Atina 2009, 58–63.
122
ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɭ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɢ ɭ XVIII ɜɟɤɭ ɢ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɨ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ

ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɡɧɢʁɟɝ ɞɨɛɚ.91 ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ
ʁɟ ɱɭɜɚɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɞɚɪɨɜɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɢɤɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɨ-
ɦɢʃɟ ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢ.92 ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬ ɭ Ⱦɨɯɢʁɚɪɭ ʁɟ ɫɜɚ-
ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɚɪɢʁɟ, ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɢɫɩɨɞ
ɤɪɨɜɧɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ, ɧɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɨʁ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ, ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨʁ ɫɚ ɦɨɪɚ:
ȆȇȅȋȦȇȅɋ ǼȁǼȦ Ĭ(Ǽȅ)Ȋ ǹȇȋǿǼȆǿɋȀȅȆȅɋ ȆȇȦȉǾɋ
ǿȅȊɋȉǿȃǿǹȃǾɋ.93
Ʉɪɭɩɧɨɝ ɫɥɨɝɚ, ɭ ɨɩɟɰɢ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɨɦ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ
ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɮɚɫɚɞɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɋɨɮɢʁɟ. Ɉɱɟɜɢɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, ɞɢɠɭ-
ʄɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨ ɡɞɚʃɟ, ɢɦɚɨ ɡɚ ɭɡɨɪ ɫɬɚɪɭ ɫɚɛɨɪɧɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɟʄ
ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɚ ɛɨɝɨɦɨʂɚ. ȳɨɲ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɚ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ, ɞɪɟɜɧɚ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ, ɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɚɪ-
ɯɚɢɱɧɢɦ ɫɬɢɥɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɧɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢ-
ɫɤɨɩɚ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɚ I, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ XIV ɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɨɦ ɫɩɨʂ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɨɦ ɫɚ ɝɚɥɟɪɢʁɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ, ɭ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ ɭɧɟɨ ɞɭɯ
ɭɞɚʂɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ.
ɇɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɨɧɡɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɢʁɟɥɟʁɭ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɉɟɪɢɜɥɟɩɬɟ ɭ Ɉɯ-
ɪɢɞɭ, ɢɡɥɢɜɟɧɨɦ 1548/9, ɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ † Prox&r mlsti} b`ëi} arxÏépkpÚ
Pryvi +stÏniani Blygarom i Srybl!my i Gr&q vy lhtÚ XÂnÂ,94

91
Ɉɩɢɫ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ ɞɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ Ν. Γκιολ"ς, μεταλλοτεχνα,
Παρουσα _ερ`ς Μονς Δοχειαρου, 2001, 376–377.
92
ɉ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ, 75–76.
93
D. Pantos, [ ρχιεπσκοπος χρδας Πρχορος, 73 (ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ǻ. Ǻ. īȩȞȘȢ, _στορικ2 διγραμμα τς _ερVς Μονς Δοχειαρου, Παρουσα _ερ`ς
ȂȠȞȢ ǻȠȤİȚĮȡȓȠȣ, 2001, 57). ɋɥɢɱɧɭ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɭ ɞɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ ,. Ε. Ταβλκης, Τρπεζα,
Παρουσα _ερ`ς ȂȠȞȢ ǻȠȤİȚĮȡȓȠȣ, 321. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ, ɉ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢ ɢ Ƚ. ɋɦɢɪɧɚɤɢɫ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ
ɫɭ ɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ: ɉ. ɍɫɩɟɧɫɤɢɣ, ȼɬɨɪɨɟ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɢɟ, 80; G. Smyrnakis, T2 dγιον
eροf, Atina 1903, 570. ɇɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɨɪ-
ɫɤɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɚ ɨ ʃɨʁ: Pl. Theoharidis, G. Tavlakis,
gρευνες στ)ν παλι` Τρπεζα τς Μ. Δοχειαρου hγου eρους, Δεjτερο Συμπσιο
Βυζαντινς κα& Μεταβυζαντινς Αρχαιολογας κα& Τ"χνης, ΧΑΕ, Atina 1982, 29–30. Ɉ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɟ ɜ. ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ, Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, 97.
94
Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, 39–40, ɛɪɨʁ 11. ɇɟɲɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ
ɩɪɟɩɢɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɉ. ɇ. Ɇɢɥɸɤɨɜ, ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɹ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɢ,
ɂɡɜɟɫɬɢɹ Ɋɭɫɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɜ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨɥɟ IV–1 (ɋɨɮɢɹ 1899)
91 (ɭɩ. ȴ . ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ȱ, 177, ɛɪɨʁ 552, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɇɢʂɭɤɨɜɭ: † Prox&r, milo-
sti} boì} arxÏepiskopy pryvÏi J+stÏniani B$lgarom i Srybl!my i Gr(k)&(m),
vy lht(o) XÆ Ö Æ);Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ȼɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1906, 213, No
7 (ɭɩ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ IV, ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ 1923, 53, ɛɪɨʁ 6270, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ
ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ȳ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚ: Prox&r, m(i)l(o)sti} b(o)ì} arxÏep(is)k(o)py Pryvi
123
ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɨʁ ɩɥɨɱɢ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɥɟɠɚɨ ɫɜ. Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ

ɯɪɚɦɭ, ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɤɢɪ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɨ 1.
ʁɭɥɚ 1550, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɭɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɩɭɧɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ.95
ȼɟʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʄɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɧɨɜɨɫɬ ɭ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɡɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ ɢɥɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ
ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ.96 ɋɚɦɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ. ɍ ɫɤɢɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ
ɨɱɭɜɚɧ – ɨɞɥɨɦɤɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɜɚɠɧɨɝ ɡɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ ɭ ɞɪɚɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɜɟɤɚ – ɢɝɭɦɚɧ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧ-
ɬɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɫɟ Ʉɚɪɥɭ Ɍɨɩɢʁɢ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɭ zapadnixy strany i pomorskix97
ɂɡɪɚɡɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚɥɢɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɨɜɨɝ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨɝ ɜɟɥɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɭ ɢɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɦɨɪʁɭ
ɢɡ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɟ ɬɢɬɭɥɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɞɨ ʃɢɯ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ
ɩɭɬɟɦ. ɍ ʃɨʁ ɫɭ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɨɜɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɭ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɢɧɬɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ.98
ɉɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ Ⱦɨɦɟɧɬɢʁɚɧ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɫ-
ɬɚɜɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ, ɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ
ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ
XIV ɜɟɤɚ.99 ɉɪɟɞ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ,
ɧɟɝɞɟ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ 1345, ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɟ ʁɟ, ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɚ ɬɢ-
ɬɭɥɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ, ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɡɢɞɭ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ

+stÏniani B$lgarom i Srybl!my i Gr(k)&m, vy lht(o) ,Æ Ö Æ) ɢ Ƚ. Ɍɪɚɣɱɟɜ,
Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɬɟ ɜ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1933, 31–32: Prox&r, mlsti} B%ì} arxiepkpy pryvi
+stÏniani Blygrom i Gr& vy lht Xznz. ɉɨɥɢʁɟɥɟʁ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɞɧɟɫɟɧ ɭ ɋɨɮɢʁɭ (ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ,
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, 151, ɧɚɩ. 11), ɚɥɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ
ɩɨɦɟɧɚ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɱɢɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɢ Ƚɪɤɨɦ – ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ʁɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XIV ɜɟɤɚ.
95
ȼ. Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɨɜɢɱ, Ɉɱɟɪɤ, 116– 117; Ƀ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜ, Ȼɴɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢ ɢɡ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢɹ,2
40, ɛɪɨʁ 14.
96
ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ, Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, 157–158.
97
ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, Ɋɚɤɨɩɢɫɢ ɧɚ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢɨɬ ɦɭɡɟʁ ɜɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞ, 229; ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ,
Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨ ɡɢɞɧɨ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1980, 21.
98
ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ, Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɨɬ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, 158, ɧɚɩ. 61.
99
Ɇ. ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɢɬɭɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɚɯɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ, Ȼɨɝɨ-
ɫɥɨɜʂɟ IX–3 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1934) 254–256.
124
prh&svhïeni a[rxiep(i)s(ko)]pÚ vjë J&an(n)iki! vse sry[by]ski!

z(e)mle, [gryqyki]! i pomor(y)ski!.100
ɇɨɜɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɩɪɚɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ
ɬɢɬɭɥɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɚ
ɝɪɚɻɚ, ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɬɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ
ɢɫɬɨɦ ɯɪɚɦɭ.101
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 1346, Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɰɚɪɟɦ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ
Ƚɪɤɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɭɡ ɬɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɜɥɚɫɬ: zapadnhi stranh, rhk+ è AlvanÏi i Pomori} i vysemou
Disou ɢɥɢ pomoryskix zemly rhk+ è AlvanÏi i zapadnoi stranh
i velikom disou ɢ ɫɥ.102 ɉɪɟɦɚ Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄɭ, ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɟ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɢɡ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ.103 ɍ ɉɪɨ-
ɯɨɪɨɜɨʁ ɬɢɬɭɥɢ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɢɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɡɜɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɰɚɪɚ.
ɉɪɜɢ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ,
ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɟ, ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɚ
ɢɡ 1354/5, ɭ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨʁɟɜɚɧɞɟʂɭ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ, ɞɨɧɨɫɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɩɭɧɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ: ɤʃɢɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɞɚɧɟ patrÏarxa pryvago
Srybl!my i Grykomy kir J&anikia.104
ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, 3.
ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1354, ɡɚɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢɜɚɱɚ
ɤʃɢɝɟ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɜɟɫɬ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɫɦɪɬɢ. ɂ ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɟ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɛɢɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ
ɋɪɛɚ ɢ Ƚɪɤɚ,105 ɚ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɨ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚ, ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɋɚɜɚ IV.106 Ʉɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ
ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɡɛɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɫɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ,
ɜɪɚɬɢɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɫɢ

100
Ƚ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɢɞɧɨɝ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 20 (1981) 127.
101
ɂɫɬɨ, 125–132.
102
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɁɊȼɂ 5 (1958) 10; ȴ.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɰɢ ɢ Ɋɨɦɚɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɬɢɬɭɥɢ, ɁɊȼɂ 12 (1970) 63–64.
103
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ, 10–11.
104
Ɇ. ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɢɬɭɥɟ, 257.
105
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɭ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɭ ɱɚɫɬ
ɲɟɫɬɟ ɫɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɟ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɰɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1951, 94–95.
106
Ɇ. ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɢɬɭɥɟ, 258.
125
vshmy Sryblemy i PomoriÏ} ɢɥɢ Srblemy i PomorÏ} i po inimÚ

stranamÚ.107
ɉɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ
ʁɟ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ, ɛɪɚɧɢɨ ɬɢɬɭɥɨɦ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɢɡ ʃɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɢ
ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ
ɫɬɚɪɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɰɟɥɟ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɨɦ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ (ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ
ɋɪɛɚ ɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ), ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɭɜɟɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ – ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ. ɉɚɠʂɢɜɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɟɧɚ, ɫɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɦɟʃɚɧɚ, ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ
ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɟ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɞɪɠɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɭɩɭ.
ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ
ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɬɢɬɭɥɢ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ
ɫɭɮɪɚɝɚɧɟ. ɇɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚ ɧɢɫɦɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ
ɢɡ ɨɧɨɝ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɩɨ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɉɨɪɬɟ,
ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɢɦɚɥɚ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɭ ɢ ȼɥɚɲɤɭ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1544,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɨʁ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɤɪɟɬɨɦ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɨɞɭ-
ɡɟɬɟ, ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɢɯ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɞɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ 1550. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɨ. ɂɦɚ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ
ɧɟɤɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɬɢɬɭɥɢ ɛɢɥɟ
ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ. ɇɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɭ ɡɜɚʃɭ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ
ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɭɠɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɞ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɦ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ 1544. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȼɟɪɭʁɟɦɨ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɝ-
ɥɚɜɚɪɚ, ɡɧɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɜɭ ɟɩɢɡɨɞɭ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ
ɭɜɪɫɬɢɥɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɟɜɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɭ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɦɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɪɟɬɚɥɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɢɯ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɢɚɤɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ, ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨ:
O÷nHl¾U`LHS¬VNRSRs3UìWgsF,RXVWLQLDQÎsF$ÙHLGîQNDS|Vgs%RXO
108
JDU¬Ds6HUE¬DsF$OEDQ¬Ds0ROGREOD`¬DsNDWîQORLSîQ
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ – ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɧɨ
ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ – ʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ ɡɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 1557. ɫɜɨʁɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ XIV ɜɟɤɭ. ɍ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɢɡ 1565, ɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɢ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ, ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɢɞɧɟ ɫɥɢɤɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ troud&my i ousryd-

107
ɂɫɬɨ, 259.
108
ɂ. ɋɧɟɝɚɪɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɹ II, 379.
126
Ïemy prh&sveïhnnago i bla`!nneiïago arxÏep(i)sk(o)pa kury Ma-

karÏa, pryvago patrÏaryxa po vytorh &bnovlennii q(e)stn&mou
i s(ve)tom+ semou prhstolou, vysei srybyskyje zemli, zapadynago
pom&rÏa i sevhrynÏimy stranamy109 ɚ ɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɢɡ 1570. ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɨʂ-
ɧɢ ɧɚɪɬɟɤɫ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɰɟ ɢɫɥɢɤɚɧ povelhnÏemy prh&s(ve)ïennag& arxÏe-
p(i)sk(o)pa pekskaago i patriarxa vyshmy Srybl!my i severnyjmy
stranamy i proqimy kur MakarÏa Pekskago.110Ɂɚɩɢɫ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɢɨɞɭ,
ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧɨɦɭ ɉɟʄɢ 1568, ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ patrÏarxa vyshmy Sryblemy i
B$lgarom i zapadn|go pomorÏ| i severnÏimy stranam kur MakarÏa
Pekskago.111
Ɍɢɬɭɥɟ ɩɟʄɤɢɯ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɚɯɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɭ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɞ
ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɢɦɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ. ɉɨɞ ʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭ-
ɬɢɦ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɟʂɟɧɨ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɭ ɭ ɉɟʄɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭɮɪɚ-
ɝɚɧɢ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ.
ɋɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɫɚ ɡɜɚʃɢɦɚ
ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɧɚ, ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɱ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɥɢɪɢɤɚ
ɢɡ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɱɭɜɚɧ. ɇɚɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ, ɧɚɢɦɟ,
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɫɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɨɦ, ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɬɟɤ ɭ ɫɤɥɚ-
ɞɭ ɫɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɨɦ, ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ, ɩɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɢ
ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɋɬɢɩɱɟɜɢʄ.
ɍ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɫɩɥɟɬɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚʄɚ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɭ
ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɞɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɞɛɚ ɂ. ȳɚɰɢɦɢɪɫɤɨɝ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɭ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ
ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢʁɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɡɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ
ɫɭ, ɡɚɢɫɬɚ, ɫɩɨɪɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɜɟɠɛɚ, ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɫɚɧɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ, ɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ
ɰɢʂɚ?
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, Ɍ. ɋɢɦɟɞɪɟɚ ɫɤɪɟɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɢɡ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ – ʁɟɞɧɨ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚ-
ɤɭɡɢɧɚ, ɩɢɫɰɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ, ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɝɭ-

109
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ IV, 60, ɛɪɨʁ 6310.
110
ɂɫɬɨ, 71, ɛɪɨʁ 6350.
111
ɂɫɬɨ, 69, ɛɪɨʁ 6340.
127
ɦɚɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɚ,112 ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɧɟɝɞɟ 1526–1529. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɛɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɭ

ɢɦɚɥɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ
ɜɚɠɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɭɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. ɍ ɇɨɦɨɤɚɧɨɧ ɢɯ ʁɟ –
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɚɠʃɟ – 1534/5. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɜɪɫɬɢɨ ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪ, ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨ-
ɥɢɬ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɛɥɢɫɤɢ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜ, ɫɬɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞ
ɫɭɮɪɚɝɚɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ.113
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɫɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪɨɜɨɦ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɞɨɫɩɟɨ ɢ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞ. ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɦɟɻɭ ɨɯ-
ɪɢɞɫɤɢɦ ɤɥɢɪɢɰɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɞɚ ȼɥɚɲɤɚ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚ-
ɪɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ ɉɪɜɟ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɟ.
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢʁɚɦɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ
ɧɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɭ, ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɨɝ
ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɩɪɢɜɪɠɟɧɨɝ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɭ, ɛɢɥɢ ɭɛɚɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ-
ɥɢ ɨ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɚɦɚ.
Ɍɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɨɯ-
ɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ Ƚɨɪɨɦ,
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɨ ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɉɪɨɯɨɪ. ɇɟɦɚ ɫɟ, ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɤɚ-
ɪɢʁɟɜ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ad hoc ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɨɯɪɢɞ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ:
ɫɬɚɪɢ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɢɡ ɠɟʂɟ ɞɚ ɨ ʃɢɦɚ
ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɟ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ƚɨɪɟ. Ɍɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ɍɥɤɨɜɚɧɢʁɟ

112
T. Simedrea, Unde úi când a luat fiinĠa legenda despre atârnarea canonică a
scaunelor mitropolitane din ğɚrɚ Românească úi din Moldova de Arhiepiscopia de Ohrida,
BOR (Biserica ortodoxă romana) LXXXV 9–10 (1967) 977–1002; cf. M. Maxim, Les rela-
tions, 664–665.
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɢɫɰɟɩʂɟɧɢɦ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɇɨɦɨɤɚɧɨɧɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ
Ⱦ. ȼɭɤɫɚɧɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ-ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ Ɉ
ɤʃɢɡɢ ɉɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ, ɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɢ, Ⱦ. ȼɭɤɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɨ ȭ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ
ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ – ȭ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ, Ⱦɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ Ɋɭɜɚɪɱɟɜɟ ɬɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɋɩɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɂɥɚɪɢɨɧɭ Ɋɭɜɚɪɰɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1955, 9–11; ɢɫɬɢ, Ɉ ɤʃɢɡɟ ɉɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɬɥɤɨɜɚɧɢʁɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ VI (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1956 ) 55–63, ɝɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɭ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ
ɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɟ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɚ; ɭɩ. ɢɫɬɢ, Ʉʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɢ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɞɨɛɚ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1967, 284–291, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɪɚɞ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɨɦ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɟ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄɭ, ɭ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ ɉɴɬɟɩɢɫɧɢ ɫɴɱɢɧɟɧɢɹ, 3.
Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɟ ɨɬ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɚɪ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ, ɢɡɞɚɨ ɢ Ȼ. Ⱥɧɝɟɥɨɜ, ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɚɬɚ
ɛɴɥɝɚɪɫɤɚ, ɪɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɴɛɫɤɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ II, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1967, 242–243.
113
ɋɚɦ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ Ɍɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢ-
ʁɟ ɩɪɟɡɜɢɬɟɪ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɭɛɚɱɟɧɢɦ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɢɦɚ ɧɟɫɩɪɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɟɤɚɨ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɟ
ȿ-ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ 130. ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɨɜɟɥɟ (ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, 131. ɧɨɜɟɥɟ, ɝɥɚɜɟ 3).
128
Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟɜɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ – ɨɩɢɫ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ,

ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ-ɩɨ-
ɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɭɧɟɫɟɧ ɭ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɭ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɟ ɬɟɡɟ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɧɚɫ-
ɥɨɜ, ɬɚɱɧɢʁɟ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɟɨ& Oxrid°skoi eparxii ɛɢɨ ɞɨɩɢɫɚɧ.
ɋɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟɜɨɝ ɢɫɩɢɫɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɪɟɱɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɟ:
SÏe tlykovanÏe igoumena xulan°dar°skaago t(a)xa MakarÏa, poslhd-
n|ago v$ s(ve)ïen°n&inochx(y), & zeml|xy dakuiskyjixy i
& me`daxy !e.114
ɉɪɜɢ ɞɟɨ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟɜɨɝ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ
ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɦɨ:
Pryvaa DakÏa. &t(y) shvernyjixy strany me`da do Malie
Rousie i do Xacaga doseòuïÏi. &t(y) zapada è me`da do Tish
rhch, iè sÚxodity &t(y) zeml! gl(agol)!me ger°man°skyje iè
esty ougryskaa. &t(y) poloudnh me`da velikaa i slavnaa rhka
D+nai, &t(y) Tish rhch |koè nisxodity kÚ Qyrmnomou Morou
do Nistra. &t(y) vÚstoqnyje stranh me`da Nistry, velikaa rhka,
iè teqenÏe ee razdhl|et Tatarh i Dakue, iè esty zeml|
m+l°dovlaxÏiskaa i ougrovlaxÏiskaa, iè i Planini nariq}t° se.
ɉɭɧɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɨɝ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧɨ
ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ ɫɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɦ Ɍɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɦ
Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ
Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɜɪɟɞɢ ɞɨɧɟɬɢ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ: 116
TylkovanÏe DimitrÏa KatakouzÏna & zeml|x Dakuaxy
SÏa Dakua vy zeml!mr°nyjixy knigaxy obrhtaety è se
naqina}ïÏi idhè sÚxodit &t(y) planinh, i tomy planin&my
do Moriwy, i Rywavomy do Dounava, i Dounavomy do mora,
i moremy do Nistra. SÏa !(stÚ) pryvaa epar°xÏa oxridyskaa, iè
i Planini gl(agol)!maa !s(ty).
SÏe pisaxy azy smhrenÏi mitropolity nov&brdskÏi Nikanory,
vy lht(o) Æ Ó É ...

114
ȭ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ, Ɉ ɤʃɢɡɟ ɉɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ, 62.
115
ɂɫɬɨ.
116
Ɉ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɢɫɰɚ ɜ. ȭ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1963, ɫɚ ɨɛɢɦɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ Ɍɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ (ɫɬɪ.
173–174).
129
ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɪɟɱɟɧɢɰɭ

ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɭ: SÏa !s(tÚ) pryvaa epar°xÏa oxridyskaa, iè
i Planini gl(agol)!maa !s(ty). Ɉɧɚ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɧɢɤɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɭ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ. ɇɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɚ
ɩɪɜɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɦɢɫɥɚ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɞɭ ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɟɦɟɪɧɢɯ
ɤʃɢɝɚ, ɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ Ɍɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ: ɢɫɬɚ ɨɩɚɫɤɚ ɨ ɉɥɚɧɢɧɚɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɭ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɚ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ-
ɧɨɦ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɞɭ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪɚ – ɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ „ɉɪɜɟ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɟ“ ɤɚɠɟ ɫɟ
ɞɚ Ⱦʃɟɫɬɚɪ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ razdhl|et Tatarh i Dakue, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ zeml|
moldovlaxÏiskaa i ougrovlaxÏiskaa, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ iè i Plani-
ni nariq}t° se.117
ɋɭɲɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɨɫɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɧɨɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟɜɨ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɚ ɦɨɥɞɨɜɥɚɲɤɚ ɢ
ɭɝɪɨɜɥɚɲɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɞɨɜɟɞɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɨɦ ɢɡɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɨɜɨɝ
ɡɟɦʂɟɦɟɪɧɨɝ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɤɢʁɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ: ȼɥɚɲɤɚ ɢ
Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ.
ɇɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɢ
ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɚ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɚ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ
ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚ ɩɨɥɚ-
ɝɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɚ 1544. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭ
ɜɟɡɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɢɦɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɫɚɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɢ-
ɬɭɥɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɟ Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁɭ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɨɛɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɱɟɧɢɦ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɚɦɚ. Ɇɨɥ-
ɞɚɜɫɤɢ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧ ʁɟ, ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɦɨ ɫɟ, ɩɢɫɦɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ
† Bl(a)ènnhiwem+ arxÏep(i)sk(o)p+ pryvÏe J+stinÏanÏe i
vÚshmy BÚlgar&m(y) i Srybl!my i dakÏiskyjmy zeml|m
&bladatel}118 ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɬɩɢɫ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ ɝɥɚɫɢɨ:
† Dor&@ei m(i)l(o)stÏ} b(o)`Ïe} arxÏep(i)sk(o)py pryvÏe
J+stinÏanÏe vÚshmy BÚlgar&m(y) i Srybl!m(y) i sevhrnyjm(y)
stranamy i proqim(y).119 ɍɡ ɩɨɦɟɧ Ȼɭɝɚɪɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɫɦɨ,
ɛɢɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɡɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɟ ɬɢɬɭɥɟ, ɨɜɞɟ ɧɢɫɭ, ɤɚɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ, ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ. ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɢɯ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɫɭ – ɡɜɚ-
ʃɢɦɚ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ – ɞɚɤɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɟ ȼɥɚɲɤɭ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɭ.

117
ȭ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ, Ɉ ɤʃɢɡɟ ɉɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɚ, 62.
118
ɂɫɬɨ.
119
Bogdan, Documente false, ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɭ.
130
ɂɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɟɜɨɦ Ɍɭɦɚ-

ɱɟʃɭ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɦ (ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ 1526–1529) ɢ
ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɨɦ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚ Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ȼɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ (1534/5).
Ⱦɨ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɥɢɪɚ ɭ ɱɢʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ɤɪɚɬɤɢ
ɬɟɤɫɬ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɢʄɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɡ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ƚɨɪɟ,
ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɨɦ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɧɨɜɟ
ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɞɨɫɩɟɨ ɞɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ.
ɍ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ ɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ Ɇɚɤɚɪɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɇɢɤɚɧɨɪ ɭɧɟɨ ɭ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, Ɇ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ʁɟ ɫ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝɨɦ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɜɟɪɟ Ⱦɢɜɚɧ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɟ
ɡɟɦʂɟ – ɭ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɯ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɩɨɤɨɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɩɚɞɧɭ ɭ ɜɚɡɚɥɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ – ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ.120
ɂɡ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɩɨɛɭɞɚ, ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɨɩɢɫɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɢ ɜɟɠɛɚ ɢɡ ɟɩɢɫɬɨɥɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɋɢɧɬɚɝɦɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɢʁɚɤ
Ⱦɦɢɬɚɪ. ɉɢɫɦɚ ɫɭ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱ-
ɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨʁ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɨʁɜɨɞ-
ɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɉɨɪɬɚ.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɢ
ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɧɢ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɢ-
ɦɚ ɢɦɚɨ ɢ ɥɨɲɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚ. ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɨɝ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɚ
ɞɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ; ɫɚ
ɢɫɬɢɦ ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɨɦ ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ, ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ,
ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɫɚ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɉɚɜɥɨɦ, ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ʁɟ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɨ ɫɩɨɪ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ ɞɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ
ɰɪɤɜɢ ɩɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɭ ɭ ɋɟɪɜɢʁɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ, ɩɪɢɩɨɜɟɞɚ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɚɪ
XVI ɜɟɤɚ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨ Ɇɚɥɚɤɫ,121 ɩɨʁɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɢɜɚɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɯɪɢ-
ɫɨɜɭʂɚɦɚ (ɛɟɡ ɫɭɦʃɟ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɚ II), ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ
ɡɚ ʃɭ ɰɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɛɥɚɝɚʁɧɢ ɩɥɚʄɚ 100 ɡɥɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ. ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳɟɪɟɦɢʁɚ
ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɢɨ ɫɩɨɪ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ
ɪɭɦɭɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɚɦɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɪɟ-
ɱɢɥɢ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɢ ɮɟɬɜɚ. ɉɨ
ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢɯ ɬɭɦɚɱɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ
ɫɬɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚɬɢ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢ-
ʁɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɢɫɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɢ, ɉɪɨ-
ɯɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳɟɪɟ-

120
ɂɫɬɨ.
121
M. Maxim, Les relations, 665.
131
ɦɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ

ɩɥɚʄɚ ɞɚɧɚɤ ɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɨ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɐɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɞɢɜɚɧɭ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɨ
ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪ.
Ɉɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɮɟɪɦɚɧɟ ɢɡ 1544. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɟɧɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɞ
ɦɨɥɞɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ɇ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɻɭʁɭʄɭ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɉɪɨɯɨɪɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɲɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɭ ɋɟɪɜɢʁɟ.122 ɑɢɬɚɜ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɭ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɢɡɧɨ-
ɫɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɭɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɬɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɛɥɚɝɚʁɧɢ, ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɨɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ, ɨɛɪ-
ɬɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢ, ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɢɫɯɨɞɢ – ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɧɢ. ɉɪɨɯɨɪ ʁɟ,
ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɥɨɝ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ,
ɦɨɪɚɨ ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢɬɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɤɪɟɩɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ
ɢ ɭɜɟɪɢɥɢ ɐɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɢɜɚɧ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ.
Academician Gojko Subotiü

CORRESPONDENCE OF MOLDOVAN PRINCE STEPHEN THE GREAT

AND THE ARCHBISHOP OF OHRID DOROTEJ
Motivations and the time of origin
Summary
In the summer of 1844 the young Slavicist Viktor Ivanovic Grigorovic came
from Odessa to Tsarigrad with an intention of gathering, in the Balkans parts of the
Turkish Empire, the unknown material about the literary and spiritual heritage of
Orthodox peoples. He returned from the trip the next year not only with precious
notes but also with the saddle bags full of books from the monasteries and the
churches that he visited. The manuscripts formed a significant collection that was
deposited , under his name, in the Rumjancevs Museum in Moscow and very early
provoked interest of philologists and historians of old literature. Among them were
the sheets from the Slav translation of Matija Vlastar’s (Matthew Blasteres) Syn-
tagma, which was copied by the scribe Dmitar from Kratova in 1466, following the
wish of Archbishop Dorotej from Ohrid. The manuscript contained the well known
scribe’s Epilogue with a note that the bishop of Ohrid had studied that book, because
the Great Church did not have it in the Serbian language. In addition, the blank

122
Ɇɚɥɚɤɫ ʁɟ ɝɪɟɲɤɨɦ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚ ȼɟɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɋɟɪɜɢʁɟ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɭ Ɇɟɥɟɬɢʁɭ ɢ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɭ ɂɩɫɢɥɚɧɬɢɫɭ ȼɟɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɚɥɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɢ ɋɨɥɭɧɚ. Ɉɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ, ɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ:
D. Pantos, [ ρχιεπσκοπος χρδας Πρχορος, 107, σημ. 41.
132
pages of the Syntagma contained the correspondence between the Duke Stephen the
Great and the archbishop of Ohrid Dorotej on the need to ordain a new Metropolitan
in Moldova in the place of the deceased one. However, at that time, due to the Sul-
tan’s warfaring against Skanderbeg, the future High Priest could not come to Ohrid,
therefore, the duke asked the archbishop Dorotej to send a representative who would
do that on his behalf. On the other hand, Dorotej himself expected to be transferred,
according to the sultan’s decision, with a certain number of clergymen and noble-
men, to the city of Constantine, so he recommended that a metropolitan be seated in
Moldova by the constitution of saint fathers who would be ordained by the High
Priests there. The news very much corresponded with the data presented by the
scribe Dmitar in his Epilogue, however much of that data was not true, so the in-
teresting contents deeply divided the experts around the issue of authenticity.
In Grigorevic’s description of the library of the Cathedral Church in Ohrid,
that he found in the Church of Most Holy Mother of God of Perivlepta, Matthew
Blasteres’ Syntagma was cited the last, copied, according to him, in 15th century, at
the time of archbishop Dorotej. However, the manuscript from which the torn sheets
could have originated is not known today. But given the scribe Dmitar’s manner of
writing of scribe Dmitar, a copier of high culture is well known, it is not excluded
that the lost manuscript would be found. In the meantime, Mrs. Biljana Stipcevic, the
adviser of the Arcehographic Department of the National Library in Belgrade, con-
firmed that the water (filigree) sign that represented three hills and crescent with the
cross, signs of Grigorovic’s sheets, belong to the years in which the copy of the
scribe Dmitar originated.
An internal text analysis may contribute to determining the time and motiva-
tions leading to making of the alleged correspondence between the Moldavan Duke
and the head of the Ohrid church. In that correspondence the Moldavan ruler turned
to the archbishop of Justiniana Prima and all the Bulgarians and Serbs in Dachia
countries, and in the answer he signed as Dorotej, by mercy of God archbishop of
Justiniana Prima and to all the Bulgarians and Serbs and Northern Parts and oth-
ers. However, the authentic title of this Archbishop in Greek has been preserved: †
ǻȦȡȩșİȠȢ ?ȜȑF Ĭ(İȠ) ȡȤȚİʌȓıțȠʌȠȢ ĲȢ ȆȡȫĲȘȢ ,ȠȣıĲȚȞȚĮȞȢ țĮ& ȆȐıȘȢ
ǺȠȣȜȖĮȡȓĮȢ † which do not mention the northern areas. The dignity similar to that of
Dorotej from the correspondence with the Moldavan ruler appeared the first time
only when archbishop Prohor became its head (about 1525-1550) – he tried to ex-
pand the Diocese of Ohrid, changing, according to circumstances, the title tradi-
tionally associated to the throne of the Justiniana Prima.
The new data in the debate was introduced by Mihai Maksim, proving that at
that time not only the Moldavan but the Vlachs Metropolitanate were actually sub-
ordinated to the Church of Ohrid. He found the imperial edicts sent to the rulers of
Vlachia and Moldova relating to the dispute with archbishop Prohor. The first one,
issued on 01 June 1544, confirmed the rights of the Church of Ohrid – these rights
were, however, contested by the new documents as soon as on 22 September, after
testimony of the patriarch himself Jeremiah before the Porta that the Romanian
Metropolitanates were subordinated to the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constanti-
133
nople. This suited the already failed attempt of archbishop Prohor to attach the
episcopacy of Servia to his Diocese. Therefore, after his failed attempt to annex the
areas in the South to the Diocese, he had to carefully prepare the proofs that would
substantiate his demands and convince the Imperial Council (divan) of the rights of
the Church of Ohrid to the eparchies in the North. In that sense, the titles of arch-
bishop Prohor in different circumstances had the elements taken from the earlier
titles of Serb church heads.
We do not know whether, after these preparations, noted on the sheets that
Grigorovic took with him, archbishop Prohor still attempted to prove the right of the
Church of Ohrid to Moldavan Metropolitanate or the later turn of events thwarted the
realization of these ambitions. But, preserved even in this form, as a basis of the
attempts of archbishop Prohor to enlarge its power at the religious-political plan, the
alleged correspondence between the Roman Duke and the head of the Church of
Ohrid testifies of an extraordinary skill with which archbishop Prohor ruled with its
Diocese and his efforts to enlarge it with new eparchies.
134
Ɉɞɧɨɫɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ 18481849. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɍȾɄ 323.27(=163.41)(=163.42)“1848/1849“ DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15007

ɈȾɇɈɋɂ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ɋɊȻȺ ɂ ɏɊȼȺɌȺ

ɍ ȼɊȿɆȿ ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȿ 1848–1849. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ
(ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ)
Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ȭ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ

ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɉɜɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ

ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ 1848௅1849.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɛɢʁɭ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ʁɟ
ɢɡɧɟɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ, ɡɛɨɝ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɞ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, ɢ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟɠɭ ɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝ ɫɭɫɟɞɚ. ɋ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ
ɫɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɭ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ
ɫɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳ. Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ɢ ɛɚɧ ȳ. ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ, ɤɚɨ ɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɝ, ɭɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɩɭɬ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɦɢɪɢɰɚɦɚ. ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟɧɢ
ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ, ɜɨʁɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢ ɨɞ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ,
ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧɚ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ ɛɚɧɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɡɚɥɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɩɨɤɥɨʃɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɭ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ
ɢ ɛɚɪɨɧɚ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɜɨɥɟɥɢ ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɢɯ
ɦɪɡɟɥɢ ɢ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟ Ɇɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ȳɨɫɢɮ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ, ȳɨɫɢɩ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ, ɛɚɪɨɧ Ɏɪɚʃɚ Ʉɭɥ-
ɦɟɪ, ɂɥɢʁɚ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ, ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬ Ƚɚʁ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ, Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɨɞɛɨɪ, ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢ, Ɇɚɻɚɪɢ.
ɇɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ

ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ, ɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢ. Ⱦɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ɦɟɪɟ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɛɢɨ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ
ɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɧɨɲʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɭ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɢ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɩɢɫɦɨ ȭɨɪɻɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɢ ɞɚɥɦɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ȳɟɪɨɬɟʁɭ Ɇɭɬɢɛɚɪɢʄɭ ɢɡ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, 22. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ: „Ɉɜɨɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɭɫɭɻɭʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɫɚɨɛɲɬɢɬɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɦɨ ɦɢ ɨɜɞʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɨɞɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ, ɭɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɜɟɫɟʂɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɚʁ-
ɲɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɩɨɞɧɢʁɟɥɢ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɦ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɨɱɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬɢɥɢ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɫ
ɧɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɚɞɢʄɟ ɢɫɟʄɢ. ɂɫɬɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɢɧɨʄ ɦɚɥɨ ɭɬɢ-
135
ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ȭ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ
ɲɚɜɚ, ɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɚ ɢɫɤɪɚ ɛɭɤɧɟ, ɦɢ ɫɦɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɥɢ.” ɇɚ ɫɪɟʄɭ, ɤɚɞɚ

ɫɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɬʃɚɦɚ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɨ ɭ Ȼɨɤɢ, ɋɪɛɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɩɚɫɟɧɢ.
ɇɢɤɨɥɚʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „Ƚɥɚɫ ɨɜɚʁ ɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɢʁɢ. Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɩɨɪɭɱɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ-
ɦɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɬɢɱɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɭ ɛɪɚʄɭ, ʁɟɪ ɚɤɨ ɬɚɤɧɭ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ, ɨɧɢ ɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ. ɇɨ ɢ ɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɬʃɚ ɪɚɡʁɚɪɟɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚ-
ɧɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɭɤɪɨɬɢɬɢ, ɞɨɤ ɢɦ ɧɟ ɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢʁ ɝɥɚɫ, ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ
ɨɛɢɫɬɢʃɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɢɦɚɨ ɲɚɥɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ Ȼɭɞɜɨɦ ɭɤɪɰɚɥɨ ɭ ɛɪɨɞ
ɞɟɫɟɬ ɢʂɚɞɚ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɚɰɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ, ɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ
ɩɢɬɚʁɭ, ɲɬɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɢ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ.”
ɂ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ʁɟ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɨɩɚ-
ɫɧɨɫɬ. ɉɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟʃɭ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚɝɪɟ-
ɛɚɱɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ
ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɤɪɢɬɢɱɚɧ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ ɩɨ ɋɪɛɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɱɚɫɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ɂɚɝ-
ɪɟɛɭ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɧɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢɦ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ-
ɦɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɥɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ. Ɍɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɟɡɚ-
ɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟ „ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɯɬɟɥɨ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɩɨɤɨʂɭ“. ɉɨɤɨʂ
ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɨ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɧɚɲɥɢ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɥɟɤɚɪ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɢɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɉɟʁɱɢʄ
ʁɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „Ɇɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɫɦɢɪɢɨ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɫɟɪɟɠɚɧɟ
(ɩɚɧɞɭɪɟ) ɒɨɤɰɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɦ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɞɟɩɭɬɢɪɰɢɦɚ ɜɚɪɬɨɥɨɦɟʁɫɤɭ ɧɨʄ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚɥɢ ɛɢɥɢ, ɡɚɬɨ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɲɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɧɚɲ ɧɟ
ɢɧɲɬɚɥɢɪɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɲɢ (ɩɨɫɪɛɢ).”
Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɦɪɬɧɚ ɨɩɚ-
ɫɧɨɫɬ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɢɡ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ
ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɋɪɛɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɜɢɧɚ, ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɜɟɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɫɥɨɠɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɢɞɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ
ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ, ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ
Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ɫɚɫɬɚɨ ɫɟ ɫ ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬɨɦ Ƚɚʁɨɦ, ɂɜɚɧɨɦ Ʉɭɤɭʂɟɜɢʄɟɦ ɋɚɤɰɢɧ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɢ Ⱥɦɛɪɨɡɨɦ ȼɪɚʃɢɰɚɧɢʁɟɦ. Ɍɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ, ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢ ɭ ɫɜɟ-
ɦɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɨɧɟ ɧɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ. Ƚɚʁ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɤʂɭɱɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ. Ɍɭ ɩɨɧɭ-
ɞɭ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ
ɛɟɡ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ɭ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɡɚɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɦɚ-
ɠɭ.
Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɨɲɬɪɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ, ɚ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɛɚɧ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɭɞɢɥɢ ɞɚ
136
ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɭ ɫɜɟ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɪɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɢɯ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ, ɢ ɞɚ

ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɝɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ
ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫ ɢɡ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧ „ɇɚɪɨɞɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ
ɫɪɛɫɤɨɦ ɭ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ”, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɰɨɦ ɢ ʄɢɪɢ-
ɥɢɰɨɦ, ɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ,
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɭ ȼɨʁɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɰɢ. ɍ ʃɟɦɭ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɤɥɢɤʄɟ: „Ʉɪɟɩɤɚ ɧɚɦ ɜɨʂɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ; ɚ
ɤɪɟɩɤɟ ɜɨʂɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɥɨɝɟ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɥɨɝɚ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɛɭɞɟ
ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɛɪɚɬ ɧɟɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɬɭɻɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɛɪɚɬɚ.
Ɍɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ʁɟ ɭɡɪɨɤ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɦɪɠʃɟ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɟ ɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɤɪɜɧɨɦ ɛɪɚ-
ʄɨɦ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɨ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɜʁɟɪɟ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ɢ
ɭɞɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɛɟɞɟɦɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ; ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɟ-
ɱɟɧɚ.”
ȳɚɧɤɨ ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ, ɡɚɩɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ
ɞɚ „ɫɜɢ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ”, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɠɭ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ
ɞɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ „ɛɟɡ ɋɪɛɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɢɲɬɚ”, ɞɚ „ɜɟɪɭ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɭ ɢ ɚɡɛɭɤɭ ɤɢ-
ɪɢɥɫɤɭ ɜɪɥɨ ɩɨɱɢɬɭʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢ ɫɜɢʁɭ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɭ” ɢ ɞɚ
ɨɞ ɫɭɪɟɜʃɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɟ „ɧɟɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɚ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ”. ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ ʁɟ
ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɢ „ɫɚɦɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɰɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɦɢɫɥɟ” ɢ ɞɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ „ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɠɟ-
ɥɟ ɧɚʁɬɟɲʃɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɨʁɭɡ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ”. ɉɨ ɜɢɻɟʃɭ
ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤɚ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ, ɩɚ ɢ ɫɚɦ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ, ɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ
„ɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɞɚ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɢʁɭ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɨʁɭɡɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɚ ɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛ-
ɢʁɢ [...].” ɉɪɟɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɭɬɢɫɤɟ ɢɡ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɋɪɛɢɧɚ,
ɚɞɜɨɤɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɟ Ɇɚɬɢʄ ɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɋɬɟ-
ɮɚɧɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɢʄɭ Ɍɟɧɤɢ, „ɩɨɩɟɱɢɬɟʂɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢʁɚ”
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ „ɢɡʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɥɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɨ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɋɪɛɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ
ɫɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɦɚɥɨɭɜɚɠɚʃɟɦ” ɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɞɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɨɞ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, „ɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɛɪɚɬɢɦɟ ɫ ɧɚɦɚ,
ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɧɚɦ ɪɭɤɭ ɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɫɟ ɫ ɧɚɦɚ ɫɥɚɝɚɬɢ”.
ɍɨɱɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ȳɨɜɚɧ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ
ɥɟɬɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ „ɪɨɞɨʂɭɛɢɜɢɦ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ” ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɫ-
ɜɨʁɢ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ. ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɚ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɚ
ɭʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ, ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢ
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɋɪɟɦɚ, Ȼɚɱɤɟ ɢ Ȼɚɧɚɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ Ȼɚɪɚʃɟ. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɛɚɧ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ „ɭʁɟɞɚɧɩɭɬ ɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɫɪɛɫɤɢ”, ɞɚ ɛɚɧ ɢ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ „ɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɰɟ ʁɟɞɚɧɩɭɬ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-
ɧɢ”; ɞɚ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɚ ɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ
137
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ; ɞɚ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ

ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ; ɞɚ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɧɢɠɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɡɚɫɬɩɭʂɟɧɢ ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ
ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨ ɢ „ɭɱɢɥɢɲɧɨ” ɩɢɫɦɨ ɛɭɞɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɨ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨɧɞɟ „ɞɨɤɥɟ ɫɟ
ɫɜɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɧɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɦɨ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɲ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɫɚɞ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ.” ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢ
ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɭ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɡɚɝɚɪɚɧ-
ɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɢ ɞɚ „ɢɧɨɪɨɞɰɢɦɚ” ɛɭɞɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɲɤɨɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɡɟɦɚʂɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ
ȼɨʁɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ
ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɟɭɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ,
ɚ ɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɡʁɟɞ-
ɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɉɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɚ ɋɭɛɨ-
ɬɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨɦ ȼɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɢ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ ɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɢɦ ɥɟɬɤɨɦ ɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɪɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɋɪɛɢɧ ɢɡ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɦɚɻɚɪ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɝɚɠɟʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɰɢ-
ɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɋɪɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ
ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ „ɩɨɞ ɤɪɭɧɨɦ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ”, ɞɚ ɫɬɭɩɟ „ɭ ɛɪɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ
ɤɚɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɚ ɩɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ” ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɪɚʂɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɠɟʂɟ. ɋɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɋɪɛ-
ɢɦɚ, ɭɨɱɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɋɪɛɢɧ ɢɡ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ:
„ɂɲɬɢɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ, ɤɨʁɭ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɬ ɬɪɭɛɟ, ɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ
ɫɜɟɦɭ ɢ ɫɜɚɱɟɦ; ɩɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɞɚ ɧɢɫɬɟ ɤɭɤɚɜɧɚ ɪɚʁɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, ɧɟɝɨ
ɞɚ ɫɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɪɚɜɚɧ ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɨɦɟ; – ɩɪɢɬɟʄɢ ʄɟ ɜɚɦ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɢ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɫɥɚɜʁɚɧɫɤɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚ ɜɚɫ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ
ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɞɨ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɨɱɢ ɭɩɢɪɭ. – ɂɥɢ ɬɨ ɛɪɚʄɨ ɋɪɛʂɢ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨɩɚʁɦɨ
ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɝɪɨɛ ɫɟɛɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ – ɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ: ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɩɚɫɟʃɚ
ɧɟɦɚ!”
ɇɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧ ʁɟ „ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɨ-
ɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɫɤɟ ɫɚ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɨɦ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɚɥɦɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ „ɧɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ” ɫ ɬɢɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɬɨɝ
ɫɚɜɟɡɚ „ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɟʂɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɭ”. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɨɞɛɨɪ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧ ɞɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ
ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɭ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɭ.
ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɭɲɟɜʂɟɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢɦɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩ-
ɲɬɢɧɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ. ɍ ɬɚɤɜɟ ʁɟ ɫɩɚ-
ɞɚɨ ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɏɚʇɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɨ
ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɭ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɞɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɨɛɪɭ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨ-
138
ɞɭ ɧɚɜɭʄɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ

ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ. ɏɚʇɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɭɞɪɨ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɨɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɨɞ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ ɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɥɚɤɨ, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚ-
ɛɨɪɚ, ɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɡɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɟ. ɇɟ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɨɧ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɡɭ
ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɞɨʄɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ, ɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɭɬ-
ɟɦ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɫɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ. ɍɝɥɟɞɧɢ-
ʁɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɢɡ ȼɭɤɨɜɚɪɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ
ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɚʁ ɢɡɛɨɪ ɢɡɚɡɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɮɪɨɧɬ
ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɞɜɨʁɚɤɨ. Ⱦɟ-
ɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɥɢɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɜɟɡ
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɫ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ. Ʉɨɧ-
ɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɞɚ ɋɪɟɦ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ. Ȼɚɧ ȳɟ-
ɥɚɱɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɯɬɟɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɨɲɬɪɚɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɨ ɬɢɦ ɫɩɨɪɧɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢ-
ɦɚ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɋɪɛɚ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɧɨʁ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ. ɒɬɚɜɢɲɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨ-
ɤɚɡɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɤɥɨɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ
ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ɭɜɟɞɟ ɭ ɛɚɧɫɤɭ ɱɚɫɬ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɬɟɫɧɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ
ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɡ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɯɨɦ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɟɦ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɭ ɩɨɞɧɟɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ,
ɋɚɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɬɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ. ɍ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ VII, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ „[...] ɫɚɜɟɡ
ɬɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɨɦ ɋɪɛɫɤɨɦ, ɢɡ ɋɪɢɟɦɚ ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɨɦ, Ȼɚ-
ɪɚʃɟ, Ȼɚɱɤɟ ɫ ɛɟɱɟʁɫɤɢɦ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɦ ɢ ɲɚʁɤɚɲɤɢɦ ɛɚɬɚʂɨɧɨɦ, ɢ Ȼɚɧɚɬɚ
ɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɨɦ ɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɨɦ ɤɢɤɢɧɞɫɤɢɦ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ, ɧɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ
ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ, ɩɪɢɦɚ, ɢ ɫɜɟ ɠɟʂɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɛɫɤɨɝ ɡɚ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ, ɱɟɝɚ ɪɚɞɢ ʄɟ ɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɟɫɬɨɥɚ ʃɢɯ[ɨɜɨɝ]
ɜɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɩɨɞɭɩɢɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭɜɟɫɬɢ ɬɪɭɞɢɬɢ
ɫɟ [...].” ɂɫɬɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɤɨɦ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɥɨɝ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɞɚ „ɭɫɬɚɜ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɲɚʁɚɯ” ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ
Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɭɪɟɻɟɧ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ʁɟ ɫ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡ
Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɠɭɪɢɨ ɞɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɢɦ ɨɝɥɚɫɨɦ, ɨɛʁɚɜ-
ʂɟɧɢɦ 10. ɦɚʁɚ, ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɯɪɚɛɪɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɨɦ ɞɚ ɋɪ-
ɛɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɢ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɢɲɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɧɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ. ɂɡ
ɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɧɚɪɟ-
139
ɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ II ɛɚɬɚʂɨɧ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚɪɚɞɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɝɢɦɟɧɬɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɲɚɨ ɡɚ

ɂɬɚɥɢʁɭ, ɩɚɪɨɛɪɨɞɨɦ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɭ ȼɚɪɚɞɢɧ; ɞɚ ʁɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ
ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɭ, ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɤɨɦɟɫɚɪɚ, ɩɨɲɚʂɟ ɝɪɨɮɚ Ⱥɥɛɟɪɬɚ ɇɭɠɚɧɚ ɫɚ
ɱɟɬɨɦ ɫɟɪɟɠɚɧɚ; ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɋɬɨʁɱɟɜɢʄ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɨɝ ɠɭɩɚɧɚ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɞɟɩɭ-
ɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɤɨɞ ɰɚɪɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʄɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ
ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ.
Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɰɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ (15. ɢ 18. VI) ɢɡʁɚ-
ɜɢɥɢ: „ɂɫɤɪɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɜɟɞɚɦɨ, ɞɚ ɦɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɧɨɦ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɋɚɪɛɫɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɥɨ ɛɭɞɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɯɨʄɟɦɨ, ɧɢɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɬɢ, ɞɚ
ɫɟ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɋɚɪɛɫɤɨɦɭ ɫɜɚ ɢɫɬɚ ɨɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɢ, ɢ ɢɡɪɭɱɢ, ɤɨʁɚ
ʃɟɦɭ ɩɨɥɚɝ ɫɬɚɪɨɞɚɜɧɢɯ ɇɚɪɨɞɚ ɋɚɪɛɫɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɯ ɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɤɨɞɭ-
ɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚɢɧɚɯ, ɬɨɥɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɢ ɫ ʃɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ
ɦɨɥɢɦɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɨɧɚɤɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɩɟɬɢɰɢʁɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨʁ ɠɟʂɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɨɩɟɬ ɭɜɟɞɟ, ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ.” Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɨ
ɋɪɟɦɭ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɚ ɧɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɧɟɥɢ ɧɢ ɛɚɧ ɧɢ Ȼɚɧɫɤɨ ɜɟʄɟ.
Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ, ɜɨʁɜɨɻɚɧ-
ɫɤɭ ɭɩɚɪɜɭ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɞɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɥɢɠɚ ɫɪɟɦɫɤɨ-ɫɥɚɜɨɧɫɤɢɦ
ɦɚɻɚɪɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɪɛɨɮɨɛɫɤɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟɧɨɦ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢ-
ɲɬɜɭ.
Ɉ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ ɚɝɪɟ-
ɫɢʁɟ ɭ Ƚɚʁɟɜɢɦ ɇɨɜɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɨɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ Ȼɨɝɨɫɥɚɜ ɒɭɥɟɤ. ɇɚ ɞɚɧ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢɦ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɥɚ
ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɨ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɪɛɫɤɟ ɫ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɨɦ, ɒɭɥɟɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢ ɡɚɤɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɟ
ɏɪɜɚɬɟ, ʁɟɪ ɜɢɞɟ ɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɚɦɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ
ɭɡɞɢɝɧɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɚɡɢʁɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɡɦɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɟ ɜɟɪɧɟ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɟ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɒɭɥɟɤ, ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɜɟʄ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɨʁɟ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ, „ɛɪɚʄɚ ɩɨ ɤɪɜɢ, ɪɨɞɭ ɢ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ, ɛɪɚʄɚ ɩɨ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ,
ɤɪɭɧɢ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɜɭ”, ɫ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ, ɢɫɬɢ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɢɫɬɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ, ɚɥɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ, ɢ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ.
ɒɭɥɟɤ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɟ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɟɞɟɦɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɢɯ ɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɜɟɪɢ, ɩɨɪɭɲɟɧɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɭ ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚ-
ɲɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɜɟɪɫɤɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɬ ɜɟɪɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɚ
ɞɢɪɚ.
ȼɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɫɥɨɝɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ʁɟ 5. ʁɭɧɚ 1848. ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɝ ɭɫɬɨɥɢɱɟʃɚ ȳɨɫɢɩɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɡɚ ɛɚɧɚ. ɍ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɨɝ
ɛɢɫɤɭɩɚ ȳɭɪʁɚ ɏɚɭɥɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɢɨ ɢɡ
Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ, ɛɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɢɨ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɨɦ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɪɚ-
140
ɞɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɚɰ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „[...]

ȼɢɤɚʃɟ, ɤɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ, ɩɥɟɫɤɚʃɟ ɪɭɤɭ, ɛɚɰɚʃɟ ɤɚɩɚ ɢ ɲɟɲɢɪɚ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɭ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɬɢ. ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ʂɭɛɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɭɫɯɢʄɟʃɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɫɥɚɬɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɝɪɥɢɥɢ; ɨɞ ɪɚ-
ɞɨɫɬɢ, ɨɞ ɧɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɢ ɫɦɨ ɫɭɡɟ ɩɪɨɥɢɥɢ [...].”
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɟɫɧɢɤ ɂɜɚɧ Ɍɪɧɫɤɢ, ɢ ɫɚɦ ɩɨɧɟɬ ɪɨɞɨʂɭɛɢɜɢɦ ɨɫɟʄɚ-
ʃɢɦɚ, ɨɞɭɲɟɜʂɟɧ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟɦ, ɢɫɩɟɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɧɭ ɩɟɫɦɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɬ-
ɪɢʁɚɪɯɭ. ȵɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɬɢɯɨɜɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɞɨɱɚɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɧɞɚɲʃɟ ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨ ɫɬɚ-
ʃɟ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ, ɝɥɚɫɟ:
„Ɉɡɟɛɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɧɰɚ ɠɟʂɚɧ ɠɚɪɤɚ
Ɇɢ ɫɦɨ ɠɟʂɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɟ ɪɭɤɟ
ɂ ɞɚ ɫɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɨɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɤɟ ɩɭɤɟ
Ȼɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɤɚ.
ɏɜɚɥɚ Ɍɟɛɢ Ȼɨɠɟ ɧɟɭɦɪɥɢ
Ⱦɚ ɫɢ ɦɟɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɞɚɨ ɞɨɫɬɢ
Ƚɥɟɞɚɬ ɫɥɚɜɭ, ɩɥɚɤɚɬ ɨɞ ɪɚɞɨɫɬɢ
ȭɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɋɪɛɢɧ ɛɪɚɬɚɰ ɝɪɥɢ
ɒɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ
ȭɟ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɛɚɧɟ
ɉɪɟɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɟɦ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɟ
ɂɫɩɨɞ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɢɡɚɬɢ Ȼɨɝɭ [...].”
ɍ ɞɭɯɭ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɝɟ ɪɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɋɚɛɨɪ ɏɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɟ. ȼɢɲɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ, ɏɪɜɚɬɚ, ɧɚɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɡɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ, ɧɚ
ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɨɞ 6. ʁɭɧɚ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɭɤɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɋɚɤɰɢɧɫɤɢ ɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ
ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ: „[...] Ɉɜɚʁ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɤɚɞ ɫɦɨ ɫɬɟʃɚɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ, ɥɚɬɢɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ, ɧɚ-
ɲɭ ɱɢɫɬɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ [...].” ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɫɚɛɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɨ-
ɞɢɬɟʂ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬ Ƚɚʁ ɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ȼɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɲɚ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɢɦɫɬɜɭ ɋɪɩ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚ [...] ɭɫɭɻɭʁɟɦ ɫɟ (ɩɪɢɦɟɬɢɬɢ – ȼ. Ʉ.) [...] ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɨ, ɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ; ɩɪɨɦɢɫɥɢɦɨ, ɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɦɢɲɢɰɟ
ɧɚ Ʉɨɪɞɭɧɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫ ɛɪɚɧɟ, ɫɚɦɢ ɫɭ ɋɪɛʂɢ [...].” Ⱦɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɬɨʁ ɢɡʁɚɜɢ,
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɫɚɛɨɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɡɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɞɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ
ȳɨɯɚɧɚ, ɂɜɚɧ Ɇɚɠɭɪɚɧɢʄ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɋɚɛɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɫɬɟ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ ɢ „ɡɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɛɪɚʄɭ [...]; ʁɟɪ, ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɫɦɨ ɦɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɫɬɨɩʂɟɧɢ, ɞɚ ɧɚɫ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɪɚɡɞɪɭɠɢɬɢ
ɧɟʄɟ ɦɨʄɢ [...].”
Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɞɨɛɪɢɯ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
141
ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɫɬɭɩɢɦɚ 1848/49. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɜɟɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ

ɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ʁɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚɥɨ ɡɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɞɚ, ɚɤɨ ɨɞ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɞɨ ɐɪɧɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɭ „ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɭɲɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨ ɬɟɥɨ“, ɧɢ
ɋɪɛɢ, ɚ ɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ, ʁɟɪ ʄɟ ɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɢ ɭɝʃɟ-
ɬɚɱɢ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɭɬɚɬɢ. ɍ
ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɫ
ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ, ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ
ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɨɤɨ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱ-
ɤɨɝ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɋɥɚɜʁɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɭɝ. ɇɟ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɨ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɨ
ɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɡɚɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚ
ɬɨ ɞɚ ɬɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ, ɞɚ ɫɤɥɨɩɟ
ʁɚɫɧɭ ɩɨɝɨɞɛɭ ɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɟɭɮɨɪɢɱɧɨ ɢɡɥɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɚ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ,
ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɫɥɨɝɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɢɡ ɞɚɧɚ ɭ ɞɚɧ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɟɻɚɬɢ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚ-
ɫɢɰɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɋɜɟ
ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɢʁɟ ɲɢɪɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ „ɩɨɜɥɚɲɟ“ ɏɪɜɚ-
ɬɟ. Ɍɚʁ ɧɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɢ ɡɥɨɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɢɪɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɨɞ „ɩɨɜɥɚɲɢɜɚʃɚ“
ɫɟʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɧɢ ɤɪɭɝɨɜɢ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ
Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ, ɧɚ Ʉɚɩɬɨɥɭ. Ʉʂɭɱɧɢ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɪɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɨ-
ɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɟ ɜɟɪɫɤɟ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɫɤɭɩ ɏɚɭɥɢɤ. ɍɡ ʃɟɝɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɫɥɟɞɛɟɧɢɤɟ, ɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɦɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ
ɫɬɪɚɯ ɨɞ „ɩɨɜɥɚɲɢɜɚʃɚ“ ɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɢ-ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɚɧɢ ɢɡ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚɪɚɞɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɭɤɨɜɧɢʁɟ. ȵɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɢ ɦɚɻɚɪɨɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɟ ɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɚɧɬɢɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɤɚ-
ɬɨɥɢɱɤɢ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɟɦɟ ɪɚɡɞɨɪɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɫɤɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɧɟɫɥɚɝɚʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɢɦɨɢɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɤɨ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ:
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɟɦɚ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, ɧɚɞ-
ɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ, ɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ
ɫɥɚʃɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɫ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ.
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɢɬɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɪɨɞʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɦɚɻɚɪɨ-
ɧɚ, ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɜɟɪɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɬɚɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɭɬ ɪɟɦɟʄɟʃɭ ɬɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ
ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɨɦ ɢ
ɥɚɬɢɧɢɰɨɦ, ɫ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢɦɚ, Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ, ɜɟɨɦɚ
ɫɦɟɬɚ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɟ
ɬɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɜɚɞɟ. ɋ ɬɨɦ ɧɚɦɟɪɨɦ, ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɭ, ɨɧɢ ɲɢɪɟ
ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɜɥɚɯ, ɞɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɩɨɜɥɚɲɢɨ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɚɜ ɧɚ-
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ɪɨɞ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɜɥɚɲɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ ɥɚɠɢɦɚ ɩɨɞ-

ɛɚɞɚ ɧɟɡɥɨɛɢɜɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɬɜɪɞʃɚɦɚ „ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɢ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɪɛɫɤɚ ɭ
Ɂɚɝɪɟɛ ɡɚɬɨ ɞɨɲɥɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɫʁɟɞɢɧɢ, ɬ. ʁ. ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɭɧɢ-
ʁɚɬɢ”. ɉɪɨɝɥɚɫ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟɦ: „Ȼɪɚʄɨ! Ɍɟɠɤɨ ɧɚɦɚ,
ɚɤɨ ɨɜɚɤɨɜɢɦ ɻɚɜɨɥɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɦɢɲɥɟɧɢɚɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɡɜɟɪɭʁɭ. Ⱦɚ
ɜɚɦ ʁɟ ɜɢɞɢɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɜɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɤɟ
ɥɚɠɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɞɚ ɨɞɜɚɠɢɨ ɛɚɧɭ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɢ, ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɛɟɡɛɪɨʁɧɟ
ɞɟɩɭɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚɬɚ, ɧɚʁɩɨɫɥɟ ɢ ɨɞ ɪɢɦ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɤ ʃɟɦɭ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɚ, ɧɚ ɬɨ ɝɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɦɨɥɢɥɟ, ɧɨ ɧɚɝɨɧɢɥɟ,
ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ: ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɨɞ ɫɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɦɧɨɝɨɱɢɫɥɟɧɨɝ, ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
ɩɪɢ ɢɧɲɬɚɥɚɰɢʁɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɫɩɪɟɦʂɟɧ, ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɞɭɲɧɨ ɨɜɞɟ
ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ, ɫɬɪɚɲɧɢ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɛɨʁɚɬɢ, ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɞɭɯ ɤɥɨɧɭɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɦɢɫɥɢɬɢ, ɞɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ ɬɚʁɧɨ
ɤɚɤɨɜɨ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɚɧɚ ɢɦɚ [...] ɇɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚʁɬɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɭɩɨɫɬɚɬɟ
ɧɚɲɟ! ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɜɚɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ, ɤɚɨ ɭɛɢɰɟ
ɧɚɲɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɟ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɚɲɟ ɢɡɝɨɧɢɬɟ! Ɍɚ ɛɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɚʄɨ ɩɚɬɪɢɚɪɯ
ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɲɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɛɟɡɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɯɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɢʁɚɰɢ ɡɚɤɥɟɨ, ɩɚɤ ɫɦɨ ɫɜɢ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɨʁ, ɩɚɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɭ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ Ȼɨɝɭ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɟʁɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɧɟɥɢ.”
ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɪɟʄɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɨɥɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ
ɧɢ ɬɜɪɞʃɚ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɫɟʁɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜ-
ɧɢɯ ɢ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ. ɇɟɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɛɟɡ ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɝɚɧɞɟ. Ɉɧɨ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ-
ɥɨ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɚ Ƚɥɚɜ-
ɧɢɦ ɨɞɛɨɪɨɦ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɨɦ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɟɦ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɭɥɚɝɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬ
ɪɚɡɞɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɲɢɪɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ, Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ
ɨɞɛɨɪ 13. ʁɭɥɚ 1848. ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɞɜɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɟ ɥɚɬɢ-
ɧɢɰɨɦ, ʁɟɞɧɭ „ɇɚ ɋɥɚɜʁɚɧɟ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɢ” ɚ ɞɪɭɝɭ
ɧɚ „Ȼɪɚʄɭ ɭ Ȼɚɪɚʃɢ ɢ Ȼɚɱɤɨʁ”, ɬʁ. ɧɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɟ, ɒɨɤɰɟ ɢ Ȼɭʃɟɜɰɟ. Ɉɛɟɦɚ
ɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɨɫɩɨɪɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ „ɞɚ ɋɥɚɜʁɚɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ
ɰɟɪɤɜɟ” ɢɞɭ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɜɥɚɲɟ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ: „ȿɜɨ
ɦɢ, ɭ ɢɦɟ ɜɚɲɟ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɜɢʁɭɯ ɧɚɲɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɨɜʁɟɪɚɰɚɯ, ɭɜʁɟɪɚɜɚɦɨ ɜɚɫ ɠɢ-
ɜɢɦ ɛɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɢɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɢ ɩɨɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɧɢɫ-
ɦɨ. Ɇɢ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟɦɨ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɜʁɟɪɭ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɨɧɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ɧɚɲɚ ɩɨ ɤɟɪ-
ɜɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɢɡɩɨɜʁɟɞɚʁɭ. Ɇɢ ɧɟ ɞɟɪɠɢɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɲɬɟɧɟ ʂɭɞɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɫɪʄɭ
ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɭ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɭ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɭ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ. Ɇɢ ɞɚʁɟɦɨ ɜɚɦɚ ɩɨɲɬɟ-
ɧɭ ɪɢɟɱ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɭ Ȼɨɠʁɭ ɞɚ ʄɟɦɨ ɦɢ ɜɚɫ ɛɪɚɧɢɬɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɚɤɨɝɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɭ ɜɚɲɭ ɧɚɫɟɪɧɭɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʄɟɦɨ ɛɪɚɧɢɬɢ ɧɚɲɭ
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ɚɤɨ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧ ɧɚ ʃɭ ɧɚɫɟɪɧɟ. Ȼɭɞɢɬɟ, ɛɪɚʄɨ ɦɢɪɧɢ, ɛɟɡ ɛɪɢɝɟ,

ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜʁɟɪɟ ɜɚɲɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɬɟ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɥɚɠɢ ɩɥɟɬɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ
ɩɪɚɜɟ ɢ ɝɥɟɞɟ ɞɚ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɡɚɜɚɞɟ, ɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɩʄɢ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɧɚɫ ɨɛɚ-
ɞɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɞɜɥɚɞɚ [...] ɍɝɥɟɞɚʁɬɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɋɚɛɨɪ ɧɚɲ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɨɧɞʁɟ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɨɛɟ ɜʁɟɪɟ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɫɜɨɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ
ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚʁɭ. ɋɥɭɲɚʁɬɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɨɝɚ ɛɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɟ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɟ
ɥɚɠɧɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ [...].” Ɉɞɛɚɰɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨɦ ɧɚɫɪɬɚʃɭ
ɋɪɛɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɜɟɪɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ, ɒɨɤɚɰɚ ɢ Ȼɭʃɟɜɚɰɚ, Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞ-
ɛɨɪ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ: „Ɂɚɬɨ, ɛɪɚʄɨ ɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɬɟ ɥɚɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɜɨɪɚɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨ
ɩɨɡɧɚʁɬɟ ɭ ɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɢ ɪɨɻɟɧɭ ɜɚɲɭ ɛɪɚʄɭ. ȴɭɛɢɬɟ ɜɢ ɧɚɫ ɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɢ
ɜɚɫ ʂɭɛɢɦɨ. ɉɪɭɠɢɬɟ ɧɚɦ ɜɚɲɭ ɪɭɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɢ ɧɚɲɭ ɩɪɭɠɚɦɨ ɜɚɦɚ.
ɍɫɬɚɧɢɬɟ ɫ ɧɚɦɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɢ ɜɚɲɢɯ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɦɚ ɢ
ɜɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɟ ɭɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɦɢɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɜɟɬɢʁɟ, ʁɟɡɢɤ,
ɢɦɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɲɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɨɬɰɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɤɟɪɜʂɭ
ɫɟɪɰɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥɢ, ɨɬɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɝɚɡɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɢɞɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɛɭɞɭ ɨɤ-
ɪɭɬɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ, ɚ ɦɢ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɦɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɪɨɛɨɜɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɝɟ.”
ɍ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɭ ɛɚɧ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɭ
ɛɢɫɤɭɩɢ ɡɚɝɪɟɛɚɱɤɢ, ɫɟʃɫɤɢ ɢ ɻɚɤɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɞɚ „ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɞɚɞɭ
ɞɚ ɩɭɤ ɝɥɟɞɟ ɜɟɪɨɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɰɟɪɤɚɜɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ
ɩɨɝɢɛɟʂ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɢ, ɭɦɢɪɟ”. ɍɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɚɫɚɨ XIV
ɱɥɚɧɚɤ Ɂɚɤɨɧɚ „Ɉ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɱɟʃɭ ɥɚɠʂɢɜɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɯ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱ-
ɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɤɚɤɜɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɬɢ”. Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɫɭ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɟ Ƚɚʁɟɜɟ
ɇɨɜɢɧɟ (5. VIII 1848), ɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɭ
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ. Ɍɚʁ Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɨɛɢɬ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɪɚɡɨɪɧɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɇɨɜɚɤ, ɭɜɟɤ
ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɚɫɚ „ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɨʂɚ ɡɚ ɫʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟɦ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ”. ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɢ
ɧɚʁɭɛɟɞʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɡɚɛɭɧɭ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɦɟɬɟɠ ɢ
ɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ ɭ ɧɟɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɟ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɥɨɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ
ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɚ ɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɨɥɢɱɟʃɭ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ.
ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɛɢɫɤɭ-
ɩɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɜ ɞɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɟɪɧɢɤɟ ɨ ɧɟɨ-
ɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɲɬɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɥɚɠɧɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɧɨɫɟ ɧɟɦɢɪ ɢ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɧɨ, ɫ ɩɭɧɨ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ, ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɨʂɟ ɢ
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɪɚ, ɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɞɚ ɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢɦ ɦɟɬɟɠɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɭ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɪɟɧɚɝʂɟɧɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ, ɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɭ
ɫɩɨɪ ɫ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢɦɚ, ɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɦ, ɧɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɚ ɢɡ-
ɛɨɪɟ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɪɢɤɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɚ, ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ,
ɞɚ ɭ ɟɭɮɨɪɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɧɨɫɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ, ɧɟ ɧɚɫɪɧɭ
144
ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɭɫɟɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɭ ɤɪɜɨɩɪɨɥɢʄɟ, ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ

ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ 5. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1848. ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɨɦ „ɇɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɪɛɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɫɤɨʁ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ”. ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ: „Ɉɩɟ-
ɱɚɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɪɰɟ ɦɨʁɟ, ɤɚɞ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɫɚ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ, ɫɜɚɻɚʁɭ, ɪɚɡɞɢɪɭ, ɢ
ɩɪɨɬɟɪɭʁɭ. Ɉɩɟɱɚɥɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɪɰɟ ɦɨʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ɚɤɨ ɢɤɚɞɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɨɧɨ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟ, ɤɚɞ ɫɜɚ ɛɪɚʄɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɜɢ, ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɦɢɫɥɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ
ɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ, ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɬɟɥɨ, ɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɭɲɚ
ɠɢɜɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɧɢɤɨɦ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɭɦ ɧɟ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɡɚɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɨɧ ɰɪɤɜɭ
ɢɞɟ. ɋɜɚɤɢʁ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɫɪɰɚ ɞɚ ʂɭɛɢ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ
ɞɚ ɰɟɧɢ, ɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɢʁɭ ɫɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɛɪɚɧɢ: ɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɦɪɡɢɬɢ, ɧɚ
ʃɟɝɚ ɜɢɤɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɪɬɚɬɢ, ɲɬɨ ɨɧ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɢɞɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɦ
Ȼɨɝɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ ɦɨɥɢ, ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɥɟɩɨ, ɧɢɬɢ ɯɪɢɫɬɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ, ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ
ʂɭɞɢɦɚ, ɧɢɬɢ Ȼɨɝɭ ɭɝɨɞɧɨ! ɂ ɡɚɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɩɟɱɚɥɢɥɨ ɫɪɰɟ ɦɨʁɟ, ɤɚɞ ɫɚɦ ɪɚɡ-
ɭɦɟɨ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɝɞɟɤɨʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢ ɧɚɲɥɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ Ȼɨɝɭ,
ɰɚɪɭ ɢ ɦɟɧɢ ɦɪɡɤɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɢ. ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟʂ ɧɚɲ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɩɢɬɟʂ ʂɭɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ʂɭɞɟ, ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɨɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ; ɋɩɚɫɢɬɟʂ ɧɚɲ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɧɚɦ ɫɜɟɬɢɦ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɟɱɦɚ, ɞɚ ʂɭɛɢɦɨ ɢ ɦɢ ʂɭɞɟ, ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɢ ɜɟɪɟ ɛɢɥɢ: ɩɚ ɡɚɪ ʄɟɦɨ
ɦɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɟɬɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɦɪɡɢɬɢ, ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɨɻɟ-
ɧɭ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ? ɇɟ ɬɨ ɧɟɫɦɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɢ ɨɞ
Ȼɨɝɚ ɧɢ ɨɞ ʂɭɞɢ. ɂ ɡɚɬɨ ȳɚ, ɤɚɨ ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɍɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ,
ɧɚʁɫɬɪɨɠɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟɦ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɧɚɫɪɬɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɧɚɲɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ,
ɛɢɥɨ ɬɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɚɦ ɤɚɨ ɨɬɚɰ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɫɜɢɦɚ, ɞɚ
ɛɪɚʄɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɭ ʂɭɛɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɪɟɬɚɬɟ, ɞɚ ɫ ʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɫɥɨɝɢ ɠɢɜɢɬɟ.
Ɍɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɥɢ ɨɛɲɬɢʁ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧ ɩɪɟɞ ɜɪɚɬɢɦɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɚɲɟ? ɇɟ ɝɪɨɡɢ ɥɢ
ɨɛɲɬɢʁ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧ ɩɪɟɞ ɜɪɚɬɢɦɚ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɚɲɟ? ɇɟ ɝɪɨɡɢ ɥɢ ɨɧ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɪɨɩɚɲʄɭ ɢ ɭɛɢʁɫɬɜɨɦ? ɋɚʁɟɞɢɧɢɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ, ɞɚ ɝɚ ɢɡɩɪɟɞ ɤɭ-
ʄɟ ɨɞɝɨɧɢɦɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɢɪɚɬɢ; ɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɰɟɩɚɦɨ, ɨɥɚɤɲɚ-
ɜɚɦɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɚɨ, ɞɚʁɟɦɨ ɦɭ ɧɨɠ ɭ ɪɭɤɟ, ɞɚ ɧɚɫ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɰɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɨɞɟ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɞɟɰɢ, ɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɧɟɫɥɨɝɟ ɡɥɨ ɩɨ ɧɚɫ ɛɭɞɟ; ɤɨɫɬɢ
ɨɧɢɯ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ ɫɟʁɭ, ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ, ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɧɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ, ɛɢɥɢ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɤɚɞ ɢʁ ɞɟɰɚ ɢ ɭɧɭ-
ɰɢ ɤɥɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɧɭ, ɭɡɞɢɲɭʄɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɜɢ ɛɟɫɧɨɝ ɞɭɲɦɚɧɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ɧɚʁɫɜɟɬɢ-
ʁɟ ɛɥɚɝɨ, ɦɢɥɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɨɝɚɦɚ ɝɚɡɢ, ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɫɟ ʃɢɨɜɢ ɩɪɚɨɬɚɰɚ ɪɭ-
ɝɚ! Ɂɚɬɨ, ɱɚɞɚ, ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚʁɬɟ Ɇɟɧɟ, ʂɭɛɢɬɟ ɛɪɚʄɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚʁɬɟ ɧɚ ʃɢ,
ɬɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɜɚɫ Ȼɨɝ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɢɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ʄɟ ɜɚɫ ɫɪɟʄɧɢɦ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɧɚɲɟ
ɜɨʁɧɟ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ, ɤɨʁɭ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ, ɫɪɟʄɭ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɬɚʃɟ ɧɚɲɟ ɢ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɚ-
ɭɧɭɤɚ ɜɨɞɢɦɨ!”
Ɉɜɚʁ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɚɧ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɱɟɥɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɢ-
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ɦɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɭɡɨɪ ɢ ɩɭɬɨɤɚɡ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ, ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɡɢ-
ɜɚ. ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɭɬ ɫɜɢɦ ɟɤɫɰɟɫɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɥɭ. ɍɫɩɟɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɟʄɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɭɞɪɢɦ, ɛɥɚɝɢɦ,
ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ ɚɩɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪ-
ɯɚ ɢ „ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ” ɫɚɦɨ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭ-
ɠɢɨ ɢ ɛɚɧ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɢɦ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ 7. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ʄɢɪɢ-
ɥɢɰɨɦ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɰɨɦ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɚɫɥɚɬ ɩɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨʁ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢ-
ʁɢ. Ȼɚɧ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ „ɋɜɢɦ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪɨɦ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɧɢ-
ɤɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɦɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɨ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɢ”. ɉɪɨɝɥɚɫ
ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧ ɭɨɱɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɩɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ ɪɚɬ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ
ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɪɟɞ, ɦɢɪ ɢ ɫɥɨɝɭ, ʁɟɪ,
ɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ, „ɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɢ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ, ɚɤɨ ɯɨʄɟɦɨ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɱɢɬɢ ɠɟʂɟɧɢ ɰɢʂ”. „Ɉɫɨɛɢɬɭ ɫɤɪɛ” – ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ – „ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɚɦ ɜɚ-
ɦɚ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ! ȼɚɲɚ ɫɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɠɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɞɰɚ
ɢ ɧɚ ɞɭɲɟ, ɜɢ ɢɦɚɬɟ ɪɚɜɧɚɬɢ ɩɭɤ ɢ ɩɨɞɭɱɚɜɚɬɢ ɝɚ: ɪɚɜɧɚʁɬɟ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ
ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɟ, ɭɧɢɲɬɭʁɬɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɭ ɦɪɠʃɭ ɩɨɪɚɞɢ ɪɚɡɧɨɝ ɜɟɪɨɡɚɤɨɧɚ
ɢ ɩɨɞɭɱɚɜɚʁɬɟ ɝɚ ɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ [...].”
Ɋɚɡɥɨɠɧɢ ɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɚɩɟɥɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɢ ɛɚɧɚ ɏɪɜ-
ɚɬɫɤɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɫɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɦ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɭ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ, ɭɪɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɠɟʂɟɧɢɦ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɨɦ. ȼɟ-
ʄɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɢ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɟɞɢ ɲɢɪɢɯ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨ-
ɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ, ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɛɢɥɢ. Ɂɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢ ɛɚɧ ɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ, ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ, ɭɫ-
ɩɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɭɫɦɟɪɟ ɝɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟ-
ʂɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚɨ. ɋɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɟɠɢɧɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɭ ɤɨ-
ʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ 1848/49. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɧɢɫɭ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɧɟɫɭ ɜɟɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɯ ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɨɜɚɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ –
ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɜɟɪɧɢɤɟ ɩɚ ɋɪɛɟ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ,
ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ „ɩɭɱɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ”, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɟɦ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɜɟʄ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ, ʁɟɪ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢɦ ɢ
ɪɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɦ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɩɨ-
ɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɤɢ „ɇɚɪɨɞɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɭ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟ-
ɜɢɧɢ”. Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɛɢɥɢ „ɩɭɱɚɧɢ” ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ, ɝɨɬɨ-
ɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ
1848/49. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɨ ɜɟɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ
ɨɫɧɨɜɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɥɭ, ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢɡɛɟʄɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨ ɨɛɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɢɦɚɨ ɬɪɚɝɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ
ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɧɨɝɟ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ
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ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢʁɚ, ɢɡɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɢ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɩɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɟʁɭ

ɧɚɰɢʁɚ.
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ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ, ɤɚɨ ɰɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ, ɛɢɨ ɜɟɪɚɧ ɜɨʁɧɢɤ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪ-
ɲɤɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɝɨɪɱɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, Ɏɟɪɞɨ ɒɢɲɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɚɨ
ɞɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɚɲ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ɛɢɨ ɬɚʁ „ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɨ
ɏɪɜɚɬɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɟ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɮɪɨɧɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɇɚʇɚɪɚ”, ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɬɟɤ
ɩɨɞ ɫɧɚɠɧɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ „ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ɨɧɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭ ɫɦɟɥɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɭ
ɨɩɨɧɢɪɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɦɚʇɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɩɢɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɻɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ”.
ɒɬɚɜɢɲɟ, ɒɢɲɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫ „ɇɚɪɨɞɭ ɯɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɨɦɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤ' ɨɦɟ ɭ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɢ […]” ɨɞ 26. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1848, ɭ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɨ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɜɟɪɨɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɩɨɞ ɭɬɢɰɚ-
ʁɟɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɚ ɂɥɢʁɟ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ. ɂɡʁɚɜɭ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ, ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ: „Ɇɢ ɫɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ (ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ); ɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɋɪɛɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚ-
ɬɟ”, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɬɨɝ ɋɚɛɨɪɚ ɞɚ „ɩɪɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɟɡ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɫɚ
ɋɪɩɫɤɨɦ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɨɦ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ-
ɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɠɟʂɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ”, ɒɢɲɢʄ ʁɟ
ɞɨɜɟɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢɦɚ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ
ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ.
ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɨʁ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɨ
ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ
ɬɢɦɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɨɜ ɟɦɢɫɚɪ Ɇɚɬɢʁɚ Ȼɚɧ, ɢ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢɧɢ
ɡɚɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ, ɤɧɟɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɋɪɛɟ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɭ ɭ
ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɥɢ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢ. ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɨ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɚɜɟ-
ɡɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɡ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ. ɍɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɥɚ
ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɡɚɪɚɬɟ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ.
Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɟɦɢɫɚɪɟ ɫɥɚɨ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɭ, Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɭ Ɇɚɬɢʁɭ Ȼɚɧɚ, ɉɚɜɥɚ ɑɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɏɟɪɤɚɥɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ɍɨɦɭ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɭ
ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɚɤɰɢʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ. ɋɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ, ɩɚɤ, ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɟ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ʉɭɤɭʂɟɜɢʄɚ
ɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɏɟɪɤɚɥɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɥɢ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ
ɰɢʂ „ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢɦɚ ʁɭɠɧɢɦ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɭʁɟ”. Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ɫɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɢɞɟʁɚɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɭ ɋɢɦɢʄɭ: „ȳɚ ɫɚɦ ɨɜɭ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɡɚ ɫɚɞ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɨ [...], ʁɟɪ
ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɪɭɤɱɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ, ɚ ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɫɚɞ ɤɚɞ ɢ ɫɚ
Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɝ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ.” ɏɟɪɤɚɥɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɤɚɡɚɨ Ƚɚɪɚ-
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ɲɚɧɢɧɭ ɞɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɚ

ɫʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫ Ȼɨɫɧɨɦ ɚ ɧɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɭ ɦɚʃɢɧɢ, ɛɟɡ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɦɚɥɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɰɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɡɚ ɭʁɟ-
ɞɢʃɟʃɟ. Ȼɟɡ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɯɜɚɥɚ ɡɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɨɜɢ ɫɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ
ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ ɞɚ „ɋɪɛɢʁɭ Ƚɚʁ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɨɬɨɱʁɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɰɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ”, ɚ ɭ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɫ ʃɢɦ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɥɟɞɛɟɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɜɢ-
ɞɟɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɤɪɭɝɭ ɨɤɨ Ƚɚʁɚ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚ-
ʁɭ ɞɚ ɤɪɟɧɭ ɢ ɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭɛɟɻɢɜɚɨ „ɞɚ
ɧɢɩɨɲɬɨ Ɍɭɪɤɟ ɧɟ ɞɪɚɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɞɨɤ ɫ Ɇɚʇɚɪɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɤɪɫɬɟ”, ɨɛɟ-
ʄɚɜɲɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ „ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ”. ɋɚɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɝɥɚ-
ɫɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɩɨɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ, ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɫɭ
ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ʂɭɞɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɭ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭ-
ɫɤɭ, Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ ɢ ȿɧɝɥɟɫɤɭ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɪɟ-
ɛɚɧ ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ, ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ
ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɨɞ 20.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɋɜɟɫɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɡɚɦɚɲɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ, ɦɨɥɢ-
ɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɞâ 5.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɚɦɚ.
Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɧɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɨ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟʃɟ ɡɚ
ɞɪɠɚɜɧɭ ɛɥɚɝɚʁɧɭ, ɚɥɢ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɢʄ
ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ, ɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ
ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɢ Ƚɚʁɟɦ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɟ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ
ɧɚɦɟɪɚɦɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɨɞ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɚ ɋɢɦɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬɢ-
ɦɚ ɢɡ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ 5.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. Ɉɞ ɏɟɪɤɚɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ʉɭɤɭʂɟ-
ɜɢʄɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɦ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚ, ɚ Ƚɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ „ɭɩɭɬ-
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲ ɧɟ ɢɞɟ ɢɡ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɧɢɩɨɲɬɨ, ʁɟɪ, ɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɛɭɞɟ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧ
ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɭ ɫɨʁɭɡɭ ɫ Ɇɚʇɚɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɩɪɢɩʁɚɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ”.
Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ ɫ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ,
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɟ ɩɨɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɭʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɲɤɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɤɚɠɟ: „ɐɢʂ ʁɟ ɫɨʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢʁɟ ɫɜɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɜɚɦɨ ɢ ɨɧɚɦɨ. ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɜɪɲɟɬɚɤ
ɨɧɚɦɨ ɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɚʂɟ.” Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ
ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɋɪɛɚ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ȳɭɠɧɢɯ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ, ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɨɧɢɯ
ɩɨɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɢɨ ɪɚɬ
ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚʁ-
ɩɪɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɟ, ɩɚ ɬɟɤ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɭ
ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ.
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ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɦɢɪɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɚ Ɋɚʁɚ-
ɱɢʄ ɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
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ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ, ɢ

ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɨ ɢɫɤɪɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ-
ɫɤɢ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ʄɟɦɨ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ.
ɋɜɨʁɟ ɚɧɬɢɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟʃɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨʂɢɨ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɭ 19. ʁɭɥɚ 1848. ɇɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɨɞ ȼɢɧɤɨ-
ɜɚɰɚ ɞɨ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɟ ɛɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɨ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɦɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ-
ɒɨɤɚɰɚ, „ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɋɪɛɟ ɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɪɭ-
ɲɟʃɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚɪɚɞɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɪɟɝɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɢ ɚɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ, ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ, ɡɚɜɥɚɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɋɪɟɦɭ”. ɇɚ ɬɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɢɨ „ɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɲɬɪɚʃɚɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʄɟ ɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɚɬɢ ɭ Ɇɢɬɪɨ-
ɜɢɰɢ.” Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɭ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɭ, ɩɪɟɞ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɨ
ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɟɝɨɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɛɟɫ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɱɭɨ ɢ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ. Ɍɨ ɛɚ-
ɯɚɬɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɛɚɧɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɧɟɡɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ
ɋɪɟɦɫɤɨʁ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ, ɩɚ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɢ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬ.
Ⱦɨ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɨʁ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɩɪɟɞɪɟɜɨ-
ɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɬɪɝɧɟ ɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ. ɍɡ ɬɨ,
ɛɚɧ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɠɭɩɚɧɢʁɫɤɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ
ɋɪɟɦɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɰɟ, ɩɪɢɤɪɢɜɟɧɟ
ɦɚɻɚɪɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɟ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɥɢ,
ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢɦɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ, ɛɚɧ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ: „Ʉɚ-
ɤɚɜ Ɉɞɛɨɪ, ɤɚɤɚɜ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɢ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ, ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɋɪɟɦ
ɱɚɫɬ /ɞɟɨ/ Ȼɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ”.
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɛɚɧɚ, Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ʁɟ 25. ʁɭɥɚ
1848. ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɭ „ɞɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɭɦʃɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟ, ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɢɡɢʄɢ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɦ ɫɨʁɭɡ ɧɚɲ ɫ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɨɦ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɦɨ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ, ɢ ɤɨɝ ɫɦɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɫɚɞ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɝɨɪɟɥɢ ɜɟɲɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɟ /ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ/ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɟɬɢ. ȳɟɪ, ɢɫɤɪɟɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ
ɛɚɧ ɨɜɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɚ, ɚ ɨɜɚɦɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɢɫɩɚɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɜɚɩɭɬ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɢɲʂɚɬɢ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ, ɲɬɚ ɧɚɦ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɜɚʂɚ /.../.” Ɉɞɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ
ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: „ɇɟ ɞɨɩɚɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɞɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɛɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɭɜɭɤɥɟ ɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɛɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɞɡɢɜɚ ɭ ɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɭ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨ ɫɭɦʃɚɬɢ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ.”
ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɟ
ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɠɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɋɪɛɟ, ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɪɚʂɚɦɚ „ɩɨɛɟɫɧɟ-
ɥɢɯ ɜɭɤɨɜɚ”, ɋɪɛɚ, ɢ „ɨɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɩɭɫɬɚɢʁɚ”, ɋɪɛɢʁɚɧɚɰɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɞɚ
ɪɚɬɭʁɭ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɰɚɪɚ ɢ ɛɚɧɚ, ɚ ɡɚɩɚɪɜɨ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɨʁɭʁɭ „ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ
ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨ”, ɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ɦɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟɦɨ, „ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɥɚɤɲɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɞɨɲɥɢ.” Ɇɨɥɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʃɢɦɚ, ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢ-
149
ɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ „ɧɢɬɢ ɛɨɝɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɰɚɪɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɛɚɧɚ /ɧɟ/ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ.”
ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɠɚɥɛɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ 12. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɚ
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɟ, Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɢʄɚ, ɞɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɢɬɟ ɠɚɥ-
ɛɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɚ ɭɝɚɫɢ „ɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɢɫɤɪɢɰɭ ɧɟɫɪɟɬɧɟ ɜɟɪɨɡɚ-
ɤɨɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɩɪɟ.” ɋ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ: „ɧɟɤɚ ɦɨɥɢ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɭ
ɫɜɨɝ ɛɨɝɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɦɚɬɢ ɭɱɢɥɚ, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɨɦɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɬɧɚ ɢ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɚ.” Ⱦɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɭ: „ɋɚɞ ɧɚɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɫɥɨɝɟ, ɢ ɩɪɨɤɥɟɬ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɤɚɤɜɢɦ ɝɨɞ ɜɢɞɨɦ!”
Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ, ɩɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɨɦ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1848. ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ ɫɪɟɦɫɤɟ ɦɚ-
ɻɚɪɨɧɟ, ɤɨʁɢ, ɤɪɢʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟ, ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɥɚɲɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɥɚ-
ɲɢɬɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɜɚɞɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɟ ɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ „ɩɭɬ ɭ
ɧɚɲɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟ.” Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɛɚɧɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɚɧɢ
ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɢ ɛɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɢ ɱɚɤ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢ-
ɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ ɪɚɡɞɨɪ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɭɩɥɢɜɨɦ „ɧɟɤɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɟ ɯɟɪɜɚɬ-
ɫɤɟ.” Ȼɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ʁɚɫɧɚ ɚɥɭɡɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɛɚɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɞɪ-
ɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɚɻɚɪɨɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɢɜɧɨ-ɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ.
Ɉ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟɦ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ ɨ ɬɢʃɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚ-
ɡɭɦɢɦɚ ɫ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɱɥɚɧ
Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬɭ Ƚɚʁɭ 11. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ: „ɇɚɫ, ɬ.ʁ. ɋɪɛɟ,
ɜɚɲ Ƚɨɫɩ. Ȼɚɧ ɭɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɫ ɪɚɬ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɨ-
ɞɢ, ɚ Ȼɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɝɥɟɞɚɬɢ ɢ ʄɭɬɚɬɢ /.../ ɇɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ, ɫɬɨɢɦɨ ɫ
Ȼɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɤɪɚɢɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɟɡɚ. Ɇɢ ɚɤɨ ɩɚɞɧɟɦɨ, ɨɫɬɚʄɟ ɩɨɲɬɟʃɟ ɧɚ
ɝɪɨɛɭ; ɚɥɢ ɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɬɨʁ ɲɩɟɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɝɚɞɧɨʁ ɩɚɞɧɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ, ɤɚɤɚɜ ʄɟ ʃɢɧ
ɤɪɫɬ ɛɢɬɢ”.
ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ (22. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ) ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɭ ɨɰɟɧɭ ɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɢɡɪɟ-
ɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, ɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɞɟɥɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɜɨʁɜɨɻɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɟ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɟ „ɞɨɤ ɨɧɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɚɥɟ”, ɧɢʁɟ ɦɭ ɫɦɟɬɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ
ɧɨɜɱɚɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜɨ
ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɨ ɤɚɨ „ɱɭɞɟɫɧɭ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ”.
Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɋɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɢɦɟ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɫɥɟɞɟ-
ʄɟ ɪɟɱɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɚ: „ȳɚ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɨɛ-
ɪɨɧɚɦɟɪɧɢɯ ɤ ʃɢɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɚɬɢɯ ʁɟɞɧɨɜɟɪɧɢɤɚ /ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ/, ɧɢɫɚɦ ɦɨɝɚɨ
ɧɢɲɬɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɢɬɢ. Ⱥɥɢ ɧɢɫɚɦ ɧɢ ɯɬɟɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɲɬɪɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɦɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚ ɨɛɟ ɜɟɪɨɢɫɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɟʁɚɥɨ ɫɟɦɟ ɠɢɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɞɨɪɚ. Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɨ ɫɚɦ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬʃɟ, ɯɢɬɧɨ ɫɚɦ
ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɡɚɞɪɠɢɦ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ,
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ɲɬɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ, Ȼɨɝɭ ɯɜɚɥɚ, ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭɫɩɟɥɨ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
ɢɦɚʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɠɚɥɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɢ ɚɤɬ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɭɧɭɬɪɫɲʃɢɯ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ.”
ɋɪɛɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɟɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɭɦʃɚɥɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ. Ⱥ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɢɫɤɪɟɧ ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ʁɭɥɚ
1848, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɜɨɻɟɧɢɦ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ ɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ ɦɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ
Ʌɚʁɨɲɟɦ Ȼɚʄɚʃɢʁɟɦ, ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ „ɞɚ ɨɞɛɚɰɭʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɢ ɞɚ
ɧɟɦɚ ɫ ʃɢɦ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɜɟɡɟ”.
ɍ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɛɚɰɢɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɞɚ ɨɤɥɟ-
ɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɭ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɛɟʄɚ ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɲɚʂɟ, ɩɚ ɞɚ
ɢɯ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟɦ ɢɡɥɚɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɝɨɪɱɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ
Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ 12. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɞɚ ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɤɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɩɨɝɚ-
ɡɢɥɢ. Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ: „Ɉɜɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɦ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ʁɭ, ɡɚ ɩɨɬɨɦɤɟ ɧɚɲɟ.” ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɨɞ 19. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ ɛɚ-
ɧɭ: ȼɢ ɜɢɞɢɬɟ „ɞɚ ɫɦɨ ɦɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɨʁɭɡɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɬɭ-
ʁɟɦɨ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɚɧ ɞɜɚ ɧɨ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ.” Ɂɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɫɭɦʃɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɰɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɧɚɩɚɫɬɢ Ɇɚɻɚɪɟ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɪɚɜɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „ɚɤɨ ɢ ɤɚɞ ɝɨɞ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɻɟɬɟ”. ɋɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, 23. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ: „Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɟ
Ȼɚɧɟ! Ɇɢ ɫɦɨ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɨʁ ɬɨɱɤɢ, ɞɚ ɡɛɨɝ ȼɚɫ ɩɪɨɩɚɞɚɦɨ. Ɉɩɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ
ɲɬɨ ȼɚɦ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ: ɚɥɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɢ ɭɜɟɪɢɬɟɥ-
ɧɢ ɪɟɱɢ.
ȼɚɲɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɬɟ ɧɚɦɚ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɲɢʂɚɥɢ, ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɲɤɨ-
ɞɢɥɨ; ʁɟɪɛɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɟ ȼɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɤɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɫ, ɦɢ ɛɢ ɞɪɭɝɱɢɟ ɧɚɲɟ
ɫɢɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɥɢ; ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɭɲɬɚɥɢ ɤ Ȼɟɥɨʁ ɐɪɤɜɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɛɢ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɨɞ
ȿɪɞɭɬɚ ɤ ɂɥɨɤɭ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɟ.
ȳɚ ȼɚɫ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭɜɟɪɚɜɚɦ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɨɦ ɦɨʁɨɦ ɫɨɜɟɲʄɭ, ɞɚ ɧɢ ɨɧɞɚ,
ɤɚɞ ɛɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫ ɭɞɚɪɢɥɢ, ɧɟ ɛɢ ȼɢ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ
ɭɤɚɡɚɥɢ [...] ȳɚ ȼɚɫ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɭɜɟɪɚɜɚɦ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɭɲɢ ɦɨʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɡɚɬɢɫɧɭɨ
ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚʃɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭɜɟɪɚɜɚʃɟ. ɇɚ ɦɨʁɨʁ ɫɨɜɟɫɬɢ
ɬɟɠɚɤ ɤɚɦɟɧ ɥɟɠɢ, ɚ ɬɚʁ ʁɟ ɤɚɦɟɧ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ.
ɋɚɦɨ ɤɚɞ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɟ Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɟ Ȼɚɧɟ, ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ʁɨɲɬ ʁɟɞɧɚ
ɢɫɤɪɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ: ɬɚɤɢ ʄɟɬɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ
ɧɟɩɥɨɞɧɨ ɯɨɬɟɬɢ ɤɨɝɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɭɜɟɪɢɬɢ.
ɋɚɦɨ ɭɡɦɢɬɟ ɨɜɟ ɦɚɥɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ: Ɉɛɟʄɚɥɢ ɫɬɟ ɧɚɦ ɰɢɧɞɟɪɟ ɩɪɟ 5 ɧɟ-
ɞɟʂɚ, ɞɚ ʄɟɬɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɢ, ɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɦɚɬɟ; ɦɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɧɢɫɦɨ ɰɢɧɞɟɪɟ
ɧɚɛɚɜɢɥɢ: ɚ ȼɢ ɧɚɦ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɟ; ɫɚɞ ɫɭ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɚɡɧɟ ɪɭɤɟ.
Ɉɛɟʄɚɥɢ ɫɬɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɟ 5 ɧɟɞɟʂɚ 2 ɛɚɬɚʂɨɧɚ; ɨɜɟ ɯɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɝɨɪʃɢɦ
ɋɪɟɦɨɦ ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬɢ; ȼɢ ɧɚɦ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɟ, ɫɚɞ ʁɟ ɋɪɟɦ ɨɝɨɥɟɨ [...].
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Ⱦɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɟ ɦɢ, Ƚɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɟ Ȼɚɧɟ, ɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɟɦ ɨɜɨ ɱɢɫɥɟʃɟ. ȳɚ ȼɚɦ

ɤɚɠɟɦ ɞɚ ɦɟ ɫɬɢɞ ɩɨɩɚɞɚ, ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɭɦɟɨ, ɫɦɟɨ, ɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ-
ɞɚɬɢ, ɨɫɨɛɢɬɨ ɤɚɞ ɩɨɦɢɫɥɢɦ, ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɛɟʄɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɨɦ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɪɚɜɟ
ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ, ɲɬɚ ɫ Ƚ. ɇɭɠɚɧɨɦ, ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɫɨʂɫɬɜɨɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɭ
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ? Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɧɚ? ɂ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɧɚ!
Ɉɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɱɚɫ, ɢ ɬɨ ɠɚɥɨɫɬɢ ɱɚɫ, ɭ ɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɦɨʁɚ ɧɚɞɟɠɞɚ ɢɲɱɟ-
ɡɥɚ. ɇɨ ɛɭɞɢɬɟ ɭɜɟɪɟɧɢ, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɱɚɫ, ɝɞɢ ʄɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ
ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɚɬɢ ɢ Ȼɨɝɭ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɭ! ɇɢɫɬɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɬɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ,
ɞɚ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɞɭɝ ɬɚʁ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɧɢɦ ɦɧɟɧɢʁɟɦ, ɢ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɛɢɬɢʁɟɦ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɥɚɬɢ. – ɀɚɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɚɤɨ ʁɨɲɬ ɬɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɢɥɢ ɛɨʂɦɚ
ɪɟʄɢ, ɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɞɪɠɢɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɜɟɪɨʁɚɬɧɨ.
ȳɟɞɧɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɟ ɨɜɟ ɡɚɩɥɟɬɟɧɟ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɟ ɜɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ, ɢ ɬɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ-
ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ, ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɱɢɫɬɚ: ɞɚ ɤɚɞ ɋɪɛɢɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɟ ɬɨ ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɟɞ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ.
ɋɚɦɨ ʄɟ ɬɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɚɞɚʃɭ ɛɢɬɢ: ɋɪɛɢ ɤɚɞ ɩɚɞɧɭ ɩɚɲʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ
ɩɨɲɬɟʃɚ; ɚɥɢ ɤɚɞ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɢɝɪɢ ɩɚɞɧɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ, ɲɬɚ ʄɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɧɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ
ɨɫɬɚɬɢ?
ȼɚɲɨʁ ɉɪɟɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚɞ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɞɢɬɢ!
ȳɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ȼɚɲɟ ɉɪɟɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɤɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ; ʁɟɪɛɨ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɨɧɞɚ ɨɩɟɬ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ, ɢɡɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɦɨɪɚɨ; ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɞ ɦɟɧɢ
ɲɤɨɞɢɥɨ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ, ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɦɨʁɭ ɫɨɜɟɫɬ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɦɟɦ.
Ɋɚɞɢɬɟ ɫɚɞ ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɡɧɚɬɟ.
Ɇɟɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɚʁɬɟ ɢɡɜɢʃɟɧɚ, ɚɤɨ ɦɟ ɧɭɠɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɟ, ɧɭɠɞɚ
ɫɨɯɪɚʃɟɧɢɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɞɚ ɨɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɦ ɧɚɦɚ ɩɨɦɨ-
ʄɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɨɞɦɨʄ.
Ɂɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁ ɫɬɚʃɚ
ɧɚɲɟɝ, ɢ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɋɪɛɫɤɨɝ, ɞɭɲɚ ɦɢ ɦɨʁɚ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɚ, ɞɚ ɢ ɨɩɟɬ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɦ,
ɞɚ ʁɚ ʁɨɲɬ ɬɜɪɞɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɋɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɨɤ ɦɟ ɨɫɢɦ ȼɚɲɢ ɞɟɥɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢ
ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬ, ɜɢɤɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɢ ɝɥɚɫ ɦɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.”
Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɨɞ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɦɨɥɛɟ ɝɨɥɭ-
ɛɢɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɏɪɜɚɬɚ, ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɚ „ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɢ ɡɚ ɤɚɤɜɟ, ɧɢ
ɩɢɫɦɟɧɟ ɧɢ ɭɫɬɦɟɧɟ” ɦɨɥɛɟ Ƚɨɥɭɛɢɧɱɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɱɭɨ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɞɨɤɚɡ
ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢ „ɩɨɞɪɢɜɚɱɢ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɢ ɪɚɞɟ, ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɦɟʄɭ”, ɩɚ
ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɨ: „ɍ ɨɛɲɬɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɥɨ ɋɪɛɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɢ; ʁɟɪ ʁɟ
ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɪɨɥɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ; ɚ ɫɚɞ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨ-
ʂɭ ɪɚɬɧɨɦ, – ɫɚɞ ɧɢ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɭɞɚ, ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɢ ɨ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɧɟɦɚ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɧɨ ɨ ɜɨʁɧɢ.”
ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɧɟɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȳɟ-
ɥɚɱɢʄɭ, ɭɱɢɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢ ɂɥɢʁɚ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ. ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɨɞ 27. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɭɩɭʄɟ-
ɧɨɦ Ⱥɜɪɚɦɭ ɉɟɬɪɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɭ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „Ȼɚɧ ɢ Ɇɚʁɟɪɯɨɮɟɪ
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ɫɚ Ⱦɜɨɪɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɥɨ ɫɭ ɦɢ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɢɬɟɥɧɢ. Ɇɨɝɭ ɨɧɢ Ɇɚʇɚɪɟ ɬɭʄɢ,

ɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɛɨʂɟɝ ɞɨɛɪɚ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɟ ɧɟɝɨ Ɇɚʇɚɪɢɦɚ. ɋɜɟ ɫɟ ɛɨʁɢɦ ɧɚʁ-
ɩɪɟ ʄɟ Ɇɚʇɚɪɟ, ɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɠɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɦʁɟɞɨɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɩɟɜɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɞɭɲɭ ɧɚɲɨʁ ɤɨɦɲɢɧɢɰɢ.” ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɋɬɨʁɚ-
ɧɭ ɋɢɦɢʄɭ ɨɞ 8. ɋɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɩɨɜɟɪʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɢ ɨɲɬɪɢ-
ʁɢ ɭ ɨɫɭɞɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ. ɍ ʃɟɦɭ ɨɧ
ɤɚɠɟ: „Ⱦɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɱɚɫɚ ɧɟɦɚɦ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɭ Ɇɚʇɚɪɚ ɭɞɚɪɢɨ.
ȼɢ ɫɬɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɱɢɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɤɭɩɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɤɪɟʄɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟ ɜɟɥɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɛɚɲ ɞɚɧ ɢ ɝɞɢ
ɧɚ Ɇɚʇɚɪɟ ɧɚɩɚɫɬɢ. ɋɬɪɚɲɧɨ ɥɚɠɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɛɚɧ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɥɚɠɟ ɢ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɭ
ɞɭɯɭ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɫɭɦʃɚʁɭ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ, ɧɨ ʁɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ
ɫɭɦʃɚɦ, ɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜɢɞɢɦ ɫɜɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢ Ɇɚʁɟɪɯɨɮɟɪɨɜɟ ɥɚɝɚɪɢʁɟ.” ȼɢɲɟ
ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ ɛɥɢɠɢɨ ɤɪɚʁ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɤɚɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ
ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɧɚʁɬɟɲʃɟ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɫ Ⱦɜɨɪɨɦ, ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɞɚɧ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɢ.
ɋ ɧɚɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɜɨɥɢ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ,
ɱɢɦɟ ɛɢ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɥɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɥɢɫɬ ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɫɭɦ-
ʃɢɱɢɨ ɛɚɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨɫɥɭɯɭ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɞɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ȳɨɯɚɧɨɦ. ɉɪɟɬɢɨ
ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɩɨɛɭɧɢɬɢ
ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɚɪɚɬɢ ɫ Ɇɚɻɚɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɫɤɨɱɢ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɛɪɚʄɢ ɭ ȼɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɢɧɢ. Ɉɩɬɭɠɭʁɭʄɢ ɛɚɧɚ, ɭɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɥɢɫɬɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɫ
ɩɭɧɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɧɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɨ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. ɇɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɚɧ ɧɟ
ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɞɚ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ, ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɠɟɥɢ ɫɥɨɝɭ ɢ ɡɚɥɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɲɚɨ Ⱦɪɚɜɭ, ȼɟɫɬɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɨ ʃɟ-
ɦɭ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɢɫɚɨ
ɫ ɩɭɧɨ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɢɯ ɪɟɱɢ, ɭ ɞɭɯɭ ɢɫɤɪɟɧɟ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɝɟ, ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɚ-
ɪɚɞʃɟ, ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ „ɞɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ”.
*
Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ 2. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1848. ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɦɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ, ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ
ɞɜɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɦɚɪɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɚɧ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɢ ɛɚɪɨɧ Ɏɪɚ-
ʃɨ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪ. Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ, ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ ɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢ ɨɧ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɭ
ɫɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɟ ɭ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ-
ʁɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɛɚɪɨɧɨɦ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɚɧɬɢɫɪɛɢɡɦɨɦ
ɦɨʄɧɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɛɚɧɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ. Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ 15. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɰɚɪ
Ɏɪɚɧɰ ȳɨɡɟɮ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɫɤɨ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɚ ɒɭɩʂɢ-
ɤɰɭ ɡɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ, ɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ
ɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɲɬɪɨ ɨɫɭɞɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɜɨɥɢɱɧɭ ɧɟ-
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ɦɚɱɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ. ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɨɞ 17. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɨɦ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɦ

ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɠɢɝɨɫɚɨ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ: „ɇɢʁɟ
ɦɢ ɧɚ ɇɟɦɰɚ ɠɚɨ, ɧɟɝɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɠɚɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɝɚ ɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɦɢ ʁɚɦɭ
ɤɨɩɚ ɢ ɭ ʃɭ ɦɟ ɬɭɪɢɬɢ ɯɨʄɟ. Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɧɢɫɭ Ɇɚɻɚɪɨɦ ɨɩɨɥɱɢɥɢ /ɫɭɤɨ-
ɛɢɥɢ/, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫ ʃɢɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ, ɲɬɚ ɛɢ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ ɢ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɨɦ Ʉɪɚʂɟ-
ɜɢɧɨɦ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ? Ⱥ ʁɨɲɬɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ʁɚ ɯɨɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɋɪɛɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɫɚɞ ɜɚɲɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɩɨɪɚ, ɨɞ ɜɚɫ ɨɞɜɪɚɬɢɨ? [...] Ɍɟɠʃɟ ɛɚɪɨɧɚ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪɚ
ɋɪɟɦ ɨɞ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɬɪɝɧɭɬɢ, ɭɜɢɻɚɦ ʁɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɥɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɢ
ɜɢ ɜɢɞɢɬɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɟ”.
ɇɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɤɨɞ Ɇɨɪɚ, ɤɨɞ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɢɨ Ɇɚɻɚɪɟ, ɨɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɞɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɫɢɦɭɫ ɰɚɪ-
ɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɫɧɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɒɭɩʂɢɤ-
ɰɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ. ɍɩɪɤɨɫ ɬɨɦɟ 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨ-
ɬɢɜ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɤɨɦɚɧ-
ɞɚɧɬ ɋɪɛɚ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ. ɉɨ
ɨɰɟɧɚɦɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ
ɰɢʂɟɜɟ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ. Ʉɭɥɦɟɪ ɧɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɨɥɟɨ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɦɪɡɟɨ ɋɪɛɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɪɛɢ ɧɟɬɨɥɟ-
ɪɚɧɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢɦɚ, „ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟɫɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ
ɬɚɤɨ ɞɭɝɨ ɯɢɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ, ɞɨɤ ɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ”. ȳɚɧɭɚɪɚ
1849. ɨɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɞɟ ɭ Ȼɚɧɚɬ ɢ „ɭɱɢɧɢ ɤɪɚʁ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɩɥɟɬɤɚɪɟʃɭ ɢ ɫɪɛɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɱɜɚɪɟʃɭ”. Ɂɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ
„ɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɬɚɤɨ ɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɞɨɤɪɚʁɱɟ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɟ
ɱɟɬɟ”, ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱʄɭ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɛɪɠɟ ɢ ɛɨʂɟ ɨɞ
ʃɟɝɚ. Ⱦɜɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɨ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ɞɚ ɨɞ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɟ
ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ: „ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɞɨɛɚɪ, ɚɥɢ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɜɨɻɟ ɫ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɢɦ ɢɡɧɢɦɤɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɬɟɤɥɢ-
ɲɚ, ɢ ɧɢʁɟɫɭ ɧɢ ɡɚ ɲɬɨ”. ɑɟɬɢɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢ „ɧɟɦɚ-
ʁɭ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɯ, ɱɟɫɬɢɬɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ”, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ʃɢɯ „ɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢ-
ʁɚɬ ɩɪɟɨɬɟɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ”, ɩɚ ɫɭɦʃɚ „ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɤɨɜɚ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɚɦɚ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ /ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ/ ɜɨɻɚ ɢ ɚɝɢɬɚɬɨɪɚ”.
Ɂɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɟʄɚ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɡɧɚɱɚ-
ʁɚɧ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɢ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ-
ɡɢɤɭ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚɪɚɞɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɝɢɦɟɧɬɟ. ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ
ʁɟ, ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɚ ɢ Ƚɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɨɞɛɨɪɚ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɭ
ɪɟɝɢɦɟɧɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ʄɢɪɢ-
ɥɢɰɭ. Ȼɚɧɫɤɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɭ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɭ ʁɚɜɢɥɨ ʁɟ Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɨɞɛɨɪɭ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ „ɞɚ
ɛɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ /ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ/
ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ”. Ɂɟɦɭɧɫɤɢ Ɉɤɪɭɠɧɢ ɨɞɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɢɡ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɫ ɩɪɟɡɢ-
ɪɨɦ ɨɞɛɢɨ.
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Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪ ɤɚɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɞɚɜɚɰ ɦɪɡɟɨ ɋɪɛɟ, ɜɢɞɢ ɫɟ

ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɪɟɱɢ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɢɯ ɛɚɧɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨ ɡɚɤɥɢɤɬɚɨ: „Ȼɨɝ ɧɟɤ ɱɭɜɚ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɨɞ ɬɢʁɟɫɧɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ”. ɋɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɩɨ ɏɪɜɚ-
ɬɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɲɬɟɬɧɚ, Ʉɭɥɦɟɪ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ „ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɯɨʄɟɦɨ ɞɨʄɢ ɫ
ɤɨʃɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɝɚɪɰɚ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɯɨʄɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɢ ɦɢ ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɜɥɚɞɭ ɩɨɩɨɜɚ”. ɒɬɨ ɫɟ
ɬɢɱɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ, ɛɚɪɨɧ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɢɝɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɤɚɨ
ɤɚɥɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ Ɇɚɻɚɪɫɤɨʁ, ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɛɢɫɤɭɩɚ ɏɚɭɥɢɤɚ,
ɩɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɜɟɪɭ ɢ ɞɟɦɨɪɚɥɢɲɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɨ.
ɍɩɪɤɨɫ ɨɞɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɞɪɠɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɢɦɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɨ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟ-
ɧɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢɦɚ, ɤɚɞ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ, ɥɟɩɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ
ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɛɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɥɨʃɟɧ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ
ɠɟʂɟ. ɋ ɬɨɦ ɧɚɦɟɪɨɦ ɫɟ 15. ɦɚʁɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɛɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɡɚ Ɇɨɧɚɪ-
ɯɢʁɭ, ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɞɚ ʄɟ „ɧɚ ɩɨʂɭ ɤɪɜɢ ʁɭɧɚɤɚ ɧɚɲɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɟɬɚɬ ɩɥɨɞ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɧɚɲɟ”. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɰɚɪɭ ɢ
ɤɪɚʂɭ, ɫɜɨʁɭ ɨɞɚɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ, ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ „ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ
ɧɟɩɨɪɭɲɢɦɟ ɫɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɟ: ɋɥɚɜɟ
ɧɚɲɟ”. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɡɚɜɚɻɟɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɡʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɩɨɧɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɞɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɟ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɫɟ
ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɢ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ. ɇɚ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɟɜɭ ɦɨɥɛɭ
ɛɚɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɚ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɟʄɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬ Ɇɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɚ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɝɚ ɛɢʄɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɢɬɢ ɞɨɤ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɦɟɧɢɦɚ.
ɍɜɢɻɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɭ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɟɜɭ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɥɚɬɤɨɪɟɱɢɜɨɫɬ ɢ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟ, Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧ ʁɟ 3. ʁɭɧɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ Ʉɧɢʄɚɧɢɧɭ: „Ɂɛɢʂɚ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚɦ ɥɢɩɢ Ȼɪɚɬ Ȼɚɧ ɨɞ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ? ɑɢɧɢ ɦɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɢɨ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɧɚʁɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢʁɢ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɝɨɞɢɨ ɡɚ
ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɨɥɞɚɬɚ ɩɭɤɨɝ ɢ ɧɟɨɬɟɫɚɧɨɝ. ȳɚ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɨɧ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɡɧɚ
ɞɚ ʁɟ Ȼɚɧ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ, ɚ ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɢɦɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɞɚɨ ɡɚ ɨɧɨ ɢɦɟ
Ȼɚɧɚ [...] Ɉɧ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɤɚɞ ɭɦɟ ɥɟɩɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɥɚɫɤɚɜɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɩɢɫɚ-
ɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ [...] Ɂɚ ɛɨɝɚ! Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɧɟ ɨɤɚɧɭ
ɥɚɝɚɬɢ? Ɍɚ ɛɨʂɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚ ɤɚɠɭ ɲɬɚ ɦɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɨʄɟɞɭ, ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɲɟɩɪɬʂɚʁɭ
ɤɚɞ ʁɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɫɚɜ ɩɨɡɧɚ ɝɞɢ ɥɚɠɭ.”
Ȼɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɋɚɞɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ 12. ʁɭɧɚ 1849, ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ
ɫɬɪɚɞɚʃɟ ɇɨɜɨɫɚɻɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢ ɫɭ ɫ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɨɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɝɪɟɯ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɚ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɚɪɬɢʂɟɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɚ-
ɩɚɞɟ ɫɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚɪɚɞɢɧɫɤɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ. Ⱥɥɢ, ɞɚ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɚɪɢɨ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɟ,
ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɦɪɡɟɨ, ɧɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɧɟɛɪɢɝɚ ɡɚ ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ ɢ ɇɨɜɨ-
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ɫɚɻɚɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɫɚ Ʉɭɥɦɟɪɨɦ. ɇɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɨɜɨɫɚɞɫɤɟ

ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɟ, Ʉɭɥɦɟɪ ʁɟ 3. ʁɭɥɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ: „ɒɬɨ ɦɢ ɩɢɲɟɲ ɨ ȼɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɢɧɢ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞ ɞɭɠɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɦɨʁɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ. Ɂɚ ʃɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢʁɚ, ʃɭ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɥɟɬɟɪɢ
ɭ ɮɪɚɤɭ, ɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɭɩɢɪɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɝ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɨʂɭɛʂɚ. ɋɜɟ
ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɧ, ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɞɚ ɡɧɚ ɨ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨʁ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ
ɢ ɫɜɟ ʄɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɞ ɭɬʁɟɰɚʁɟɦ ɧɟɬɨ-
ɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɭɪɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɰɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɨɜɚ ɢ ɰɢɧɰɚɪɚ. Ⱦɚ ɫɚɦ ʁɚ ɭ ɨɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ,
ʁɚ ɛɢɯ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɩɚ ɛɢɯ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢʁɟ ɢɫɟɥɢɨ, ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ
ɨɜɚ ɮɭɤɚɪɚ ɧɚɞɚ ɦɧɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɚ. ɉɪɨɫɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɚɪ, ɚɥɢ ɩɨɩɨɜɢ
ɢ ɫ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɢɦ ɢɡɧɢɦɤɚɦɚ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬ, ɞɨ ɡɥɚ ɛɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɥɨɲɟ. ɉɚɬɪɢ-
ʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɛɢɨ ɱɚɫɬɨɯɥɟɩɚɧ ɝɥɭɩɚɧ, ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
ȳɚ ɧɢɫɚɦ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɧ ɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɟɫɚɪɚ,
ɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɚʁɟɪɯɨɮɟɪɨɜɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ. Ⱥɤɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ, ɢɦɚɬ ʄɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɧɟ-
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɟɫɩɨʁɢɜɟ ɫ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨɦ
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɚɞɚ, ɤɨɞ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ, ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ
ɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɨɩɟɬ ɨɞɛɨɪɢ ɫɬɚɧɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɬɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɬɢ, ɨɧɞɚ ɚɝɢɬɚɰɢ-
ʁɚɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɪɚʁɚ [...] ɇɚɞɚɦ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɡɛɢɬɢ.”
Ʉɭɥɦɟɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ. ȼɪɥɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɨɱɟɤɢ-
ɜɚɨ, ɢ ɡɛɢɥɨ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ʁɭɧɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɨ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɭ VII ɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɝɭ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɢ Ɇɚʁɪɟɯɨɮɟɪ ɢ Ɋɚʁɚ-
ɱɢʄ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɥɨɲɟ, ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ 11. ʁɭɥɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ „ɨɫ-
ɨɛɢɬɨ ɨɩɭɧɨɦɨʄɟɧɨɝ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɤɚ” ɡɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɡ-
ɜɚɥɚ ɝɚ ɭ Ȼɟɱ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ Ɇɨɧɚɪɯɢ-
ʁɢ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɭ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɭ ȳɭɠɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɨ ɞɚ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɭ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ. Ʌɢ-
ɲɟɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɟɫɚɪɚ ɡɚ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɭ, Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ʁɟ 20. ʁɭɥɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢ ɩɨɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɭɧɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢ ɢɡɧɟɬɢ
ɧɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ 1848. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ: „ɒɬɨ ɫɟ
ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄɚ ɬɢɱɟ, ɬɜɪɞɨ ɞɪɠɢɦ, ɞɚ ɩɨɲɬɟɧɨ ɫ ɬɨ-
ɛɨɦ ɦɢɫɥɢ, ɞɚ ɬɟ ɭ ɛɥɚɬɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɧɟʄɟ, ɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɨɥɢɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɢɫɤɪɟ-
ɧɨɝɚ ɤ ɫɪɛɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɭɫɬɦɟɧɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɠɟ-
ɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɢɦɨ ɜɟɪɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɜɨɝɚ ɢ Ɍɪɨʁɟɞɧɟ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ʁɭɧɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɚɧɢɬɢ, ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɫɬɢɧɟ, ɫɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɚɧɝɨɦ
ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɢ ɦɭɠ, ɨ ɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɧɨ ɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ Ɋɢɦʂɚɧɢɧɚ ɪɟʄɢ ɦɨɠɟ:
Si fractus illabatur orbis impavidum ferient ruinae. ɋɤɪɭɲɟɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɝ'
ɫɪɭɲɢ ɫɜɢɟɬ, ɧɟɭɫɬɪɚɲɢɦɚ ɩɨɤɪɢɬɢ ʄɟ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɟ! ɉɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɲɬɢ-
ɬɨɦ ɫɬɟʄɢ ʄɟɲ ɬɢ ɬɜɨʁɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɭ ɢ ɬɜɨɝɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ [...].”
ɋ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɨɦ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɛɢɨ
ɭɜɟɪɟɧ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɩɨɲɬɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɦ, ɤɚɤɨ
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ʁɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ „ɧɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɢɦɨ ɜɟɪɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ”, ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɢ

ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ɢ Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɞɚ ɛɚɧɚ ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɚ ȳɭɠɧɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɟ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ ɨɱɟɤɭʁɭ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɛɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɨɧɚ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ, ɫɤɥɨɧɢ ɫɦɨ ɞɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɜɟɪɨ-
ɜɚɨ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɢ ɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɠɟ ɞɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɟ. ɍɡ ɬɨ, ʁɚɜɧɢɦ ɢɫɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɜɟ-
ɪɟʃɚ ɭ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɭɬɟɲɢ ɢ ɭɦɢɪɢ ɋɪɛɟ, ɞɚ ɢɦ
ɩɭɫɬɢ ɡɪɚɱɚɤ ɧɚɞɟ ɭ ɱɚɫɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɞɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɤɨɩɚɧɟ.
ȼɟɨɦɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɦɨʄɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɱ
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɩɨɦɢɫɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɢ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄɟɜɚ ɨɱɟɤɢ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɨʂɢ ɧɚʁɨɫɧɨɜɧɢʁɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɛɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ
ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ Ɇɚʁɫɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ 1848.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟ Ɇɨɧɚɪ-
ɯɢʁɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɚ ɥɢɤɜɢɞɢɪɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ
ɫɜɟ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɢɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1849. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɨɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɚ
ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ ɬɚɜɨɪɢ, ɛɟɡ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ, ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɂɚ ɫɜɟ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ɋɚʁɚ-
ɱɢʄ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ, ɛɟɡ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ, ɜɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɢɪɚɧɢ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ. ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ, ɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɧɨ, ɩɨɭɡɞɚɜɚɨ, ɱɢɧɢɨ
ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɬɟɪɟɧ ɞɚ, ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ɢ
Ɇɚʁɫɤɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɋɪɟɦ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ, ɚ ɧɟ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ.
ɂɁȼɈɊɂ ɂ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
í Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɋȺɇɍ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ⱦɟʁɚɧɢʁɚ, ɫɜ. III, ɛɪ. 2690;

í Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɋȺɇɍ, ɋɪ. Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ; ɇɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ
1848, 1849; ȼɟɫɧɢɤ 1848, 1849.
í Thim József, A magyarországi 1848࣓49-iki fĘlkelés tĘrténete, Budapest
1930. ɢ 1935. ɬɨɦ II ɢ III;
í Ɏɟɪɞɨ ɒɢɲɢʄ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɫɚɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1937;
í ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɧɢʄ, ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳɨɫɢɮ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ, ɭ: ɋɥɢɤɟ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ
ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1938;
í Joseph baron Neustädter, Le ban Jelaþiü et les évenments en Croatie
depuis l'an 1848, Zagreb 1942;
157
í Vaso Bogdanov, Društvene i politiþke borbe u Hrvatskoj 1848/49, Zagreb

1949;
í ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨɧɢʄ, ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳɨɫɢɮ Ɋɚʁɚɱɢʄ ɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ ȭɭɪɨ Ɋɭɤɚɜɢɧɚ,
Ƚɥɚɫ ɋȺɇ, Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 96, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1949;
í Ƚɪɝɭɪ ȳɚɤɲɢʄ, ɉɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɂɥɢʁɟ Ƚɚɪɚɲɚɧɢɧɚ, ɤʃ. I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1950;
í ɋɥɚɜɤɨ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɟɦ ɭ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ 1848࣓1849, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1963;
í Ɇɢɯɨɜɢɥ Ɍɨɦɚɧɞɥ, ɀɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɪɚɞ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ɉɟɢɱɢʄɚ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ
1966;
í Viktor Novak, Magnum tempus. Ilirizam i katoliþko sveštenstvo. Ideje i
liþnosti 1830࣓1849, Beograd 1987;
í ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ȭ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ, Ʌɟɰɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ (1848࣓1849), ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ
1998;
í ɋɥɚɜɤɨ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ɛɚɧ ȳɨɫɢɩ ȳɟɥɚɱɢʄ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ
1848࣓1849, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɇɚɬɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, ɛɪ. 63௅64, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ
2001, 57௅82;
í ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ȭ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ, Ƚɟɧɨɰɢɞɨɦ ɞɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, ȳɚɝɨɞɢɧɚ 2002;
í Ⱦɪɚɝɨʂɭɛ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ȳɭɠɧɨʁ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ
1848. ɢ 1849, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2009;
í ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ ȭ. Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ 1790࣓1918, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2013.
Academician Vasilije Ĉ. Krestiü

RELATIONS BETWEEN THE SERBS AND THE CROATS

AT THE TIME OF 18481849. REVOLUTION
(A tribute to history)
Summary
With this paper the author tried to outline all the forms of relations between
the Serbs and the Croats at the time of 1848–1849. revolution. He first proved how at
the very beginning of the revolution, the Serbs in Dubrovnik and Zagreb were at a
threat to be killed by the Croats. Then he moves on to state a number of data on how,
due to the common danger that both the Croats and the Serbs had from the Hungari-
ans, both tried to get together and defend themselves against the northern neighbour.
With regards to that, the author shows how the Croats accepted the decisions of the
May Assembly in Karlovci and how the patriarch J. Rajacic and ban J. Jelacic, as
well as the Main Board of the Serbian people made efforts to put an end to religious
quarrels that were supported by some Roman-Catholic priests, conservative-clerical
imperial and royal officers, who served in Srem and Slavonia, and by the Hungarian
propaganda too.
158
The paper presents the data portraying disagreements taking place between the
Rajacics and the Jelacics because the Serbs, threatened militarily by the Hungarians,
expected the help from the Croats, which, despite ban’s constant promises failed to
happen. Special attention was paid to the way that ban Jelacic and baron Kulmer
treated the Serbs, whom not only they did not like but hated and did everything for
the wellbeing of the unified Monarchy and the Croats against the Serb nationalistic
interests and goals.
The author also points out how Ilija Garasanin wanted to have cooperation
with the Croats, expecting them to prevent duke Milos Obrenovic from taking advan-
tage of the revolutionary events to come back to Serbia. Garasanin looked at ban Je-
lacic as a faithful imperial-royal officer loyal to the Dynasty of the Habsburgs, of
whom he expected nothing great or good for the Serbs. Because ban Jelacic promised
the help to the Serbs and never provided it, Garasanin maintained that ban was lying
a lot and that he was not to be trusted.
159
160
ɋɭɠʃɢ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɚ
ɍȾɄ 321.17:94(497.11)"13/14" DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15008

ɋɍɀȵɂ ɇȺ ȾȼɈɊɈȼɂɆȺ ȻɈɋȺɇɋɄɂɏ ɄɊȺȴȿȼȺ ɂ ȼȿɅɂɄȺɒȺ

(ɀɢɜɨɬ ɫ ɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ)

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɢ ɭɦʁɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɬɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ, ɚ

ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ, ɭ ɪɚɞɭ
ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɫɭɠɚʃɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɚ, ɭ
ɱɢʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ, ɨɞ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɨɝ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɩɚ ɞɨ ɦɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɭɯɚɩɲɟɧɨɝ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɯɨ-
ɞɭ. ɒɢɪɨɤ ʁɟ ɤɪɭɝ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɬɚɦɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚ ʁɨɲ ɲɢɪɢ ɤɪɭɝ
ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɨɫɩʁɟɬɢ ɭ ɬɚɦɧɢɰɟ: ɨɞ „ɧɟɜʁɟɪɟ” ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɭ ɩɚ ɞɨ ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɍɟɲɤɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɤɢɦ „casamatima”, ɨɞ ɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɭ „ɱɟɥɢɱɧɟ ɨɤɨɜɟ”
ɡɜɚɧɟ „ɧɟɝɜɟ”, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɝɥɚɞɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬɢɥɚ ɫɦɪʄɭ, ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɭ
ɦɪɚɱɧɭ ɢ ɬɭɪɨɛɧɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɰɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɐɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɪɭɤɨɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɧɚɱɟɥɢɦɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ
ɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɯɭɦɚɧɢʁɢ ɩɭɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ
ɫ ɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ, ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ „ɤɨɦ-
ɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ”, ɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɢɦ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ, ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢ, Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ, ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɢ, ɡɚɬɜɨɪ,
ɫɭɠʃɢ, ɨɤɨɜɢ, ɬɚɦɧɢɰɚ, ɬɚɨɰɢ.
Ȼɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɨʄɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ, ɩɨɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɪɭɩ-

ɧɢɯ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɚɰɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟɦ ɜɟ-
ɨɦɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɦɚɥɨɝ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨɝ,
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɛɟɫɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɧɟɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ, ɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɚɬɤɚɞ ʁɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ, ɞɨɫɩɢʁɟɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ
ɦɚɪɝɢɧɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɧɨɝ ʃɟɦɭ ɢ ɧɟɜɨʂɚɦɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɫɩɨɬɢɰɚɨ ɭ ɬɟɲɤɨʁ ɢ ɬɭɪɨɛɧɨʁ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʄɟ
ɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɪɚɞ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɦɢʁɟʃɟɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨʁ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɧɢ ɤɪɢɜɢ ɧɢ ɞɭɠɧɢ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɞɢɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ
ɫ ɨɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ. ɍ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɭ ɤɚɤɜɨʁ
„ɡɟɦʂɢ ɱɭɞɚ”, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢɯ ɭ ɪɨɛʂɟ, ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ (prexon) ɛɨɫɚɧ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɜɟɥɦɨɠɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɡɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢ.
Ⱦɨɫɩʁɟɬɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟɜ ɢɥɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɱɟɜ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ „ɨɤɨ-
161
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɜɚɧ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɥɚɧɰɢɦɚ” (pesanti cateni carici), ɭɡ ɤɪɚʁʃɭ ɧɟɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ

ɥɢ ʄɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɤ ɨɤɚʁɚɬɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟɧɟ „ɝɪɢʁɟɯɟ” ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɭ-
ɞɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ʄɟ ɱɚɦɢɬɢ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ ɞɨɤ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɢɥɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɚɰ ɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ. Ɉɫɬɚʄɟ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ
ɧɚɲɚɨ ɬɚɦɨ ɋɬɚɝɢɭɫ, ɫɢɧ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ɏɟɪɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ
ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɫɭɠʃɟɜɚɨ” ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ I.1 Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɧɟɜɨʂɧɨɝ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɚ, ɡɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ, ɉɚɜɥɚ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ƚɢɠɥɢʄɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɛɚɧ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ II Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄ ɜɟɡɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɯ ɞɭ-
ɝɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɧɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ: Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ, Ɉɫɬɪɭɠɧɢɰɚ, Ƚɪɚ-
ɞɚɰ ɢ Ⱦɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ.2 ɍ ɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɤɪɢɛɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ɤɪɚʂ Ɉɫɬɨʁɚ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɫɚ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ: ɨɞ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ʉɥɟɲɢʄɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɢ-
ɲɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɪɨɻɚɤ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɭʄɟ Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ, ɛɢɨ ɜɟʄ ɜɢɻɟɧ ɭ
ɭɥɨɡɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ, ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟ-
ɜɨɝ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ, ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɧɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɬɚɦɨ, ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɬɪɚ-
ɠɢɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ, ɢ ɞɨɲɚɜɲɢ ɞɨ ɋɩɥɢɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚʂɟ
ɡɛɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɦɭɬʃɢ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɞɧɨ ɋɪɻɚ ɢ
ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɞɨ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɉɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ 1403.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.3 Ɉɬɭɞɚ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɢʁɢ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢɧɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ɭɡ
ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ, ɞɚ ɦɭ ɢɡɪɭɱɟ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɝ Ɋɚɞɢɲɢʄɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɛɪɚɬ ɜɟʄ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ „ɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ” (a prexon suo), a ɞɪɭɝɢ „ʁɟɞɭʄɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɯʂɟɛ ... ɭɫɪɟɞ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ” (manzava lo pan vostro ... in
meço del so reame), ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɨ ɞɚɧɟ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɩɚɬɚɪɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ
ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧ „ɫɥɨɛɨɲɬɢɧɨɦ ɩɚɬɚɪɟɧɚ” (per la franchicia dei patareni) ɩɪɟɞ
ɩɪɨɝɨɧɨɦ ɨɡɥɨʁɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɬɟɤɚɤɨ ɰɢʁɟɧɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ
ɨɞɧɨɫ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ „ɩɚɬɚɪɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɫɥɨɛɨɲɬɢɧɢ”, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɬɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɢ
ɞɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɢ „ɫɥɨɛɨɲɬɢɧɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ” ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɞɚ-
ɧɢɤ „ɭ ɡɢɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ” (ɚ città murada).4
1
M. Anþiü, Politiþka struktura srednjovjekovne Bosne, Na rubu zapada: tri stoljeüa
srednjovjekovne Bosne, Zagreb 2001, 49–50, nap. 112.
2
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I/1 (ɋɋɉɉ I/1), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1929,
71, ɛɪ. 76, 19. V 1355. ɍɩɨɪ. ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, Ɍɪɝ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1987,
49. ɂɫɰɪɩɧɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɩɨɡɚɛɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɋ.
ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɨ ɛɚɧɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ II Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ ɤɧɟɡɭ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɨ
ɞɭɝɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ 1, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 2008, 2335.
3
J. Gelcich, L. Thallóczy, Raguza és magyarország összeköttetéseinek oklevéltára
(Dipl. Rag.), Budapest 1887, 151, br. 99, 19. XII 1403. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ: E. Kur-
toviü, Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hraniü Kosaþa, Sarajevo 2009, 115116.
4
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ȼɟɪɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɛɚ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɫɤɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥ-
ɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ VI–2/1962, 107, ɧɚɩ. 53; ɂɫɬɢ, Bosanska crkva u bosanskoj državi, Prilo-
162
ɋɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɢʁɟʃɚɥe ɜɪɬɨɝɥɚɜɨɦ ɛɪɡɢɧɨɦ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɫ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ 1416. ɢ

ɫɚɦ Ɉɫɬɨʁɚ, ɨɤɪɢɜʂɟɧ ɫɚ ɠɭɩɚɧɨɦ Ⱦɪɚɝɢɲɨɦ Ⱦɢʃɢɱɢʄɟɦ ɡɚ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ
ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ, ɩɨ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ ɫɚɡɜɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɚ I, ɛɭɞɟ „ɫɜɟɡɚɧ” ɢ ɭɬɚɦɧɢɱɟɧ, ɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɚ, ɫɚɡɧɚɜɲɢ ɡɚ ɬɨ, ɫɩɚɫɢɥɢ ɛʁɟɤɫɬɜɨɦ ɭ ɉɪɢɦɨɪʁɟ.5 ɇɢ ɧɚʁ-
ɛɥɢɠɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɲɬɟɻɟɧɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ-
ɫɤɟ ɝɪɨɡɨɦɨɪɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ Ɇɚɥɨ ɜɢʁɟʄɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ 1419. „ɫ
ɛɨɥɢ ɭ ɞɭɲɢ ɞɨɡɧɚɥɨ” ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɤɨɪɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ
ɤɪɚʂɢɰɚ „ɝɨɫɩɨɻɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ” (dominam Helenam (esse) carcera-
tam) ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɩɚɫɬɨɪɤɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄɚ.6
ɇɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɡɚ „ɬɭɝɭ” ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄ Ɇɢɯɨɱ
Ɋɚɫɬɢʄ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɭ ɜɥɚɞɟ, ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɨ ɭ
ɤɪɚʂɢɱɢɧɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɭɠ ɏɪɜɨʁɟ ȼɭɤ-
ɱɢʄ.7 ɋɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ „ɞɭɲɟɜɧɨɝ ɛɨɥɚ”, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɦɚɪɬɚ
1423. ɩɪɢɦɢɥɢ ɢ ɜɢʁɟɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ ɭɦɪɥɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
ɛɢɥɚ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɚ.8 Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɭ „ɩɚɤɥɭ ɦɪɠʃɟ”
ɡɚɩɪɟɬɚɧɚ ɫɭʁɟɬɚ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɩɪɜɟ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢɧɟ ɠɟɧɟ, ɛɢɜɲɟ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ Ʉɭʁɚ-
ɜɟ, ɢɥɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚɜʁɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɭɦɨɪɟɧɟ ɤɪɚʂɢ-
ɰɟ ȳɟɥɟɧɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚɫʂɟɻɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɏɪɜɨʁɟɜɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ, ɬɟɲɤɨ ɞɚ ɛɢɫɦɨ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ.9 Ⱥɤɨ ɡɚɜɢɪɢɦɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɚ ɤɭɥɢɫɚ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɡɨɪɧɢɰɟ, ɡɚɛʂɟɫɧɭʄɟ ɧɚɫ ɬɭɠɧɢ ɩɪɢɡɨɪ ɠɟɫɬɨ-
ɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɲɚʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ II Ɍɜɪɬɤɨɜɢʄɚ
ɢ ɜʁɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɫɬɨ, ɩɪɨɬɭɤɪɚʂɚ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɚ, ɭ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ, ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɫɢɥɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ „ɬɚɦ-
ɧɨɜɚɨ” ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢɡɚʄɢ.10 ɇɢ ɩɪɟɬ-
zi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I: Društvo i privreda Srednjovjekovne bosanske države,

Sarajevo 1987, 225, nap. 118 ɢ P. ûoškoviü, Crkva bosanska u XV stoljeüu, Sarajevo 2005,
131, nap. 31.
5
Dipl. Rag., 261, br. 173, 12. X 1416. ɍɩɨɪ. Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1955, 29 ɢ ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13-16. ɜɟɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 111.
6
N. Jorga, Notes et extraits pouer servir a l'histoire des croisades au XVe siècle II,
Paris 1899, 173, nap. 4. ɍɩɨɪ. D. Lovrenoviü, Jelena Nelipþiü, splitska vojvotkinja i bosan-
ska kraljica, Radovi, Filozofski fakultet Zagreb, Zavod za hrvatsku povijest 20 (1987) 192.
7
ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ, Ɉ ɤɭʄɢ ɏɪɜɨʁɚ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɧɢʄɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨ-
ɩɢɫ LVI (2008) 359.
8
Dipl. Rag., 289, br. 187, 4. III 1423. ɍɩɨɪ. Poviest hrvatskih zemalja Bosne i
Hercegovine od najstarijih vremena do godine 1463, Sarajevo 1942, 460 ɢ ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ Ɋɚɞɨʁ-
ɱɢʄ, Ⱦɨʃɢ Ʉɪɚʁɢ, ɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟȻɨɫɧɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2002, 114115.
9
Ɉɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ: D. Lovrenoviü, Na klizištu povijesti: (sveta kruna ugarska i
sveta kruna bosanska) 1387–1463, Zagreb–Sarajevo 2006, 450.
10
P. Živkoviü, Tvrtko II Tvrtkoviü i Radivoj Ostojiü (Sukob dvaju kraljeva), Iz sred-
njovjekovne Bosne i Huma, Osijek 2002, 134.
163
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɍɨɦɚɲ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɢɬɢ ɛɨɝ

ɡɧɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɠɟɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɜʁɟɪɢ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 1461. ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɨ
ɬɪɨʁɢɰɭ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ – ȳɭɪʁɚ Ʉɭɱɢɧɢʄɚ, ɋɬɨʁɫɥɚɜɚ
Ɍɜɪɬɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɚ ȼʁɟɧɱɢɧɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ,
ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢɯ, ɭ ɩɪɚɬʃɢ ɧɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɢɫɤɭɩɚ, ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɩɚɩɢ ɭ Ɋɢɦ ɞɚ
ɛɭɞɭ ɩɨɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɞɨɝɦɢ. ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɟɞɟɫɟɬ ɬɚɱɚ-
ɤɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɱɟʃɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɚɛʁɭɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɤɚɪɞɢɧɚɥɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Torquemade,
ɨɜɢ „ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɬɢ” ɫɭ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɢ ɞɭɲɟɛɪɢɠɧɨɦ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɭ,
ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɜʁɟɪɢ, ɚ ɬɪɟʄɢ ʁɟ, „ɜɪɚɬɢɜɲɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨɩɭɬ ɩɫɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɛʂɭɜɨɬɢɧɭ”, ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɩɨɛʁɟɝɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ
ɬɚɫɬɭ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɭ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɬɨ-
ɧɭɨ ɭ ɛɟɡɞɚɧ ɤɪɫɬʁɚɧɫɤɟ ʁɟɪɟɫɢ.11
ɉɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟ, ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɟɥɦɨɠɟ ɫɭ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢ
ɢɡ ɪɟɞɚ „ɪɭɫɚɲɤɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɟ”, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɜɨɪɨ-
ɜɢɦɚ. ɇɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɢɠɧɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɚʁ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɜɢɤɚɪɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ʌɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɡɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɭ, ɧɢɫɭ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚɥɢ
ɏɪɜɨʁɚ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɢɧɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɫɤɟ ʄɟɥɢʁɟ ɫɦʁɟɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɟ
ɲɢɛɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɭɱɚɧɟ, ɱɚɤ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɥɚ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɟɬɨɝ ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɝɨ-
ɧɢɦɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ.12 ɇɚɞɚʂɟ, ɭ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɤɪɜɚɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɱɭɧɭ ɧɚʁɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɟɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɥɟɦɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ „ɪɭɫɚɲɤɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɟ” ɭ
ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɉɚɪɟɧɚ ɩɨʂɚɧɚ ɧɚɞɨɦɚɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ȼɨɛɨɜɰɚ, ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɭ ɢɡ-
ɝɭɛɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɢɰɚ ʂɭɞɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɧɟɡ ɉɚɜɥɟ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɢɧ ɉɟɬɚɪ ɛɢɨ ɭɯɚɩɲɟɧ ɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɭ Ȼɨɛɨ-
ɜɚɰ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɥɨɫɥɭɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɭ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢ-
ɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɥɢʁɟɩʂɟɧ.13 Ɉɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɪɚɬʃɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɟ-
ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ: Ȼɪɚɢɥɨ (Ɍɟɡɚɥɨɜɢʄ!) ɞɨɫɩɢɨ ʁɟ „ɭ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ȼɭɤɚ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɚ” (a prexon de Voch Cragnich) ɚ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɚɜ Ɇɭɪɠɢʄ
„ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ” (a prexon d'altri),14 ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚɰ
11
F. Šanjek, Bosansko-humski krstjani u povijesnim vrelima (13. i 15. st.), Zagreb
2003, 115 ɢ 117. ɍɩɨɪ. P. ûoškoviü, Crkva bosanska u XV stoljeüu, 51, 95 ɢ T. Vukšiü,
Papa Pio II i kralj Stjepan Tomaš, Fenomen “krstjani” u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni i Humu,
Zbornik radova, Sarajevo–Zagreb 2005, 298300.
12
M. Brkoviü, Isprave bosansko-humskih srednjovjekovnih vladara Šibeniku, Rado-
vi Zavoda za povijesne znanosti HAZU u Zadru, Zagreb–Zadar 2008, 44.
13
„... li taglo la testa al dicto conte Polo et rimase morto ... Conte Piero e ligato e me-
nato a Bobovac ... penso ... sara inorbito.” ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɂɜɚ-
ɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ ɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ (ɉɢɫɦɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ
Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ), Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ –
ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 2003, 359360.
14
ɂɫɬɨ, 360.
164
ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤ „ɰɪɤɜɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ” ȼɥɚɬɤɨ

Ɍɭɦɭɪɥɢʄ, ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ ɤɨɞ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɰɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨʁ ɋɭɬʁɟɫɰɢ ɢ ɬɭ,
ɭɠɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ „ɩɪɚɜɨ ɚɡɢɥɚ” (ius asily), ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧɨɦ ɂɜɚɧɨɦ
Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɟɦ – ɚɭɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɜɨɝ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɚ ɨ ɧɟɦɢɥɨɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ – ɫɚɱɟɤɚɨ
ɨɫɜɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɢɪɧɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɧɚ.15 Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ, ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɩɨɞ ɨɤɪɢʂɟɦ ɧɨʄɢ ɩɨɤɭ-
ɩɢɨ ɛɟɠɢɜɨɬɧɨ ɬɢʁɟɥɨ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɢɨ ɝɚ ɭ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɭ, ɭ ɦʁɟ-
ɫɬɨ ɩɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɡɜɚɧɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɚɰ, ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ (ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ
ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ Ʉɚɫɢɧɞɨɥɚ) ɢ ɬɭ ɝɚ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɢɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ.16 ɍɯ-
ɚɩɲɟɧɢ ɫɢɧ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɨɝ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɉɟɬɚɪ, ɢɚɤɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ
ɧɚɞɚɨ ɭ ɨɱɢʃɢ ɜɢɞ, ɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɟɨɫɥɢʁɟɩʂɟɧ ɢ ɭɫɩɢɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɦɨʄɢ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ, ɬɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɨɱɟɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɭ Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɢɦɚ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɰɟɭɛɢɰɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ,17 ɚ ɢ Ɍɟɡɚɥɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ɇɭɪɠɢʄ
ɫɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɢɡɧɢʁɟɥɢ „ɠɢɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ” ɢɡ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, ɩɪɟɠɢɜ-
ʂɟɧɨɝ ɲɨɤɚ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɥɢ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɰɟ.18
ɂɚɤɨ, ɨɱɢɬɨ, ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɬʁɟɪɢɜɚʃɚ, ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɥɢɲɟɧɟ ɫɜɚ-
ɤɨɝ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜ ɫɢɧ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ „ɡɦɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ
ɭʁɟɞɚ ɫɜɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ”, ɱɢʁɚ ɪɢʁɟɱ „ɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɞɨ ɫɭɬɪɚ”, ɞɨɤ ɦɭ
ʁɟ „ɥɚɠ” ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ, ɛɟɡ ɩɭɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ, „ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢ ɤɚɞ ɝɨɞ
ɦɭ ɡɚɬɪɟɛɚ”. Ɍɚɤɜɨɝ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɬɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɨ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ
ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ, ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɤɭʄɢ, ɧɚɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɜ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ȼɨɪɚɱ ɞɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɝ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ.
Ⱥɥɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɝɚ, ɭɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɫɬɜɚ, ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɤɢ
ɩɨɝɥɟɞɢ ɢ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɧɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɨɫɨɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɢ
15
„Vlatcho Tumarlich patareno se reduxe al mio albergo, zoe alli frari per suo salva-
mento.” ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ, 359.
Ɉ Ɍɭɦɭɪɥɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɭ ɤɨɞ ɫɭɬʁɟɲɤɢɯ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ “ɚɡɢɥ” ɨɩ-
ɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ P. ûoškoviü, Krstajnin Vlatko Tumurliü i njegovo doba (1403–1423)
(Krstjanin Vlatko Tumurliü), Croatica Christina Periodica, 35, Zagreb 1995, 30–32.
16
„ando al corpo de Pavle et farlo portar a Varchboxaine.” ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɨ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ, 359.
17
„... exercitu ... quando castra metabatur contra Sandalium, per aliquod dies ... post
mortem comitis Pauli.” N. Jorga, Notes et axtraits pour servir a'l' histoire des croisades au
XV siecle, II (Notes et extraits II), Paris 1887, 170, 23. II 1419.
Ɉ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɦ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɭ Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɢɦɚ, ɜɢɞɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ: Ĉ. Tošiü,
Vojvoda Petar Pavloviü, Prilog istoriji Bosne poþetkom XV vijeka, JIý 1–2 (Beograd 2001)
38–39 ɢ Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɰɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ,
ɤʃ. IX–X (1959) Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1960, 143.
18
Ɉ ɭɱɟɲʄɭ Ȼɪɚɢɥɚ Ɍɟɡɚɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɚɜɚ Ɇɭɪɠɢʄɚ ɭ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɚ ɜɢɞɢ: P. Živkoviü, Eko-
nomsko socijalne promjene u bosanskom društvu u XIV i XV stoljeüu, Tuzla 1976, 48–56,
60, 61.
165
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɞɭɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȹɢɜɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɧɚɨ ɧɢɲɬɚ.
Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡʁɚɪɟɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɜʁɟɪɨɥɨɦɧɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɧɚ, ɭ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ, ɞɨɬɚɞ ɧɟɱɭɜɟɧ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɢ
ɧɟɩɨɡɜɚɧɨɝ ɝɨɫɬɚ ɧɢ ɤɪɢɜɚ ɧɢ ɞɭɠɧɚ „ɫɬɪɩɚɨ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ”, ɲɬɨ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɤɚɤ-
ɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨ ɨɰʁɟɧɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɢ ɭɨɛɢ-
ɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɛɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɛɪɚ-
ɬɚ.19 Ɍɚɤɜɨ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ ɢ ɫɭɪɨɜɨ ɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɭ
ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɢ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɇɚɥɤɚ, ɫɢɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɚ ȼɥɚɯɨɬɟ ɏɪɚɧ-
ɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɜɨɻɟɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɢɯ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ, ɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɛɨʂɟ ɢ ɱɜɪɲʄɟ „ɩɪɢɛɪɚɜɢ” ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɨɝ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ,
ʁɟɪ ɚɤɨ ɝɚ ɢɡ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɩɭɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ, ɧɟʄɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢ
ɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɢɧɚɪɚ ɧɢ ɨɞ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɚ ɧɢ ɨɞ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ Ƚɭɧ-
ɞɭɥɢʄɚ.20 Ɉɱɢɬɨ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɢ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɬɚ-
ɦɨ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ Ȼɨɪɚɱ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ, ɭ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɭɫɩɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɚɞɢɬɢ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɫɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ɧɚɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɨ ɬɨ-
ɦɟ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ II ɢ ɡɚɦɨɥɢ ɝɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɪɟ-
ɞɢ ɫɜɨɦ ɜɚɡɚɥɭ ɞɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɧɟɜɢɧɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ, ɪɚ-
ɞɢ ɜɟʄɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɟ:
ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɚ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɭ ɦɭ ȼɭɤɰɚ ɢ ȼɭɤɚ, ɤɧɟɡɚ ȼɭɤɨɫɚɜɚ ɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ
ȼɭɤɦɢɪɚ Ɂɥɚɬɨɧɨɫɨɜɢʄɚ. ɇɢ ɧɨɜɨɩɪɢɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪ,
ɉɟɬɚɪ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄ, ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɢɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɭ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ ɉɚɜ-
ɥɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ɨɫɢɦ ɲɬɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɭɬɚɦɧɢ-
ɱɟɧɢɦ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɲɚʂɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɛɨ-
ɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨʁɨɜɚɞɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɬɨ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ ɢɪɢɬɢɪɚɬɢ ɢɨɧɚɤɨ ɝʃɟɜɧɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ
ɜɢɲɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ.21 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɭɩɥɢ-
ɬɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɭ ɨɜɭ ɫɬɜɚɪ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɜʁɟɫɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ
ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɫɜɨɝ ɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɥɚɤɨɦɢɫɥɟɧɢ ɏɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ, ɢɡ-
ɝɥɟɞɚ, ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚɨ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ „ɤɚɞ ɥɢ ɬɚɞ ɥɢ” ɦɨɪɚɬɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞ
ɫɭɞɨɦ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ. ɍ ɬɨ ɧɚɫ ɭɜʁɟɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɬɭɠɛɚ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɚ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1424. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ „ɥɨɛɢɪɚɨ” ɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ ɫ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚɦ ɤɚɡɭʁɟ, ɛɢɨ „ɢɧɬɢɦɧɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ” (valde intrin-
19
ȼ. ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ Ʉɨ-
ɧɚɜʂɟ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɑɭɩɢʄɚ, ɤʃ. XXXVI, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1927, 75, 85.
20
Historijski arhiv Dubrovnik (HAD): Lamenta de Foris (Lam. de For.) V fol. 241,
14. XII 1423. ɍɩɨɪ. Ĉ. Tošiü, Dubrovaþka porodica Hrankoviü, Anali Zavoda za povijesne
znanosti JAZU, Sv. XXVI, Dubrovnik 1988, 8586.
21
ȼ. ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ Ʉɨ-
ɧɚɜʂɟ, 93, 95.
166
sec). Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ʂɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ, ɩɪɨɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɩɨɧɡɟ,
ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɨɜɰɚ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɚ (ɫɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ) ɢ ɭɩɢɬɚɨ
ɝɚ: „Ɂɚɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɭɱɟɬɟ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɚ ɢɡ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢ-
ʄɚ”, ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄ ɫɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ: „ɇɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɦ ɫɟ ʁɚ
ɬɨɦɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɢ ɫɟɪ Ɇɚɪɢɧ ɫɬɪɢɰ ɦɨʁ.” ɇɚ ɬɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɇɚɥɤɨ, ɩɪɚɜɟʄɢ
ɫɟ ɧɟɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ, ɭɡɜɪɚɬɢɨ: „Ɂɧɚɦ ɬɢ ɪɟʄɢ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ ɭ ɬɢʁɟ-
ɫɧɨɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ ɫ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɨɦ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɟɡ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɜɭʄɢ ɢɡ ɪɭɤɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɫɟɪ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧ ɧɟ
ɛɭɞɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɨɬɤɭɩʂɟɧ ɛɢʄɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɱɟɥɢɱɧɟ ɨɤɨɜɟ.” ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɨɜɢɯ, ɨɱɢ-
ɬɨ ɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɫɜɨɝɚ „ɢɧɬɢɦɧɨɝ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ” ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ-
ɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ, „ɞɭɲɟɛɪɢɠɧɢ” ɇɚɥɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. Ⱦɚ-
ɬɭ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɨɜɰɚ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ, ɭ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤɚ,
ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɨɞ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɞɨ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ȼɨɛɚʂɟɜɢʄ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɬɚ-
ʁɚɨ ɫ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɪɚɞʃɟ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ɇɟɧɱɟɬɢʄɚ, ɧɚɢɲɚɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ
ɇɚɥɤɨ ɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɭ: „Ȼɨʂɟ ʄɟ ȼɚɦ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɬɤɭɩɢɬɟ ɫɟɪ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɚ
ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɬɨʁɢ.”22
ȼɪɢʁɟɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ, ɚ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧ ʁɟ „ɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɨ” ɭ Ɋɚɞɨ-
ɫɚɜʂɟɜɨɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ. ɇɢɫɭ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ „ɦɭɞɪɨɜɚʃɚ” ɞɚ „ɧɢ ɩɨ
ɛɨɠɢʁɟɦ ɧɢ ɩɨ ɢʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɤ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɦ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɤɪɢɜ” ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɞɨɬɢɰɚɥɚ, ɨɱɢɬɨ,
ɧɚ ɬɭɻɭ ɦɭɤɭ ɢɦɭɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɧɟɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɍɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɛɨɥɢʁɟɜɚ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ʁɟ, ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɟ, ɩɪɨ-
ɞɚɥɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɨɫʁɟɞ ɭ ɋɬɨɧɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɨɬɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɨɝ
ɱɨɜʁɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ, ɛɟɡ ɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɥɢɱɧɟ ɤɪɢɜɢɰɟ, ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɱɚɦ-
ɢɨ ɭ ɛɨɪɚɱɤɨɦ „casamatu”.23 ɍɫɪɟɞ ɉɚɥɚɞɢɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɚɦɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɪɟɞ ʁɟ ɞɨ-
ɲɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɫɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɚ ɇɚɥɤɚ ɏɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ
ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭɱɢɧɢɨ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ „ɧɟɜʁɟɪɟ”, ɨɩɬɭɠɭ-
ʁɭʄɢ ɧɟɜɢɧɨɝ ɫɭɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ ɭ ɬɭɻɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɬɭɻɢɦ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɟɦ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɩɢɨ, ɧɟ ɭ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɜ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɡɚɬ-
ɜɨɪ.24 Ⱥ ɞɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɭɠɧɢ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɢɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɚʁɚɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɚɥɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ 1432,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɲɢ ɦɢɪ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɨɤɨɜɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɯ „ɧɟɝɜɟ”, ɫɜɚɤɨɝ „ɫɭɠʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɚɦɧɢɱɚɪɚ” ɢ
22
HAD: Lam. de For. V fol. 241', 9. II 1424.
23
ȼ. ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ
Ʉɨɧɚɜʂɟ, 93, 95.
24
HAD: Acta Consilium Rogatorum (Cons. Rog.) III fol. 195, 13. XII 1423; fol.
196, 2. I 1424; fol. 202, 25. I 1424.
167
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɬɨ ɛɟɡ „ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɢ ɨɬɤɭɩɚ”.25 Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɭɤɥɚɩɚ ɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ, ɩɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ

ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɭɠɚʃɫɬɜɭ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɬɩɥɚɬɢ ɡɚ
ʃɢɯ ɨɬɤɭɩɧɢɧɚ, ɚ ɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɪɨɛɨɜɢ, ɨɞ-
ɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɭ ɞɚɥɟɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɧɢ.26 Ⱦɚ ɢɪɨɧɢʁɚ ɛɭɞɟ ʁɨɲ ɜɟʄɚ, ɢ
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɜ „ɢɧɬɢɦɧɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ” ɇɚɥɤɨ ɏɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɫɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱ-
ɤɨɝ, ɭɩɨɡɧɚɨ ɢ ɫɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɢɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɨɦ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɡɚɩɨɜʁɟɞ-
ɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɦ Ƚɭɱɟɬɢʄɟɦ, ɛɢɨ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧ ɭ Ʉɨɧɚ-
ɜɨɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ 1430. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.27 ɇɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɨ
ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɫɚ ɨɡɥɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɦ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɢɡ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ, ɚɥɢ
ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɫɚ ɤɪɢʁɭɦɱɚɪɟʃɟɦ ɫɨɥɢ
ɧɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɢ.28
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɩɭɬ ɨɠɟɧɢɨ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɨɦ ɡɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ
ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɚɥɲɢʄɚ ɢ ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɏɪɟɛɟʂɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ȳɟɥɟ-
ɧɨɦ, ɢ ɢɡɦɢɪɢɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɫɢɧɨɦ Ȼɚɥɲɨɦ III, ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɏɪɚɧɢʄ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨ-
ɱɟɨ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɪɚɬ ɫɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɪɚʁɚɨ ɨɞ 1412. ɞɨ 1423. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ. Ɍɚʁ ɪɚɬ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɞɭɛɨɤ ɬɪɚɝ ɭ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɢɦɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɟ,
ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɜɚɠɧɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɞɢʁɟɥɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ
„ɩɪɢʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ” (ante gueram San-
daly et post gueram Sandaly), ɚ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɧɨɜɨɪɨɻɟɧɨʁ ɦɭɲɤɨʁ ɞʁɟɰɢ, ɭ
ɡɧɚɤ ɫʁɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɡɜɨʁɟɜɚɧɭ ɪɚɬɧɭ ɩɨɛʁɟɞɭ, ɧɚɞɢʁɟɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ
ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɫɢɨ ɢ ɫɢɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɧɨɬɚɪɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɚ Ƚɟɜɟɡɢʁɚ
(Antonio de Sancto Gevesio) ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɥɭɲɤɢʃɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɜʁɟɧɱɚɧɟ
ɠɟɧɟ ȴɭɛɢɫɥɚɜɟ – ȼɢɧɱɢɝɜɟɪɚ (unus filius cui nomine posuit Vinciguera),
ɲɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɡɧɚɱɢ ȼɢɤɬɨɪ ɢɥɢ (ɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ)
ɉɨɛʁɟɞɧɢɤ ɪɚɬɚ.29 Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɨɞɦɢɰɚɥɨ, Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ, ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɢ
ɪɚɬɨɦ, ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɦɢɪ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 1414. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɢ ɱɟɬ-
ɜɨɪɢɰɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ (Ɂɨɧɤɚ, Ɂɭɚɧɚ Ɇɟɤɲɟ ɢ ɋɢɦɤɚ, Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ɇɟɤɲɟ,
25
ȭ. ȭɟɤɢʄ, Ɉɤɨɜɢ ɢ ɋɭɠɚʃ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1999,
468, 723724.
26
ȭ. ȭɟɤɢʄ, ɋɭɠɚʃ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, 723724.
27
„... zoe ser Ɇarin Ni. de Goze capitanio et Nalcho fiol de Vlachota Crancovich i
quali son presoni”. HAD: Lettere e Commissioni di Levane (Lett. di Lev.) X fol. 157', 14.
VI 1430. ɍɩɨɪ. E. Kurtoviü, Pljaþke i nasilja Dobrovojeviüa, ljudi vojvode Sandalja Hra-
niüa sa prostora Vrsinja, Godišnjak ANU BiH, knj. XXXIV, Centar za balkanološka ispiti-
vanja, knj. 32, Sarajevo 2005, 283.
28
ȼɢɞɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ: ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, Ɍɪɝ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, 200–201; ɢɫɬɢ, Dubro-
vaþka porodica Hrankoviü, 94.
29
Istorijski arhiv Kotor (IAK): Sudsko-notarski spisi (SN) V, 451, 6. II 1432; 602,
19. VII 1436; 603, 19. VII 1434.
Ɉ ɜɚɧɛɪɚɱɧɨʁ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɨ ɛɪɚɱɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɚ ɢ
ȴɭɛɢɫɥɚɜɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ: L. Blehova ýelebiü, Žene srednjovjekovnog Kotora, Podgo-
rica 2002, 299301.
168
Ɇɚɬɟʁɚ, Ɇɢɯɟ Ȼɭʄɟ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ, Ʌɚɦɩɪɟ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ) ɧɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ ɞɜɨɪ ɞɚ

ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ. Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɨ ɫɚ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɬɟ-
ɠɢ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɞɚʁɭ 12.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ
ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ „ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɢɰɭ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ” (retinet captiuos quatuor suos ciues), ɧɟ ɞɨ-
ɩɭɲɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɞɚ ɨɞɭ ɤɭʄɢ ɞɨɤ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɭɧɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɭɫɥɨɜ.30 Ⱦɚ
ɫɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɭɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɲɚɥɢɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨʁ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɢ
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɟ „ɧɟɜʁɟɪɟ” ɦɨɪɚɬɢ
„ɩɨɧɟɫɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɦɭɤɭ”, ɭɜʁɟɪɢʄɟ ɧɚɫ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɥɟ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɞɚɤɚ.31
Ɂɚɪ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɜɟʄɚ „ɦɭɤɚ” ɨɞ ɨɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɭɧɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɱɚɦɢɥɢ „ɭ ɞɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɟ” (in fondo a una torre), ɫɦʁɟɲɬɟɧɟ „ɧɚ ɋɚɧɞɚ-
ʂɟɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ” (in curia de Sandaly), ɧɢɲɬɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɟɝɨ „ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɥɚɧɰɢ-
ɦɚ” (di pesanti catene) ɨɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ „ɪɭɤɭ ɢ ɧɨɝɭ” (inferadi per le mane e per
i piedi).32 Ⱦɨɞɚɦɨ ɥɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ „ɩɨɦɪɢ-
ʁɟɬɢ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɞɢ” (morano da fame) ɢ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɭɪɭ ɞɚ ɫɚ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ „ɫɭɛɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɢɪɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɢɫɯɪɚɧɭ” (debeat eis subuenire ...
pro uictu), ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɦ ɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɨ ɭɠɚɫɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɥɚ-
ɡɢɥɢ ɨɜɢ ɫɢɪɨɬɢ ɫɭɠʃɢ, ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɧɚʁɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɢʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɨɧɟ ɭ ɨɱɚʁɭ ɡɚ-
ɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ Ɋɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɋɭɞɢʄɚ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ ʄɟɫɚɪɚ ȼɨʁɢɯɧɟ: „Ɉɯ, ɨɯ,
ɲɬɨ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɬɭɠɧɨ ɭ ɬʁɟɫɤɨɛɢ ɨɜɨʁ ɢ ɭ ɫɦɪɚɞɭ ɨɜɨɦ!” ɢ ɠɚɥɨɩɨʁɤɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫʁɟɞɢɨ ɭ Ʉɨɡɧɢɤɭ, ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ: „ɝɥɚ-
ɞɚɧ”, „ɠɟɞɚɧ” ɢ „ɩɪɨɦɪɡɚɨ” ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɧɟɜɨʂɢ.33 Ⱥ ɫɚɞɚ ɞɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɲɬɚ
ɫɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɟɜɨʂɧɟ ɫɭɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧɟ. ɇɢɫɭ, ɪɚ-
ɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɫʁɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɤɪɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɪɭɤɭ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
30
G. Valentini, Acta Albaniae Veneta, VII, ed. Trofenik, München 1970, 115–116,
br. 1872, 5. V 1414. ɍɩɨɪ. M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija (Odnosi XIV-XV st.), Sarajevo
1996, 140; I. Stjepþeviü, Prevlaka, Arhivska istraživanja Boke Kotorske, Perast 2003, 125,
nap. 129 ɢ Ɇ. Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ, Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ Ɇɟɤɲɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ, ɤʃ. LVI, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 233, ɧɚɩ. 120, 235, ɧɚɩ. 129.
31
F. Miklošiü, Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae Bosnae Ragusii
(Monumenta Serbica), Viennae 1858, 238, br. CCLXXXIV, 1. XI 1423 ɭɩɨɪ. ȭ. ȭɟɤɢʄ,
Ɍɚɨɰɢ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, 726.
32
IAK: SN. III, 408, 10. VII 1420; Š. Ljubiü, Listine o odnošajih izmeÿu Južnoga
Slavenstva i Mletaþke Republike, VIII (Listine VIII), Zagreb 1886, 88, 21. IV 1421.
33
G. Valentini, Acta Albaniae Veneta, XI, ed. Trofenik, München 1977, 277–278, br.
2771, 9. VII 1423: ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ, ɤʃ. I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1902, 42, ɛɪ. 118, ɨɤɨ 1360.
Ɉ ɫɭɠʃɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ: ȭ.
ȭɟɤɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫ Ɋɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɋɭɞɢʄɚ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ (Ɂɚɩɢɫ Ɋɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɋɭɞɢʄɚ), Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
Ɇɚɬɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ, 55, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1997, 25–48 ɢ ɂ. ȳɚɫɬɪɟɛɨɜ, Ⱦɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɦɨʁɢɦ
ɛɟɥɟɲɤɚɦɚ ɢɡ ɋɬɚɪɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ (ɋɍȾ), ɤʃ. LI, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1880, 60.
169
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɭɠɞɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ,

ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɪɚɦɚɬɢɱɧɢʁɨɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɨɧɚ, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɢ ɛɢɥɚ, ɦɨɥɟʄɢ ɢɯ ɞɚ ɭɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɟ
(pro liberatione predictorum) ɢɡ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɩɚɤɥɚ.34 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɨ
ɫɚɨɫʁɟʄɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɚɨɰɢɦɚ, Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɭɪɢɥɨ, ɩɚ ʁɟ „ɞɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɨ ɧɚɞɦɭɞɪɢɜɚʃɟ” ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ ɩɨɬɪɚʁɚ-
ɥɨ ɩɭɧɢɯ ɞɟɜɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɇɢɲɬɚ ɧɨɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɧɢɨ ɧɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ
ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɞɨɱɟɤɚ ɉʁɟɬɪɚ Ʌɨɪɟɞɚɧɚ 1420. ɭ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɝɪɨɦɨɝɥɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɛɢɨ Ʌɚɦɩɪɟ Ȼɨɥɢɰɚ, ɨɬɚɰ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɬɚɥɚɰɚ, ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬ ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ
ɫɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɟɪ ɋɢɦɨɧɚ, ɫɢɧɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ ɞɟ Ɋɨɫɚ, ɞɚ ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɨɬɤɭɩɢ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɢɡ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɝ „casamata”.35 Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, Ʌɚɦɩɪɟ ʁɟ
ɬɜɪɞɢɨ „ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɦɪɲɚɜɢʁɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɟɝɨɥɢ
ɩɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɨɱɚʁɧɭ ɡɚɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɟ”, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɬʁɟ-
ɪɚɧ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɥɢɲɟɧ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ.36
Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ, ɭɢɫɬɢɧɭ, ɭɜʁɟɪɚɜɚɥɢ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ „ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ
ɱɨɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ” (contra omnem humanitatem et equitatem) ɞɚ
ɞɪɠɢ ʂɭɞɟ ɭ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧɢɲɬɜɭ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɜɲɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ „ɫ
ʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɦɢɪɭ” (nobiscum in pace), ɚ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ „ɞɪɠɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɟ ɢɡ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ” (teneret ... cives Catarinos captivos).37 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ
ɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɟɤɨɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɩɭɲɬɚʃɟɦ Ʉɨɬɨ-
ɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɬʁɟɪɚɨ ɬɜɪɞɨɤɨɪɧɨɝ Ʉɨɫɚɱɭ ɧɚ ɭɡɦɢɰɚʃɟ.38 Ɍɚɤɜɨɦ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɱɜɪɫɬɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɜɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɨɞɭɲɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɢ
ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɛɥɟɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ. Ɍɟɤ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ȼɥɚɝɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1423. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɪɢʁɟɲɢɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɪɚɱɢɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɫɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɨɦ,
ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ʁɟ, ɭ ɡɧɚɤ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɨʂɟ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨʁ „ɧɟɜʁɟɪɢ”, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢ-
ʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɨ, ɩɪɟɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɭ
Ɂɭɚɧɭ Ɂɨɪɡɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɚ „ɞɭɠɞɭ ɢ ɨɩʄɢɧɢ ɛɧɟɬɚɱɤɨʁ”.39 Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɭ
34
Š. Ljubiü, Listine VIII, 196, 4. X 1442; 247–248, 6. VIII 1423. ɍɩɨɪ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, II–2, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ 1970, 150151.
35
IAK: SN. III, 408, 10. VII 1420. ɍɩɨɪ: A. Dabinoviü, Kotor pod Mletaþkom Re-
publikom, Zagreb 1934, 21.
36
R. Kovijaniü, I. Stjepþeviü, Kulturni život staroga Kotora (XIV–XVIII vijek), Pe-
rast 2003, 148.
37
G. Valentini, Acta Albaniae Veneta, XI, ed. Trofenik, München 1971, 89, br.
2585, 28. IV 1423; 317, br. 2800, 6. VIII 1423.
38
Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ: M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija, 153154.
39
F. Miklošiü, Monumenta Serbica, 238, br. CCLXXXIV, 1. XI 1421. ɍɩɨɪ: ɂɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, II–2, 151.
170
ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɥɚɝɭɧɚɦɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ Ɂɨɪɡɢʁɚ, ɠɟʂɧɢ ɫɭɧɰɚ ɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ, ɢ

ɝɨɥɢ ɢ ɛɨɫɢ, ɡɪɚɱɟʄɢ ɧɟɢɡɦʁɟɪɧɨɦ ɬɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɦ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɨɲʄɭ, ɦɥɟ-
ɬɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ, ɭ ɡɧɚɤ ɫɚɠɚʂɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʃɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ
ɬɪɨɲɚɤ ɨɞʁɟɧɭ „ɱɟɬɜɨɪɢɰɭ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ” (quatuɨr pauperes nobi-
les) ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɯ, „ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢ” (sicut uidebitur dominio), ɭɩɭɬɟ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ.40
ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɢɡɚʃɚ ɞɭɝɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɟ ɢ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɞɨɱɟɤɚɧɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ,
ɪɨɻɚɰɢ Ɂɨɧɤɨ ɢ ɋɢɦɤɨ Ɇɟɤɲɟ ɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧ Ȼɭʄɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɭ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɨɜɨɝ „ɡɥɨɫɪɟʄɧɨɝ ɤɜɚɪɬɟɬɚ” ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ȼɨɥɢɰɚ
ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɪɨɞɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ, ɢɞɭʄɢ ɫɬɨ-
ɩɚɦɚ ɪɚɬɨɛɨɪɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɞɨʂɭɛɢɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ, ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɤɪɚɫɢɨ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ
„ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤ ɉɚɞɨɜɟ” (habitador in Padua) ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ
Ȼɪɟɲɟ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɡɚɞɢɜʂɭ-
ʁɭʄɭ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɭ ɯɪɚɛɪɨɫɬ.41 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɬɚɨɰɢɦɚ (ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɧɢɦ: „hostagi”
ɢ „obsidis”, ɚ ɭ ʄɢɪɢɥɫɤɢɦ: „ɬɚɨɰɢ” ɢɥɢ „ɬɚɥɢʄɢ” ɢ „ɬɚɨɧɢɰɢ”) ɞɚʁɭ
ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɠɢɜʁɟɥɟ „ɩɚɬʃɟ” (fatiga) ɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɲʃɟ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ɇɟɤɲɟ ɢ Ȼɭʄɚ ɜɟʄ 1432.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɟɛɟ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 1.281 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɡɚɥɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ, ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɜɲɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ „ɫɚɩɚɬɧɢɤɚ” Ȼɨɥɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɤɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ Ʌɨɪɟɧɰɚ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɭɞɚ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɢɨ
ɧɚ „ɦɭɰɢ” ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ. ɍɡɚɥɭɞɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢ ɞɚ ɞɨ-
ɤɚɠɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɢɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɚ ɭɡ ɬɨ ɢɦɚ-
ɥɢ ɢ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɨɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, Ȼɨɥɢ-
ɰɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɞɥɭɱɚɧ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɭ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɞɚɞɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɞɢɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɬɢɱɟ „ɨɜɚʁ ɬɭɠɧɢ ɫɢɪɚɤ, ɛɟɡ ɢɝɞʁɟ ɢɤɨɝɚ”,
ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɧ, ɠɢɜɟʄɢ „ɨɜɞʁɟ ɭ ɉɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɨ” (qua a
Padua continuo), ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ
ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɭ.42 Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɨ ɫɩɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɢɯ ɬɚɥɚɰɚ,
ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɧɚɫ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɫɚɡ-
ɧɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ɇɟɤɲɟ ɢ Ȼɭʄɚ „ɨɛɟɫɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ” ɇɢɤɨɥɢ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɤɭɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɥɢ
ɞɢɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ. ɇɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɤɪɟ-
ɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞ 46 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢ 2 ɝɪɨɲɚ, ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1436, ɩɪɟɤɨ 70
ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 1432, ɩɚ ɞɨ 142 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɞɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ʁɭɥɚ 1436.
40
G. Valentini, Acta Albaniae Veneta, XI, ed. Trofenik, München 1971, 9, br. 2844,
20. I 1424.
41
G. Gelcich, La Zedda e la Dinastia dei Balšidi, Spaleto 1899, 300.
42
IAK: SN. IV, 671–672, 31. III 1423; 672, 5. V 1432.
171
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.43 Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɚ ɨɜɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨ ɡɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɦɚɥɢɰɢɨ-

ɡɧɨɝ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɢ ɤɪɜɚɜɨ
ɡɚɪɚɻɟɧɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɭɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ
ɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɭɠʃɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɢ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟ-
ɜɨɝ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɡɧɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ʁɨɲ ɫɭɪɨɜɢʁɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɬɚɨɰɢɦɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ
ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɢ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɚɪɭ ȳ. Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄɭ,
ɨɫɥɢʁɟɩɢɨ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɭ.44
ɇɚɩɨɤɨɧ, ɢ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ ɫɢɧɨɜɚɰ ɢ ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ȼɭɤɱɢʄ Ʉɨɫɚ-
ɱɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɧɟɜʁɟɪɢɨ „ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ”, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɞɭɝɢ ɧɢɡ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ʁɨɲ
ɨɞ 1442, ɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ-ɞɜɢʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɬɚɨɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɞɪɠɚɨ
ɂɜɚɧɚ ɐɪɧɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ „ɜʁɟɪɧɨɫɬ” ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɢɰɟ ɐɪɧɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɦ ȭɭɪɻɟɦ Ȼɪɚɧ-
ɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɚ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ Ɂɟɬɢ.45 ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɞɭɝɢɯ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɢɯ ɦɥɟɬɚɱ-
ɤɢɯ ɦɨɥɛɢ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɡɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1452. ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ ȼɟ-
ɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɥɨ ɝɚ ɋɟɧɚɬɭ, ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɚ, ɭ ɢɦɟ ɞɭɠɞɚ, ɜɥɚɞɟ
ɢ ɰɢʁɟɥɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚɥɢɥɚ „cum amplioribus et conventioribus ver-
bis”.46 Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʄɟɦɨ ɢɤɚɞɚ ɫɚɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɢɨɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɦ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɭ
ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁ ɩɚɦɟɬɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɭ ɨɜɚʁ, ɩɪɟɞ ʃɢɦ ɫɧɢɫɯɨɞʂɢɜɢ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɧɢɠɟɧɢ ɬɚɥɚɰ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɡɟɬ, ɨɠɟɧɢɜɲɢ ɫɟ, ɞɨɞɭɲɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɬɚɫɬɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɨɦ ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ Ɇɚɪɨɦ.47 ɉɨɭ-
ɱɟɧ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɧɢɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɨɧɟɫɟɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ, ɂɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ
43
IAK: SN. IV, 743, 18. VII 1432; SN. VI, 2, 30. VII 1436; 66, 16. XI 1436.
ɇɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɦɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɭɲɚ, ɤʄɟɪɤɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɻɟ Ⱥɧɭɤɥɟ, ɚ
ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ Ɇɚɬɤɚ Ȼɭʄɟ, ɩɪɢɦɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɩɪɨɤɭɪɚɬɨɪɚ Dragoja de Macho,
70 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ „super colectum obsidium Bosina”, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɢʄɢ, ɭɡ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ
ɛɪɚɬɚ, ʃɟɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ Ⱥɧɭɤɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɦɪɬ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ. IAK: SN. VI, 65, 15. XI
1436.
44
Copioso ristretto de gli annali di Rausa di Giɚcomo di Petro Luccari, Venetia
1605, 78.
Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨ Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɨɦ ɬɚɦɧɨɜɚʃɭ ɭ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɡɛɨɝ
ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɧɢɦɚ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɞɢ: ȳ. Ɇɢʁɭɲɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɭɦɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɚ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɢ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɤʃ. XI (1960) Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1961, 41–42, 48–49.
45
Š. Ljubiü, Listine o odnošajih izmeÿu Južnoga Slavenstva i Mletaþke Republike,
IX, Zagreb 1890, 451452, 26. X 1452. ɍɩɨɪ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ȼɭɤɱɢʄ Ʉɨ-
ɫɚɱɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964, 199, ɧɚɩ. 65.
46
M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija, 269.
47
ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 1469. ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ (ad nuptias Mare sororis
sue desponsate voevode Juanis Crnoevich) ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɭ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɭ ȼɥɚɬɤɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ ɠɢɜɨɬ-
ɧɢɯ ɧɚɦɢɪɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ 60 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ. HAD: Acta Consilium Rogatorum (Cons. Rog.)
XX, f. 169, 7. VII 1469. ɍɩɨɪ. ȼ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜɫɤɢ, ɉɚɞ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1979, 52.
172
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɲɭɪɚɤɨɦ ȼɥɚɬɤɨɦ Ʉɨɫɚɱɨɦ ɛɟɫɨ-

ɦɭɱɧɨ ɛʁɟɠɚɨ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɨ ɡɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɦʁɟ-
ɫɬɢɨ ɭ ɡɚɬɜɨɪ.48 ɍ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɭ Ȼɥɚɝɚʁɭ ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɚ, ɡɭɛɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɭɝɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɨɥɢʁɟɜɚɨ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɡɢɞɭ, ɤɨʁɢ „ɩɢɫɚ ȼɪɫɚɧ
Ʉɨɫɚɪɢʄ ɫɭɠɚʃ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɪɚɞɭʁɟ”, ɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɚɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɛɢɨ
ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɢʁɟɲʃɟɧ, ɫɚɦ ʄɟ Ȼɨɝ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɞ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢɧɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ
ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ, ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ.49
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨʄɧɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ, ɤɨ ʄɟ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ
ɛɚɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ „ɝɪɟɲɧɢɦ” ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɠʃɟɜɢɦɚ, ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɚ ɧɚɞɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɨɩɚʁɭ ɧɟɤɚɤɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ,
ɤɪɫɬʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɢɠɟ, ɢɥɢ, ɩɚɤ, ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɚ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ
„ɩɪɚɜɨ ɚɡɢɥɚ” (ius asily), ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɫɤɭɱɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɢɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɱɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɪɚɠɢ, ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɤɭ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ –
ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ. Ɍɨɦ ɢ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɨɦ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢɧ ɩɪɨɬɭɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬ Ɋɚɞɢɲɢʄ ɢ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɟɜ „ɜʁɟɪɧɢ ɩɪɚ-
ɬɢɥɚɰ ɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢɤ” ȼɥɚɬɤɨ Ɍɭɦɭɪɥɢʄ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɞ ɨɤɪɢʂɟɦ „ɫɥɨɛɨɲɬɢɧɟ
ɩɚɬɚɪɟɧɚ” (franchicia dei patareni) ɢ ɭ ʂɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɨɦ ɝɨɫɬɨɩɪɢɦɫɬɜɭ
ɝɜɚɪɞɢʁɚɧɚ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɚ ɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɨʁ ɋɭɬʁɟɫɰɢ, ɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɩɨɤɨʁ
ɩɪɟɞ ɩɨɦɚɯɧɢɬɚɥɢɦ ɧɚɫɪɬɚʁɟɦ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ „ɪɭɫɚɲɤɟ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɟ”.50 ɍ ɬɢɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɧɨɝ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ
(loci credibili), ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ „ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ” ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɧɢɫɭ ɢɯ ɫɦʁɟɥɢ
ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚɬɢ ɧɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɧɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ, ɚ ɲɬɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɟɫɢɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɫɭɬɪɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟ ɨɜɚʁ „ɡɚɤɨɧɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ”, ɧɢ ɞɨ ʁɭɱɟ ɛɪɢɠɧɢ ɢ
ʂɭɛɚɡɧɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɧɢɲɬɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɚɦɢ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɯɢɠɟ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɯɪɚɛɪɨɝ ɢ ɨɞɜɚɠɧɨɝ Ɍɭɦɭɪ-
ɥɢʄɚ ɭ ɫɭɬʁɟɲɤɨʁ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɢ, ɫɬɪɟɩɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ. ɇɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɯɭɦɚɧɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɧɟɜɨʂɧɢɰɢɦɚ,
ɜɟʄ ʁɟ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫ ɧɚɱɟɥɢɦɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɥɚɥɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɩɨɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɟ, ɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɜʁɟɬɨɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟ-
ɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɫɪɢʁɟɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɟɬɤɨɦ, ɭ ɞɚɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬ ɩɨɫʁɟʄɭʁɭ ɬɚɦɧɢɰɟ ɢ
ɩɨɦɚɠɭ ɫɭɠʃɢɦɚ, ɭ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞʃɚɱɢɨ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɤɚɠɭ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɢɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɦɪɚɱɧɟ ɬɚɦɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɞɚʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɨ ɧɨɝɟ
„ɜɟɡɚɧɢɦ” ɢ „ɨɤɨɜɚɧɢɦ” ɧɟɫɪɟʄɧɢɰɢɦɚ.51
48
ȼ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɨɜɫɤɢ (ɉɚɞ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, 110, ɧɚɩ. 170) ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɮɚɬɚɥɧɨɝ
ɪɚɡɢɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɲɭɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɡɟɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɞɨʄɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ʁɭɧɚ 1476. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
49
ɋ. Ʉɨɫɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋɍȾ, ɤʃ. XII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1871, 160.
50
M. Brkoviü, Srednjovjekovna Bosna i Hum, Identitet i kontinuitet, Mostar 2002,
190 ɢ D. Koraü, Vjera u Humskoj zemlji, Mostar 2008, 104.
51
ȭ. ȭɟɤɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫ Ɋɚʁɱɢɧɚ ɋɭɞɢʄɚ, 42 ɢ ɢɫɬɢ, Ɍɚɦɧɢɰɚ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, 725726.
173
ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ
Academician Ĉuro Tošiü

Academy of sciences and arts of the Republic of Srpska
CAPTIVES AT THE COURTS OF BOSNIAN KINGS AND NOBLEMEN

(Life on the other side of human freedom)
Summary
The courts of the Bosnian rulers (Ban Stjepan II and Kings Tvrtko I, Ostoja
and Tomas) and of the most prominent regional rulers (the Hrvatinics, the
Pavlovics and the Kosaþas), along with other institutions, contained numerous
prisons. Vane struggle for domination, infidelity committed against a master, debts
unpaid on time, human vanity and jealousy, were just some of the reasons why the
people ended up there. Thus „shackled” in this way or bound by „thick chains”,
they spent the best years of their lives in prisons, while many of them were
enslaved and lived long enough only to die in notorious Bosnian „Casamata”. Only
after receiving the requested sum of money or ransom, or, on account of their
activity, having accomplished some of their political goals, the owners of those
‘houses of horrors’ that they opened as they might, would release the poor
prisoners who, after so many years spent in captivity, did not know what to do with
their acquired freedom. Only those would be considered lucky who managed to get
to some of patarini houses, catholic convents or orthodox churches and lived,
enjoying the right to asylum, in serene peace from the „hunters” on their freedom.
174
Prilog prouþavanju dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih društava
ɍȾɄ 339.5(497.13 Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ)"18" DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15009

PRILOG PROUýAVANJU
DUBROVAýKIH TRGOVAýKIH DRUŠTAVA
Prof. dr Ignacij Voje

Istoriþar
Apstrakt: Na osnovu graÿe Dubrovaþkog arhiva prikazani su nekli

oblici poslovanja trgovaþkih društava u srednjovjekovnom Dubrovniku, kao i
njihova terminologija. Izneseni su dokazi protiv teze koja ocjenjuje komendu
ili socijetas kao jedan od naþina kreditiranja. Naprotiv, u okviru poslovanja
trgovaþkih društava razvija se specifiþan oblik kreditnog poslovanja.
Kljuþne rijeþi: Trgovaþko društvo, „commenda”, „collegantia”, „so-
cietas”, „socius stans”, „socius tractans”, Debita notariae, notar, zadužnica,
dužnik, vjerovnik, zajam, lucrum.
U posljednjim stoljeüima srednjeg vijeka, u Dubrovniku, kao i u

svim trgovaþkim centrima Europe, vršili su se trgovaþki poslovi pomoüu
trgovaþkih društava. U okviru trgovaþkih društava, za kraüe ili duže vreme,
povezivali su se dva ili više ortaka iz redova trgovaca ili pomoraca. Ovo po-
vezivanje imalo je namjeru da se udružuju finansijska sredstava i da se
izbjegava rizik kod poslovanja. Trgovaþka društva išla su kroz razliþite faze
razvitka od komende do kolegance i kompanije. Ovi organizacioni oblici
udruživanja trgovaca i pomoraca u Dubrovaþkoj republici znaþili su viši stu-
panj privrednog razvitka Dubrovnika.
U svjetskoj, kao ni u dubrovaþkoj istorijskoj literaturi, nemamo još
cjelovitog prikaza i djelovanja trgovaþkih društava u srednjem vijeku. Dje-
lovanje trgovaþkih društava bilo je djelimiþno obraÿeno ili vremenski ogra-
niþeno, i to na osnovu nepotpune arhivske graÿe. Zanemarena su bila neka
pitanja ekonomsko-formalnog-pravnog karaktera. U ovom smislu radi se o
pitanjima meÿusobnih odnosa imeÿu ortaka. Strana literatura o trgovaþkim
društvima, prije svega o komendi (commenda), je vrlo opsežna a stanovišta
pojedinih istraživaüa su vrlo dijametralna.1
1
Da spomenemo neke temljne radove: Goldschmidt L, Universalgeschichte des
Handelsrechts, Stuttgart 1892; Sayous E. A., Der moderne Kapitalismus de W. Sombart, et
Gênes aux XII et XIII siècles, Revue économique et sociale, april 1929; isti, Le capitalisme
commercial et financier dans les pays chrètiens de la Méditerranée occidentale depuits la
première scroisade jusq’à la fin du moyen âge, Vierteljahrschrift für Soc. u. Wirschaftsge-
175
Ignacij Voje
Bogata dubrovaþka arhivska graÿa pruža odgovore na brojna pitanja

razvitka dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih društava. Mnoge teme su otvorene ali po-
stoje razmimoilaženja. Do danas nemamo cjelovite slike o ovom vrlo zna-
þajnom obliku trgovaþkih odnosa u srednjevjekovnom Dubrovniku. Prvi ko-
ji se dohvatio ovog pitanja bio je istoriþar Gregor ýremošnik,2 jedan od naj-
boljih poznavalaca Dubrovaþkog arhiva. Prije svega su ga interesirale prav-
ne odredbe i propisi koje je tražio u statutima srednjevjekovnih dalmatinskih
komuna i, posebice, u Dubrovaþkom statutu iz 1272. godine. Jelena Danilo-
viü3 je sa pravnog stanovišta obradila ugovor „collegantia” u dubrovaþkom
pravu i utvrdila da postoji veüa veza sa vizantijskim pravom, nego sa mle-
taþkim pravnim propisima. Komendom kao pomorskom institucijom bavili
su se V. Brajkoviü4 i A. Marinoviü.5 Za prouþavanje dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih
društava vrlo je znaþajna sedma knjiga Dubrovaþkog statuta, koju je preveo
Zdravko Šundrica6 i komentirao one þlanove koji spominju razliþite oblike
trgovaþkih društava.
Bariša Krekiü je kompleksnije, na osnovu arhivske graÿe, obradio dubro-
vaþka trgovaþka društva.7 Nije se upuštao u teoretska pitanja. Njegova namjera
bila je prikazati obim i vrednost trgovaþkog prometa na relaciji Dubrovnik–
Levant u periodu od 1320. do 1460. Utvrdio je uzroke oscilacija u prometu u
pojedinim razdobljima, interesovali su ga broj ortaka, rokovi djelovanja, obim
uloženog kapitala, odn. vrednost trgovaþke robe, investicije i sliþno. Na sliþan
naþin djelovanje trgovaþkih društava na podruþju srednjovjekovne Srbije obra-
dio je Momþilo Spremiü.8 Ograniþio se na period od poþetka vladavine Ĉurÿa
Brankoviüa, od godine 1421. do pada Smedereva 1459. Neke interesantne
schichte 29, 1936; Asuti G.,Origini e svolgimento della Commenda fino al secolo XIII, u
zbirci Documenti e studi per la storia commercio e del diritto commerciale italiano 3, Tori-
no 1933; Sapori A., Le companie meercantili toscane del dugento e dei primi el trecento,
Studi si storia ecconomica, Firenze 1955; Luzzatto G., La commenda nella vita ecconomica
de secoli XIII e XIV con particolare riguardo a Venzia, Studi di storia economica venezia-
na, Padova 1954.
2
ýremošnik Gregor, Naša trgovaþka društva u srednjem vijeku, Glasnik Zemlja-
skog muzeja XXXVI, Sarajevo 1929, 6169.
3
Daniloviü Jelena, O ugovoru „collegantia” u dubrovaþkom pravu u periodu mle-
taþke vlasti, Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta XI–1, Beograd 1970, 289305.
4
Brajkoviü V., Razvoj pomorskog prava na našoj obali, Pomorski zbornik, 1961, 439.
5
Marinoviü A., Pomorsko pravni rpopisi sredovjeþnog dubrovaþkog statuta, Po-
morski zbornik, 1963, 413.
6
Šundrica Zdravko, Prijevod sedme knjige Dubrovaþkog statuta, Dubrovnik 1972.
7
Krekiü Bariša, Trgovaþka društva u srednjovijekovnom dubrovaþko-levantskom sao-
braüaju, Godišnjak Filozofskog fakulteta u Novom Sadu IV, Novi Sad 1959, 1128.
8
Spremiü Momþilo, Dubrovaþka trgovaþka društva u despotovini Ĉurÿa Brenko-
viüa, Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta XIII–1, Beograd 1976, 85102.
176
poglede na poslovanje dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih društava na podruþju Srbije i

Bosne u XV vijeku iznio je u svom pregledu dubrovaþke istorije Jorjo Tadiü.9
Poslovanje trgovaþkih društava na podruþju Balkanskog poluostrva u osamde-
setim i devetdesetim godinama XV vijeka, kad se ponovo oživlja kopenska
trgovina sa osmanskom državom, obradio je Ivan Božiü.10 Upozorio je na razli-
þite oblike meÿusobnog povezivanja izmeÿu ortaka.
Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü je udruživanje dubrovaþkih trgovaca u trgo-
vaþka društva obradila na više mjesta u svojim radovima11 koji su vezani za
prouþavanje dubrovaþke trgovine u Bosni i Hercegovini. U svojim radovima
podvukla je da je udruživanje trgovaca u trgovaþka društva bio vrlo omiljen i
rentabilan oblik trgovine. Imeÿu ostalog, nju je interesovalo ukljuþivanje doma-
üih trgovaca iz Bosne i Hercegovine u ovaj oblik poslovanja. Mirjana Popoviü
Radenkoviü12 nastavila je vremensko prouþavanje trgovaþkih društava na pod-
ruþju Bosne i Hercegovine u periodu od 1480. do 1500. Na neke specifiþnosti u
vezi sa poslovanjem dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih društava na podruþju Balkanskog
poluostrva u drugoj polovini XV vijeka upozorio je Ignacij Voje.13
Na problematiku dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih društava nailazimo i u stu-
dijama u kojima autori obraÿuju dubrovaþku trgovaþku mrežu na podruþju
Italije. Momþilo Spremiü14 naveo je mnogo novih podatak o poslovanju du-
brovaþkih trgovaþkih društava na podruþju južne Italije (Aragonska kraljevi-
na) sredinom 15 vijeka. Rezultate istraživanja dubrovaþke arhivske graÿe
prikazao je u više tabela. Ignacij Voje15 namjeravao je da skrene pažnju na
specifiþnosti poslovanja trgovaþkih društava na podruþju južne Italije, Ma-
rake i Venecije od tridesetih godina XV vijeka pa do kraja stoljeüa.
Prvi koji se prihvatio teoretskog prouþavanja problematike osnivanja i
djelovanja trgovaþkih društava uopšte, bio je Ferdo Gestrin 16 i to na osnovu
9
Tadiü Jorjo, Istorija Dubrovnika do polovine XV vijeka, Istorijski þasopisXVIII
(Beograd 1971) str. 26, 27.
10
Božiü Ivan, Dubrovnik i Turska u XIV i XV vijeku, Beograd 1952, 273276.
11
Kovaþeviü Desanka, Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Sarajevo 1961, 6264 i
130132.
12
Popoviü Radenkoviü Mirjana, O trgovaþkim odnosima Dubrovnika sa Bosnom i
Hercegovinom (14801500), Istorijski glasnik 1–4, Beograd 1951, 1618.
13
Voje Ignacij, Poslovanje dubrovniških trgovskih družb na Balkanskem polotoku v
drugi polovici XV. stoletja, Zgodovinski þasopis XXVIII/3–4 (Ljubljana 1974), 215222.
14
Spremiü M., Dubrovnik i Aragonci (1442-1459), Beograd 1971, 109118.
15
Voje I., Trgovske zveze med Dubrovnikom in Markami v 14. in 15. stoletju, Zgo-
dovinski þasopisXXVIII (1974) 215–222; ibid., Poslovanje dubrovniških trgovskih družb v
srednji in južni Italiji v 15. stoletju, Jugoslovenski istorijski þasopis 3–4 (Beograd 1980)
237250.
16
Gestrin Ferdo, Trgovina slovenskega zaledja s primorskimi mesti od 13. do konca
16. stoletja, Ljubljana 1965.
177
Ignacij Voje
arhivske graÿe Piranskog arhiva. Trgovaþka društva najprije se spominju u

pomorskoj trgovini, a tek kasnije u kontinentalnom trgovaþkom prometu. Ka-
ko u Pirani, tako se i u Dubrovniku spominje trgovaþko društvo koje ima ka-
rakter komende („commenda”). Komenda je bila u poþetku raširena na pod-
ruþju Mediterana. Za komendu je znaþajan ugovorni odnos izmeÿu dva part-
nera. Jedan partner – „socius stans” isporuüuje drugom partneru –„sociusu
tractansu” gotov novac ili trgovaþku robu sa namjerom da obavi posao u po-
morskoj trgovini po uputstvima prvog partnera – „stansa” u korist obiju ugo-
vorenih stranaka. Treba naglasiti da se u dubrovaþkoj arhivskoj graÿi ovaj ob-
lik tehnike trgovine ne naziva imenom komenda. U Dubrovniku se za ovaj
oblik udruživanja upotrebljava naziv „collegantia”, isto kao u Veneciji. Iz
dubrovaþkog Satuta možemo utvrditi da se ovakav ugovor sklapa iskljuþivo u
vezi sa pomorskom trgovinom. U Statutu se navodi iskljuþivo jednostrana ko-
leganca. Kapital ulaže samo jedan partner – stans. Istovremeno se u Veneciji
primjenjuje dvostrana koleganca – kapital ulažu oba partnera – stans i trakta-
tor. Tek iz druge polovine XIV vijeka u Dubrovniku su poznati podaci o dvo-
stranoj koleganci. Onda veü možemo govoriti o trgovaþkom društvu – „socie-
tas” gdje se ortaci obavezuju jedan drugome i u ugovor þak ukljuþuju zajed-
niþku imovinu.17 Iz saþuvanih podataka možemo utvrditi da su Dubrovþani u
XIV vijeku imali praktiþan smisao da postojeüe pravne norme modificiraju u
skladu sa svojim potrebama.
Komenda je postepeno gubila svoj prvobitni karakter. Sve veüe proiz-
vodne moguünosti u Dubrovniku tražile su veüe investiranje u trgovinu.
Zbog toga je došlo do povezivanje trgovaca u prava trgovaþka društva. Vrlo
je teško na osnovu arhivske graÿe utvrditi kada je došlo do prelaza iz ko-
mende u pravo trgovaþko društvo – „societas”. Trgovaþka društva u Dub-
rovniku imaju razliþite oznake kao: „sicietas sive collegantia” ili „societas et
collegantia”. U pravim trgovaþkim društvima traktator nije više imao prvo-
bitno znaþenja, zbog toga otpada svaki oblik iskorišüavanja tuÿeg rada, a
profit se djeli na jednake djelove. Ciljevi pravih trgovaþkih društava bili su:
olakšati poslovanje, naþiniti bolje organizacione oblike u trgovini i omogu-
üiti njeno finansiranje.18
Treba je skrenuti pažnju na pitanje koje se þesto pojavljuje u istorio-
grafiji u vezi sa trgovaþkim društvima. Mnogi istoriþari ocjenjuju komendu
ili kolegancu kao jedan od naþina kreditiranja. U vezi sa ovim postavlja se
pitanje da li možemo stansa , koji je uložio kapital u kolegancu (komendu),
17
Gestrin F., Piranska komenda v 14. stoletju, Prispevijek k problemu tehnike trgovine
v srednjem vijeku. Razprave SAZU (Hauptmannov zbornik) V, Ljubljana 1966, 241268.
18
Voje I., Prispevijek k prouþevanju dubrovniške komende, Gestrinov zbornik, Za-
ložba ZRC SAZU, Ljubljana 1999, 7378.
178
oznaþiti kao kreditora, a traktatora kao dužnika. Momþilo Spremiü odgovara

na ovo pitanje trdnjom da su Dubrovþani redovito upisivali ugovore o trgo-
vaþkim društvima u notarsku knjigu dugova – Debita notariae. Iz ovoga
zakljuþuje da su na taj naþin pismeno registrovali meÿusobne kreditne oba-
veze.19 Prvi svjetovni notar u Dubrovniku, Tomasino de Savere, zaista je
krajem XIII vijeka registrirao ugovore o trgovaþkim društvima pored zaduž-
nica u knjigu Debita notariae. Kasnije, sve do tridesetih godina XV vijeka,
ovoga principa se nisu pridržavali notari, sljedbenici Tomasina de Savere.
Notar Johannes de Finis, koji je u Dubrovniku djelovao u tridesetim godi-
nama XV vijeka, nije uvažio princip voÿenja notarijata kao Tomasino de
Savere. Vodio je samo jednu notarsku knjigu i pored zadužnica i ugovora
trgovaþkih društava upisivao i ostale notarske ugovore. Tek u drugoj polo-
vini XV vijeka notari striktno bilježe ugovore o trgovaþkim društvima u se-
riju Debita notariae.20
Analiza strukture teksta zadužnice i strukture ugovora o trgovaþkom
društvu potvrÿuje da ugovor o trgovaþkom društvu nije ugovor o kreditiranju.
Ovu razliku notar u nekim primjerima naroþito podvlaþi. Na primjer, vjerov-
nik je 21. septembra 1363. predložio dubrovaþkom knezu da presudi spor do
kojeg je došlo sa dužnikom. Vjerovnik je tražio isplatu 1.580 dukata kao osta-
tak duga u visini 2.000 dukata. Vjerovnik se poziva na „unum instrumentum
publikum scriptum manu Soffredi notario'...” Ovaj instrument je zadužnica
registrovana 24. jula 1359.21 Staratelji pokojnog dužnika su priznali dug, ali
su ipak naglasili da je dužnik ”habuisse dictas denarios ab ipso Marino de
Vitagne (vjerovnik) in collegantia sive societas et non in debito.” To znaþi da
je ipak postajala pravna razlika što se tiþe obaveze izmeÿu ugovora o kole-
ganci i ugovora o dugu. Iako se u ovom primjeru zaista radi o kreditnem ugo-
voru, sud daje moguünost dužniku, odn. starateljima ostavštine, da traže od
vjerovnika da se zakletvom izjavi da li se u ovom primjeru radi o dugu ili o
koleganciji.22 Sliþan primjer sreüemo i u sporu kad Junije Gradiü izjavljuje
„dictum instrumentum fuisse societatis et non debiti”.23
Sa pravnog stanovišta je znaþajna izjava da zadužnica ni u jednoj kla-
uzuli ne prejudicira „cartam societatis”. Ovakvu odluku nalazimo u kreditnom
ugovoru koji je bio sklopljen izmeÿu Frana Rastiüa i Pala Rastiüa. Frane je od
19
Spremiü M., Dubrovaþka trgovaþka društva u despotovini, 85102; ibid. Dubrov-
nik i Aragonci, 109118.
20
Voje I., Knjige zadolžnic, posebna notarska serija Dubrovniškega arhiva, Zgodo-
vinski þasopis XXII/3–4 (Ljubljana 1968) 207223.
21
Povijesni arhiv Dubrovnik (PAD) Debita notariae IV, fol. 75v.
22
PAD, Diversa notariae VIII, fol. 51v.
23
PAD, Debita notariae VII, fol. 124,12. I 1368.
179
Ignacij Voje
Pala uzeo na kredit 500 perpera. Jednaku klauzulu nalazimo u narednoj zadu-
žnici u kojoj se kao dužnik spominje Sima Rastiü. I on je od Pala uzeo na kre-
dit 500 perpera.24 Sva trojica se pojavljuju kao ortaci u trgovaþkom društvu
koje su sklopili 22. septembra 1335. U društvo su uložili vrlo velike sume:
Frane je uložio 1.780 perpera, Pale 1.900 perpera i Sima 1.780 perpera. Trgo-
vaþko društvo je djelovalo 3 godine.25 Pale Rastiü je, dakle, za vreme djelo-
vanja trgovaþkog društva, kreditirao obojicu ortaka, Frana i Simu.
Iz nekih korektura u tekstu notarske imbreviature je evidentno da je notar
shvatio suštinu teksta formulara zadužnice u odnosu na tekst formulara trgovaþ-
kog društva. Imamo primjer gdje je notar poþeo upisivati tekst zadužnice, ali nije
završio do kraja. Na margini je zabilježio ”cassa quia sequitur infra”. Nastavlja
tekst ugovora o trgovaþkom društvu sa istim partnerima koji se spominju u neza-
vršenoj zadužnici.26 U nekom drugom primjeru, notar je poþeo pisati formular
zadužnice, koju je prekrižio i umesto nje zapisao ugovor o trgovaþkom društvu.27
Uprkos svim nedosljednostima, ostaje serija notarskih knjiga Debita
notariae koje su osnovni izvor za prouþavanje dubrovaþkih trgovaþkih dru-
štava. Po sadržaju su vrlo bogate notarske knjige u Dubrovniku koje notari
vode pod imenom Diversa notariae. I ove knjige je potrebno imati u eviden-
ciji prilikom prouþavanja trgovaþkih društava. Dubrovaþki notari, što smo
veü podvukli, nisu se striktno pridržavali principa koji je u Dubrovniku uveo
notar i kancelar Tomasino de Savere. Zbog toga þesto nalazimo ugovore o
trgovaþkim društvima u seriji Diversa notariae. U ovu seriju su notari obiþ-
no uveli ugovore trgovaþkih društava u skraþenom obliku (kao imbreviatu-
ru) i u prisustvu svjedoka. U XV vijeku su notari u ovu notarsku seriju upi-
sivali iskljuþivo one ugovore trgovaþkih društava, koje su ortaci sklopili pri-
vatno, van notarijata ili negdje na terenu, a notar je ugovor kasnije registri-
rao. Obiþno je podvuþeno da je ugovor napisan na komadu hartije, na tali-
janskom jeziku („in vulgo sermone”).28
24
Ibid. II, fol 192, „Et volo quod hec carta in nulla clausula debeat preiudicare carte
societatis quam habeo cum dicto Palle et Syme fratri suo”.
25
Ibid. II, fol. 53v.
26
Ibid. XII, fol. 14v, 169.
27
iIbid. XIV, fol. 386; još jedan primjer: „Ego Malchus Pribilovich confiteor quod
super se et omnia mea bona (obligo me dare et solvere Dobromano Dabixinovic oleario du-
catos auri sex) – ovaj tekst, koji je tekst obligacije u zadužnici, je precrtan – tekst nastavlja:
„...quod habui et recepi a Dobromano Dabixinovich in societate…”, ibid.XXIII, fol. 10, 17.
III. 1447.
28
PAD Diversa notariae XXIII, fol. 1–5, 5. II 1440; ugovor je bio sklopljen u
Novom Brdu 21. III 1436, registriran jula 1440, Div. not. XXIII, fol. 96v–97; LIV, fol.
87v–88v, 21. III 1470.
180
Diversa cancelariae pretstavlja najobimniju seriju Dubrovaþkog arhi-

va. U knjigama ove serije nalazimo mnogo dragocjenih podataka u vezi sa
kreditnimi poslovima i sa poslovanjem trgovaþkih društava. Prije svega,
kancelari su u ovim knjigama beležili zakljuþke razliþitih sudskih institucija
koji se odnose na sporove meÿu partnerima u kreditnim poslovima.29 Ovi
ugovori razlikuju se po svojoj strukturi od onih koji su upisani u Debita no-
tariae i Diversa notariae. Razlika je prije svega u tome, što se upis u knjige
Diversa cancelarie vršio bez prisustva svjedoka. Postavlja se pitanje zašto
su ugovori o trgovaþkim društvima jedanput upisani u notarsku, drugi put u
kancelarsku knjigu? Za sada je vrlo teško dati jasan i precizan odgovor. Vje-
rovatno je da se u pozadini nalaze odreÿeni pravni postupci. Moguüe je da je
upis u kancelarske knjige bio brži i jednostavniji.
Zbog toga je nemoguüe taþno izraþunati broj sklopljenih ugovora o
trgovaþkim društvima u pojedinoj godini i ukupne sume uloženog kapitala,
odn. trgovaþke robe. Naime, ni u jednom þlanu Dubrovaþkog statuta nije
podvuþeno da se ugovori trgovaþkih društava moraju registrirati u notari-
jatu, kao što je odreÿeno za kreditne poslove (zakon od 1275. je propisao da
svaki kreditni ugovor koji preÿe 10 perpera treba regitrirati u notarijatu).30
Za mnoga trgovaþka društva doznajemo tek u trenutku kad je došlo do spo-
rova.
Kao što smo veü naglasili, ugovori trgovaþkih društava nemaju karak-
ter kreditnih ugovora uprkos tome što su upisani u Debita notariae. Ipak,
postoji u praksi neka povezanost izmeÿu kreditnih obaveza i poslovanja
trgovaþkih društava. Naroþito üemo skrenutu pažnju na one kredite koji su
bili sklopljeni sa namjerom da postaju kapital trgovaþkog društva. U svim
29
PAD Diversa cancelariaeXII, fol. 2v, 1334; fol. 52v, 173v (na molbu Francisca
speçiaria rješenje kneza i njegovog suda bilo je sljedeüe: Elija zlatar mora u roku od tri
dana u ime Marinka Dimitrija isplatiti vjerovniku Franciscu 14 perpera ili robu u odgovar-
jajuüoj vrednosti), 1335; LXVIII, fol. 139 (nalog civilnog suda: zadužnice i ostali notarski
instrumenti, koji su u rokama Frana Rastiüa, nisu prenosivi), 1459; LXXIV, fol. 136–136v,
1470.
30
Dubrovaþka vlada izdala je 8. juna 1275. odredbu na osnovu koje su se morali svi
kreditni ugovori, koji su bili sklopljeni za poslove više od 10 perpera, zakljuþiti pismeno.
Dužnik je morao dati vjerovniku u roku od osam dana „cartam notarii” o dugu. Ovim zako-
nom dubrovaþka vlada nastojala je dati pravnu zaštitu trgovaþkom poslovanju. Pri tome
morala se postarati i pronaüi oblik na koji naþin bi se mogla eventualno izgubljena zadu-
žnica ponovo izdati. Ovo je postigla na taj naþin da su se zadužnice registrirale u specijalne
imbreviaturne knjige zvane Debita notariae. Liber statutorum civitatis Ragusii (izdanje V.
Bogišiü, K. Jireþek), liber VIII, cap XXII. Mon hist. jur. Slav. Merid. IX, Zagreb 1904, 78.
G. ýremošnik, Dubrovaþka kancelarija do god. 1300 i najstarije knjige dubrovaþke arhive,
Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja XXXIV–2, Sarajevo 1927, 240.
181
Ignacij Voje
ovim primjerima dolazi do izražaja povezanost kreditne trgovine i poslova-

nja trgovaþkih društava.
Visoki stupanj u razvitku poslovanja trgovaþkih društava, a istovreme-
no odraz meÿusobne zaduženosti, pokazuju primjeri kolegancija u kojima
ortaci u trgovaþko društvo nisu uložili samo novac ili trovaþku robu, nego
su uložili i sume koje su bile date razliþitim osobama kao kredit. Dakle, ove
sume morali su najprije naplatiti da bi postale kapital društva. Ove još ne-
isplaüene sume bile su priliþno visoke.31 Naroþito üemo istaüi one kreditne
ugovore koje su sklapali dužnici sa namjerom da dug ulože kao svoj dopri-
nos poslovanju trgovaþkog društva. Magister Antun kožar, Pribeta Cvitano-
viü i Radovac Zorenoviü osnovali su trgovaþko društvo 8. VI 1390. Društvo
je poslovalo 6 mjeseci. Antun je uložio „de suis propriis denariis” 66 dukata
i 5 groša, a ostali udio ortaka bio je: „ispis tres socii in dicta societate mer-
catias in credentia pro ducatis 256 pro quibus sunt obligati in Ragusio plu-
ribus mercatoribus”.32 U Debita notariae pronašli smo dvije zadužnice u ko-
jima se spominju ortaci upisani kao dužnici. Obe zadužnice registrovane su
7. VI, to jest jedan dan prije registrovanja trgovaþkog društva. Od Stjepana
Lukareviüa dobili su na kredit 130 dukata, a od Paula Okciniüa 60 dukata.33
I ovi podaci dokazuju da su dužnici uzeli na kredit robu i da se iza suma
izraženih u nekoj moneti sakriva trgovaþka roba.
Ovakvih primjera mogli bismo navoditi još mnogo, ali spomenuüemo
samo još neke, koji su priliþno karekteristiþki. Vuk Mileviü i Jurko Živkoviü
bili su ortaci u trgovaþkom društvu registrovanom 16. IX 1401. Jurko je
uložio sopstvenih 129 perpera, a zajedniþki kapital predstavljao je „aliis
quos receperunt in credenciam.”34 Na njihovo ime notar je upisao þetiri
zadužnice. ýetrnaestog septembra dobili su kredit kod Simona Guþetiüa u
visini 178 dukata, 15. septembra kod Simona Puciüa – 122 dukata, isti dan
31
Kapital trgovaþkog društva iznosi 15.270 dukata, a udio „in debiti del tempo pas-
sato” 2230 perpera. Dodat je spisak dužnika. Div. not. XVI, fol.60–61v, 4. IV 1429; Niko
Nalješkoviü uložio je u trgovaþko društvo 12.304 perpera „delli quail denari e in debiti e peg-
ni ypp. 2900”, a Nikolai Jakov Radulinoviü uložili su 3.500 dukata „li dicti ducati ancora in
debito”, Debita notariae XIV, fol. 217v–218, 2. VIII 1429; Ortaci ulažu u trgovaþko društvo
kapital u visini 4.150 dukata i ovo „in raubis, mercantiis et debitoribus qui sunt in Venetiis, in
Marchia et Ragusio.” U ugovoru je podvuþeno da ortaci za vreme poslovanja ne smiju davati
na kredit. Ibid. XXVI, fol. 49v, 6. XI 1450; ortaci ulažu u trgovaþko društvo sledeüe: „inter
denarios contatos et debitores qui sunt in Bosna... in torum duc.au. 390, ”ibid. XXXVIII, fol.
193, 15. V 1470; jedan od socija navodi za svoj udeo: „...in ducatis 141 de quibus Vitchus de
Primo et debitor mei Nicolai yperperos 300 quos habere debeo a ser Steffano Ni. de Çrieva...,
” ibid. XLVIII, fol. 98v, 29. III 1481.
32
PAD Div. canc. XXIX, fol. 104v, 8. VI 1390.
33
PAD Deb. not. X, fol. 68.
34
PAD Div. canc. XXXIV, fol. 16.
182
kod Martola Guþetiüa – 182 dukata i 16. septembra kod Vita Rastiüa – 192
dukata.35 U trgovaþko društvo uložili su, dakle, 601 dukat koje su uzeli na
kredit. Kapital društva pretdstavljao je gotov novac (”...e nostris propriis
denariis in contatis posuimus duc. au. 400”) i roba koju su ortaci uzimali na
kredit („... et mercantiis et mercibus quas Ragisii ad credentiam accipiemus
tenemur…), kako se navodi u ugovoru jednog trgovaþkog društva.36 U ugo-
voru trgovaþkog društva se koji put navodi ime vjerovnika kod koga su
ortaci uzeli kredit. Franko Guþetiü i Radosav Boganþiü sklopili su 13. X
1449. ugovor o trgovaþkom društvu koji üe biti na snazi jednu godinu. Orta-
ci ulažu 373 perpera „quos habiumus hodie a ser Nicola Mar. Ra. de Goze
pro quibus sumus ei obligati” (ova zadužnica nalazi se upisana u XXV knji-
zi Debita notariae, fol 63). Ovim kapitalom trgovaüe u Dubrovniku i „in
Sclavonia”.37
O uzimanju zajma s namjerom da se kao kapital uloži u trgovaþko druš-
tvo, saznajemo koji put iz samog kreditnog ugovora. Radosav Vukasoviü
uzeo je 12. I 1495. kredit kod Mihajla Glavoševiüa u visini od 17 dukata i
ovom prilikom izjavio: „quod suprascriti duc. 17 sunt in societate cum quibus
dictus Radossauus debet mercari pro ut sibi melius videbitur pro utilitate pre-
sentis societatis”38 Izgleda da nekim partnerima nije bila dovoljna garancija
za uloženi kapital samo izjava u ugovoru trgovaþkog društva, nego su morali
traktatori sklopiti poseban kreditni ugovor za preuzeti ulog sa stansom.
Mnogi kreditni ugovori se sklapaju sa namjerom da se trgovaþka roba,
koja je uzeta na kredit, ulaže u trgovaþko društvo kao kapital društva. Godi-
ne 1490. uloženo je u trgovaþko društvo 110 dukata ”qui sunt expositi in
35
PAD Deb. not. XII, fol. 31, 32; zakljuþak ortaka prilikom registracije trgovaþkog
društva: „... inter nos solutes debitis que acceperimus in credenciam...,” ibid. XII, fol. 256,
22. VI 1405; Ortaci ulažu u koleganciju 400 dukata i to: „...duc. au. 300 in quibus Dobras-
sinus et Marinus sint obligati Johanni Nicole dicto Gabro sub. die 31. X. et ducatos 100 de
propriis denariis dicti Dobrassini...”Svrha ove kolegancije biüe: „...facere et exercere artem
lane”. Ortaci se obavezuju: „...nihil ipsis panni dari possint in credenciam...”, ibid. XXXIII,
fol 187v, 9. II 1459; Kolegancija je utemeljena u svrhu „...laborando artem lane…” Jedan
od ortaka izjavljuje da je „...debitor pluribus personis pro lanis et alliis rebu acceptis in
crednciam...” Utvrdili smo da je ovaj ortak dobio zajmove kod razliþitih vjerovnika: 11.
VIII dobio je zajam kod Lucijana Buniüa u visini 355 dukata, 31. VIII kod Luke Frankoviüa
u visini od 217 dukata, ibid. XXXIX, fol. 39, 49,1470.
36
Ibid. XVI, fol. 265v, 31. VIII 1434.
37
Ibid. XXV, fol. 63v, 13. X 1449.
38
Ibid. LVII, fol. 2v, 12. I 1459; Radat Velirkoviü „perlabuchius” iz Dubrovnika i
Ivan Kitoviü „de Bagna” uzeli su kredit kod Petra Milatoviüa u visini 90 dukata. U zadu-
žnici se spominje uzrok zaduženja: „ ...pro totidem aliis quos habuimus et recepimus a dicto
Petro ibi presente et nobis de suis propriis denariis dante ad societatem pro eundo in
Bosnam ad emendum animalia,” ibid. LI, fol. 119v, 23. VI 1487.
183
Ignacij Voje
tantis pannis de Ragusio”. Ovaj kapital vezan je na kreditni ugovor koji je

isti dan registrovan u notarijatu. Dužnici Klapac Stanihniü iz Trebinja i Ra-
divoj Radiþeviü, cimator iz Dubrovnika, zadužuju se kod Jakova Milišiüa ci-
matora za 110 dukata.39 U zadužnici se sukno uopšte ne spominje. U ugovo-
ru trgovaþkog društva, koji je bio sklopljen 1491, potvrÿuju traktatori Lju-
boje Radohniü i Radoslav Pribiloviü, krojaþi, da su primili od Nikole Radoj-
koviüa 75. dukata „qui ducati 75 sunt in manibus Radossaui in tanta quan-
titate pannorum de Ragusio”. Isti dan je skljopljen i kreditni ugovor. Ljuboje
i Radoslav zadužuju se kod Nikolaja za 75 dukata.40 Sociji krojaþi, Marko
Radonjiü i Ivan, sin magistra Tome Georgija, koji imaju namjeru da sa suk-
nom trguju u Vrhbosni, uložili su u društvo kapital u visini 385 dukata i 34
groša i to „in pannis triginta pergamensibus”. Istog dana, uzeli su na kredit
ovu sumu, koja pretstavlja kapital društva, kod Ivana Lu. Sokoþeviüa i ma-
gistra Thome Georgii.41
Da su sociji pomoüu kredita stvarali kapital za funkcioniranje društva i
da se þitava trgovaþka djelatnost bazirala na kreditnoj osnovi, najbolje mo-
žemo uoþiti na jednom jedinstvenom primjeru trgovaþkog društva. Radoje
Stepanoviü (”ex una parte”) i njegov neüak Živan Radeljeviü („ex altera par-
te”) sklapaju 26. IV 1500. ugovor o trgovaþkom društvu („societas et colle-
gantia”). Društvo üe biti aktivno „ad voluntatem nostrum”. Živan u društvo
ulaže svoj vlastiti kapital u visini od 198 dukata, dok zajedniþki kapital iz-
nosi 1.228 dukata i 20 groša. Za ovaj kapital kažu da „sunt per nos ambos
accepti ad credentiam in tanta quantitate pannorum a diversis personis qui-
bus nos ambos summus obligati ut constat in debitis notariae”. Sa novcem i
suknom obojica idu „in Serviam et ibi vel alibi in locis Turchorum debemus
dictos pannos finire et mercari ac trafficare pro ut nobis videbitur pro utilita-
te presentis societatis”42 Tražili smo u Debita notariae zaduženja obojice
socija i u vremenskom razdoblju od 11. III do 26 IV 1500. pronašli smo 5
kreditnih ugovora sklopljenih sa razliþitim partnerima. Ukupna suma zadu-
ženja u ovim zadužnicama iznosi 1.144 dukata.43 U zadužnicama se navodi
suma zaduženja samo u dukatima, dok se u ugovoru trgovaþkog društva taþ-
no kaže da je uzeto na kredit sukno. Na drugoj strani, ugovor trgovaþkog
društva ostavlja nas bez objašnjenja u koju robu üe ortaci dobit od prodaje
39
Ibid. LIII, fol. 105, zadužnica je bila kasirana 26. VIII 1490.
40
Ibid. LIV, fol. 1–1v, 17. II.
41
Ibid. LVI, fol. 161v, 4. X 1494.
42
Ibid. LX, fol. 60v–61.
43
Ibid., fol. 47 – vjerovnik Johannes Lu. de Sorgo et Luce And. de Sorgo duk. 354;
fol. 49v – vjerovnik Junio Mar. de Gradi – duk. 184; fol. 53v – Laurentino de Radoe Pribis-
salich – duc. 239; fol. 54 – Rado Georgii dicto Bosna – duc. 140; fol. 61 – Laurentio de
Radoe Pribissalich – duc 27.
184
sukna investirati u Srbiji. Odgovor na to pitanje opet nam daju marginalne

bilješke kod kreditnih ugovora. U zadužnicama u kojima se kao vjerovnik
spominje Lovro Radoja Pribisaliü, i u priznanicama dobijenim prilikom vra-
üanja kredita, navodi se da su dužnici podmirili svoj dug u vosku.44 To znaþi
da su sociji investirali dobit od prodaje sukna u vosak.
Na isti naþin možemo povezati kreditni ugovor i ugovor trgovaþkog
društva u nekim drugim primjerima, iako u ugovorima nije ovo naroþito
podvuþeno. Socija Nikola Bratosaljiü i Vukota Dabišinoviü uzeli su 21. VIII
1329. kredit kod Martola Zamanjiüa i Stjepana Zamanjiüa u visini od 348
dukata. Sljedeüi dan, sociji su osnovali trgovaþko društvo sa namjerom da
trguju u Bosni. Kapital društva iznosio je 1.500 perpera.45 Kreditirana suma
sigurno pretstavlja dio kapitala društva. U ovo ne možemo sumnjati s obzi-
rom to da je primjer vrlo sliþan gornjem. Drugog IV 1489. Luka Stjepana
Božiþkoviü, tkaþ, dao je na kredit kaparu Ivanu Radeljiüu i Nikoli Ruskovi-
üu 784 dukata. Još isti dan kreditirana suma bila je uložena u trgovaþko dru-
štvo.46
U mnogim zadužnicama kredite uzimaju dva ili više dužnika zajedno.
Vrlo þesto upisani su sa oznakom „socii”. ýini nam se da možemo sve kre-
ditne ugovore, u kojima se kao dužnici spominju „socii”, vezati na poslova-
nje trgovaþkih društava. Naime, suma koja oznaþava kredit bila je ulog u
trgovaþko društvo. Ovdje ne možemo sumnjati da se radi o robnim krediti-
ma, to jest da su dužnici uzimali na kredit robu, a dug podmirivali drugom
robom, koja je bila predmet investicije.
Suma u zadužnici je mogla pretstavljati dio neporavnatih obaveza koje
proilaze iz poslovanja trgovaþkih društava. Ugovor o trgovaþkom društvu na
taj naþin se poništava, a na snagu stupa kreditni ugovor. Ovo se vrlo lijepo
vidi iz primjera koji omoguüava uvid u þitavo poslovanje ugovorenih strana-
ka. Ivan Miloradoviü i Luka Ĉurÿeviü sklopili su 5. V 1487. sljedeüi kreditni
ugovor: Ivan mora u roku „ad voluntatem creditoris” isplatiti Luki „duc. au. 7
cum dimidio, item aspros 3.000, item pannos duos de Vencentia”. Dodato je
objašnjenje obojice za 3.000 aspri „qui sunt extractis panne ipsius Luce cum
dictis duobus pannis”, što je primio Ivan od Luke prilikom osnivanja trgovaþ-
kog društva. U kreditnom ugovoru se spominje da je „societas” bila registro-
vana u knjizi Debita notariae 30. VII 1486. i da ovaj ugovor poništava („cas-
sa”) ugovor o trgovaþkom društvu. (vidi: Deb. not. L, fol 193). Iz ugovora o
trgovaþkom društvu od 30. VII 1487. proizlazi da je Luka uložio 425 dukata
„in pannis vicentinis et brisiensis et in contatis”. Ivan üe sa robom i novcem
44
Ibid., fol. 53v, fol. 61.
45
Ibid. XIV, fol. 325–325v; fol. 431–431v, 18. XI 1430.
46
Ibid. LII, fol. 144v, 2. IV 1489.
185
Ignacij Voje
iüi „in Serviam et in illos locos turcorum...” i tamo üe sukno prodati, trgovati i
investirati u drugu robu. Iz marginalnih bilježaka se vidi kako je posao išao.
Veü 12. VIII 1486, Ivan je povratio Luki od spomenutog novca („pecuniis”)
90 dukata („pro parte”), a istovremeno je Ivan primio od Luke „pannos sex de
Vincentia” da ih proda za raþun Luke. Nakon þeteri dana (16. VIII) Ivan izja-
vljuje da je ponovo primio od Luke 33 dukata kao ulog u društvo. U zadnjoj
bilješci, koja je upisana 5. V 1487, kaže se da je „societas ‫ތ‬cassa‫”ތ‬.47 Dalji
odnosi izmeÿu socija rješavali su se u okviru kreditnog ugovora. I ovdje
možemo iz marginalnih bilježaka pratiti meÿusobno poslovanje. U prvoj pri-
znanici od 11. V 1487. Luka izjavljuje da je primio od dužnika „pro parte
suprascriti debiti suprascritos duc. au 7 cum dimidio”, a u drugoj, od 18. V
1487, potvrÿuje se da je Ivan isporuþio, posredstvom Cvjetka Miotoševiüa,
„suprascritos duos pannos”. Zadužnica je bila poništena 24. IX 1487. („cas-
sa”). Ortaci su ispunili svoje obaveze u cjelini.
Dobitak („lucrum”), koji je bio rezultat dobrog poslovanja trgovaþkog
društva, podjelio se prema ugovoru izmeÿu ortaka. Obiþno se djelio na pola.
Djelio se prilikom likvidacije društva, jer se tada pravio þitav obraþun. U
sluþaju da traktator nije bio u stanju da dobitak isplati, onda je ovo predsta-
vljalo motiv za sklapanje kreditnog ugovora. Na ovaj naþin morao se Frane
Luciü obavezati kreditnim ugovorom Luju Žurgoviüu da mu isplati 19 duka-
ta „et hoc pro parte lucri spectante ipsi ser Aloisio pro anno finito 27. VII
presenti de societate qua est inter nos.”48
Skrenuli smo pažnju i djelomiþno obradili jedan oblik kreditnog pos-
lovanja, koji je bio u Dubrovniku vrlo þesto primjenjivan u trgovaþkim kru-
govima, a dokazuje vrlo visok stupanj u poslovanju trgovaþkih društava. Or-
taci þesto uzimaju na kredit robu, pa je onda ulažu kao svoj doprinos u trgo-
vaþka društva. U ugovorima trgovaþkih društava þesto se naglašava da orta-
ci u okviru ovog poslovanja mogu prodavati robu na kredit ili im se to
zabrinjuje. Dakle, u okviru poslovanja trgovaþkih društava, razvija se speci-
fiþan oblik kreditnog poslovanja, što dokazuju saþuvani spiskovi dužnika
pojedinih trgovaþkih društava ili se spominju poslovne knjige u koje su or-
taci registrirali svoje dužnike. Problem povezanosti kreditne trgovine sa
poslovanjem trgovaþkih društava traži naroþita istraživanja arhivske graÿe o
djelovanju trgovaþkih društava u srednjevjekovnom Dubrovniku.
47
Ibid. LI, fol. 99v.
48
Ibid. XLVIII, fol. 127v, 9. VII 1481; XXXIV, fol. 6, 11. XII 1459.
186
Prof. Ignacij Voje, Ph.D.

Historian
A TRIBUTE TO STUDYING THE DUBROVNIK’S TRADE COMPANIES
Summary
Like in all trading centers of Europe, in the Medieval Dubrovnik too, trading
affairs were done through trade companies. This association of tradesmen aimed at
joining financial resources and avoiding the operating risk. Trade companies
underwent different development phases from commenda to collegantia and
company (society). These organizational forms of association of tradesmen and
seafarers in the Republic of Dubrovnik represented a higher degree of economic
development of Dubrovnik, which can be followed from the end of 13th century
onwards. The author points out at some fundamental papers/works on trade
companies in the world and Dubrovnik historical literature.
At their beginning, the companies in Dubrovnik were mentioned in seafaring
trade, and only later in continental trading transactions. At the beginning, the
company in Dubrovnik has the character of komende (commenda) although this na-
me is not used in Dubrovnik – from the beginning they used the word collegantia
instead... Archive materials provide very little proof of when the commenda was
transferred to the actual trade company – societas. Different conflicting opinions
exist about trade companies and many problems of theoretical studies still remain
unsolved. Many historians evaluate the commenda or societas as one form of
lending business. The analysis of the text of the debenture and the text of the con-
tract of companies confirm that the contract on trade company does not have the
value of a lending agreement despite the fact that it was recorded in the notary
books Debita notariae. Numerous examples were presented of the notaries making
clear difference between trade companies contracts and lending contracts (debentu-
res). However, in practice there is some sort of a link between the lending obliga-
tions and operations of trade companies. Very often the partners take the commer-
cial goods on credit and then invest it as their contribution in the company. Also, a
specific form of lending operations is developed within the operations of
companies, which is proved by the list of debtors of certain companies, or by
mentioning the business in which the debtors were recorded by the partners.
187
Ignacij Voje
188
Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and the Balkans ...
Florentine merchants traveling East through
UDK 94(497.5 Dubrovnik)"04/18"(049.32) DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15010

FLORENTINE MERCHANTS TRAVELING EAST THROUGH

RAGUSA (DUBROVNIK) AND THE BALKANS AT THE END
OF THE 15TH CENTURY
Prof. Paola Pinelli

Università di Firenze, Dipartimento di Scienze per l'Economia e l'Impresa
Abstract: Various unpublished letters and merchants’ memoirs dating

from the late 15th century Tuscany have enabled us to investigate the reasons
for the lack of a network of major European trade companies in the Bal-
kans. Western operators chose to trade with the merchants of Ragusa (Dubrov-
nik). Consequently, Ragusa assumed a dominant position in both the land trade
routes with inland regions and in the land trade routes between East and West.
Keywords: Ragusa (Dubrovnik), the Balkans, land trade routes, 15th
century.
The discovery of some unpublished letters and memoirs of Florentine

merchants who made the long journey to Constantinople through Ragusa (Dub-
rovnik) and the inland regions of the Balkans at the end of the 15th century, has
led us to develop certain theories relating to the role that the city of Ragusa
played in trade relations between East and West. This is especially true in terms
of the economic relations with the inland regions of the Balkans. These sources
have enabled us to approach the subject from a totally new perspective. His-
toriography has in fact usually been drawn from the reports and testimonies of
travellers, pilgrims and diplomats from western Europe that crossed the Slavic
countries heading East, especially to the Holy Land, therefore travelling mainly
for spiritual or political purposes. The documentation consulted for this essay
however, is instead of a mercantile nature. It was produced by traders who en-
gaged in long, dangerous and arduous journeys to reach, through Ragusa and
the inland regions of the Balkans, the most important Byzantine markets, pri-
marily Constantinople, bringing goods such as woollen fabrics that were suitab-
le for those markets. On the way back these traders mainly transported silks and
a whole range of other luxury products to European cities. Fernand Braudel
claimed that cities cannot exist without roads and that they feed on movement1.
Ragusa was in a fortunate position, squeezed between the sea and the land,

1
F. Braudel, Civiltà e imperi del Mediterraneo nell'età di Filippo II, Torino 1953, p. 330.
189
Paola Pinelli
open to the intense movement of people and goods in the Mediterranean.

Dubrovnik was also a privileged outlet for a number of land routes that led to
the most important regions and towns of Serbia and Bosnia, enabling merchants
to reach the rich market of Constantinople (Fig. 1).
Figure 1.
Figure 1.
190
Florentine merchants traveling East through Ragusa (Dubrovnik) and the Balkans ...
The main route was the one that passed from Ragusa to the Serbian
city of Niš, crossing one of the most important business routes that descen-
ded from Hungary2. Exiting east through the Ploþe gateway, the road clim-
bed from Mount Sergio to Bergatto, the frontier of Dubrovnik that was loca-
ted on a ridge between the valleys of Breno and Gionchetto. A few minutes
further on there was the Slavic customs station of Ledenica: then, after a
downhill march of five to six hours, the road led to the fertile valley of Tre-
binjþica reaching Trebinje. The journey continued until Ljubomir and Bile-
üa; then, through dense forests, the road headed to Crnica, where since 1380
the trading colony of Ragusa had been, and went beyond the castle of
Kljuþ. Later, passing through the gorge of Sutjeska, where in the 15th centu-
ry there was an important customs office and the road was so narrow that
even a handful of men could hold off an entire army, the road reached the ri-
ver Drina, where there were many castles and commercial stations including
Foþa. In a day's walk the road met Goražde; heading southeast through the
forested mountain pass of Metalka, the road reached Pljevlja and then Prije-
polje, the Dubrovnik merchants’ favourite resting place. After another day's
walk, the road reached Sjenica, meeting another road coming from the
northeast of Bosnia. The joint road split at Raška, just beyond Novi Pazar,
home to another important Ragusa colony. From here, the road to the valley
of the Ibar proceeded through the mining district of mount Kopaonik, often
referred to as Argentario in the documents of the period; after passing thro-
ugh Toplica and Prokuplje, the road finally arrived in Niš. With favourable
weather, up to this point the trip normally required about fifteen days. From
Niš, via Sofia, caravans reached Constantinople in another fifteen days.
Another route that was frequently used started at the mouth of the ri-
ver Neretva. The merchants of Ragusa came here from the sea through the
Pelješac peninsula (Sabbioncello) or via Ston (Stagno). A customs office
was located here and there were many commercial warehouses, of which the
most important was the „Forum Narenti”, also called Drijeva, later replaced
by another one named Gabela. Following the course of the river, the cara-
vans came from Neretva to Blagaj, near Mostar, then to Konijc, then headed
to Visoko and Vrhbosna, present day Sarajevo, where the road forked to-
wards Olovo or Boraü. In Olovo the road divided into three more branches:
one went northward reaching Tuzla; the second one reached Zvornik and fi-
nally Belgrade; and the third went east arriving at Srebrenica and

2
L. Villari, The Republic of Ragusa. An Episode of the Turkish Conquest, London
1904, pp. 130141.
191
Paola Pinelli
Rudnik. From Niš it was possible to reach Constantinople by passing thro-

ugh both Boraü and the mining district.
In the documents the two roads are referred to as „via de Bossina”.
The roads that departed from the coast south of Ragusa were instead ca-
lled via de Zenta. With the latter route, ships from Dubrovnik had to unload
their cargo in Bar (Antivari) or Ulcinj (Dulcigno) reaching Sveti Srgj (now
Obotti) via a river route. After a very difficult route through the Albanian
mountains, the caravan headed to Scutari and Prizren, which was Dubrov-
nik’s main business post in Albania. The whole journey took more than thir-
ty hours on foot. After Prizren the road met the fertile plain of Kosovo until
Janjevo, from where it reached Novo Brdo and then, via Skopje, Constanti-
nople. A second „via de Zenta” that started from Antivari and passed thro-
ugh the mule track that went to Cetinje via Kotor, led to Budva, Podgorica
and lake Plav, where the mining centre of Brskovo was located. The road
then reached Peü, where another important Ragusa colony was located, and
from Peü, via Novoselo, the road led to Priština, Skopje and Plovdiv (Fili-
ppopoli) and reached the Bosphorus in eighteen days.
The merchants of Ragusa ruled these routes. Italian merchant Piero
Pantella, stationed in Dubrovnik, wrote in 1433 to his agent Giuliano Mar-
covaldi that he had the feeling that Ragusa was like a maze („me pare esere
in uno lanbarinto e parme esere ligato a non me sapere voltare a nulla ban-
da e però non ti so dare consigio nè prendere per me e basta”)3. Using this
image of a maze, he described the city as a place where even the most expe-
rienced traders and entrepreneurs felt disorientated.
Insecurity arose mainly from the fact that Ragusa had the inland re-
gions of the Balkans as the main business partners; Serbia and Bosnia
appeared in the eyes of European merchants as still unexplored places, wild,
sparsely populated and urbanized, dangerous from every point of view. In
addition the overland route connecting Ragusa to Constantinople through
the inland regions ran along a rugged terrain, characterized by poor roads
and impervious mountains where, as reported in a letter by the Dubrovnik
merchant Pietro di Bogdano, one could have unpleasant encounters and be
victims of frequent robberies4. In reality the most significant difficulty was
the western traders’ ignorance of the Slavic language.

3
Archivio di Stato di Prato (hereafter ASPɈ), Ospedale, 7028, 566, Ragusa-Fortore,
Piero Pantella e compagni a Giuliano di Marco Marcovaldi, 28 gennaio 1433.
4
J.Gelcich (ed.), Monumenta Ragusina. Libri Reformationum 13011336, V, Mo-
numenta spectantia historiam Slavorum Meridionalium, XXIX, Zagreb 1897, p. 90.
192
Instead, Dubrovnik merchants knew that world intimately and partly

shared the customs and lifestyle of the inland regions of the Balkans. In a
Venetian report of 1555 it was stated that in the city of San Biagio the inha-
bitants spoke Slavic fluently („la lingua loro natia è schiava, con la quale
parlano li altri Dalmatini”)5. The Florentine Serafino Razzi, while descri-
bing the language used in the churches of Ragusa, noticed how the women
that were attending Mass in St. Dominic and St. Francis, spoke Slavic6. In
Dubrovnik people wrote and spoke in Slavic and Vulgar Italian in addition
to Latin7 and the local Romance language. And if Italian was the language
of commerce8, in the second half of the 15th century, Slavic became the lan-
guage in common use at every level9.
In addition it should be noted that the merchants of Ragusa had large
economic power in those regions, especially by controlling the production
and trade of silver from Serbia and Bosnia10. In the inland regions of the
Balkans, Ragusa as we have seen, could also count on many trading posts,
where its merchants enjoyed a special tax regime, judicial autonomy. They
were also able to use their own money and to exercise Catholic worship11 .
When the Balkan regions fell under Turkish domination, Dubrovnik, which
realized the extent of the danger early and tried to establish contact with the
Turkish authorities, obtained extensive guarantees for its merchants. Even in
the 17th century, Matteo Gondola, a member of one of the most important
families of the Republic of Ragusa and ambassador to Constantinople, wrote
that the citizens of Dubrovnik enjoyed fiscal exemption in the Ottoman

5
S. Ljubiü (ed.), Commissiones et relationes venetae III, Monumenta spectantia
historiam Slavorum Meridionalium,XI, Zagreb 1880, p. 74.
6
S. Razzi, La storia di Ragusa, Bologna 1980 (anastatic reprint of the 1595 Lucca
edition), pp. 193194.
7
Latin was used above all in the justice courts and official correspondence.
8
J. Tadiü, Promet putnika u starom Dubrovniku, Dubrovnik 1939, pp. 205208; I.
VOJE, L'attività dei commercianti italiani a Ragusa nel Medioevo (secc. XIV-XV) e il loro
adattamento alle nuove condizioni di vita, in P. F. Palumbo (ed.), I rapporti demografici e
popolativi, Congressi sulle relazioni tra le due sponde adriatiche 2, Roma 1981, pp.
111127. In the 15th century Italian increasingly became the language of law and
diplomacy, surviving the fall of the Republic in 1808.
9
B. Krekiü, On the Latino-Slavic Cultural Symbiosis in Late Medieval and
Renaissance Dalmatia and Dubrovnik, Viator 26, 1995, pp. 321–332, pp. 323324.
10
P. Pinelli, Tra argento grano e panni. Piero Pantella, un operatore italiano nella
Ragusa del primo Quattrocento, Firenze 2013, pp. 115.
11
D. Kovaþeviþ Kojiþ, Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Sarajevo 1961, pp.
2223. Regarding the privileges given to merchants from Dubrovnik in Serbia and Bosnia
in the late 1300, see F. MIKLOSICH (ed.), Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae,
Bosnae, Ragusii, Wien 1858, passim.
193
Paola Pinelli
lands, with the exception of Constantinople, Adrianople and Bursa where

they had to pay a small 2% tax („sono esenti da gabelle e da dogane ed altri
pesi già imposti, e da imporsi in futuro, le robe e i beni stabili e le persone
loro in qualsivoglia parte dell’Imperio; eccettuate le città regie di Costan-
tinopoli, Adrianopoli e Prussa, ove pagano solamente due per cento delle
robe, colle quali trafficano”)12.
It shouldnot be forgotten that in the Balkans, competition between
local traders was virtually non-existent and that the merchants of the mining
centres struggled to reach the cities of the Adriatic coast and would not have
dared to venture beyond the sea13. Unlike the coastal zone, the inland regi-
ons of the Balkans were less developed and urbanized14. Only in the 16th
century did merchants from these areas, particularly Bosnians and above all
those from Olovo and Goražde, emancipate themselves and begin to trade
outside the Balkan peninsula, especially with Venice15. Ragusa merchants
were instead long time world-class traders, with contacts with the most im-
portant trading powers of the time and with the main Italian trading centres,
from which they assimilated both commercial and financial tools and tech-
niques, such as the accounting system. As we have attempted to demonstrate
in our recent work, Ragusa operators gained an absolute mastery of the dou-
ble-entry method16. In describing the merchants of Ragusa the afore mentio-
ned Piero Pantella used, in a letter of 1432, a rather colourful expression that
is very indicative of the unbridled competition and the qualities that distin-
guished the operators of the market, calling Ragusa merchants very diplo-

12
F. M. Appendini, Notizie istorico-critiche sulle antichità storia e letteratura de'
ragusei I, Ragusa 1802, p. 231.
13
S. Cirkoviü, Ragusa e il suo retroterra nel Medioevo, in A. Di Vittorio (ed.),
Ragusa e il Mediterraneo. Ruolo e funzioni di una Repubblica marinara tra Medioevo ed
Età Moderna, Atti del Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Bari 21–22 ottobre 1988, Bari
1990, pp. 1526, p. 22.
14
Idem, Sviluppo e arretratezza nella penisola balcanica fra il XIII e il XVI secolo,
in A. Guarducci (ed.), Sviluppo e sottosviluppo in Europa e fuori d’Europa dal secolo XIII
alla Rivoluzione Industriale, Atti della X Settimana di Studi dell'Istituto Internazionale di
Storia Economica „F. Datini”, Prato 7–12 aprile 1978, Firenze 1983, pp. 291314, pp.
299300.
15
M. Popoviü Radenkoviü, O trgovaþkim odnosima Dubrovnika i Bosne i Hercego-
vine (1480.1500.), Istorijski glasnik 1–4, 1952, pp. 3–20.
16
P. Pinelli, Between Two Shores: the Accounts of the Merchant Companies in Ra-
gusa (Dubrovnik) in the First Half of the Fifteenth Century, Conference Proceedings III
Balkans and Middle East Countries Conference on Accounting and Accounting History,
Istanbul 1922 giugno 2013, Istanbul 2013, pp. 866877. See also D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü,
Poslovne knjige Dubrovaþkih trgovaca (XV vijek), in S. JERŠE (ed.), Med Srednjo Evropo
in Sredozemljem: Vojetov zbornik, Ljubljana 2006, pp. 451461.
194
matic, but at the same time fierce („à lo mele in bocha e rasoio a cintola”)17.
This description matches that of the Venetian diplomat Benedetto Ramberti
who stayed in Ragusa in 1533 during a trip from Venice to Constantinople.
Ramberti depicted the merchants of Ragusa as rich and mean, devoted only
to profit, but worthy of praise because they had made a fortune and develo-
ped large commercial opportunities despite the wild and rugged land that su-
rrounded them („Gli raghusei universalmente sono ricchi e avari. Come il
più delli mercanti [...] attendono solamente a far denari contanti. Sono su-
perbissimi di modo, che non credono che altro sapere o nobiltà sta al mon-
do che la loro; [...] ma meritano invero grandissima laude che, essendo pos-
ti in uno sito aspero et stretto sopramodo, si habbiano aperta la via di ogni
comoditade con la sola virtù et industria loro, si può dire al dispetto di na-
tura”)18. Benedetto Cotrugli also defined Ragusa merchants as very capable,
also because they were trading goods with a high velocity of circulation
such as silver, lead, copper, wax, skins and crimson („molto acti [....] sì per-
ché loro mercantie che usano sono leste, come argento, oro, pionbo, rami,
cere, chermisi, chuori et simili, et sì etiamdio per la dextrezza dello ingegno
che hanno”)19. The skill and cunning that drove the action of the merchants
of Ragusa and the limits that they were able to impose on foreign traders are
once again very clear, although inexasperated tones, in the words of Prato
merchant Michele di Giovannino in 1421, when he described the conduct of
Dubrovnik merchants as extremely dishonest („non potrò sostenere a tanti
manchamenti e veghomi disfatto in tutto. […] Essi fanno beffe di paghare se
noe chon bugie e tenghonsi gentili huomeni e buoni e grandi”20; „Sono tanti

17
ASPo, Ospedale, 7028, 552, Ragusa-Fortore, Piero Pantella a Giuliano di Marco
Marcovaldi, 26 aprile 1432.
18
B. Ramberti. Delle cose de' Turchi. Libri tre. Delle quali si descrive nel primo il
viaggio da Venetia a Costantinopoli, con gli nomi de' luoghi antichi et moderni. Nel secon-
do la Porta, cioé la corte de soltan Soleymano signor de' Turchi. Nel terzo et ultimo il mo-
do del reggere il stato et imperio suo, Venezia 1541, pp. 4–5.
19
U. Tucci (ed.), Benedetto Cotrugli raguseo. Il libro dell’arte di mercatura, Vene-
zia 1990, p. 160. We have dedicated specific studies to these goods, as well as some in
depth comments in the cited volume, P. PINELLI, Tra argento grano e panni, cit.). In parti-
cular see Eadem, L’argento di Ragusa, Storia Economica, 3, 2005, pp. 549–573; Eadem,
The Florentine Company of Francesco Neroni and Trade with Dubrovnik (Ragusa) in the
First Half of the 15th Century, in S. Rudiü (ed.), Spomenica Akademika Sime ûirkoviü/Ho-
mage to Akademician Sima ûirkoviü, Beograd 2011, pp. 159175; Eadem, „E s'egli regha
arienti o cera ...”: prime indagini sul commercio della cera a Ragusa (Dubrovnik) fra XV e
XVI secolo, in the soon to be published in „Mélanges de l'École française de Rome”.
20
ASPO, Ospedale, 7028, 483, Prato-Ragusa, Michele di Giovannino e compagni a
Giuliano di Marco Marcovaldi, 17 giugno 1421.
195
Paola Pinelli
chativi che m'àno diserto cho gl'inghanni e tradimenti che m'ànno fatto; e se
v'àe de' buoni, sono pochi”)21.
Foreign merchants found significant obstacles in trading with the
inland regions of the Balkans. Insecurity is evident, for example, in the reco-
mmendation made to Antonio dei Medici, heading East by land, not to ven-
ture into those areas without having found someone from Ragusa to act as a
guide („una persona pratica [...] secondo il consiglio et parere del quale
possi dirizare il proprio viaggio”)22. In his tax cadastral, Prato woollen cloth
merchant Michele di Giovannino expressed, once again a little overly dra-
matically, the fears and anxieties related to trade in those countries. He drew
up a long list of money believed to have been lost because the debtors had
gone to the wild and the impenetrable lands of Serbia and Bosnia, and lost
their way23. Aware of that, Ragusa merchants themselves often pretended to
be employed in those areas in order to settle their debts („io son impaçado
in Sclavonia e non poso eser a lo chomandamento de la vostra Signoria”)24.
All the insecurity, fear and the inability of the western merchants in-
venturing into the Balkan regions is also reflected in some letters and a book
of memoirs by Bonsignore Bonsignori, which are kept at the Florence Na-
tional Library.
Bonsignore left Florence for the East on 3 August 1497, along with
Bernardo Michelozzi, a humanist and son of the sculptor and architect Miche-
lozzo, and the merchant Giovanni Maringhi25.
Because of the spread of a plague, Bonsignore and his traveling com-
panions were forced to reach Pesaro through Rimini. They stayed in Pesaro
a month, waiting for a ride to Ragusa. It was not until 5 September that he
was given the opportunity to board a caravel bound for Dubrovnik. Due to
bad weather, they were forced to stay at sea for eight days. Once landed,
they decided to stay in Ragusa for more than a week, in order to stock up on

21
ASPO, Ospedale, 7028, 487, Prato-Ragusa, Michele di Giovannino e compagni a
Giuliano di Marco Marcovaldi, 20 agosto 1421.
22 F. Naitana, I beni dei Pazzi all’indomani della congiura. Un „passaporto” per la
storia delle relazioni fra Firenze e Dubrovnik nel tardo Medioevo, «Quaderni medievali»,
47, 1999, pp. 4175, p. 69.
23
Archivio di Stato di Firenze (hereafter ASFI), Catasto, 134, c. 769 r.
24
Državni Arhiv u Dubrovniku (hereafter DAD) II, Reformationes 9, Marino Lucc-
ari al conte e giudici di Ragusa, 8 febbraio 1330.
25
Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze (hereafter BNCFI), Mss. Magliabechiani,
XIII, 93; Mss. Ginori-Conti, 29, 99, cc. 2-5. The documentation is mentioned in the studies
of art history by E. BORSOOK, The Travels of Bernardo Michelozzi and Bonsignore Bonsig-
nori in the Levant (149798), „Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes” 36, 1973,
pp. 145197, with reference above all to Bernardo Michelozzi.
196
all that was needed for the trip, including 114 working animals. Other mer-
chants, mainly from Tuscany, soon joined the company. Altogether they
transported 120 „some” of woollen cloth to Constantinople26.
Interestingly Bonsignori, in describing Dubrovnik, laid particular
stress on the fact that the inhabitants spoke the „stiavona” language, the sa-
me used in the inland regions of the Balkans, implying that language was a
crucial element to deal with this kind of travel, and that it was therefore ne-
cessary to collaborate with the inhabitants of Ragusa („La lingua loro natu-
rale è stiavona [...]. Son tutti gran merchanti et richi et passa la lingua stia-
vona per tutta la Grecia et la Turchia largamente)27.
Departing from Ragusa on 20 September, Bonsignori began to write a
travel diary. He and his companions stayed in the open countryside as far as
Sofia, which means for the most of the route. In those areas there were no
refreshment places or taverns. At most they found shelter in caravanserais,
which were very primitive poor and dirty hotels. On the way he saw nothing
but mountains and silver mines, no towns, and only gypsies and pea-
sants. The landscape and population only changed once they reached Thrace
(„sempre allogamo alla campagna et maxime che, per insino in Andrinopo-
li, non si trovono mai hosterie nè alloggamenti, altro che casali tutti di ca-
panne. Per otto o dieci giornate sempre andamo per montagne et non vi si
trova chosa notabile salvo che vi si trovano fodine d'argento le quali fa
exercitare el turcho et talvolta le vende o alloca. Et questa parte hoggi la
chiamono Murlachia, dove sono homini che tutti paiono zinghani et villani.
Da poi dicono che si entra nella Bossina, che a me par tutto sia una, cioè
che la Murlachia sia parte delle Bossina. [...]. All'ultimo si trova una terra
che si domanda Nissa, assai bona, et dicono lì s'entra in Servia, a me par se
ne escha. Di lì dopo certe giornate si trova un'altra terra detta Sophia, dove
si comincia a tochare la Tracia et trovansi belli paesi et da man dextra è il
monte Olimpo di Tessalia”)28.
The group reached Constantinople on 16 November, after spending
nearly a month in Adrianople. As explained in the letters of Bonsignori, the
route that the Florentines faced was the first of the two we have mentioned,
the most frequented by western merchants. This route, as we have seen,
offered many stopping places where Ragusa had its own trading colonies.
Nevertheless, the words of Bonsignori reveal the fear of facing this type of
journey, because of the roughness of the landscape, with its tones and patt-

26
BNCFI, Mss. Magliabechiani XIII, 93, c. 9v.
27
Ibidem.
28
BNCFI, Mss. Magliabechiani XIII, 93, c. 10v.
197
Paola Pinelli
erns that were very different from those of the peaceful and rolling hills and
plains of Tuscany. In the eyes of Bonsignori, the inhabitants of those places
appeared barbaric, savage and uncouth as well as possessing unknown
tastes, customs and habits.
Bonsignori had been forced to give up everything he was used to, and
that distinguished the western way of life: he could only drink water be-
cause he could not find any wine; he could not eat normal bread, only coarse
and unleavened flatbread; he was not able to attend Mass („ò beuto aqua per
non havere trovato onde havere vino; et messer Bernardo dua sere se ne
andò a llecto sanza cena per non bere aqua [...]. E manchatoci el pane che
togliemo a Raugia, habiamo mangiato stiacciate non lievite cotte sotto la
brace, che così usano questi huomini, se si possono chiamare huomini, che
a me pare sia conveniente chiamargli bruti, sanza religione alchuna, né
sanno se si sono di Dio o del diavolo […]. Messa non ci s’ode perché non ci
si dice; a chiese non si va perché non s’odono le chanpane che ci chiami-
no”)29.
In our opinion, Bonsignori’s words should not be interpreted as being
derogatory. They are rather indicative of a deep fear and strong disorienta-
tion that westerners felt when they ventured into the inland regions of the
Balkans, an almost totally unknown environment, which was, and still is,
wild, untamed, with the typical features of a poorly urbanized area of which
the habits and language were unknown.
The same kind of feelings are evident in the accounts book of another
Florentine merchant, Daniele Strozzi, who travelled to Constantinople thro-
ugh Ragusa and the Balkans in 1523, taking woollen cloth for eastern mar-
kets30. Despite being extremely concise and dry, the accounts book with the
records of expenses incurred during the different stages of the trip, shows
the length and effort of the journey, which lasted, stops included, more than
four months. Daniele Strozzi left Florence in early December of 1523 for
Ancona, where he stayed until the 27th of the month; on 29 December he
was in Ragusa, where he remained until February 22. He also took the
busiest route. In fact, he was in Trebinje on 25 February and in Tjentišteon 4
March; on 5 March he crossed the river Drina heading towards Foþa. On 17
March he dismissed the caravan and, between 1 and 4 April, he arrived in
Adrianople. He finally arrived in Constantinople on 14 April 1524.
The records also show how perilous and insidious Strozzi’s journey
was, since the merchant demanded the traders who had entrusted him the

29
BNCFI, MSS. Ginori-Conti, 29, 99, c. 5.
30
ASFI, IV Serie Strozziane, 82, cc. 1–7.
198
cargo to be precise, 50 bales for a total of 200 pieces pay a refund of

8,083 „aspri” on a total value of the goods estimated at 32,960 „as-
pri”. Transport costs through the Balkan peninsula were thus equal to
24.52% of the value of the goods themselves, very high compared to the
most popular routes frequented by western merchants31. To give just one ex-
ample, in his studies on documentation regarding Francesco Datini, Federi-
go Melis shows that at the end of the 14th century, the cost for the trans-
portation of woollen cloth from Prato to Mallorca, was just over 3% of the
final revenue32. Luciana Frangioni, again with reference to the business of
Datini, estimated an average incidence of transport costs from Milan to
Avignon at around 10%33.
All this shows, in our opinion, the reason for the lack of a network of
large trade companies in the Balkans, especially Italian ones34, and the need
for western operators to lean on the merchants of Ragusa35. In our studies on
the economic and commercial relations between Ragusa and Florence, the
sources that we used have not revealed, at least with respect to the first half
of the 15th century, cases of Italian companies formed with the intention of
trading directly with the inland regions of the Balkan Peninsula. We were
only able to find that in 1429 Benedetto Schieri, a merchant from Prato,
took shares in a company from Dubrovnik for importing Bosnian silver,
investing 1,000 ducats36.
Venice itself did not consider it essential, as part of its commercial de-
sign, to have a constant and official presence in those regions and did not
invest resources and expertise for stable diplomatic consulates, but used to

31
ASFI, IV Serie Strozziane 82, c. 4r.
32
F. Melis, La formazione dei costi nell'industria laniera alla fine del Trecento, in F.
MELIS, Industria e commercio nella Toscana medievale, Firenze 1989, pp. 212307, p. 262.
33
L. Frangioni, Milano e le sue strade: costi di trasporto e vie di commercio dei pro-
dotti milanesi alla fine del Trecento, Bologna 1983, pp. 182184.
34
See also D. Kovaèeviü Kojiü, La Serbie dans l’économie de Venise au XVeme
siècle, in G. Ortalli, O. Jens Schmitt (ed.), Balcani occidentali, Adriatico e Venezia fra XIII
e XVIII secolo/Der Westliche Balkan, der Adriaraum und Venedig (13.-18. Jahrhundert),
Venezia–Wien, 2009, pp. 3952, p. 42; in addition A. Ducellier, La place des Toscans et des
Italiens du Nord dans le commerce balkanique au XVeme siècle: l’apport des sources ragu-
saines, Byzantinische Forschungen, 11, 1987, pp. 299314, p. 303.
35
See also R. ûuk, Delatnost dubrovaþkog trgovca Luke Milanoviüa dvadesetih godina
XV veka, Istorijski þasopis 38, (1991), pp. 1930; A. Ducellier, La penisola balcanica vista
dall'osservatorio veneziano nei sec. XIV e XV, in S. GensinI (ed.), Europa e Mediterraneo tra
Medioevo e prima Età Moderna: l'osservatorio italiano, Pisa 1992, pp. 297314.
36
DAD, XXXVI, Debita Notariae, 14, c. 353v. The company was made up of Luca
Radossaglich, Nicola di Marino Nale e Nicola Radulinovich.
199
Paola Pinelli
send its delegates only when necessary. In 1626, when the Senate asked the
Cinque Savi if there were Venetian trade posts in the Balkans like those
from Ragusa, they responded negatively37.
The search for a strategy aimed at enhancing trade with the inland re-
gions became a major concern for Ragusa. Many of its merchants chose to
limit their reach to controlling land trade in the inland regions of the Bal-
kans and to Constantinople: therefore, they were not widespread in the Eu-
ropean markets following the Florentine or Catalan model. By doing so,
they forced foreign operators interested in earning opportunities related to
goods that passed from Dubrovnik to rely on them, even informally, limiting
their action in the area by binding them to their own interests. The contrac-
tual instrument which foreigners had to resort to more frequently in order to
do business with Ragusa was the colleganza or commenda which, the fru-
it of a legal tradition linked to maritime trade, was common in trading cities
such as Dubrovnik and Venice, but alien to the Italian inland regions.
From an organizational point of view, most of the foreign companies
did not constitute subsidiaries in Ragusa. It would have been too risky to
invest permanently in commercial activities which were beyond their con-
trol and whose flows were determined by the merchants of that city. The so-
lution was to use fattori, a sort of agent who, without the support of a cor-
porate structure and without exclusivity, looked after and administered -
continuously and with full power commercial relationships on behalf and
in the name of a company. These agents had a wage determined on an ann-
ual basis and the reimbursement of expenses incurred. The fattori that ope-
rated in Ragusa were never shareholders of the companies they were repre-
senting, nor was their role similar to that of the commissionaire, the operator
who, with reference to a specific deal, acted on behalf of the client but using
his own name, on payment of a commission determined by the size of the
transaction. These agents were usually people sent from the motherland or,
as in the case of the afore mentioned Giuliano Marcovaldi, were people who
had emigrated a long time before and had built up extensive experience and
expertise in the affairs of Ragusa. In some cases local operators were chosen
whose skills and reliability were acknowledged through the testimonies of
other compatriots.
The position of foreigners was very different when, in the first half of
the 15th century, attracted by the favourable economic regime of the Repub-

37
Archivio di Stato di Venezia, Cinque Savi alla Mercanzia II serie, Ragusi, busta
141, 2 dicembre 1626.
200
lic of Ragusa, they were involved in the creation of the textile district38. The
wool merchants, mainly Italians, who migrated to Dubrovnik, found them-
selves operating in an environment that only had experience of the domestic
production of low quality woollen cloth, and in which the skills and capabi-
lities necessary to start production aimed at a broader market than the local
one, had not yet been developed.
Therefore, unlike the commercial sector, in the productive sector fore-
igners enjoyed a position of superiority and did not suffer major limitations
or constraints. The first wool companies that set up in the area of Ragusa
were handled exclusively by foreigners, who sometimes even invested per-
manently in the activity, keenly aware of the control they exerted on the ind-
ustry. When local operators entered the market, they were limited to provi-
ding warehouses and capital, while companies were managed and guided by
foreigners.
ɉɪɨɮ. ɉɚɨɥɚ ɉɢɧɟɥɢ

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ, Ɏɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ ɡɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ
ɎɂɊȿɇɌɂɇɋɄɂ ɌɊȽɈȼɐɂ ɇȺ ɉɍɌɍ ɉɊȿɆȺ ɂɋɌɈɄɍ

ɉɊȿɄɈ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄȺ ɂ ȻȺɅɄȺɇȺ ɄɊȺȳȿɆ 15. ȼɂȳȿɄȺ
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ
Ɉɬɤɪɢʄɟ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɟɦɨɚɪɚ ɮɢɪɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ

ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɨ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ (Ɋɚɝɭɡɚ)
ɢɦɚɨ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɂɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚ-
ɧɚ. Ɍɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɥɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ. ɍ ɨɱɢɦɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ-
ɰɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ, ɞɢɜʂɚ, ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ, ɨɩɚɫɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ. ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ,
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɬɚʁ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢɫ-
ɬɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ. Ɉɫɢɦ
ɬɨɝɚ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɭ ɦɨʄ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɡɚɬɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɚ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɥɨɤɚɥ-
ɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɨɛɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱ-
ʁɚ, ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ. Ɍɟɤ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɭ 16. ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ Ȼɨɫɚɧɰɢ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɢɡ Ɉɥɨɜɚ ɢ
Ƚɨɪɚɠɞɚ, ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɨɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɚɜɚ,
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɨɦ.

38
P. Pinelli, Tra argento grano e panni, cit., pp. 3751.
201
Paola Pinelli
ɋɜɟ ɨɜɨ, ɩɨ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɦɪɟɠɟ

ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ, ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟ-
ɛɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ. ɍ ɧɚ-
ɲɟɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ
Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɟ, ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɦɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɥɢ, ɛɚɪ ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɜɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɚ 15. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɟ
ɫɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨ-
ɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ.
Ɍɪɚɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ
ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ
ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚʃɟ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ
ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɨɩɨʂ: ɨɧɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɮɢɪɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚ-
ɬɚɥɨɧɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ. Ɍɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɢɥɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɬɟɪɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟ-
ɫɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɪɨɛɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ,
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ, ɱɚɤ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ, ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɪɟ-
ɝɢɨɧɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ. ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɰɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɩɪɢɜɭɱɟɧɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɨʂɧɢɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɛɢɥɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚʃɟ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɜɭɧɨɦ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ-
ɫɟɥɢɥɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ
ɞɨɦɚʄɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɧɢɫɤɨɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɟ ɜɭɧɟɧɟ ɨɞʁɟʄɟ, ɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɜʁɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɢ
ɭɦɢʁɟʄɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɥɨ-
ɤɚɥɧɨ, ɧɢɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɛɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɟ. ɍ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɟɤɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɧɚɞɦɨʄɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ, ɬɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɧɢ ɫɦɟɬʃɟ.
202
La storia delle città: un veicolo per la formazione alla cittadinanza
UDK 711.432:94(450)(091) DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15011

LA STORIA DELLE CITTÀ: UN VEICOLO PER LA FORMAZIONE

ALLA CITTADINANZA
Prof. Francesca Bocchi

Centro Gina Fasoli per la storia delle città Università di Bologna
Abstract: La consapevolezza dei meccanismi che una società elabora

per soddisfare i propri bisogni consente all’uomo moderno di vivere con
equilibrio il rapporto con la città. Questa constatazione non propone di tras-
formare un centro storico in un museo. La capacità politica di chi governa
deve essere quella di progettare il futuro rispettando le radici, di creare un
equilibrio fra il rinnovamento e la tradizione, in modo che ogni cittadino si
senta portatore di valori elaborati dalle generazioni che lo hanno preceduto. I
due esempi brevemente esposti in questo saggio, sono due facce diverse fra
loro, ma appartenenti alla medesima medaglia, perché raccontano la stessa
storia: o per scelta dei governanti o per scelte personali, una città è veramente
una civitas, quando i cittadini si riconoscono in essa e sanno dare il loro con-
tributo alla vita comunitaria.
Parole chiave: Storia delle città, Acqua potabile, Siena, Perugia, Bo-
logna portici.
1. INTRODUZIONE
La storia delle città, intesa come analisi/sintesi dell’insieme delle tra-

sformazioni urbanistiche e dell’evoluzione della società che ha generato quelle
trasformazioni, costituisce un valore che comprende in sé tutti gli aspetti della
vita comunitaria.
Le varie storie – politica, sociale, economica, culturale, religiosa – nel
loro insieme sono un complesso inscindibile, perché la città le contiene tutte
in sé e nessuna può essere comprensibile senza le altre. Tutte costituiscono
la base per comprendere le trasformazioni della città di pietra. A sua volta,
la città di pietra è la testimonianza parlante – se la si sa interrogare – degli
sviluppi, ma anche dei ritardi, che la società ha vissuto, talora come prota-
gonista delle trasformazioni, talaltra come soggetto passivo delle decisioni
prese da altri.
La complessità della storia di una città, che solo lo studio attento e ap-
profondito delle fonti storiche e archeologiche permette di ricostruire, è uno
strumento di consapevolezza per i cittadini di oggi e per quelli di domani,
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Francesca Bocchi
perché fornisce loro la capacità di vivere con equilibrio i rapporti comunitari e

interpersonali, rispettosi delle persone e delle cose, delle mura, delle case
povere e di quelle ricche, dei palazzi, degli edifici religiosi, dei fiumi, dei can-
ali, delle strade su cui hanno camminato i nostri antenati, i quali hanno creato
le condizioni affinché ne potessimo usufruire, con il compito di conservarle
per consegnarle alle generazioni future.
Per illustrare questi concetti presento alcuni esempi di come le città co-
munali italiane (XIIXIV secolo) abbiano elaborato delle politiche adatte a for-
nire le infrastrutture necessarie allo sviluppo economico, come le città comunali
abbiano messo in atto delle norme molto precise per disciplinare lo sviluppo
della città e rendere la struttura urbana – ereditata dal mondo antico e passata
attraverso la grande crisi tardoantica destrutturandosi – al passo con i tempi,
fornendo quei servizi che consentirono di rendere moderne le città (manutenzi-
one delle strade e dei canali, smaltimento delle acque reflue e dei rifiuti dome-
stici, sistemazione dei servizi igienici, fornitura dell’acqua potabile...). Questi
temi sono di grande portata, non solo per la loro importanza intrinseca, dato che
riguardano la qualità della vita delle persone, ma anche perché richiedevano
una visione politica lungimirante, per individuare le priorità e i problemi da
risolvere, così come la scelta delle risorse da investire.
Per queste ragioni, nell’ambito di un saggio breve come è questo, e per
non banalizzare le riflessioni se si privilegiassero solo quei pochi dati che ri-
sultano uniformi per la maggior parte delle città,1 si sono individuate due te-
matiche, fra le tante che potrebbero essere analizzate: un argomento che ha ri-
guardato tutte le città e un altro che è caratteristico di una sola città.
2. LA CITTÀ ASSETATA: RIFORNIMENTO IDRICO

E ACQUA POTABILE
Roma imperiale era celebre per la grandiosità della rete di acquedotti

che adduceva l’acqua alla metropoli.2 Le conseguenze della crisi tardoantica
si sono manifestate anche su quegli impianti. Non essendo garantita con
continuità la manutenzione, molti acquedotti hanno subito danni, ma potero-
1
Francesca Bocchi, Per antiche strade, Caratteri e aspetti delle città medievali, Ro-
ma 2013.
2
Cfr., oltre alla sterminata bibliografia su questo tema, il sito web Aquae Urbis Ro-
mae: the Waters of the City of Rome (<http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/waters/first.html>)
dell’Università della Virginia (direttore del progetto, ricerche, sviluppo e produzione: Ka-
therine Wentworth Rinne), in cui è prodotto e utilizzabile un GIS provvisto di scala del
tempo (timeline) riguardante tutte le strutture idriche della città di Roma dal IX secolo a. C.
fino al XVIII.
204
no comunque essere utilizzati per molti secoli successivamente, sebbene so-

lo parzialmente o con qualche interruzione.3
L’acqua è un bene insostituibile, necessario alla vita e non è possibile
immaginare interruzioni nel rifornimento. Ebbero quindi diffusione sistemi
alternativi agli acquedotti. Infatti cominciò ad essere sempre più frequente la
costruzione di pozzi privati, ma non mancarono anche le cisterne pubbliche,
grandi riserve di acqua potabile per il consumo domestico e per alimentare le
terme pubbliche e quelle residenziali. La cisterna più famosa è la spettacolare
Yerebatan Saray di Istanbul, dell’epoca di Giustiniano, ma ce ne erano anche
a cielo aperto, nei pressi della città, per garantire il rifornimento idrico alla
metropoli.
Sia pur fra alterne vicende, anche i papi dell’alto Medioevo hanno
provveduto a restaurare gli impianti di Roma che la crisi tardoantica aveva
mandato in rovina e ancor più gli acquedotti danneggiati in conseguenza
dell’assedio del re longobardo Astolfo (756).4
In età medievale le strutture più diffuse per il rifornimento di acqua
potabile per usi domestici furono i pozzi, che con semplici cavità cilindriche
raccoglievano le acque di falda e quelle piovane. Anche questo sistema con
il tempo si perfezionò. In superficie restò solo la vera del pozzo, come si ve-
de ancora oggi nei campi di Venezia, da cui si attingeva l’acqua pio-
vana, raccolta nelle camere impermeabili situate nel sottosuolo e filtrata per
mezzo di sabbia fluviale. (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1. Canaletto, Campo Sant’Angelo (1732), collezione privata. Sono evidenti le due vere
da pozzo che consentono di attingere l’acqua raccolta nel sottosuolo
3
Letizia Ermini Pani, Condurre, conservare e distribuire l’acqua, in L’acqua nei se-
coli altomedievali, Atti della LV Settimana di studio della Fondazione Centro italiano di
studi sull’alto medioevo (2007), Spoleto 2008, I, pp. 389-428, in particolare p. 402.
4
Ibidem, pp. 399401.
205
Francesca Bocchi
I palazzi nobiliari avevano strutture più complesse, come il grande po-

zzo con scala d’accesso alla camera sotterranea di deposito del trecentesco
Palazzo Steri di piazza Marina a Palermo, costruito nel secolo XIV.5 Come
ha tramandato nel secolo X Ibn Hwqal, molte case di Palermo avevano dei
pozzi domestici, soprattutto quelle dell’espansione islamica: „gli abitanti di
questi popolosi quartieri solevano dissetarsi quasi esclusivamente con l’ac-
qua dei pozzi scavati all’interno delle loro case”.6
Esigenze liturgiche hanno determinato la presenza di pozzi all’interno
delle cattedrali e, per motivi alimentari, anche nei monasteri, nei conventi,
nelle canoniche. Gli archeologi hanno trovato nella cattedrale di Palermo un
pozzo del secolo X, che risale quindi all’epoca in cui l’antica cattedrale pa-
leocristiana era stata trasformata in grande moschea, pozzo destinato agli usi
liturgici della religione islamica.7
Nei secoli centrali del Medioevo il rifornimento urbano di abbondante
acqua potabile è stata una delle attività che ha impresso la spinta alla moder-
nizzazione delle città. Nel periodo dei Comuni, non appena si presentarono
condizioni economiche favorevoli, non si perse l’occasione per realizzare le
strutture necessarie.
Nelle città in cui per la configurazione orografica era difficile approv-
vigionarsi di acqua potabile, in breve tempo furono costruiti gli acquedotti:
il primo fu quello di Perugia (125456), a cui ne seguirono molti altri. Il più
grandioso sistema medievale di adduzione dell’acqua potabile è quello sot-
terraneo dei bottini di Siena (Bottino Maggiore, 1334), stupefacente realtà di
tecnica idraulica e di simbolo cittadino, come si dirà più avanti.
Fornire beni e servizi indispensabili alla comunità era il metodo che de-
terminava il successo dei governi comunali e in particolare di quelli popolari.
L’adduzione dell’acqua a sua volta induceva interventi sulla viabilità urbana,
dato che spesso il rifornimento era situato in luoghi decentrati e talvolta anche
fuori dalle mura.8
Il rifornimento di acqua potabile non fu però una prerogativa delle sole
città comunali. Anche nelle città che non hanno conosciuto la fase
dell’autonomia furono realizzati dei sistemi complessi. Palermo musulmana
5
Pietro Todaro, Utilizzazioni del sottosuolo di Palermo in età medievale, in Palermo
medievale, VIII Colloquio medievale, Palermo, 26-27 aprile 1989, a cura di C. Roccaro, Pa-
lermo 1996 (Schede Medievali, 30-31), pp. 109128, in particolare p. 119.
6
Ibn Hawqak, Libro delle vie e dei reami, in Michele Amari, Biblioteca arabo-
sicula. Raccolta di testi arabi che toccano la geografia, la storia e la bibliografia della
Sicilia, rist. anast., Caltanissetta s.d., I, pp. 10-24.
7
Todaro, Utilizzazioni del sottosuolo, p. 118.
8
Alessandro Furiesi, L’acqua a Volterra. Storia dell’approvvigionamento idrico
della città, Siena s.d., p. 81.
206
conobbe la realizzazione di canalizzazioni dalla tecnologia sofisticata origina-

ria della Persia, i qanat, che in percorsi sotterranei portavano le acque di falda
e quelle sorgive dal territorio circostante fino agli edifici della città, collegati
mediante numerosi pozzi.9
L’ acquedotto di Salerno risale all’epoca longobarda. Le sue arcate
poderose richiamano quelle romane e attraversano ancora oggi una zona della
città. 10 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2. Salerno, Acquedotto di via Arce
L’acquedotto di Sulmona, città sede del giustiziere all’epoca del regno di

Manfredi di Svevia (12501266), fu necessario e utile per la città, ma anche
celebrativo per il re che lo aveva promosso: le sue grandi arcate evocavano gli
archetipi politici e istituzionali grandiosi dell’Antichità. (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Sulmona, Piazza Garibaldi, Acquedotto di re Manfredi.
9
Todaro, Utilizzazioni del sottosuolo, pp. 109128.
10
Ersilio Castellucci, Gli Acquedotti medioevali di via Arce. L’Anfiteatro di Salerno
(o Berolais), Salerno 1955.
207
Francesca Bocchi
Fonti per attingere acqua ad uso domestico, per abbeverare gli animali
e lavare i panni, ce n’erano anche in città minori della Toscana, come S. Gi-
mignano,11 Volterra e Massa Marittima, nelle Marche e in Umbria. Il ponte-
acquedotto di Spoleto (Fig. 4) recupera i modelli architettonici classici, tra-
smessi attraverso il De Architectura di Vitruvio – mai dimenticato per tutto
il Medioevo – e a sua volta con le sue imponenti arcate richiamava l’antica
pubblica utilità.12
Fig. 4. Spoleto, Ponte-acquedotto, detto Ponte delle Torri, percorso stradale. L’alto muro
contiene il canale per l’adduzione dell’acqua.
Un acquedotto, con la relativa fontana urbana, carico di simbolismo e di

patriottismo cittadino è quello che a L’Aquila porta l’acqua alla Fonte delle
Novantanove cannelle.13 L’Aquila è una città formatasi nel XIII secolo, grazie
11
Giovanna Casali, Elementi del repertorio architettonico tardo medievale toscano a Vico
Pisano, Castelfranco di Sotto, Cascina e S. Giminiano, in D’une ville à l’autre: structures
matérielles et organisation de l’espace dans les villes européennes (XIII-XVI siècle), Actes du
Colloque organisé par l’École Française de Rome, Rome, 1-4 décembre 1986, a cura di Jean-
Claude Maire-Vigueur, Rome 1989, pp. 741757, in particolare pp. 756757.
12
Il pilone centrale del grandioso manufatto spoletino raggiunge la profondità di circa 80
metri ed è lungo 230. Con ogni probabilità ripete il percorso di canalizzazioni e di
attraversamenti stradali di epoca antica, di cui conserva le fondamenta di alcuni piloni (Spoleto:
argomenti di storia urbana, a cura di Guglielmo De Angelis d'Ossat e Bruno Toscano, [Milano]
1985). Nella sua facies attuale non è fuori luogo attribuirlo a Matteo Gattaponi (circa
13001383), l’ architetto che ha costruito anche la Rocca di Spoleto per il cardinale Egidio
d’Albornoz e, probabilmente, l’altrettanto formidabile piazza pensile di Gubbio.
13
Fabio Redi, L’Aquila: infrastrutture idrauliche e ruolo socio-economico dell’acqua
in una città di fondazione medievale, in Medioevo letto, scavato, rivalutato. Studi in onore di
Paolo Peduto, a cura di R. Fiorillo, C. Lambert, Firenze 2012 (Medioevo scavato, VII), pp.
331350.
208
alla volontà delle comunità del contado che hanno preso la decisione, con il
concorso dei sovrani, di costruire una nuova città. La nuova città però non
annullò i valori dei luoghi d’origine. Infatti si costituirono tanti nuclei, chia-
mati locali, ciascuno con la chiesa dedicata al proprio santo e con una forte
coesione interna. La tradizione vuole che i locali fossero 99. Il definitivo
decollo urbano dell’Aquila avvenne dopo l’intervento del re Carlo I d’Angiò
(1265), che assegnò le parcelle di terreno alle famiglie per la costruzione della
casa, nel rispetto dell’unità di provenienza. Da quel momento in poi tutti gli
aquilani insieme, ormai consapevoli di far parte di un organismo unitario, ma
senza dimenticare le origini, fecero interventi per dotare la città delle infra-
strutture necessarie. Una di queste infrastrutture fu appunto l’acquedotto
(1272) che portava l’acqua in città, un’opera collettiva che si manifestò attra-
verso la costruzione della fonte. La fonte però non fu solo lo strumento per
attingere l’acqua, ma fu anche la celebrazione di un’impresa civica che, pur
mantenendo vivo e visibile il legame con i luoghi d’origine, faceva degli abi-
tanti dei singoli locali dei cittadini aquilani. (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. L’Aquila, Fonte della Rivera, detta delle 99 Cannelle, particolare.
I sovrani angioini hanno dedicato attenzione al rifornimento di acqua

potabile per la città di Napoli. Nel maggio 1300 re Carlo II d’Angiò fece
costruire delle fontane nella zona angioina della città di nuova urbanizzazio-
ne, per esempio nella rua Sellariorum e al Capo di Piazza (13051306),14
organizzando un apposito ufficio per la manutenzione dei condotti ”aqua-
rum fluentium per fontes et puteos civitatis Neapolis”.15
14
Camillo Minieri Riccio, Studi storici fatti sopra 84 registri angioini dell’Archivio
di Stato di Napoli, Napoli 1876, pp. 83 e 119.
15
Camillo Minieri Riccio, Notizie storiche tratte da 62 registri angioini dell’Archi-
vio di Stato di Napoli, Napoli 1877, p. 60, anno 1343: destinazione delle rendite della
gabella bonidenari della città di Napoli per l’appalto super mundatione meatum aquarum
burcalium et cantarorum fontanarum dicte civitatis.
209
Francesca Bocchi
La fontana di Piazza delle Erbe di Verona presenta un carattere parti-

colare. Nel 1368 Cansignorio della Scala, signore di Verona, fece sgorgare
acque potabili nella piazza del mercato da una nuova fontana. Per realizzare
questo manufatto fu utilizzata una statua romana antica, a cui furono aggiunte
le braccia e la testa che mancavano,16 una corona radiata e le fu messo tra le
mani un nastro su cui è inciso il motto del Comune: ”Est iusti latrix urbs hec et
laudis amatrix”. La simbologia è completata con il basamento in cui sono scol-
pite le teste dell’imperatore Vero che avrebbe fondato Verona, del re longobar-
do Alboino e del re Berengario, tutti personaggi che, secondo la leggenda, han-
no fatto grande la città. Popolarmente viene chiamata ”Fontana di Madonna
Verona”17 e con questo nome è indicata in tutte le guide turistiche. Cansignorio
volle rappresentare la personificazione della città, insieme alla funzione della
sua storia. È importante notare che è stato utilizzato un reperto archeologico:
era questa infatti l’epoca del pieno sviluppo del gusto per la classicità che
avrebbe dato i suoi frutti più noti nel secolo successivo.18 (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Verona, Piazza delle Erbe, fontana detta di „Madonna Verona”.
16
Questi interventi trecenteschi sono stati recentemente attribuiti allo scultore vero-
nese Giovanni di Rigino e alla sua bottega (Ettore Napione, Le arche scaligere di Verona,
Venezia 2009, pp. 192193).
17
Luigi Simeoni, Verona. Guida storico-artistica, Verona 1913, pp. 3-4; Maria Moni-
ca Donato, I signori, le immagini e la città. per lo studio dell’‘immagine monumentale’ dei
signori di Verona e di Padova, in Il Veneto nel Medioevo: le signorie trecentesche, a cura di
Andrea Castagnetti, Verona 1995, pp. 379454.
18
Francesca Bocchi, Imago urbis. Images of Italian Cities from the 12th to the 16th
centuries, in Von Menschen, Laendern, Meeren. Festschrift fuer Thomas Riis zum 65. Ge-
burtstag, a cura di G. Fouquet, M. Hansen, C. Jahnke, J. Schluermann, TĘnning 2006, pp.
221241.
210
2.1. Fonti e bottini di Siena
Siena è una città di collina, portare l’acqua in alto è un problema fra i più
impegnativi, ma la città lo ha risolto brillantemente, costruendo un sistema idri-
co complesso che si evidenzia ancora oggi negli imponenti edifici, chiamati
Fonti, di alta qualità architettonica – risalenti per la maggior parte al XIII secolo
– per il rifornimento dell’acqua, come Fontebranda, Fonte della Pescaia, Fonte
del Casato, Fonte di Ovile, Fonte Nuova d’Ovile, Fontanella e la Fonte di
Follonica, situata fuori dalle mura. (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. Siena, Fontebranda, ai piedi del convento di S. Domenico
Nella piazza del Campo si trova la monumentale Fonte Gaia, adorna del-
le sculture (quelle originali oggi sono nel Museo) di Jacopo della Quercia
(14091419), che però non si presenta con un edificio come quelle dei secoli
precedenti, in quanto nella piazza si utilizzava la fonte solo per attingere
l’acqua potabile.
Le fonti di Siena sono degli edifici che riparano tre vasche, la cui ac-
qua era destinata ad usi diversi, utilizzando una soluzione tecnica per evitare
l’inquinamento. Dal bottino giungeva nella prima vasca, più alta delle altre,
l’acqua pulita per l’uso potabile. Da questa vasca l’acqua traboccava nella
seconda dove venivano abbeverati gli animali, a sua volta più alta, rispetto
alla terza, dove si lavavano i panni.
Alle fonti arrivava l’acqua per mezzo di un complesso sistema di canali
sotterranei fin dal Duecento, chiamati bottini,19 alimentati dall’infiltrazione
19
I cunicoli si presentano, in generale, voltati a botte, con un’altezza di m 1,80 e una
larghezza di 80 cm. Alla base del cunicolo si trova una doccia di terracotta (gorello) nella
211
Francesca Bocchi
dell’acqua piovana, e da sorgenti situate nel territorio circostante.20 È un siste-

ma che percorre circa 25 km, costruito dal governo comunale. Particolarmente
complesso fu lo scavo del ”bottino maestro”, per alimentare la Fonte Gaia del
Campo, situata ad una quota più alta rispetto alle altre fonti. (Fig. 8).
Fig. 8. Siena, Bottino di Fonte Gaia. Le sinuosità del gorello consentivano il rallentamento
del flusso dell’acqua e il deposito delle impurità più pesanti
(Balestracci, La memoria dell’acqua, p. 162).
Eseguire dei lavori alle fonti richiedeva grande esperienza, per non
rischiare di interrompere il delicato equilibrio idrogeologico che ne consen-
tiva l’efficienza. Infatti nel 1295, quando il Comune ritenne necessario co-
struire la Fonte Nuova d’Ovile, fu dato l’incarico ad una commissione costi-
tuita da personaggi illustri fra cui lo scultore Giovanni Pisano e il pittore
Duccio di Boninsegna, ambedue artisti impegnati a lavorare per il Comune,
quale è convogliata l’acqua. Lo scavo dei bottini è stato consentito dalla particolare natura del
suolo su cui sorge la città. Il bottino maestro di Fonte Gaia, scorre a circa 10/12 metri di
profondità media. Misura 15.604 metri, di cui 1.600 entro le mura. Il suo volume di vuoti
totali è di 22.470 metri cubi (si veda il saggio geologico Antonio Maria Baldi, Gli antichi
bottini senesi, <http://sgg.it/pubblicazioni_tutti.php>).
20
Duccio Balestracci, Laura Vigni, Armando Costantini, La memoria dell’acqua,
Siena 2006, p. 26.
212
che hanno lasciato a Siena e al mondo testimonianze impareggiabili della

loro arte.21
2.2. La Fontana Maggiore di Perugia
Garantire abbondante acqua potabile alla popolazione è sempre stato un

servizio primario. Nelle città comunali fu anche la testimonianza evidente del-
la solidità e del buon governo del Comune. Il Comune di Perugia affrontò il
problema nel 1254 progettando un acquedotto distante 4000 passi dalla piazza
del mercato in cui sarebbe stata costruita la fontana pubblica.22 Fu un’opera
che richiese molto tempo per le difficoltà tecniche da superare, per le sospen-
sioni dei lavori e per le modifiche introdotte nel Trecento. Ma alla fine il lavo-
ro fu completato. (Fig. 9).
Fig. 9. Perugia, Via Acquedotto, resti dell’acquedotto medievale (XIII secolo)
L’acquedotto era una struttura imponente con lunghe arcate per supe-
rare gli avvallamenti, con percorsi sotterranei e condutture di piombo, ma
era delicata e ancora più delicata era la fontana da cui scaturiva l’acqua.
Si tratta della celebre Fontana Maggiore della piazza pubblica, realiz-
zata tra il 1277 e il 1278 da fra’ Bevignate da Cingoli, responsabile del can-
21
Maria Monica Donato, Il pittore del Buon Governo: le opere „politiche” di Am-
brogio in Palazzo Pubblico, in Pietro e Ambrogio Lorenzetti, a cura di Chiara Frugoni,
Firenze 2002, pp. 201208.
22
Giuliano Romalli, L’acquedotto medievale di Perugia e l’adduzione idrica nelle
realtà comunali centroitaliane, in Arnolfo di Cambio e la sua epoca. Costruire, scolpire,
dipingere, decorare, Atti del convegno internazionale di studi, Firenze-Colle Val d’Elsa, 7-
10 marzo 2006, a cura di Vittorio Franchetti Pardo, Roma 2006, pp. 317330. Si veda inol-
tre Attilio Bartoli Langeli, Loriano Zurli, L’iscrizione in versi della Fontana Maggiore di
Perugia, 1278, Roma 1996.
213
Francesca Bocchi
tiere e uomo di fiducia del Comune, dall’idraulico veneziano Boninsegna,

dagli scultori Nicola e Giovanni Pisano e da Rosso Padellaio, il bronzista
che fuse le tre statue e la tazza da cui sgorga l’acqua. Fu un’opera comples-
sivamente molto costosa, tanto che per concluderla furono imposti prestiti
forzosi a tutta la cittadinanza, alle comunità del contado e anche agli enti
ecclesiastici. (Fig. 10).
Fig. 10. Perugia, Fontana di Piazza.
Gli statuti di Perugia del 1342 dedicarono al complesso idraulico mol-

te rubriche del quarto libro: ”De la fonte de la piazza. E del conducto d’essa.
E de le citerne da fare”.23 Nella lunga rubrica degli statuti i provvedimenti
sancirono l’uso esclusivo della fonte per il prelievo delle acque potabili, per
cui non dovevano in alcun modo essere inquinate. Inoltre con apposite san-
zioni, protessero l’integrità del condotto e di coloro che accedevano alla fon-
te. Fu quindi individuata una zona di rispetto del raggio di tre passi attorno
ai gradini che circondavano la fontana. In questo anello si dovevano costrui-
re cinque o sette vasi di pietra, nei quali dovevano essere lavati l’interno e
l’esterno delle brocche e degli altri recipienti che servivano per attingere
l’acqua. Alla fontana ci si poteva anche dissetare: fu deliberata l’ esecuzione
di tredici tazze di rame, stagnate all’interno, da legare ciascuna con una ca-
tena di ferro ad ogni cannella da cui sgorgava l’acqua, per consentire a tutti
di bere l’acqua della fonte e di riempire i recipienti, però solo con l’esclusi-
vo uso delle tazze di rame. Si vietava espressamente di attingere l’acqua con
23
Statuti di Perugia dell’anno MCCCXLII, a cura di Giustiniano Degli Azzi, in Cor-
pus statutorum italicorum, II, Roma 1916, pp. 263268.
214
botti che potessero essere intrise di olio o di mosto, né si poteva abbeverare

gli animali, fare il bucato, lavare il cibo, usare le acque per fare la calce, o
lavorare i pellami.
Anche le celebri sculture dei Pisano furono protette dalla legislazione,
che sanzionava con il pagamento di cento lire, o l’amputazione della mano
destra se il colpevole non fosse stato in grado di pagare, chi con pietra, ferro o
legno ”romperà ... alcuna de l’emmagene sculpite” o le cannelle, o i catini.24
Inoltre si proteggevano anche le donne che si recavano alla fontana: ”niuno
huomo faccia alcuna engiuria overo violentia ad alcuna femmena andante
overo retornante da l’acqua trare”.
Il responsabile del buon funzionamento della struttura era il Podestà, il
quale, dopo un sopraluogo fatto con il Capitano del Popolo, con i Priori de-
lle Arti e con due delegati per ogni quartiere, ogni mese doveva ”zaminare
[revisionare] el viaggio e ‘l lecto del l’acqueducto e del canelato de la fonte
de la piazza”. Le finanze del Comune erano a disposizione per la manutenzi-
one ordinaria e straordinaria ”a ciò che l’acqua abundantemente s’aggia e
benga ne la fonte predicta”.
3. L’ARCHETIPO DELL’EQUILIBRIO DEI RAPPORTI

FRA SINGOLI E COMUNITÀ: I PORTICI DI BOLOGNA
Nel Medioevo tutte le città in Italia e in Europa conobbero l’esistenza

di portici (Fig. 11, 12), ma in nessuna sono giunti fino ad oggi portici tanto
numerosi come a Bologna. Quelli ancora superstiti all’interno delle mura del
XIII secolo si sviluppano per 38 km (Fig. 13), a cui si possono aggiungere
quelli del XVII secolo che permettono di salire dalla città fino alla collina,
dove si trova la basilica di S. Luca in un percorso completamente coperto di
4 km (Fig. 14). I portici oggi presenti in Bologna sono quasi tutti relativi ad
un’edilizia che è stata sostituita nel corso dei secoli e quindi appartengono
ad edifici costruiti fra il XIII e il XXI secolo.
I portici medievali erano costituiti da robuste colonne lignee portanti (Fig.
15)., di cui in città attualmente restano pochi esemplari (Fig. 16, 17). Con il tra-
scorrere del tempo sono stati sostituiti con strutture murarie per scongiurare il
pericolo di incendio.25 Già nel secolo XIII, gli edifici pubblici, come i palazzi
24
Statuti di Perugia, 1342, p. 265. Anche il danneggiamento dell’intero percorso
dell’acquedotto prevedeva la stessa pena, che diventava pena capitale se il danno bloccava
completamente il deflusso delle acque.
25
Le ripetute ordinanze effettuate a partire dal XIV secolo non sempre hanno
conseguito i risultati attesi, poiché non solo sono pervenuti fino ad oggi edifici con il porti-
co ligneo appartenenti ai secoli precedenti, ma addirittura ne sono stati costruiti anche suc-
215
Francesca Bocchi
comunali, o quelli di qualche famiglia straordinariamente ricca, presentavano il

portico in voltis, cioè architettonicamente strutturato nell’edificio in muratura
con colonne o pilastri su cui erano impostati gli archi di sostegno della facciata,
mentre le case private in generale continuarono a mantenere il portico di leg-
no.26
Fig. 11. Berna (Svizzera), Fonte medievale.
Fig. 12. Mirepoix (Francia, Midi-Pyrénées, Dipartimento d’Ariége).

Città nuova della fine del XIII secolo.
cessivamente. Il codice dell’Ospedale di S. Maria della Vita (Archivio di Stato di Bologna,

Demaniale, Campione, serie X, 14 (248)) del 1585-1601 presenta le miniature di edifici
costruiti nel XV-XVI secolo in cui il portico ha la struttura lignea di tipo medievale, mentre
l’alzato è chiaramente tardogotico: per esempio alla c. 214 (208). Cfr. Francesca Bocchi,
L'edilizia civile bolognese fra Medioevo e Rinascimento. Le miniature del Campione di S.
Maria della Vita (1585-1601), Bologna 1990, pp. 6-90.
26
In Bologna sono rimasti solo sette edifici con il portico di legno.
216
Fig. 13. Bologna, Pianta del centro storico. Con tratto evidenziato gli attuali portici della
città (I Portici di Bologna e l’edilizia civile medievale, p. 74-75.).
Fig. 14. Bologna, Ultimo tratto del portico seicentesco che dalla città conduce al santuario
di San Luca, con un percorso di circa 4 km.
217
Francesca Bocchi
Fig. 15. Struttura del portico ligneo medievale: 1 – isolante lapideo (gesso);
2 – colonna (castagno); 3 – puntoni; 4 – cavicchi lignei; 5 – capitello; 6 – architrave (ase-
nare); 7 – travetti correnti; 8 – solaio.
Fig. 16. Bologna, Strada Maggiore, Casa Isolani (sec. XIII-XIV), facciata, foto della prima
metà sec. XX (Fototeca della Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio in Bologna).
218
Fig. 17. Bologna, Strada Maggiore, Casa Isolani, strutture portanti interne.
Per comprendere le ragioni per le quali a Bologna i portici non solo si

sono sviluppati, ma si sono mantenuti nei secoli nonostante l’edilizia sia sta-
ta più volte sostituita, sono da ricercare nelle decisioni di politica urbanistica
prese dai governi comunali bolognesi nel Duecento.
Nelle città dell’Italia centro-settentrionale l’affermazione del Comune,
come Stato in grado di esercitare il pieno controllo politico sull’organismo
urbano, si manifestò, fra l’ altro, con la capacità di regolamentare il rapporto fra
spazio pubblico e spazio privato. Infatti nei secoli precedenti l’edilizia privata
era cresciuta occupando anche parte dello spazio della strada, nell’incapacità di
un potere che non era in grado, o non era interessato, ad esercitare il controllo
sul suolo pubblico. Già all’inizio del XIII secolo si ordinò l’abbattimento di
portici abusivi e di scale esterne che invadevano il suolo pubblico e ostaco-
lavano il traffico,27 con lo scopo di rendere la città più efficiente e più adatta
27
Si veda per esempio Giovanni Da Schio, Decreto edilizio emanato a nome del
Comune di Vicenza l'anno 1208 posto in luce con illustrazioni ed un cenno sulla storia dei
cimbri, Padova 1860; Bortolo Brogliato, Il centro storico di Vicenza nel Decreto Edilizio
del 1208, Vicenza 1979; Franco Barbieri, L’immagine urbana, in Storia di Vicenza, II,
L’età medievale, a cura di Giorgio Cracco, Vicenza 1988, pp. 247293.
219
Francesca Bocchi
alla fase di sviluppo economico che si stava attraversando. Non tutti gli edifici
non a norma furono abbattuti, probabilmente quelli che con il portico
invadevano il suolo pubblico, ma non recavano intralcio, furono conservati.
Furono interventi che dimostrano la forza di governi in grado di prendere anche
decisioni impopolari, perché andavano a toccare interessi consolidati.
Se in un certo senso fu condonata una parte dell’edilizia ”storica”, non
si accettarono però deroghe per il futuro. Infatti furono predisposte
delle regole che, con il passar del tempo, divennero sempre più precise e
rigorose. Quasi ovunque fu proibito costruire un portico sulla suolo della
strada, sancendo definitivamente la fine dell’uso privato del suolo pubblico,
dato che, se si voleva costruire un portico, era necessario chiedere la ”licen-
za edilizia” per ottenere il consenso ad utilizzare il suolo della via o della
piazza. La conseguenza fu che in quasi tutte le città non si costruirono più le
case con il portico. Ma non a Bologna.28
Per quello che riguarda i portici, Bologna aveva avuto una storia assai
simile a quella delle altre città, solamente però fino alla fase in cui si proibì
l’occupazione del suolo pubblico da parte dei privati. Il passo successivo di
Bologna non fu quello di ottenere il permesso di utilizzare il suolo pubblico,
fu invece di obbligare i proprietari privati a costruire la propria casa con il
portico sul suolo privato, ma ad uso dell’intera comunità. Il portico, che si
era formato per soddisfare le esigenze degli abitanti, occupando la via pub-
blica, a Bologna divenne di uso pubblico utilizzando il suolo privato. Per
vedere questo obbligo sancito in una legge bisogna aspettare il 1288,29 ma
già da più di due secoli, nelle aree di nuova urbanizzazione, molte case era-
no state costruite con il portico che insisteva sulla proprietà privata,30 (Fig.
18), e anche negli statuti della metà del XIII secolo moltissime rubriche
furono dedicate alla sistemazione e all’allargamento delle vie, con consegu-
ente intervento sui portici.
28
Bologna, 4 voll., a cura di Francesca Bocchi, Bologna 19951998 (Atlante storico
delle città italiane, Emilia-Romagna, 2), vol. II: Francesca Bocchi, Il Duecento, Bologna 1995.
29
Si veda qui nota 34.
30
Francesca Bocchi, Trasformazioni urbane a Porta Ravegnana (X-XIII secolo), in
Piazze e mercati nel centro antico di Bologna. Storia urbanistica dall’età romana al medi-
oevo, a cura di Roberto Scannavini, Bologna 1993, pp. 13-44, nella tabella in appendice.
Sempre nella lottizzazione di S. Stefano ne sono testimoniate altre su strada Castiglione
(1101), nel borgo di S. Stefano (1107). La testimonianza più antica è un contratto del 1041.
220
Fig. 18. Ricostruzione grafica di un edificio costruito sul terreno del monastero di S. Stefa-
no, realizzata sulla base del contratto d’affitto del 1107. Il portico insiste sul terreno della
proprietà (disegno di Paolo Nannelli).
Per esempio, nel 1250 fu emanata una norma generale, diretta a rendere
la città più ordinata. Riguardava la possibilità che ogni contrada della città, con
la maggioranza di almeno due terzi degli abitanti, potesse decidere di fare dei
miglioramenti alla via, per esempio predisponendo il sistema fognante, oppure
sistemando il selciato, o arretrando gli sporti delle case. Le spese sarebbero sta-
te a carico di tutti gli abitanti, anche di quelli che non avevano approvato la
decisione. Una volta deliberati i lavori e approvati dal Comune, essi venivano
inseriti nello statuto e dovevano poi essere eseguiti.31 Altre disposizioni aveva-
no lo scopo di allargare e bonificare le vie presso edifici pubblici o religiosi,
come presso la chiesa di S. Ambrogio, luogo di grande rispetto per il santo cui
era dedicata e perché era stata la più antica sede del governo comunale. Anche
nello slargo che c’era davanti alla cattedrale di S. Pietro e lungo la strada (pla-
tea maior) che proseguiva fino a Piazza Maggiore si doveva fare il selciato,
mentre i portici e le scale esterne invadenti il suolo pubblico dovevano essere
rimossi e mai più ricostruiti.
Perché i cittadini bolognesi del Medioevo hanno accettano di rinun-
ciare ad una parte della loro proprietà per metterla a disposizione dall’intera
comunità? Le ragioni sono spiegate dalla miniatura del codice degli statuti
31
Frati, 1250, II, p. 358, libro IX, rubrica 19.
221
Francesca Bocchi
dei Falegnami del 1248 che ritrae il falegname Nicholaus mentre lavora con
questa didascalia: ”Costui è maestro Nicholaus de Rasiglio, che ogni giorno
lavora sotto il portico di casa sua, nei giorni feriali e in quelli festivi”.32 (Fig.
19).
Fig. 19. Archivio di Stato di Bologna, Statuto dei Falegnami, 1248: „Iste est magister Nicholaus
de Rasiglio qui cotidie laborat sub porticu domus sue diebus feriatis et non feriatis”.
Infatti i portici offrivano riparo a coloro che potevano svolgere il proprio

lavoro anche fuori dalla loro bottega alla luce del giorno, soprattutto se costrui-
vano oggetti ingombranti. Il portico infatti era una specie di prolungamento del-
la casa e della bottega, funzionale ad essa, apprezzato tanto quanto i contadini
apprezzavano e utilizzavano le logge delle loro abitazioni campestri. Fu la con-
statazione di tutti i benefici del portico che deve aver portato gli amministratori
bolognesi alla svolta decisiva del mantenimento e dell’obbligo del portico,
perché sapevano che non avrebbero incontrato opposizione.
In conseguenza dello sviluppo economico molto forte vissuto dalla
città di Bologna nel Duecento, grazie alle capacità imprenditoriali dei suoi
abitanti e grazie anche alla presenza dello Studium (l’Università medievale),
che richiamò a Bologna migliaia di studenti ogni anno da ogni parte d’Italia
e d’Europa, fu necessario riorganizzare l’uso dei portici, vietando di ingom-
brarli con oggetti di qualsiasi tipo.
A partire dal 1250 gli statuti cittadini di Bologna sono stati concepiti
come veri e propri strumenti urbanistici. Le norme che contengono sono
generali e valide per tutti e per tutta la città, ma vi sono anche numerosis-
sime disposizioni riguardanti singole vie ed edifici specifici, dato che in
quella fase era necessario sistemare una città in cui l’edilizia era vecchia di
secoli e non si poteva azzerare del tutto la sua storia.
32
Archivio di Stato di Bologna, Statuto della Società dei Falegnami, 1248, Cod. min. 2.
222
La prima norma generale riguardava l’altezza dei portici: dovevano essere

alti almeno sette piedi (circa 2,70 m), per potervi transitare anche a cavallo.33
Negli edifici in cui il portico non aveva tale misura, il proprietario della casa
doveva metterlo a norma entro la primavera successiva, alzando il solaio del pri-
mo piano della casa, ma senza scavare l’impiantito, che in caso di pioggia si
sarebbe danneggiato. È evidente che, sebbene il suolo, il portico e l’edificio
appartenessero ai privati, era il Comune che dettava le regole su questo tema.
Sempre negli anni attorno alla metà del Duecento, furono emanate di-
sposizioni relative a singoli edifici o vie, che riguardavano la pulizia dei
portici e che mostrano come la gestione dei portici cittadini fosse completa-
mente e irreversibilmente nelle mani dell’amministrazione pubblica, indi-
pendentemente dalla proprietà del suolo su cui erano costruiti. Si normò in-
fatti il modo di far passare sotto l’impiantito del portico i condotti di scarico
delle acque domestiche per convogliarle verso i collettori fognari; si dettaro-
no le norme per la manutenzione; si ribadirono i divieti di occupazione con
materiali per mantenere libero il passaggio.
La disposizione legislativa generale, riguardante l’intera città, che sancì
l’obbligatorietà della costruzione del portico è contenuta negli statuti di Bologna
del 1288,34 dove si mise per iscritto una consuetudine ormai secolare, condivisa
dalla popolazione. Lo statuto del 1288 infatti obbligò tutti coloro che erano sotto-
posti alla giurisdizione del Comune di Bologna, i quali nella città e nei borghi
possedevano case e aree fabbricabili in strade che erano già porticate, se ancora
non avevano il portico, erano obbligati a costruirlo e a farne in perpetuo la manu-
tenzione. Questo dispositivo ha avuto molto successo, perché è ancora in vigore,
applicato in edifici di tutte le epoche, dal XIII secolo a oggi.35
33
Statuti di Bologna dall’anno 1245 all’anno 1267, a cura di Luigi Frati, in ”Monu-
menti storici pertinenti alle provincie della Romagna”, s. I, 3 voll., Bologna 18691877,
statuto del 1250, vol. I, libro I, rubrica 26, p. 188: ”...Et porticus omnes civitatis et subur-
biorum sint altitudinis VII pedum a terra supra, ita quod quilibet possit sub eis equitare, et
ille cuius fuerit porticus teneatur ipsum elevare et non fodere...”.
34
Gli statuti di Bologna dell’anno 1288, a cura di Gina Fasoli e Pietro Sella, 2 voll.,
Città del Vaticano 1937 e 1939 (Studi e Testi, 73, 85), vol. II, p. 163, libro X, rubrica 52:
”De porticibus faciendis per civitatem et burgos: Statuimus quod omnes obedientes et etiam
stantes ad mandata comunis Bononie habentes in civitate vel burgis domos vel casamenta
sine porticibus que solita sunt habere portichus, ipsas portichus si facte non sunt teneantur
facere fieri et compleri, silicet quilibet pro sua testata cum una sponda muri versus casa-
mentum pena et banno arbitrio potestatis. Si autem facta sunt manuteneantur perpetuo
expensis eorum cuius sunt casamenta predicta”. I borghi erano le vie situate fra le Mura dei
Torresotti (XII sec.) e le Mura della Circla (sec. XIII).
35
I Portici di Bologna e l’edilizia civile medievale, a cura di Francesca Bocchi,
Bologna 1990, pp. 74-75.
223
Francesca Bocchi
In quella disposizione, che giungeva a conclusione di una lunga elabo-

razione della normativa urbanistica e della formazione del consenso, non c’è
traccia di alcuna giustificazione, né per la pubblica utilità, né per il decoro
della città: furono poche righe, espresse da un governo che sapeva bene che
cosa faceva, poche righe che hanno definitivamente segnato il volto di Bo-
logna per i secoli futuri.
C’è stato però un periodo della storia di Bologna durante il quale la norma,
per la quale le case dovevano avere il portico, ha subito delle eccezioni. Si tratta
dei secoli durante i quali la città ha perduto la propria autonomia ed è entrata a far
parte dello Stato della Chiesa (15061796). Il governo era saldamente nelle mani
del Legato pontificio, mentre un numero chiuso di famiglie nobili sedeva nel
Senato, un organo rappresentativo della città, ma con poteri limitati. Le famiglie
senatorie però godevano di privilegi, il più evidente e simbolico era quello che
consentiva loro di costruire il proprio palazzo in città senza l’obbligo del portico
(Fig. 20).
Fig. 20. Bologna, piazza dei Tribunali, Palazzo Ranuzzi (palazzo senatorio senza portico),
sec. XVI.
In questo modo si sottolineava la supremazia nobiliare nei confronti del

resto della popolazione, che invece doveva sottostare a quella norma. Ma non
tutte le famiglie senatorie vollero abitare in un palazzo che finiva per isolarle
e non fu per loro motivo di essere considerate meno potenti e ricche se si
mescolavano con gli utenti del portico, uniformandosi all’edilizia consuetudi-
naria. Molti grandiosi palazzi rinascimentali hanno dei bellissimi portici e
sono inseriti nell’edilizia della via su cui si affacciano (Fig. 21).36
36
Carlo del Angelis, Istituzioni e società sino alla fine del Seicento, in Bologna
(Atlante storico delle città italiane, Emilia-Romagna, 2), vol. III, Bologna 1997, pp. 76-80.
224
Fig. 21. Bologna, piazza S. Stefano, Palazzo Amorini Salina (palazzo senatorio con porti-
co), sec. XVI (foto Carlo Pelagalli).
Solo con la fine del governo pontificio (sec. XIX), la normativa urba-
nistica non fu più uno strumento sociale discriminatorio, ma mal tollerato, tanto
che, appena possibile, l’obbligo della costruzione del portico, in tutte le case
prospicienti le vie in cui c’era la consuetudine del portico, tornò ad essere
quello medievale e lo è tuttora. (Fig. 22).
Fig. 22. Bologna, via Roma (attuale via Guglielmo Marconi). La grande arteria fu aperta
all’interno del centro storico negli anni Trenta del Novecento. Tutti gli edifici sono muniti di
portici su ambo i lati della via (Genus Bononiae, Musei nella città, fondo fotografico Brighetti).
225
Francesca Bocchi
Prof. Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ȼɨɤɢ, ɐɟɧɬɚɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, „ȭɢɧɚ Ɏɚɡɨɥɢ”

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɨɥɨʃɢ
ɂɋɌɈɊɂȳȺ ȽɊȺȾȺ: ɋɊȿȾɋɌȼɈ ɁȺ ɋɌȼȺɊȺȵȿ ȽɊȺȭȺɇɋɌȼȺ
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ
ɋɜɟɫɬ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ

ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɱɨɜɟɤɭ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟɧ ɨɞɧɨɫ
ɫɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ. Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɬ-
ɜɨɪɢ ɭ ɦɭɡɟʁ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨɪɟɧɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɢ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɚ ɬɪɚ-
ɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧ ɨɫɟʄɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɟ.
ɉɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɚɧɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɧɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɤɪɨɡ
ɰɟɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ʁɨʁ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɟ, ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɢ
ʁɚɜɧɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ
ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ.
ɍɩɪɤɨɫ ɬɨɦɟ, ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɧɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɢɥɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɨɫɬ ɤɚ ɧɨ-
ɜɢɦ ɫɬɚɦɛɟɧɢɦ ɪɟɲɟʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ
ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɋɜɟɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɢɰɚɬɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɭ ɧɚɲɟɦ
ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɧɟ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɞɨ ɭ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ. Ⱥɪɤɚɞɟ ɭ Ȼɨɥɨʃɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɟ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞ
ɭɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ, ɤɚɨ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ, ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɨʁ ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ. Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ,
ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɟ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɭɫɩɟɥɟ ɢɡɞɪɠɟ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɞɟɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɝɞɟ ɤɭʄɟ, ʁɚɜɧɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɬɪɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ɭ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʃɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɬɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɚɪɤɚɞɟ ɭ Ȼɨɥɨʃɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɫɬɢɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɫɬɚɨ.
Ɉɜɢɦ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɨɛɢɧɚ ɛɨɥɨʃɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡ-
ɧɚʁɭ ɢ ɜɢɞɟ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ Ȼɨɥɨʃɟ, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɪɨɻɟɧɢ ɛɨɥɨʃɟɠɚɧɢ ɥɚɤɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭʂɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɨʁɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɞɭɝɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɍ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɟɫɟʁɭ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɦɟɞɚʂɟ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɱɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɱɭ: ɛɢɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡ ɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɫɜɚɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ civitas ɨɧɞɚ
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ ɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
226
Der einfluss der situation von florenz ɚuf die verhältnisse zwischen Ⱥncona ...
UDK 323: 94(497.5 Dubrovnik)"04/18" DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15012

DER EINFLUSS DER SITUATION VON FLORENZ

AUF DIE VERHÄLTNISSE ZWISCHEN ANCONA
UND DUBROVNIK (RAGUSA)*
Prof. dr Peter Rokay, Historiker

Fakultät für Philosophie, Novi Sad
Abstract: Der Handelsverkehr zwischen Dubrovnik (Ragusa) und Ancon

im Mittelalter, hängt von mehreren ükonomischen und politischen Faktoren ab.
Zwischen ihnen auch von der Situation in am bedeutendsten Handelszentrum
Mittelitalien, der Stadt Florenz. Dubrovnnik (Ragusa) war schon immerher auf
Einfuhr der Victualien aus Italien gedrungen.Ihre Bedürfnisse, hatte er (sie)
teilweise in der Markt Ancona befriedigt. Dafür war avber die Erlaubnis der Be-
hörden,des Papstes und der lokalen Herren von diesen Gegend nötig. Wenn sich
die Verhältnisse zwischen diesen und Ancona gut waren, das bedeu8tete kein
Problem,als sie aber verschlächterten, entstanden in ihnen Schwierigkeiten.
Schlüsselworte: Florenz, Mark-Ancona, Dubrovnik (Ragusa), Situati-
on, Ökonomische-Politische, Verhältnisse, Mittelalter, Handelsverkehr, Mitt-
elmeerraum.
Der Handelsverkehr zwischen Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) hing im

späten Mittelalter von mehreren ekonomischen und politischen Faktoren ab. Von
den letzteren sollte am ersten Platz die Politik der wichtigsten See- und Handels-
macht des Mittelmeerraumes in diesen Zeitalter, der Republik von Venedig
erwähnt werden.1 Unmittelbar, oder mittelbar übten aber ein gewisser Einfluss
auf die Handelsverhältnisse von Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) auch die
ökonmische und politische Verhältnisse in anderen italienischen Städten, unter

Dieser Beitrag darstellt den unveranderten Text meines Aufsatzes gehalten deutsch am
Weltkongress der ekonomischen Historie in Mailand am September 1994. Inzwischen sind zwei
Bucher mit ieser Thema erschienen mein uber die Verhaltnissen Dubrovnik- (Ragusa)-s mit dem
Ankonitanischen Mark, wessen Angaben ich hier aussschliesslich zitiere, und Radmilo Pekiüs die
Frientiner am Balkanhalbinsel (ɉɟɤɢʄ Ɋɚɞɦɢɥɨ, Ɏɢɪɟɧɬɢɧɰɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ 1300–1600,
ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ. das aufgrund breiten
archivalischen Quellengrund, ausfuhrlich behandelt diese Problematik.
1
Rokai Petar, Dubrovnik i Ankonitanska marka u srednjem veku, Filozofski fakultet u
Novom Sadu, Odsek za istoriju, Monografije 32, Novi Sad, 1995, 23, 29, 32, 34-36.
227
Peter Rokay
anderen die in wichtigsten Gewerbewerkstatts des Appenninen Halbinsels und

bedeutendsten Handelzentrums von Mittelitalien; der reichen Stadt Florenz aus.2
Die Stadt Dubrovnik (Ragusa) die in unfruchtbaren Gegend von Dalma-
tien liegt, war immer auf Victualieneinfuhr angewiesen. Sie hatte ihre Bedür-
fnisse, besonders im Korn (Weizen) teilweise in der Mark Ancona befriedigt.
Die Ausfuhr des Kornes (Weizens) war aber im Mittelalter Regalienrecht und
so war dafür die Erlaubnis des Herrschers notwendig. Der allerhöchste Herr
der Mark Ancona war seit des Anfangs des XIII. Jahrhunderts der Papst. So
war für die Ausfuhr des Kornes aus dieser Provinz seine Erlaubnis notwendig.
Diese Erlaubnis hiess lateinisch "extractum bladii", italie-nisch aber nur
einfach "la trata".3 Bis zur Mitte des XIV. Jahrhunderts verkäufte der Heilige
Stuhl diese Erlaubnis den grössen guelfischen Handels- und Bankier Familien
in Florenz, wie die Bardi, Acciaiuoli und Peruzzi waren. Die haben mit dem
Kauf der Erlaubnis für die Ausfuhr eigentlich das Monopol des Korn (Weizen)-
handels erworben. Die Ragusaner haben ihre Bedürfnisse durch diese grosse
Firmen in der Mark Ancona befriedigt. Durch seine Filiale in Ancona verkäufte
zum Beispiel das Haus Acciaiuoli im Jahr 1303 der Kommune von Ragusa
5.177 Staren von Korn (Weizen).4
In der Mitte der vierzigsten Jahren des XIV. Jahrhunderts kam aber
bekannterweise zum Sturz (Bankerott) dieser florentinischen Bankier- und
Handelsfirmen.5 Der Fall dieser Häuser beeinflusste auch die Bedingungen der
Korn (Weizen)-Ausfuhr aus der Mark Ancona nach Dubrovnik (Ragusa). Die
Kommune von Dubrovnik (Ragusa) sollte jetzt die Ausfuhrerlaubnis, zunächst
von lokalen Behörden der Kommunen, wie Ancona und Herrschaften wie die
Varrano und die Malatesta suchen. So suchte die Kommune zum Beispiel 1349
durch Vita de Gozze (Guþetiü) von Ankonitanischen Behörden Zeugnis
darüber, dass die Ragusaner in Ancona keine "trata" brauchen bezahlen.6
In den Gegenden jedoch die auch weiter unter der unmittelbaren
Herrschaft des Papstes standen, die Erlaubnis für Korn- Weizenausfuhr gab der
Kardinal-Legat für die Marke der seinen Sitz in Bologna hatte. Die
komplizierte Situation um die Erwerbung der Erlaubnis für die Ausfuhr des
Korns (Weizens) nach dem Fall der florentiner Bankierhäuser illustriert eine
Anweisung, der die Kommune von Dubrovnik (Ragusa) 1374 ihren Boten
(Sindicus) Miltin Pribojevic gegeben habe sehr gut. Sie befahl ihm, dass er die
Erlaubnis für die Ausfuhr des Kornes (Weizens) zuerst von den Herren von
2
Rokai, n. d., 25, 26, 29.
3
Rokai, n. d., 120.
4
Rokai, n. d., 120.
5
Rokai, n. d., 120.
6
Rokai, n. d., 120.
228
Camerino Rodolfo Varrano, und von Rimini Galeotto Malatesta suche. Im Fall
dass sie ihm die Ausfuhr nicht erlauben würden, sollte sich Miltin für Erlaubnis
dem Kardinal-Legaten für die Marke wenden.7 Die Wirtschaftskrise in Florenz
in der Mitte des XIV. Jahrhunderts hatte also einen gewissen Einfluss auf die
Organisation des Korn Weizenhandel zwischen Dubrovnik (Ragusa) und der
Mark Ancona ausgeübt.
Die nächste Veränderung die die Haltung der Kommune von Florenz auf
die verhältnisse zwischen Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) ausgeübt hatte ein-
traf, zur Zeit der grossen Schisma, die 1378 mit der doppelten Papstwahl aus-
gebrochen hatte. Während Florenz den Papst Klemens VII. annerkannt hatte,
waren Ancona und Dubrovnik dem anderen Papst; Urban VI. weiter treu ge-
blieben. Wegen ihren Haltung, hatte Urban VI. die Florentiner exkommuniziert
und den christlichen Völker den Handel mit ihnen verboten. Das päpstliche
Verbot hatte auch Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) verpflichtet den Handel mit
Florenz aufzugeben. Das verursachte natürlich einen Rückgang im Handel-
sverkehr zwischen Dubrovnik (Ragusa) und Florenz und demzufolge auch
zwischen der erstgenannten Stadt und Ancona. Aber dieser Zustand dauerte
nicht lange. Florenz hatte schon 1386 Urban VI. als rechtmässigen Papst aner-
kannt.8
Wie wohl bekannt ist, bildete die Strecke zwischen Dubrovnik (Ragusa)
und der Mark Ancona einen Teil des Handelswegs der Mittelitalien mit dem
Balkanhalbinsel und weiter mit der Levante durch das Adriatische Meer am
kürzesten verband. Diese Strecke bedeutete sogleich die Verlängerung der
berühmten Via Emilia, die die Blühenden Handels- und Gewerbestädte
Mittelitaliens an der ersten Stelle Florenz in südostlichen Richtung mit der
Adriaküste verband. Diese Handelstrasse bedeutete für diese Städten im
Binnenland den kürzesten Weg zum Meer und weiter nach Dubrovnik (Ragu-
sa). Diese Stadt darstellte das südwestliche Tor des Balkanhalbinsels und wich-
tigen, besser gesagt die wichtigsten Station an dem Seeweg nach dem östlichen
Mittelmeerraum, allgemein genannt Levante.
Als wichtige Umlageplätze betätigten sich Dubrovnik (Ragusa) und
Ancona im grossen Mass am Verkehr der sich längs dieses Wegs entwickelt
hatte. Das führte zur Entwicklung der Handelsbeziehungen zwischen dieser
beiden Seestädte. Der Ausgangspunkt, oder Endziel mehreren Fahrten die
zwischen Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) in beider Richtungen fuhren waren
Florenz's Messeplatz oder ihre Werkstätte.
Florenz aber, obwohl man sie zu den grössten Kaufmannstädte Italiens
7
Rokai, n. d., 120.
8
Rokai, n. d., 25.
229
Peter Rokay
zählte, hatte einen grossen Nachteil gegenüber den anderen wichtigen Hand-
elszentren Italiens, der sie in dieser Hinsicht nicht nur hinter Venedig und
Genua, sondern sogar nach Pisa hinterstellte. Florenz lieg nähmlich nicht an
der Küste. Zu Florenz war am nächsten der Hafen von Pisa; Porto Pisano, aber
mit der Nachbarkommune von Pisa war Florenz durch dem Mittelalter sozusa-
gen ständig verfeindet.
Diese ungünstige Umstand der Lage von Florenz war um so segenhafter
für Ancona, den nächsten grösseren Hafen am westlichen Ufer des Adriatisch-
en und ihren Partner an der östlichen Küste, vor allem für Dubrovnik (Ragu-
sa).9 Dieser Zustand dauerte aber nicht ewig. Nach erbitterten Widerstand ero-
berte Florenz am 9. oktober 1406 Pisa und hatte sich so an der Küste des Tyrr-
henischen Meers befestigt. Jetzt hatte Florenz einen eigenen Seehafen. Die
Wirkungen von diesen Umstand bleiben nicht lange aus. Der Verkehr zwischen
Florenz und der Adriatische Küste verminderte sich rasch. Das hatte natürlich
schwerwiegende Folgen auch für die Verhältnisse von Ancona und Dubrovnik
(Ragusa) die teilweise von der Lage Florenz's abhängen.10
Dazu kamen auch einige Störungen die den Verkehr zwischen Dubrovnik
(Ragusa) und Florenz durch die Mark Ancona beunruhigten. Der Hauptaus-
fuhrartikelSo, zum Beispiel gleich am Anfang des nächsten Jahres nach der
Eroberung Pisas durch die Florentiner, am Ende Jänner 1407 beschlagnahm
Giovanni Brancaleoni, der Herr (Signore) von Casteldurante, oder Castrodu-
rante, einer kleinen Herrschaft (Signorie) der sich am Weg zwischen Florenz
und Ancona befand, 470 Pfund Silber den die Ragusaner durch seine Herrsch-
aft nach Florenz fuhren. Auf die Drohungen mit Repressalien von der Floren-
tinische Kommune, die für Intervention auch den Papst Innozenz VII. Bewe-
gen hatte, gab Brancaleoni das Silber den Ragusaner nach langen hin und her
zurück.11 Es geschah ahnlich als das Silber das die Ragusaner 1422. nach
Florenz fuhrten. Dann hatten das, der Herr von Urbino Guidantonio Montefel-
tre und der von Pesaro Malatesta de Malatestis beschlagnamt. Die Ragusaner
bekamen ihr Silber erst im nachstes Jahr (1423) zuruck.12 Die Unsicherheit des
kontinentalen Wegs hatte bestimmt gegen die Verbindung zwischen Florenz
und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) durch die Mark Ancona gewirkt, obwohl diese die
kürzeste war.
Im XV. Jahrhundert aber änderte sich die Situation nochmals. Die Ersch-
einung der Türken im westlichen Teil des Balkanhalbinsels im unmittelbaren
9
Rokai, n. d., 23.
10
Rokai, n. d., 52.
11
Rokai, n. d., 29, 142–143.
12
Rokai, n. d., 143.
230
Hintergrund von Dubrovnik (Ragusa) verursachte eine ganze Reihe der Ver-
änderungen in den Verhältnissen zwischen Dubrovnik (Ragusa) und Mitt-
elitalien. Die Beziehungen der allen drei hier erwähnten Kommune zu dem Os-
manenreich waren uɧgefähr bis zur Mitte des Jahrhunderts verhältnissmässig
gut, aber nach dem Fall Bosniens unter der Türkenherrschaft 1463 verschlecht-
erten sie sich.
Dieser Umstand hatte doch merkwürdigerweise zur Belebung des
Verkehrs zwischen Dubrovnik (Ragusa) und Florenz, durch Ancona geführt.
Die Florentiner hatten nämlich teilweise unter dem Druck der öffentlichen
Meinung in Westeuropa und noch mehr wegen der Furcht von Venetianer, die
mit dem Osmanenreich im Krieg waren und darum den Seehandel mit der
Türkei zu stören, die florentinische Schiffe, die nach dem türkischen Gebieten
segelten kapperten, die unmittelbare Schiffart nach diesen Gebieten unter der
Gewalt des Halbmonds nach 1467 abgeschafft.13
Seit dieser Zeit bevorzugten die florentinische Kaufleuten wieder den
alten Weg nach dem Balkanhalbinsel durch die Strecke zwischen Ancona und
Dubrovnik. Als Folge dieser Veränderungen in der Haltung der Kommune von
Florenz gegenüber den Osmanen belebte sich der Seehandel zwischen den
Häfen dieser zwei Städte an der beiden Küsten des Adriatischen Meeres. Nach
1479, als die Venetianer mit dem Sultan Mohammed II. Frieden geschlossen
hatten, kehrten die Florentiner zu dem unmittelbaren Seehandelsverkehr mit
den Lander unter türkische Herrschaft zurück.
Das dauerte jedoch nicht lange. Als Mohammed II. 1481 starb versch-
lechterten die Verhältnisse unter seinem Sohn Bajezid II die bis dahin gute Be-
ziehungen zwischen Florenz und dem Reich des Halbmonds nochmals. Wie
früher wählten nun die erfahrene Kaufleuten aus der Arnostadtden schon lange
her ausprobierte Handelsroute, die teilweise durch Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ra-
gusa) führte. So kamen im März 1482 Dominicus Leoni und seine Kompag-
nions aus Florenz durch Ancona mit einem Schiff beladen voll mit Stoff und
Leinwand (400 Pezen) die einmal schon 72 Peza geführt haben nach Türkei
fahrend nach Dubrovnik (Ragusa). Neben Florentiner kamen Kaufleute durch
Ancona auch aus anderen Städte Mittelitaliens.
Die Florentiner waren wie in Ancona als auch in Dubrovnik (Ragusa) be-
günstigt. In der letzgenannten Stadt hatten sie Zollbegünstigungen, wie die Ver-
schiebung der Bezahlung des Zolls bekommen. In Ancona 1499, als die
Verhältnisse zwischen dieser Stadt und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) ihren Tiefpunkt
erreicht hatten könnten einzig die Florentiner im Hafen von Ancona die Schiffe
der Ragusaner, ohne die neueinführten Taxen zu bezahlen, mieten (pachten).
13
Rokai, n. d., 33, 64, 67, 136,143.
231
Peter Rokay
Die jede andere Nation, in der ersten Reihe selbstverständlich die Ragusaner
bezahlen sollten.14
Der intensive Handelsverkehr zwischen Florenz, Ancona und Dubrovnik
(Ragusa) führte zur Mischung der Bevölkerung. Die Mark Ancona spielte auch
in dieser Hinsicht eine Vermittlerrolle. Es gab Florentiner die in der Marke
lebten und durch ihren Landsleuten in Dubrovnik (Ragusa) als Kaufleute tätig
waren. Das war zum Beispiel der Fall mit Antonio Michieli aus Florenz, der
1470 in Dubrovnik (Ragusa) Verträter (Procurator) seines Landsmannes Pietro
Allei, der in Rechanati in der Marke lebte, war.15
Neben den Kaufleuten aber, in der Migration der Bevölkerung nahmen
auch andere Schichten der Population beider Regionen teil. Nicht in der letzten
Reihe die intellektüelle Elite. Wir erwähnen hier nur einen karakteristischen
Beispiel. Den Fall von Tyddeo Acciarini. Acciarini war Herkunft nach aus
Florenz. Er ist aber in San Elpidio, kleinem Ort in der Mark Ancona geboren.
Als Erwachsen trat er in den Dienst der Sforza von Pesaro und Mailand.
Nachher siedelte er sich nach Dalmatien über. Nach langen Wanderungen kam
er nach Dubrovnik (Ragusa) wo er Schulmeister, und Lehrer der berühmten
humanistischen Dichter Ilija Crijeviü und Šišgoriü wurde.16
So pflanzte ein in der Marke Ancona geborener Florentiner die Ideen des
Humanismus, die vielleicht zuerst in dieser Stadt entstanden an die andere
Küste des Adriatischen Meeres über. Die Marke Ancona bedeutete also wie in
wirtschaftlichen als auch in kulturellen Hinsicht eine Brücke zwischen die
beiden Küsten des Adriatischen Meeres. Andererseits hatte die geistige
Entwicklung in Florenz, in der Wiege des Humanismus, durch die Marke auch
nach Dubrovnik ihren unaufhaltsamen Weg gefunden. Die allgemeine
Entwicklung Florenz's hatte also wie in materiellen so auch in geistigen Be-
reich auf die Verhältnisse zwischen Ancona und Dubrovnik (Ragusa) ausge-
wirkt.
14
Rokai, n. d., 136.
15
Rokai, n. d., 115, 155.
16
Rokai, n. d., 159,160.
232
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Peter Rokay, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ

Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ
ɍɌɂɐȺȳ ɋɂɌɍȺɐɂȳȿ ɍ ɎɂɊȿɇɐɂ ɇȺ ɈȾɇɈɋȿ

ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ȺɇɄɈɇȿ ɂ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄȺ (ɊȺȽɍɁȿ)
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ
Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɨɦ

ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɨɞ ɜɢɲɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ
ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨʁ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ, ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɟ.
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɤɨʁɢ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ ɧɟɩɥɨɞɧɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɭɜɟɤ ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ɧɚ
ɭɜɨɡ ɩɪɟɯɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɠɢɬɚ ɩɨɞɦɢɪɢɜɚɨ
ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɭ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɢɬɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɦɚɪɤɢ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɜɟɤa, ɡɚ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɠɢɬɚ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ,
ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɚ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ – ɩɚɩɟ. ɉɚɩɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XIV ɜɟɤɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɢ, ɬɚɤɨ
ɞɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɟ. Ɉɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɜɟɤɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ
ɨɜɢɯ ɮɢɪɦɢ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɛɚɜɟ ɨɞ ɩɚɩɫɤɨɝ ɥɟɝɚɬɚ ɭ Ȼɨɥɨʃɢ ɢ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɚɩɟ ɢ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɟ
ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɚɪ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɫɚ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɨɦ, ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɝɨɞɢɥɨ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ. Ⱦɟɨɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɤɪɚʄɢ ɩɭɬ ɡɚ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨ 1406. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢɡɥɚɡ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ
Ʌɟɜɚɧɬɭ. Ɉɞ ɨɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɭ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ ɉɨɪɬɨ ɉɢɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ Ɍɢɪɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɦɨɪɭ,
ɮɚɜɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɭɬ ɨɤɨ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ ɢ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɯɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɦɚʃɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɟ ɧɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ. ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɭɜɨɡɧɢ ɚɪɬɢɤɚɥ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɭ, ɩɪɟɤɨ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɢɬɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɚɪɤɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɪɟɜɨɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ
ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ. ɉɨʁɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢ-
ɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ (Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ) ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɡɚɥɟɻɢɧɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɞɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
1463. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɟ ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ. ɂɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ
ɧɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ, ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɢɞɟʁɧɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɢ
ɯɭɦɚɧɢɡɦɚ.
233
Peter Rokay
234
Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ: ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɨɫɜɪɬ
ɍȾɄ 339.17(497.13:497.15)"04/14" DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15013

ɌɊȽɈȼɂɇɋɄɂ ɍȽɈȼɈɊɂ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ȻɈɋɇȿ ɂ ȾɍȻɊɈȼɇɂɄȺ

ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵȿɆ ȼȿɄɍ: ȾɂɉɅɈɆȺɌɂɑɄɂ ɈɋȼɊɌ
Ⱦɪ ɇɟɜɟɧ ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɚ

ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧ-
ɫɤɨʁ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɢ. ȼɟɤ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢ ɫɭɫɟɞɢ,
Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɭ ɭɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ. ɉɪɜɢ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɢ. Ɍɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɚ ɩɢ-
ɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɯ
ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ
ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɪɨɛɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɬɟɤɭʄɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɫɟ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɢɡɢɪɚʁɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, Ȼɨɫɧɚ, ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢ-
ɤɚ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɢ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ.
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɦɭɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɬɚʃɟ ɢ

ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɥɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɲʄɭ, ɚ
ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɥɟɻɟɦ.1 ɇɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɭ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ – ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɨɦ.2 Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɜɢɲɟ
ɜɟɤɨɜɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ
ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ (Ɍɪɚɜɭɧɢʁɚ ɢ Ɂɚɯɭɦʂɟ). Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɛɚ-
ɧɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɪɜɚ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɡɚɥɟɻɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ʃɨɦɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚ
1
V. Foretiü, Povijest Dubrovnika do 1808. godine I, Zagreb 1980; Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ (=Ʌɋɋȼ), (ɩɪ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1999, 741–745
(ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ).
2
Ɂɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɧɟɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ: D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Sarajevo 1961; D.
Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Privredni razvoj srednjovjekovne bosanske države, u: Prilozi za istoriju
Bosne i Hercegovine I – Društvo i privreda srednjovjekovne bosanske države, Sarajevo
1987, 89–190; ɂɫɬɚ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007;
Ista, La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles, Belgrade 2012.
235
ɇɟɜɟɧ ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɚ ɧɚʁɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ XII ɜɟɤɚ.3 Ɉɧɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɤɢɞɚɧɚ, ɫɟɦ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ, ɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢ ɫɭɫɟɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 1320. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ II Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄ ɩɪɟɨɬɟɨ ɏɭɦ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɢɦɚ ɢ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢ. Ɋɚɫɚɩɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ⱥɥɬɨɦɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ (1373) ɢ
ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟɦ Ȼɚɥɲɢʄɚ (1377), Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ I ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ, ɫɚ ɫɜɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɢɨ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɭ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨɦ.4 Ɉɞ ɬɨɝ ɬɪɟ-
ɧɭɬɤɚ, ɩɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɨɫɧɚ
ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɭ ɨɲɬɪɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɟ, ɩɚ ɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɟ.
Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ,
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIV ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɲ-
ɬɚ, ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ
ɪɟɝɚɥɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢ ɭɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ
ɢ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɢ, ɬɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚʁɦɨɜɟ
ɨɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɚ.5 ɂɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɚɲɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ – ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɢɡʁɚɜɟ ɨ
ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɢɰɟ, ɛɟɥɟɲɤɟ ɨ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɢɦɚ (ɞɟɩɨɡɢ-
ɬɢɦɚ).6 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɬɪɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫ-
ɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɞɪɠɚɜâ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ. ȵɟɧɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɨɞɜɢ-
ʁɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɫɧɨ ɫɤɨɩɱɚɧɨ ɫɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤ-
ɬɚ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɭɜɨɡɢɥɢ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɧɭ ɪɨɛɭ, ɩɥɚɬɧɨ,
ɦɨɪɫɤɭ ɫɨ, ɪɚɡɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ, ɚ ɢɡ ʃɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɢɥɢ ɫɢɪɨɜɢɧɟ (ɦɟɬɚɥɟ –
3
D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 9–14; C. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (=ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964, 46–49; Osamsto godina pove-
lje bosanskog bana Kulina, 1189–1989 (ur. A. Peco), Sarajevo 1989. (ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɞ: Ⱦ. Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ, 37–44).
4
C. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 88–92, 133–135; ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɏɭɦɫɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1996, 55–73.
5
D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 15–40; Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ I–II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1955–1962; I. Voje, Kreditna trgovina u srednjovje-
kovnom Dubrovniku, Sarajevo 1976; Ʌɋɋȼ, 273–274 (ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ), 326–329 (Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɟɜɢʄɄɨʁɢʄ); ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 2002; ɇ. Ʌɟɦɚʁɢʄ, Ⱦɭɲɚɧɤɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ (30. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1935
– 2. ɚɩɪɢɥ 2005) (ɛɢɨ-ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ), ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ 16 (2005) 11–21; ɋ. Ɇɟɪɟɧɢɤ, Ⱥ.
Ɏɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ Ɋɭɠɟ ȶɭɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ
(=ɂɑ) 56 (2008) 15–20; ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ. ɍɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010.
6
ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 124–129, 135–140; ȭ. Ȼɭɛɚɥɨ, ɉɢɫɚɧɚ
ɪɟɱ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2009, 35–45, 157–165, 209–214; ɇ. ɉɨɪɱɢʄ, Ⱦɢɩ-
ɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ: ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2012. (ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ); ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2014. (ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ).
236
ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɛɚɤɚɪ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɟ, ɞɪɜɨ, ɜɨɫɚɤ, ɤɨɠɟ, ɜɭɧɭ, ɪɚɡɧɟ
ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɡɜɨɞɟ).7 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɥɢ
ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ Ȼɨɫɚɧɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ, ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ, ɡɚɤɭɩɢɦɚ
ɢɥɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ.8 ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚɲɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨ-
ɞɚ-ɪɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɨɦ.9 ɇɟɤɢ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɦɚɞɚ
ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɫɚɞɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʂ Ɍɨɦɚɲ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɢ
Ɍɪɨɝɢɪɚɧɢɧɭ (1449), ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɥɢɱɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ
ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɦ ɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɢɦɚ, ɧɚɠɚ-
ɥɨɫɬ, ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɢ.10 ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚ-
ɡɭɦɢ ɢ ɫɜɢ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ, ɨɫɢɦ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ.11
7
D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 12–14, 19–34, 51–60, 116–125, 165–186; Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɉ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɂɑ 18
(1971) 143–153; Ista, La laine dans l'exportation des matières premières de la Bosnie
médiévale, in: La lana come materia prima: i fenomeni della sua produzione e circolazione
nei secoli XIII–XVII : atti della prima Settimana di studio (18–24 aprile 1969), a cura di M.
Spallanzani. Firenze 1974, 289–290; Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɤɚɧɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɢ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1982; ɇ. Ʌɟɦɚʁɢʄ, Ⱦɭɲɚɧɤɚ Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, 11–21;
D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Les métaux précieux de Serbie et de Bosnie: Estimation de la
production (XIVe–XVe siècle), in: Der Tiroler Bergbau und die Depression der europäisch-
en Montanwirtschaft im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert, her. von Rudolf Tasser und Ekkehard
Westermann, Innsbruck–Wien–München, 2004, 87–93.
8
ɋ. Ɇɟɪɟɧɢɤ, Ⱥ. Ɏɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ Ɋɭɠɟ ȶɭɤ,
15–20.
9
D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 9–18, 22–25, 33–34, 39–40, 43–51; Ʌɋɋȼ, 362–363,
756–758 (ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ). ɇɚɩɨɦɢʃɟɦɨ ɞɚ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɱɢ ɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ.
10
ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ (=ɋɋɉɉ) I–2, (ɩɪ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ –
ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ, 1934, 481; Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, Ƚɞjɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ (=ȽɂȾ Ȼɢɏ) 4 (1952)
275–276; Ista, Trgovina, 98–107; M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija (odnosi u XIV. i XV. st.), Sa-
rajevo 1996, 335–337.
11
ɍ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɭ ɋȺɇɍ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɧɚ Ɇɚɬɟ-
ʁɚ ɇɢɧɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɤɚ Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ Ɋɭɫɤɨʁ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɢ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɭ ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɭ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪɚɤ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥɨɦ, ɭ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɫɩɨɪɟʃɚ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ. ȼɢɞɟɬɢ: J.
Vrana, Da li je saþuvan original isprave Kulina bana, Paleografijsko–jeziþna studija o
primjercima isprave iz g. 1189., Radovi Staroslavenskog instituta 2 (1955) 5–57; Isti, Koji
je od triju saþuvanih primjeraka original iprave Kulina bana? Radovi Zavoda za slaven-
sku filologiju 4, Zagreb 1961, 73–86; G. ýremošnik, Original povelje Kulina bana (Prilog
pitanju ovjeravanja naših listina srednjeg vijeka), Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu
(=GZM) nova serija (= n. s.) 12 (Istorija–Etnologija) (1957) 195–213.
237
ɍɜɢɞɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɛɨɫɚɧ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ 30 ɞɨ-
ɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɟ. ɉɪɜɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɚɭɬɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɚ
ɛɚɧɚ Ʉɭɥɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ
ɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɦ.12
Ɉɞɪɟɞɛɟ Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ
ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟ-
ɝɢʁɢ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ, ɧɢɫɭ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɩɢ-
ɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɚ ɨɩ-
ɲɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ.13 Ʉɚɨ ɤɪɚʂ ɢ ɡɚɱɟɬɧɢɤ
ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ I ɩɨɫɜɟʄɭʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ
ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢɡ 1378. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɨɫɧɢ-
ɜɚɱ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ
Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɫɭ, ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ.14
Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɟ
ɟɤɫɬɟɧɡɢɜɚɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɜɢɲɟ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɢ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲɧɢʁɟ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɟ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɬɚ-
ʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ „ad hoc”, ɭɫɥɟɞ ɬɟɤɭʄɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɟɝ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɚ, ɤɨɧɰɢɡɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢʁɢ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ-
ɱɚɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɧɢ ɭ ɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ (ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɜɢɧɟ, ɜɚɠɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɞɚɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ
ɦɢɪɚ), ɞɨɬɥɟ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ „ɨɛɢɱɧɢ” ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ (ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ, ɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɜɢɞ
ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɤɚɨ ɝɟɫɬ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɜɨʂɟ ɢ ɫɥ.). ɇɟɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɨɞ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ. Ɉɜɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɭ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɭɤɭɩɧɢɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɢ-
ɦɚ, ɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɢ
„ɨɛɢɱɧɢɯ” ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ.15
12
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ I, 1186–1321 (=Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ), (ɩɪ. ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ , Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2011, 49–52; Osamsto godina povelje bosanskog bana Kulina, passim.
13
Ɇ. Ʉɨɫ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 13. ɜɟɤɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 123 (1927)
1–65; D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 9–12, 15–25, 43–48.
14
D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 48–51; C. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 166–306; D.
Lovrenoviü, Na klizištu povijesti (Sveta kruna ugarska i sveta kruna bosanska 1387–1463),
Zagreb–Sarajevo, 2006, 83–338.
15
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 511–517.
238
Ʉɚɤɨ ɧɢ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ

ɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ, ɧɚɲ ʄɟ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɪɚɡ-
ɦɨɬɪɢɦɨ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɢʁɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟɦ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɢ-
ʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɭ.
*
Ɉɩɲɢɪɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ, ɫɜɟɱɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚɥɧɟ
ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɛɚɧɨɜɢ, ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢɦɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ
ɡɟɦʂɢɲɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɭ ɡɚɦɟɧɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ, ɭɫɥɭɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɭ
(ʁɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɭ ɢɥɢ, ɱɟɲʄɟ, ɜɢɲɟɤɪɚɬɧɭ) ɧɚɤɧɚɞɭ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ
ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ɬɪɢ-
ɛɭɬɚ, ɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɭɠɧɢ ɞɚ ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ
ɫɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ XV ɜɟɤɭ.16
ɑɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɢɡɭɡɟɦɨ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢɛɭɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɥɚ-
ʄɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ „ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ”, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɭɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɋɬɨɧɚ ɫɚ
ɉɟʂɟɲɰɟɦ, ɋɥɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɢɦɨɪʁɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ, ɝɪɚɞ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ
ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɨ-ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɡɚ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.17
ȼɟʄ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɬɚ, ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪɢ ɢ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɢ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɤʂɭɱɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɚ-
ɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɭɧɨɦ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟ ɨɞɜɢ-
ʁɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɪɨɛɟ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɚ-
ɜɟɞɧɨ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɟɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɫɚ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ
ȳɚɞɪɚɧɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ʁɟ, ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ, ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ, ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ.18 ɋɬɨ-
ɝɚ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ.
Ɉɞ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ʁɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɫɜɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɨ. ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ʉɭɥɢɧɚ ɩɨɡɢ-
ɜɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ, ɧɟ ɛɨʁɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ
16
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɢɛɭɬɢ. Ɇɨɝɨɪɢɲ, ɋɜɟɬɨɞɦɢɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ Ʉɨɧɚɜɨɫɤɢ
ɞɨɯɨɞɚɤ, ɉɪɨɜɢɠɢɭɧ ɛɪɚʄɟ ȼɥɚɬɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 86 (1935) 203–257; D. Kovaþeviü,
Trgovina, 15–25, 43–51, 161–164; ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɭ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ: ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ 19–21. ɦɚɪɬɚ 2009, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 2009, 217–232.
17
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɢɛɭɬɢ, 205, 209–226, 231–250.
18
D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 89–97; M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija, 303–341.
239
ɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɨɝ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɪɨɛɟ.19 ɋɜɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɛɚɧɚ ɇɢɧɨɫɥɚɜɚ, ɧɚɫ-

ɬɚɥɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ 1232–1249, ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɟʁɟɞ-
ɧɚɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɚɫɧɟ ɧɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ
ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɨ ɯɨɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɦ, ɛɟɡ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ
ɞɟɫɟɬɤɚ (10% ɰɚɪɢɧɟ).20 ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɟ ɫɭ, ɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɪɢ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ
ɭ ɜɢɞɭ, ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɛɟɡ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ
ɢɦɚɥɟ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɢ ɠɟʂɭ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɟ ɧɟɫɦɟɬɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɚ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɦ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ. ȼɟʄ
ɇɢɧɨɫɥɚɜʂɟɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɫɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ
ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɭ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ (ɩʂɚɱɤɟ, ɫɩɨɪɨɜɢ, ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɚɬ-
ɧɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ).21 ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɚɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ II, ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɨ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɢɦɚ (1332) ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ,
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɜɟʄ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɨɞ-
ɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɨɤɨ ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɫɥɭ-
ɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɩʂɚɱɤɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ.22
19
...výsi dúbrový~ané kiré hòdé po moémú vladaniõ trýgúõké, gýdä si kýto hoké
krävati, godä si kto miné, pravový värový i pravÿmý srýcémý drýàti é bézý výsakoé
zýlédi, razývä ðo mi kýto da svoiový volový pokloný, i da imý né búdé òdý moihý
~éstýnikový silé, i do kolä ú méné búdú, dati imý sývätý i pomoký, kakoré i sébä,
kolikoré mogé, bézý výséga zýloga primÿsýla (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 49–52).
20
...da hodé vlasi svobodno, ihý dobitký, tako kako sù ú bana Kùlina hodili,
bézý vsé habé i zlédi: a ä kùdä oblada, tùdä si hodité prostrano i zdravo, a ä
priäti kakoré samý sébä, i naúký davati od vsé zlédi (ɩɪɜɚ – Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 139–140); ...i
da svobodno hodité ú moéi zémli, da vi nä désétka nikogaré (ɞɪɭɝɚ – Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 141–
142); ...i po zémlé i vladanié moé i moihý sÿný da si hodité svobodýno i prostrano
bésý výsakä désäðiné i bésý nikérä inýné danié, i pa~é da moi kýméti i moi lõdié i
moi vladalýci da vi lõbé i da vi hrané òdý zla sý pravový véromý (ɬɪɟʄɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚ –
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 153–155, 181–183). Ɉɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨ-
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɞ ɫɬɢɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ.
21
...i ako nékýto òdý moihý kýméti ili òdý moihý lõdié ~iné vi krivinú, da sé
pri prédý mnový, i à da imý súdú pravi súdý, i àko vi à pravinä né ~inú, to to à
krivý, i ako sä razýratitä sý kralämý ra{ýki, da vasý né damý ni va{ý dobitéký,
pa~é da vi úhranú sý výsämý va{imý dobitkomý; i ðo sé ~inilo pré i poslä, da sä pri,
i da né izýma (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 182). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ɇ. Ʉɨɫ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, 46–53; J.
Vrana, Tko je pisao najstarije dubrovaþke üirilske isprave, Slovo 6–7–8 (1957) 311–334.
22
...i ako Bo{naniný úzýmé dobitaký dúbrova~ki na vérú, a kniga búdé ú
DÚbrovnici, ako knézý i súdiè po{lõ da è kniga prava, da è vérovana, da plati
240
ɇɚɱɟɥɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ-

ɜɢɧɟ (1356) ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ
ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɢɡɞɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɥ-
ɛɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ.23 ɋɚ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɟɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ, Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ
ɞɚ ɢɡɧɨɜɚ ɭɪɟɞɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɋɪɻɚ, ɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɡ 1378.
ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɟ, ɢɦɚɨ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ. Ɉɧɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ: Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ ɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɭ, ɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɩɨ-
ɞɚɧɢɰɢ ɢɯ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɦɟɥɢ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩʂɚɱɤɚɬɢ. ɋɜɚɤɚ ɲɬɟɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ-
ɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɻɟɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɪɢɛɭɬɟ, Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɠɚɧ
ɞɚ ɲɬɢɬɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ.24 ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɫɬɜɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ 1377. ɛɢɨ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɨɤ-
ɪɭɠɟɧ Ȼɨɫɧɨɦ.25
Dúbrov~aninú i bézý prästav{tiné; ako li tatý ili húsarý úzmé Dúbrov~aninú ú ba-
novú vladanõ, tko sé úvè, da plati Dúbrov~aninú i bézý prästavðiné, a gòspodinú
banú vsaki ·œ÷· volova na svoõ glavú i da sé né vraté. Ako ratý búdé, ~ésa Bogý úli{i,
mégõ Bosnòmý z Dúbrovnikòmý, da da gòspodiný baný Stépaný roký Dúbrov~anòmý
·œ÷· miséca, da si pogõ ú Dúbrovniký slobodno (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜ-
ɰɢ 1929, 43–45). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ɋ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ II Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ ɨ ɪɟɲɚ-
ɜɚʃɭ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ (=ɋɋȺ) 6 (2007) 35–54.
23
...nos vobis obligamus quod omnes mercatores vestre civitatis cum suis mercantiis
ad fidem et gratiam, protectionem nostram sucipimus(!) et vestram comunitatem servare in
iuribus, libertatibus, consuetudinibus, protectionibus, prout a prefato Stephano bano, prede-
cessore nostro, novimus vobis concesum et conservatum (ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ
Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1356. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɋɋȺ 6 (2007) 139–150).
24
...i zapisahý i òbnovihý i bolý{é isplýnihý vývsakú svobodú i ~istotú, da si
imaõ tézi úväté i zakoné i povélè i trýgový~ýké svobodé tvrýdé i népotvoréné i
nikimý òtýèmlèmé...da ima hoditi dúbrový~ýki trýgý i trý`ýci svobodno i nikimý
né výzbranýno po vsoi zémli i drýàvä kralèvýstva mi, da né ima nikto za nÿhý ni za
nÿhý trýgý pohvatiti ili ~imý zabaviti, ni vlastéliný ni vlastéli~i}ý ni kto lõbo
ni malý ni véliký: ako li kto drýzné i potvori slovo kralèvýstva mi, i úzmé imý {to
vý òblasti kralèvýstva mi, da ima nimý platiti kralèvýstvo mi i_svoé komoré, a
krivca togo da i{té kralèvýstvo mi; i òbé{tava sé kralèvýstvo mi, da imamý nihý
vladaniè blõsti i òbývarovati òdý gúsé, òtý tadýbé, òdý vsaké zlobé i silé; i èðé sé
òbätúè kralèvýstvo mi, ako kto imé {to govoriti ili nasilovati gradú Dúbrovnikú
za sizi dohodýký, koi imaõ davati kralèvýstvú mi, da ima kralèvýstvo mi òtý toga
nihý braniti, i pomagati, da im sé näkoà ~téta ú vladaniõ ili ù trýgovcú né ú~ini
za to (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 75–83). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: D. Lovrenoviü, Na klizištu povijesti, 614–723.
25
I ða Bogý né dai, i slú~i sé näkoè vrämé, i né búdé siàzi zémlà ú òblast(i)
kralèvýstva mi, Träbinè i Konavli i Dra~évicé, volà kralèvýstvo mi né sývrý{i i né
òpravi vi{é ré~énoga i né plati trý`cý, godä né òbývarovati vladanià, ili nagè
241
Ʉɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɫɭɦɚɪɧɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɥɢ Ɍɜɪɬ-

ɤɨɜɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ, ɬɟ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɢ ɪɟɱɢ. ɇɨ, ɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɟ
ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɟ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɭ ɮɪɚɡɭ ɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɭɱɜɪɲ-
ʄɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ.26 ɂɡɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚ-
ɻɚʃɭ ɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɯ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ, ɧɚɤɨɧ
Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ I, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨʁ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɨ ɬɪɝ-
ɨɜɢɧɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ – ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɍɨɦɚ-
ɲɟɜɢʄ (1461). Ɉɧ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɛɢɨ ɦɨɬɢɜɢɫɚɧ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ ɫɚ
ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɭɨɱɢɨ – ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ ɧɟɛɨɥɚɧɨɝ (ɧɟɠɢɝɨɫɚɧɨɝ) ɫɪɟɛɪɚ
ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɪɢʁɭɦɱɚɪɟʃɟ. ɍɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ
ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɛɟɡ ɠɢɝɚ ɨ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɨʁ ɰɚɪɢɧɢ,
ɬɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɡɚ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɧɟɨ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰ.27
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɦɪɬɢ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ I (1391) ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢ, ɫɭɫɟɞɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ, ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɭɩɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɪɚʄɚ
ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɢ ɩɪɜɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨ-
ɞɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.28 Ɉɛɚ
nihý näkoà ~téta za òný dohodýký, da kralèvýstvo mi né ima pitati òd nihý onoga
dohotka ni kto ini po kralèvýstvú mi, ni òni da sú drýàni davati ga (ɋɋɉɉ I–1,
80).
26
...kako da bismo i miñ po òbi~aõ ré~éné gospodé nämý potvrýdili i ústanovi-
tili prývihý na{ihý svobodýðiné, zakoné i úväté i povélè gospodé srýbýské, ra{ké i
bosanýské (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 172–175). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɚɛɢɲɟ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɋɋȺ 6 (2007) 167–182.
27
...ðo bi godi nihý trýgovci ili nihý slúgé srébra nosili iz na{éga rúsaga ú
Dúbrovniký ili inúdé, kúdé imý drago, ðo bi sé godi na{lo ú koga nihý trýgovacý ili
slúga srébra nébolana, da mú sé né moré ino úzéti srébro négo ònoliko samo, koliko sé
naidé srébra nébolana, a ònoi, ðo é bolano, da ponésé na slobodnú ili mú ú Dúbrovniký
ili inúda, kúda mú drago, béz niédné zabavé kralévýstva mi ni vlastéò moihý i ni
vlasnika ni carinika na{ihý...da òdý sada napräda né búdé nikadarý vé}é ú na{émý
rúsagú niédnomú dúbrov~aninú ni slúgamý nihý niédnoga präúzma ni za édno tú}é
prädúìé, négo da sé naidé po zakonú, tko búdé dúàný, ònai istacý da ima platiti, a
da sé pravomú né mo`é úzéti za krivoga niédno imanié pravoga (ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 162–165).
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 46–48, 102–105; ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ
Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ (=ȽɉȻ) 2 (2009) 153–168.
28
ɇɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɤɚɡɧɚɰ ɋɚɧɤɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɢɫɦɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚ-
ɧɢɦɚ (ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɦ ɨɤɨ 1359/1361. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ) ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ
ɰɟɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɚɱɢɧɢɨ ɬɟɤ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ (1391). ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 103–104, 123–127; ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ
Ȼɟʂɚɤɚ ɢ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɋɋȺ 7 (2008) 113–127; Ⱥ. ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟ-
ʂɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ȽɉȻ 1 (2008) 75–86; ɂɫɬɢ, ɉɢɫɦɨ
ɠɭɩɚɧɚ ɋɚɧɤɚ Ɇɢɥɬɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ȽɉȻ 2 (2009) 35–44.
242
ɱɢɧɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɚ ɭɡɭɪɩɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɚ

ɰɟɥɚ ɫɬɜɚɪ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɰɪɜɟɧɨɝ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɡɚ
ɨɬɢɫɚɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɤɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ.29 Ɋɚɞɢɱ ʁɟ ɭɤɢɧɭɨ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ, ɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɟ
ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɧɨɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɭɦɫɤɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ.30 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɜɚ-
ɤɜɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ɜɟʄ 1397. ɢ ɤɧɟɡ ɉɚɜɥɟ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɢɡɞɚʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɨ ɧɢ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ
ɚɤɬ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɚ. ɉɚɜɥɟ ɫɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɧɚ ɢɡʁɚɜɚɦɚ ɨ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭʄɢ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ.31 Ⱦɚ
ɫɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ
ɧɟɤɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ, ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ.
Ɉɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɨɞɨɜɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɦ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɢɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ
ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨ ɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ
ɭɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞʃɚɱɢɨ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ.
Ɉɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɝɭ ɪɚɧɢ-
ʁɢɯ – ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɫɚ ɪɨɛɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ
„ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɡɚɛɚɜɟ”.32 Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɩɨɪ ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɨʁ-
29
G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje srednjeg vijeka. II A. Bosanske povelje,
GZM n.s. 4–5 (1949–50) 129–196; Isti, Bosanske i humske povelje srednjeg vijeka. III
Humske povelje i pisma. A. Kancelarija Sankoviüa. B. Kancelarija Jablaniüa, GZM n.s. 6
(1951) 84–89; Isti, Studije za srednjovjekovnu diplomatiku i sigilografiju Južnih Slavena,
Sarajevo 1976, 75–81; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 230–233.
30
...da vsaki Dúbrov~aniný hodi s trýgomý i bés trýga svobodno po vsémý moèmý
vladaniõ i gdi godi ä úzmogú dohititi Š... ...¹ ni cariné nä silé nii èdné népravdé, négo
li da imý sú vsi dobŠ... ...¹ Stipana i ú bana Stipana i ú Ɍvrýtka Š... ...¹ op}ini
dúbrova~koi ú vsé povélé i svobo~Š... ...¹ gospodé srýpýské i bosanýské i homýské (ɋɋɉɉ I–
1, 126–127). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ⱥ. ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ,
ȽɉȻ 1 (2008) 75–86. Ɋɚɞɢɱ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɤɢɧɭɨ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ.
31
...da samý Dúbrovnikú priätélý viraný i da priämý gradú Dúbrovnikú i da
sablúdamý nihý trýgovcé i nihý trýgý òdý vsakoga zla vsúdä kúdi búdú mo}i dosé}i
i da mogú nihý trýgovci slobodno dohoditi s trýzmi i s poträbami po vsoi moòi
drýàvä i po vsihý koi nasý slú{aõ stoäti koliko imý búdé lúpko, i paký slobodno
po}i sa vsiémý béza vsaké zabavé sablúdéni i òbarovani (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 245). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ⱥ.
ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ȽɉȻ 1 (2008) 99–110.
Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɢɦɚ, ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɱɚ „ɨɛɢɱɧɢɯ”
ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ.
32
... ...i òbétova gospostvo mi bit_imý srý~ani präàtélý i värýni do výka, i
nihý trýgovcé i lõdi toliko à voida Radosavý koliko moi poslédni i tko méné slú{a
sablõdati i òbarati òda svaké zlobé i ðété po svoi moioi drýàvé i výzdé, dgé búdú
moki doséki (1420 – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 567–568); ...i òbitúé gospocstvo mi biti imý
srýd~ani i virni priàtélý do vika i nihý trýgovcé i lúdi i imanýé sablúdati po svoi
243
ɧɢɦ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ɉɟɬɪɨɦ ɫɭ ɚɦɧɟɫɬɢɪɚɧɢ (1421). ɑɚɤ ɫɟ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɨ ɦɢɪɭ

ɩɨɫɥɟ Ʉɨɧɚɜɨɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ (1432), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɰɚɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ,
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɞɚ ɯɨɞɟ ɩɨ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɨʁ
ɡɟɦʂɢ.33 Ɉɞ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɚɪɨɜɧɢɰɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɢɡ 1427. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɮɨɤɭɫ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢ-
ʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɤɭ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɢ, ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ.34 Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɂɜɚɧɢɲ
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ (1442)35, ɢɡ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ,
ɨɧɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɉɚɜ-
ɥɨɜɢʄɚ – ɉɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɡ 1454. Ɍɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ: ɨ „ɩɪɚ-
ɜɢɦ ɰɚɪɢɧɚɦɚ”, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ 6 ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ
ɪɚɬɚ.36 ɋɥɢɱɧɭ ɦɟɪɭ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭɡ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɤɪɚʄɢ ɪɨɤ, ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɟɨ
ɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ.
ɍɝɨɜɨɪɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɚ ɑɪɟɦɨɲɧɢɤɨɜɚ ɦɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɡɚɤ-
moòi drýàvi, i vsúdi, kúdi na{a moðý moré dosé}i, i vsaký, tko nasý slú{a da ihý
sablúda i òbarúé òda vsakoé zlobé i ðété...I vsakoé vrýsté ~loviký dúbrova~ki i s
imanýémý da é volaný hoditi po na{oi drýàvi slobodno i òpétý pohoditý sa vsimý
bé_zabavé kako i vazda (1421 – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 573–577); ...da smò Dúbrovnikú dobri i
värni i srý~ani priàtélýè, i da nihý trýgovci i nihý blago sablõdamò, i da nihý
vlastélé dúbrova~ké i nihý slõgè za niédnoga ~lovika volõ ni za strahý ni za pänézè,
za niédnò prodaistvò zlò do dnè i do viéka da né òstavimò za vsakò podobnò dälò
(1423 – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 585–591).
33
...da mo`é stoàti i hoditi slobodno po zémli gospoctva mi kakoto vsaki
Dúbrov~aniný... (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 617–627).
34
ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 592–606.
35
ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 100–104.
36
...òbätova gospoctvo ni...da nihý trýgovci i nihý lúdié slobodno búdú
hoditi po na{émý rúsagú i stati i trýgovati i ú inè rúsagé minovati z glavami i s
imaniémý nihý, da sé né boé niédnoga húdoga ni zavrýticè ni posiònoga dara ni koéga
präúzma ali prädúúìà édnoga za drúgoga, da né mo`é iskati négoli istacý, koi bi
dúàný biò, pla}aõ}é pravé cariné, koé sú bilé za vräména knéza Pavla i gospodina
voévodé Pétra i gospodina voévodé Radosava i gospodina voévodé Ivani{a. Òðé imý
òbätova gospoctvo ni...ako bi sé dogodilo koòé godäé razmirié mégú naami s vlastéli
dúbrova~cimi...da né mo`émo ni ho}émo posé}i naa nihý drýàvú ni na nihý lúdi ni
naa nihý imanié ni naa nihý trýgovcé, ðo imý né pripovämo prývo toga na ·œ÷· miséca
po na{ihý poklisarihý, a ú òvihéi ·œ÷· miséca da mogú minovati svoimý blagomý po
na{émý rúsagú slobodno bézý niédné zabavè (ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 148–151). Ɉɜɚɤɜɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɭ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ II ɢɡ 1332. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɧɚɩ. 22.
244
ʂɭɱɢɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ,

ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɮɨɤɭɫɢɪɚɧ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ. Ɍɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɨ
ɪɟɤɥɢ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɬɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ (1397), ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɫ-
ɜɢɦ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɭ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɪɟɮɟɪɢɲɟ ɭ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ.37 Ɉɞɧɨɫɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɢɜɚɥɢ
ɫɭ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɢ ɨɤɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɨʂɭ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɬɟɤ
ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ.38 ɋɜɟɱɚɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɞɟɥɚ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ
ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚʃɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ.39 Ɍɟɤ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɚ-
ɜɟɡɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɚɜɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢʄɚ (1451) ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɦɢɪɭ ɫɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɦ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɦ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɟɦ Ʉɨɫɚɱɨɦ (1454) ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɢ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɚɜ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɧɟʄɟ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ, ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɚɬɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɞɚʁɭ ɫɨɥɢ ɨɫɢɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ40, ɞɨɬɥɟ ɯɟɪɰɟɝ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɛɟɡ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɡ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ
ɫɚɦɨ „ɩɪɚɜɢɯ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ”, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɪɚ-
ɬɚ (ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɛɢɨ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ) ɞɚɬɢ ɬɪɢ
ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɪɨɛɨɦ ɩɨɜɭɤɭ ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.41 Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚ-
37
G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje srednjeg vijeka. III Humske povelje i
pisma. C. Kancelarija Kosaþa – 1. Hraniüi i 2. Vlatkoviüi. D. Kancelarija Nikoliüa – Vuko-
saliüa. E. Bosanski feudalci – kancelarija Hrvatiniüa, GZM n.s. 7 (1952) 273–274.
38
ɋ. Ɇ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ȼɭɤɱɢʄ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1964, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭ (ɫɨ, ɫɨɥɚɧɟ); E. Kurtoviü, Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hraniü
Kosaþa, Sarajevo 2009, 345–377.
39
ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 293–297, 309–313; ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 35–41; Ɋ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ
ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɦɭ ȼɭɤɰɚ ɢ ȼɭɤɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɟɨ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ,
ȽɉȻ 4 (2011) 97–109.
40
...da näsamý volàný ni da mogú nikadaré zabraniti ni ústaviti niédné moé
lõdi ni Vlahé ni Srýblé slobodno hoditi ú Dúbrovniký trýgovati tako soli kako iné
týrýgé i vsé iné svoé poslé slobodno òpralàti, pa~é ni iné gospodé lõdi da näsamý
volaný priko na{éga kotara ústaviti ni braniti hoditi slobodno svoimi trýzi i s
inämi svoimi òpravami ú Dúbrovniký...da näsamý volaný ni da mogú ú~initi gabélú
òtý prodaé soli nigdirý ú vsémý na{émú kotarú razma òdý ònihý, gdi sú narédila
gospoda stara prýva bosanska i srýpska, a toi éstý édno na Drivihý a drúgo ú
Dúbrovnikú, trétié ú Kotorú, ~étvýrto ú Zéti ú svétoga Srý}a na Boàni (ɋɋɉɉ I–2,
124–127). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 33–34, 39–40.
41
...da né búdé priúzma òdý gospoctva mi ni òdý na{ihý lõdi niédnomú
dúbrov~aninú, négo koi é ~imý dúàný, da tai pla}a; i tako imý potvrýdihý i
potvrý}õõ, da nihý trýgovci i ini nihý lõdä hodé slobodnoò priéko rúsaga i po
rúsagú gospoctva mi sa vsaciémý trýgomý, pla}aé pravé cariné, koé sú prývo pla}ali
za vräméný na{iéhý roditélý i za méné do rati, né boé sé niédnoga húda ni òdý kogarý,
tko né bi izvaný volè i poslúha na{éga...ako li bi sé kada zgodiloò gospoctvú mi
245
ɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɭɱɟɲʄɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɚ

ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ.42
Ȼɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɭ, ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɭɝ-
ɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚ-
ɜɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɬɪɝ-
ɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ
ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢ
ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɫɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɧɚ
ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɨɜɟɪɚɜɚɧɢ ɜɢɫɟʄɢɦ ɜɨɲɬɚɧɢɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɦɚ, ɧɚʁ-
ɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɪɚ (ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ 8 cm).43 Ⱦɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɲɬɟɦ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚ-
ɬɚ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɚɭɤɬɨɪɢ
ɢɡɜɢʃɚɜɚʁɭ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ.44 ȼɪɩɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ-
ɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɥɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɧɢʁɚɧɫɢ ɰɪɜɟɧɟ ɛɨʁɟ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɢ ɞɜɨɛɨʁɧɟ, ɰɪɜɟ-
razmiriti sé s knézomý i vlastéli dúbrova~cimi...túi ratý niédnú da né ho}émoò ni

mo`émo ú~initi, né pripovidäv{é i né òpovidäv{é po na{iéhý poklisarihý knézú i
vlastélomý ú Dúbrovnikú òdý togai dné, po kolé búdémo òpovidäti, do tri mäsécé
ni ú~initi imý kvari, nihý gradú ni nihý rúsagú ni nihý lõdémý ni nihý imanýõ, k
tomú da né imamoò ni ho}émoò poségnúti ni édniémý húdiémý na nihý trýgovcé ni na
nihý imanýà ni na iné nihý lõdi, koi bi sé na{li ú rúsagú i òblasti na{oi, ili koim
bi sé zgodiloò präko na{éga rúsaga minúti za vriémé vi{é ré~énnoò òdý tri mäsécé,
dokla godä bi sé ispratili i srédili sa vsiémý blagòmý nihý izý zémlé gospoctva mi
ú Dúbrovniký, i inúdié kúdä bi komú volà po}i, da imý né búdé niédnaa zavrýtica ni
zabava ni òdýnétýà blaga nihý do r~énnoga roka (ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 72–75).
42
...tko sé godä úgovori Dúbrov~aniný ali trýgovacý dúbrova~ki za ponésénýé
karvana ali koga godä ponosa, da ga nié volàný svrý}i drúgi ni Vlahý ni Srýbiný do
mästa, dokla sé òni búdé naimiò, tko é iz na{éga rúsaga ponosniký, a slúga é na{ý:
tko li bi sé na{aò úrvati tovaré koimý posilýémý ali zarú~iti do mästa úgovornoga,
dokla é úgovorénoò, da plati gospoctvú mi .n÷. dúkatý (ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 74). Ɇ. ȳ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ,
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ
3 (1937) 119–146; Ʌɋɋȼ, 281–282 (ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɩ. 56.
43
P. Anÿeliü, Srednjovjekovni peþati iz Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo 1970; J. Sti-
pišiü, Pomoüne povijesne znanosti u teoriji i praksi, Zagreb 1972, 14–17; G. ýremošnik,
Studije, 19–117; ȭ. Ȼɭɛɚɥɨ, ɉɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɟɱ, 27–30; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ,
152–153, 187–195, 219–240. ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɭ ɢ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɭ
ɨɩɫɤɪɛʂɟɧɚ ɜɢɫɟʄɢɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɨɦ.
44
I né bä{é moé pé~ati vélié, odýnéséna bä{é, da tozi é moä pé~atý, ka é pri
knizi (Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 142). G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje srednjega vijeka. A. Bo-
sanske povelje, GZM n.s. 3 (1948) 117.
246
ɧɨ-ɠɭɬɟ ɜɪɩɰɟ.45 Ⱦɨɤ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ

ɡɛɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɨʄɟ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɢ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɧɟɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɟɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ, ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɰɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ,
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɟʄɭ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ. Ɉɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɬɟɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɚ-
ɞɢɻɭ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɭɛɪɚ-
ʁɚʁɭ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢʁɟ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ.46
Ʉɢɧɨɜɚɪɧɚ (ɰɪɜɟɧɚ) ɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɢɩɥɨ-
ɦɚɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɬ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ 1377. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɚɬ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚ-
ɜɚɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɞɚɜɚɨ
ɫɜɨʁ „ɥɢɱɧɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ” ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ.47 Ɇɟɻɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɟ-
ʂɚɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1378. ɢ 1461, ɬɟ ɧɚ ɢɫ-
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɫɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ 1382. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɚ ɤɚ-
ɥɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ. ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɧɢʁɚɧɫɚ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ
ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢʁɨɦ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ. ɍ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɚ
ɫɦɟɻɟ, ɰɪɧɟ ɢ ɬɚɦɧɨɩɥɚɜɟ ɛɨʁɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɛɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ
ɡɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ʁɭɠɧɢɯ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ.48
Ɉɛɪɚɫɰɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɤɚ ɬʁ. ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɢ ɨɞ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɢ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ. ȼɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɠɟɥɟɥɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɱɚ-
ɪɚɬɢ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɲʄɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟ-
ɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ (ɤɚɥɢɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɭɜɟʄɚɧɢ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɚ,
ɦɨɧɭɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ, ɢɥɭɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ – ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɥ
ɢɥɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɢ, ɲɢɪɟ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɟ).49
ɍɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɚɤ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɜɨʁɚɤɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ. ɋɩɨʂɚɲʃɢ, ɦɚɬɟɪɢ-
ʁɚɥɧɢ ɪɚɫɤɨɲ ɦɨɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɭ, ɩɪɟ-
ɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɚɪɟɧɝɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɜɟʂâ. ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɩɲɢɪɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ
45
Ⱦɜɨɛɨʁɧɟ ɜɪɩɰɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ ɢɡ 1356. ɢ 1375,
ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ 1397. ɢ Ƚɪɝɭɪɚ ȼɭɤɨɫɚɥɢʄɚ ɢɡ 1418, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɫɜɟɱɚɧɢʁɢɦ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ. G. ýremošnik, Studije, 95–106.
46
G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje (1949–1950) 119, 151, 154, 157, 169,
172, 174; Isto (1951) 97, 103, 109, 113; Isto (1952) 276, 278, 281, 286, 295; Isti, Studije,
27–29, 39–42; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 132, 199–202.
47
G. ýremošnik, Studije, 47, 76–80; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 212–215.
48
G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje (1949–1952) passim; J. Stipišiü, Po-
moüne povijesne znanosti 26; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 207–212, 217–218,
507–509.
49
J. Stipišiü, Pomoüne povijesne znanosti, 153–155; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧ-
ɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 187–243.
247
ɢɦɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɢ ɫɜɪɯɭ – ɜɚɠɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ

ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɚɜɤɢ, ɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɥɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɭɥɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɲɬɢɬɢɥɟ.50
Ɋɚɫɤɨɲɧɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɬɭɪɚ, ɚ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIV ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɚɪɟɧɝɚ, ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ
ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɚɭɤɬɨɪɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɨɤɪɭʃɟɧɨʁ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɨɦ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɭ, ɩɪɢɤɚɠɭ ɤɚɨ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɦɢɥɨɲ-
ʄɭ Ȼɨɠʁɨɦ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɜɨʂɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɞɟɥɢ ɪɟɱ ɢ
ɜɟɪɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɢɥɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɛɭɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɫɟɞɚ.51 Ʉɨɞ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɩɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɢɯ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ,
ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɩɟɬɢɰɢʁɟ ɞɟɫɬɢɧɚɬɚɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɪɢɫ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɬɟ ɨɞ ɚɭɤɬɨɪɨɜɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨ-
ɠɟʃɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɦɨɥɢɨɰɢɦɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ, ɫɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ). ɇɚ ɞɢɫ-
ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɬʁ. ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ „ɨɬɩɚɞɚɨ” ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɟɤ-
ɫɬɚ, ɚ ɬɭ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ.52
Ƚɚɪɚɧɬɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɟ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɭ, ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɤ ɧɚʁɬɢɩɢɱɧɢʁɢ
ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ, ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱ-
ɤɢ ɩɨɞɧɟɬɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɭ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɨɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɢɥɨ ɤɚɡɧɨɦ
Ȼɨɝɚ, ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɬɟ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ, ɤɚɬɤɚɞ ɫɩɨʁɟɧ
ɫɚ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɨɦ (ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ), ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɞɟ-
ɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɥɚ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɭ ɢɥɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɫɚ ɚɭɤɬɨɪɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɱɢɧɨɦ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ʁɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɢ-
ɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ. Ⱦɨɤ ɫɭ ɭ ɛɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɰɢ ɛɢ-
ɥɢ ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɩɥɟɦɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɞɨɬɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɦɚɝɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ, ɫɚɩɥɟɦɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɢ ɮɚɦɢɥɢʁɚɪɢ.53 ɋɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɫɦɚ-
50
J. Stipišiü, Pomoüne povijesne znanosti, 148–151, 162–163; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 152–155, 511–517.
51
ɋ. ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɋɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɰɢ – 2. ɂɧɬɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ
ɋɄȺ 92 (1913) 119–142; 5. Ⱥɪɟɧɝɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 94 (1914) 200–208; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 319–350, 369–390.
52
ɋ. ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɋɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɰɢ – 7. ɂɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ (ɉɟɬɢɰɢ-
ʁɚ), Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 96 (1920) 6–19; 8. ȿɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ (ɇɚɪɚɰɢʁɚ), Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 96 (1920) 44–53;
9. Ⱦɢɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 96 (1920) 67–71; Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2001, 59–97; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢ-
ʁɟ, 399–413.
53
ɋ. ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɋɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɰɢ – 10. ɋɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ
100 (1922) 13–26; 15. ɋɜɟɞɨɰɢ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 110 (1924) 7–18; V. Mošin, Sankcija u vizan-
tijskoj i u južnoslavenskoj üirilskoj diplomatici, Anali Historijskog instituta JAZU u Dub-
rovniku 3 (1954) 27–52; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 413–469. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ
ɞɚɪɨɜɧɢɰɚ, ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢɦɚ, ɭ ɛɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɚ
248
ɬɪɚɧɚ ɛɢɬɧɨɦ, ɚ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ ɫɭ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɫɬɢɧɚɬɚɪɢ.

ɂɡ ɟɫɯɚɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɩɭɧɚ ɞɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ (ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɟɪɢ ɨɞ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ) ɢ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɚ ɨ ɤɨɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɢ ɬʁ. ɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɭ
ɚɤɬɚ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɥɨ ɢɦɟ, ɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ. Ʉɨɪɨɛɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚʁɚɜɚ ɨɜɟɪɟ ɩɟɱɚɬɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ, ɩɚɤ, ɛɢɥɚ ɧɭɠɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɚ.54
*
ɉɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨ-ɧɚɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɞɨɞɟʂɢɜɚɧ ɢɦɭɧɢɬɟɬ ɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɭɞɨ-
ɜɨʂɚɜɚɧɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɠɟʂɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ
ɧɚɦɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɫɨɥɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɟ
ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ
ɧɟɤɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɢʁɢɯ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤɚ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɢɥɚ.55 ɇɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɨɫɚɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ
ɬɚɤɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ, ɦɟʃɚʁɭʄɢ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɰɚɪɢ-
ɧɟʄɢ ɢɫɬɭ ɪɨɛɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɪɟɰɢɦɨ, ɛɚɧ Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ I
ɭɨɱɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɭɤɢɞɚ ɫɜɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ (1375),
ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɬɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɜɚɠɟʄɟ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɚɩɪɢɥɭ 1378. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.56 Ⱥɤ-
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɭɡ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɟ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɞɨɞɚɬɚɤ „ɫɚ ɛɪɚɬɢʁɨɦ“, ɧɢɬɢ ɬɟ-
ɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ (ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɭɩɚ) ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɢɬɧɚ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɤâ, ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɡɢɬɧɚ
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɢɦɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɢɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɚɧ (ɧɩɪ. 12), ɜɟʄ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟɜɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ.
54
ɋ. ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɋɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɰɢ – 11. Ʉɨɪɨɛɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ
ɋɄȺ 106 (1923) 7–13; 13. ɉɨɬɩɢɫ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 106 (1923) 26–32; 14. Ⱦɢʁɚɤ, Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤ,
ɇɨɬɚɪ, Ʉɚɧɰɟɥɚɪ, ɇɨɦɢɤ, Ʌɨɝɨɬɟɬ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 106 (1923) 65–81; 16. ɉɟɱɚɬ, Ƚɥɚɫ
ɋɄȺ 132 (1928) 13–21; 17. Ⱦɚɬɢɪɚʃɟ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 132 (1928) 36–45; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ,
ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 469–511.
55
Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ȽɂȾ
Ȼɢɏ 6 (1954) 229–248; Ʌɋɋȼ, 792–795 (ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ).
56
...gdä sé godä úzima carina ú vladani gospodina bana Ɍvrýtka da sé nigdäré
né úzmé nièdna carina na dúbrova~komý ni na ~émré, da è vsé svobodno òda vsaké
cariné i òd zabavé, koliko koi godä Dúbrov~aniný, tolko dúbrova~ki koný, toliko
trýgý, ðo è godä dúbrova~ko da é svobodno ú vladani gospodina bana Ɍvrýtka. Ako ðo
godä grédé iz vladaaniä ú Dúbrovniký, ako li iz Dúbrovnika ú vladaniè, ako li bi
tko ponésalý ponosý ~loväký gospodina bana da è platilý ·v÷· dinara a inämý da è
vsämý svobodaný (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 74). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ɋ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ I
Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɭ ɨɞ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɋɋȺ 5 (2006) 149–156.
249
ɬɢɦɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ ȳɟɥɟɧɟ Ƚɪɭɛɟ (1397), ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɟ (1418) ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ƚɪɝɭɪɚ
ȼɭɤɨɫɚɥɢʄɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄɚ (1418) ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ-
ɦɟɬɧɭɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ, ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ
(ɧɚ Ɇɚɫɥɢɧɢ, ɤɨɞ ɋɥɚɧɨɝ, ɭ ɉɨɩɨɜɨɦ ɉɨʂɭ ɧɚ Ɂɚɛɥɚɬɤɭ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɋɬɨ-
ɧɚ).57 ɉɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɚɤɬɨɦ, Ɍɜɪɬɤɨ I ʁɟ ɢɡɚɲɚɨ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ 1382.
ɭɤɢɧɭɨ ɫɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɨɥɧɢ ɬɪɝ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɤɨɞ ɪɟɤɟ ɋɭɬɨɪɢɧɟ ɭ Ⱦɪɚɱɟɜɢɰɢ,
ɤɪɚʁ ɧɨɜɨɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ (ɬʁ. ɇɨɜɨɝ, ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɏɟɪ-
ɰɟɝ ɇɨɜɨɝ).58 Ɉɞɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢ-
57
...da bismo rékli da né búdé carýna niédna präèdý Stonòm na Ɇaslini i na
Slanòm érý provo niésú túzi bilé...kako izúvédésmo i òbnagosmo érý prývo niésú bilé
caränah na mista vi{é pisana hotésmo i zapovédésmò da né búdé caräné nèdné prýè
Stonomý na Ɇaslini i na Slanom òd sélé i do viéka érý i prývo niésú bilé (1397,
ȳɟɥɟɧɚ Ƚɪɭɛɚ – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 239–240); koõ im è postavio carýnú Grýgúrý Nikoliký ú
Popovú ka Š...¹ za gospodina kralà Ɍvrýtka ni za kralà Dabi{é ni za méné Š...¹ Grýgúrý
da véké caräné òndéi nigdé prývo né bila Š...¹ à svrýgohý (1418, Ɉɫɬɨʁɚ – ɋɋɉɉ I–1,
446); ...kako po navodú zla ~lovika postavihý pri_Ctonomý na Zablatkú carinú, tko
godi grédé ú Stoný ili Dúbrov~aniný ili Vlahý ili Srýbliný ili tko ini, i tako}é
i_Stona, da pla}a carinú...i òni milostivo posila{é i mnogiði ka mni po svoihý
listihý, da túi carinú svrýgú zato, érý prývo nié bila òndi pri_Ctonomý...i ú moémý
srýcú vidiv{é, éré nimý nié úgodna ònai carina da éstý pri_Ctonomý na moòi zémli,
i poznav{é do istiné, da tai carina nima biti pri_Ctonomý, i òðý òdvi{é vidivý
zapisanié gospo}é prisvitlé gospo}é kralicé Éliné, biv{é gospodina prisvitloga i
po~ténoga poménútiä gospodina krala Dabi{é, ú koòi sé údrýì, da pri_Ctonomý na
nidnomý mistú né ima biti ni da búdé niédna carina, ðo ú Stoný ali i_Stona grédé,
za to érý nikadarý nié prývo bilo, i vsé toi vidivý i razmislivý va srýci moémý
naidohý i òbnaidohý, da òndi nigdirý pri_Ctonomý carina né ima biti, toliko na
ònihý, koi grédú priko moé zémlé ú Stoný, koliko koi grédú i_Stona priko moé zémlé,
i za to svrýgoh õ, da é vé}é ú viké né búdé, érý òbnaidohý za istinú, da nima biti
nidna carina pri_Ctonomý (1418, Ƚɪɝɭɪ ȼɭɤɨɫɚɥɢʄ – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 541–542). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ:
Ⱥ. Ɏɨɫɬɢɤɨɜ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ ȳɟɥɟɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ Ɇɚɫɥɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ
ɋɥɚɧɨɦ, ɋɋȺ 5 (2006) 173–186.
58
...I túzi bä{é réklo kralèvýstvo mi postaviti slanicú i da búdétý trýgý
soli prodavanià...zatò posla{é kralèvýstvú mi vlastélina svoga knéza Dragoà
Gú~éti}à a molé kralèvýstvo mi i prosé da túzi ú tomý mästä ú gradú i podý
ònämý gradomý né postavi kralèvýstvo mi slanicé ni da sé solý prodaè...Dúbrovniký
ima zakoné staré sý vsämi ra{kimi gospodami da ú Primoriõ né búdé nigdäré
postavlèný novi trýgý razvä na mästo gdä èstý býȚlý postavlèný ú prývýȚhý òbi~ni
trýgý i mästa. Da kralèvýstvo mi razúmävý{i zakoné prývé ðo sú imäli Dúbrov~ané
z gospodomý ra{ýkomý da sé né moré postaviti nigdä ú primorié trýgý soli razvä na
òbi~na mästa, né hotä kralèvýstvo mi potvoriti zakoné staré grada Dúbrovnika ðo
sú imali z gospodomý ra{ýkòmý ný bolè potvrýdýȚhý kako sú imali òtý prýva zakoné
250
ɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɡɚɥɟɻɭ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɚ

ɫɨɥɢ ɜɪɲɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ „ɤɭɦɟɪɤɚ ɫɨɥɫɤɚ” (Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤ, Ʉɨɬɨɪ, ɋɜ. ɋɪɻ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ Ȼɨʁɚɧɟ).59
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɥɢɤɨʁ ɫɭ ɦɟɪɢ ɫɜɚ ɨɜɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɫɤɢ ɬɪɝ ɫɨɥɢ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɪɨ-
ɞɢɰɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ, ɧɟ ɨɛɚɡɢɪɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɩɨɡɢ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɨɜɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ. Ɉɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɩɨ-
ɪɨɜɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɤɧɟɡɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɚɜɚ Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɚɜʂɟɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ
ɢɡ 1451. ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɤɥɚɭɡɭɥɭ ɞɚ ɤɧɟɡ ɧɢɝɞɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚɬɢ ɫɥɚɧɢɰɟ, ɜɟʄ
ʄɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɨʂɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɢ Ȼɨʁɚɧɟ.60
ɐɚɪɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ ɋɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ (1391), ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ (1441), ɩɨɜɟʂɢ
ɉɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ (1454), ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɭ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟ-
ɩɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ (1454) ɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ
(1461). Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɚ (1453) ɢ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ (1461). ɍ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɜ-
ɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɚɭɤɬɨɪɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɥɚʄɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɤɨ-
ɧɢɬɟ ɢ „ɩɪɚɜɟ” ɧɚɦɟɬɟ.61
ɂɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɰɚɪɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ
ɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɢ – ɧɚ ɩɟɪɝɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɢ ɫɚ ɜɢɫɟʄɢɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɨɦ. Ɍɨ-
z gospodomý prývòmý, úmoli sé kralèvýstvo mi po Dragoõ Dúbrovnikú da né búdétý ú

ònòmý gradú lõbo podý gradòmý trýgý soli prodanià do väka (ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 83–85).
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ɉ. Ⱦɪɚɝɢɱɟɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ I ɤɨʁɨɦ ɭɤɢɞɚ ɬɪɝ ɫɨɥɢ ɭ ɋɭɬɨɪɢɧɢ,
ȽɉȻ 3 (2010) 69–80.
59
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 144, 149–150, 181, 293–295; Ʌɋɋȼ, 344–346
(Ɇ. Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ).
60
ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 126; D. Kovaþeviü, Trgovina, 33–34, 39–40; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭ (ɫɨ, ɫɨɥɚɧɟ); E. Kurtoviü, Veliki vojvoda, 84–87, 96–101, 114–
115, 121, 136, 192, 207, 248, 253, 294, 317–318, 348–351, 357. ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɩ. 38 ɢ 40.
61
...ni cariné nä silé... (1391 – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 127); ...plakaõké praavé zakonité
carinè, amin... (1441 – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 642); ...namý pla}aõ}é pravé cariné, gdié podobno
ké sú bilé za dobroga spoménútià za strica mi gospodina krala Ɍvrýtka i za méné
(1453 – ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 121); ...pla}aé pravé cariné, koé sú prývo pla}ali za vräméný
na{iéhý roditélý i za méné do rati (1454 – ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 74); ...pla}aõ}é pravé cariné,
koé sú bilé za vräména knéza Pavla i gospodina voévodé Pétra i gospodina voévodé
Radosava i gospodina voévodé Ivani{a (1454 – ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 150); ...pla}aé namý na{é
praavé zakonné cariné i brodòvú, gdäé ðoò pristoi (1461 – ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 76); ...da sé
úzima na nihý po zakonú prava carina, kako é bilo i za prývé gospodé kralévý
bosanýskihý (1461 – ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 166).
251
ɦɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɨ ɢ ɫɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɨɩɲɢɪɚɧ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ.

ɉɚ ɨɩɟɬ, ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɨɦ ɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ
ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɚɧ ɩɨɜɨɞ, ɚ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭ
ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɟ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɥɚɤɲɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ
ɧɚɪɟɞɛɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɦ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ. ɇɟɦɚɥɢ ɞɟɨ ɨɜɢɯ ɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ʁɟ
ɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɦ
ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ, ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɚʄɟɧɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ ɢ ɦɚʃɢɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɢɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ-
ɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ.62 Ɇɚʃɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ
ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɢ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɚɧɢ.
Ɏɨɪɦɭɥɚɪ ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɫɜɟ-
ɱɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ. ɂɡɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ,
ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɟɬɜɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɰɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɭɬɧɢ. Ⱥɪɟɧɝɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ, ɚ ɞɢɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɟɜɟɧ-
ɬɭɚɥɧɨʁ ɟɤɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɨ ɫɩɨʁ ɩɪɨɦɭɥɝɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɟ.63
Ɍɜɪɬɤɨɜɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɫɥɚɧɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ȼɥɚɞɨʁɚ ɢɡ Ɋɚɲɤɟ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɤɪɚʄɭ ɚɪɟɧɝɭ ɢ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢ ɩɨɬɩɢɫ.
*
ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɚɤɬ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ
ɬɟɤɭʄɢ, „ad hoc” ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɚ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ ɛɚɧɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ II, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɪɟ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1351, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢ-
ʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ. Ɇɨɠɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɭ ɢɥɢ ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɜɟʄɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɭ ɤɪɚɬɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ. ȵɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɚɧ ɞɚɨ ɜɟɪɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜ-
ɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɢɯ ɞɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɛɟɡ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ, ɞɨɤ ʄɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟ-
ɦɢ ɫɚ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɲɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ.64
62
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 219–240, 470–475. ȳɟɥɟɧɚ Ƚɪɭɛɚ ɫɚɦɨ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱦɚɛɢɲɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɬɢɩ.
63
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 511–517.
64
Fides domini bani Stephani omnibus mercatoribus Ragusii. Uenite in meum
districtum sine timore aliquo et non timeatis de aliquo. Et ille, qui est meus debitor, illum
inquiram tam de nobilibus hominibus, quam de comunitate cum jure. Et uos ad uoluntatem
uestram possitis facere mercationem uestram sicut in Ragusio, non habentes timorem de
aliquot (Ⱦ. ȳɟɱɦɟɧɢɰɚ, ɉɢɫɦɨ ɛɚɧɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ II ɤɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ ɞɚ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɬɪɝɭʁɭ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ȽɉȻ 5 (2012) 27–31).
252
ɇɟɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨ ɫɩɨʂɚɲʃɢɦ ɨɞɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ

ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɧɚɦɟɧɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɝɪɭɩɢ
ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ, ɨɩɲɬɢʁɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɩɨɬɜɪɞɧɢɰɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ I ɢɡ 1356. ɢɥɢ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ 1397. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ). Ɉɧɢ ɫɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɦɨɝɭ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɬɟɱɚɦɚ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ
ɟɮɟɦɟɪɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɟɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ.65 ɉɪɜɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ
„ɨɛɢɱɧɢ” ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɬɟɤɭʄɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ, ɩɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɬɢɱɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ XV ɜɟɤɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɟʂɭ
ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɚɧɞɚɧ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɚ
ɚɤɬɚ (ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ, ɢɡʁɚɜɟ, ɧɚɪɟɞɛɟ, ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ, ɚɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢʁɟ).
ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 1430. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɨɜɚ-
ɤɜɨɝ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɚʁɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɢ ɲɚɛɥɨɧ ɡɚ
ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ. Ɍɚɤɜɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɨɦ
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨ ɢɧɜɨɤɚɰɢʁɭ (ɫɚɦɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɢ
ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɤɭ ɢ ɜɟɪɛɚɥɧɭ), ɢɧɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ, ɩɪɨɦɭɥɝɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɫɩɨʁɭ ɫɚ ɨɩɲɬɨɦ
ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɨɦ, ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɩɟɬɢɰɢʁɭ, ɞɢɫɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ, ɤɨɪɨɛɨɪɚɰɢʁɭ, ɞɚɬɭɦ ɢ,
ɤɚɬɤɚɞ, ɛɟɥɟɲɤɭ ɨ ɩɢɫɚɪɭ (ɤɨɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɭ). Ʉɨɪɨɛɨɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ
ɟɫɯɚɬɨɤɨɥɭ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɚʄɢ ɢ ɢɡɚ ɫɩɨʁɚ ɩɪɨɦɭɥɝɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɢɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢʁɟ, ɭ
ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɚɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɥɢɫɬɨɦ
ɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ.66
Ⱦɢɫɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɨɜɨɦ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɬɢɩɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɬɢɩɢɡɢɪɚ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɢ
ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɧɚɱɟɥɧɨ ɲɬɢɬɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɪɨɛɭ,
ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ, ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ, ɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɚ, ɬɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚʁɭ, ɝɥɨɛɟ ɢɥɢ ɩʂɚɱɤɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚ-
ɱɢɧ.67
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɟʄ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨ-
ɪɢɦɚ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɨɜɢ ɞɨɩɭɧɫɤɢ, ɤɪɚɬɤɢ, „ɦɚ-
ɥɢ” ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɛɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɚ („mandatum”,
65
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1356.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɋɋȺ 6 (2007) 139–150; Ⱥ. ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ȽɉȻ 1 (2008) 99–110.
66
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 288–289, 351–358, 390–398, 469–479,
511–517.
67
Ɉ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɢɩɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɭɫɟɞɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨ-
ɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɚ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɥ. ɑɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɡɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ 2 (2014) 241–253.
253
„decretum”, „ordinatio”).68 ȵɢɯɨɜɨ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ

ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɦɟɬɢɥɚ ɭɫɬɚʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ
ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɬɢ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɨɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ.
ɇɟɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɟ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚʄɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɚɤɬɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɤɪɚʂ Ɍɨ-
ɦɚɲ 1453. ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɪɟɱʁɭ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɬɪɝ-
ɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɜɢɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ „ɤɭʄɟ ɉɚɫɤɚ ɋɬɢɩɚɲɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ʌɚ-
ɬɢɧɢɱɢʄɚ”.69 ɇɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɢ ɛɚɧ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ II, ɭ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟ-
ɧɭɬɨʁ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡ 1351. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɲ-
ɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɚɭɤɬɨɪɨɜɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɨɞ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ɉɚɜ-
ɥɨɜɢʄɚ (1441), ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ (1461) ɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚ-
ɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ (1461), ʁɟɪ ɬɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ
ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ.70 Ɇɨɠɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ
68
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 75–89, 151–170, 511–517.
69
...dahý värú i rä~ý na{ú gospockú vlastéli~i}émý i vsimý trýgovcémý
dúbrova~cimý nimý i nihý imaniõ izimaõ}é kú}ú Paska Stipa{inovi}a i
Latini~i}a, da slobodno hodé i trýgúõ po na{émý rúsagú i minúõ ú ini rúsagý namý
pla}aõ}é pravé cariné, gdié podobno ké sú bilé za dobroga spoménútià za strica mi
gospodina krala Ɍvrýtka i za méné, né boé}é sé niédnoga húdoga, ni zavrýticé, ni za
édaný priúzamý, ni za édno pridúìé. I zapovidamý na{imý slúgamý, voévodamý, i
knézovomý, i inimý vlasnikomý na{imý, gdi bi sé prigodnò koi trýgovacý dúbrova~ki
ú momú rúsagú, da ihý imaõ sablústi i òbarovati òda vsaké zavýrticé i propratiti,
gdié podobno (ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 121).
70
...napravihý...po òbi~aõ na{ihý prýviéhý i sadanihý povéélý, da trýgovci
gospoctva dúbrova~koòga imaõ hoditi slobodno po na{émý rúsaagú i po na{ihý mästähý
béza vsaaké húúdè zaabavé, sablõdéni i òbarovaani nami i na{imi slúgami, plakaõké
praavé zakonité carinè amin, da ihý imaamo priàtélévati i pomagati i òtý koga morémo
nasý i na{égý rúsaga ~úvati i òbranivati takoi, da i nihý {_nihý blaagomý imaamo
~úvati i úbranivati ú na{émý rúsaagú (1441, Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ – ɋɋɉɉ I–1, 642);
...svämý slúgamý i trýgovcémý dúbrova~ciémý, da hodé i prähodé slobodno i bézýsúmnéno
präko na{éga rúsaga svoiémi karvani i s iniémý trýgomý bézý vsaké súmné i bézakonné
zavrýticé òdý nasý i òdý slúgý na{iéhý, pla}aé namý na{é praavé zakonné cariné i
brodòvú, gdäé ðoò pristoi; pa~é zapovädamý voévodamý, knézovòmý, `úpanomý,
carinikòmý, globaròmý, katúnaròmý i vsakoga staänýä lõdémý slúgamý na{iémý, tko sú
podý moi poslúhý, a näsú súpro}ý namý, da sé nitkorý moi slúga né zadié ni za koga òdý
slúgý i trýgovacý dúbrova~ciéhý niédnòmý bézakonòmý zavrýticòmý ni húdiémý
ú~inénièmý ni za édnú stvarý ni za koé prädú`ýé, néka hodé i prähodé slobodno i
bézýsúmnéno; a ðo sú komú òdý moihý slúga dú`ni koi Dúbrov~ané, a vi po}äté prädý
knéza i vlastéli dúbrova~ké, da vamý ú~iné pravdú i òpravú, érý mi sú na toi òbätni
(1461, ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ ȼɭɤɱɢʄ ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 76); ...zapovidismo i zapovidamo slúgamý kralévýstva
mi, voévodamý, knézovomý, `úpanomý, carinikomý i vsaké vrýsté vlasnikomý na{imý, da
nitkorý né smi ú na{émý rúsagú niédnomú trýgovcú dúbrova~komú ni slúgamý nihý
254
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɦ

ɩɪɟɬɪɚɝɨɦ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ
ɨɜɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɜɨʁ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟ-
ɜɢʄɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɦɨɥɛɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ
ɞɢɧɚɪɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ (1461).71 ɍ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ, ɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ
ɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ „ɞɨɛɪɢ ɨɛɢ-
ɱɚʁɢ” ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɚɠɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ
ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɭʁɟ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚɦɚ. ȼɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ,
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɝɪɭɩɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚ-
ɧɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ „ɡɚɛɚɜɚ, ɛɟɡɚɤɨʃɟ, ɡɚɜɪɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɲɬɢɧɚ”.72
Ɇɨɠɞɚ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɦɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɬɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ –
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚɧɢ
ɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɪɩɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɟ ɨɞ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟɜɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɚ.
ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ ɢɫɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ, ɛɟɡ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɚ, ɧɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɭ, ɧɚʁɱɟ-
ɲʄɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɥɢɫɬɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɫɚɜɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ „carta reale”.
Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɞɜɨɥɢɫɬ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɭ ɫɥɢɱɧɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ A4 ɮɨɪɦɚɬɭ.73 Ɉɜɟɪɚ
ʁɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɭɬɢɫɧɭɬɢɦ ɩɟɱɚɬɨɦ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɡ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɯ ɢɥɢ, ɪɟɻɟ,
ɦɚɥɢɯ ɩɟɱɚɬɚ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɨɛɚ ɫɥɨʁɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɚ, ɤɪɨɡ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɪɟɡɚ, ɩɪɨɜɥɚɱɟɧɚ ʁɟ
ɩɚɩɢɪɧɚ ɬɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɩɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɥɢɜɚɧ ɜɨɫɚɤ. Ɍɢɩɚɪ ʁɟ ɭɞɚɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɜɨ-
ɫɚɤ, ɦɚɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ, ɜɟʄ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɨɝ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɚ ɤɜɚ-
ɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɪɨɦɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɪɨɬɢɪɚɧɨɝ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ, ɨɬɢɫɰɢ
ú~initi niédné novýðiné ni bézakoniä ni zavrýticé, négo da sé úzima na nihý po zakonú

prava carina, kako é bilo i za prývé gospodé kralévý bosanýskihý, éré imý smo na toi dali
rä~ý i virú na{ú gospockú (1461, ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄ – ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 166). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ɋ.
Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɧɚɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɨɦɟɬɚʁɭ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ, ȽɉȻ 1 (2008) 165–170; Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ
ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ȽɉȻ 5 (2012) 81–90.
71
...da pinézý nihý dúbrova~ki hodi po rúsagú kralévýstva mi, kako é i prývo
hodiò, i mi, ~úv{é nihý po~téné i prili~né mobé a pravé, satvorismo milostý na{ú go-
spockú mnogo po~tovanomú gradú Dúbrovnikú, na{imý drazimý i srý~animý
priätélémý, knézú i vlastélomý i vsoi òp}ini vlastéò dúbrova~cihý, òslobodismo i
ú~inismo, da nihý dinari dúbrova~ci hodé slobodno i da sé spraté po na{émý rúsagú, da
slobodno nimý trýgúõ nihý trýgovci ini vsaki ~loviký, kako é i prývo bilo za prývé
gospodé kralévý bosanýscihý, za to tvrýdo zapovidamo slúgamý kralévýstva mi, voévo-
damý, knézovomý, `úpanomý, carinikomý vsakoga staniä lúdémý, vsakomú ú svoõ pravý,
da imý niktorý né ima präzý toi niédnú zabavú ú~initi (ɋɋɉɉ I–2, 167). ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ɋ.
Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɧɨɜɰɢ, ɋɋȺ 7 (2008) 187–194.
72
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɛɚɧɚ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɚ ɏɨɪɜɚɬɚ, 247–252.
73
V. Mošin, Filigranologija kao pomoüna historijska nauka, Zbornik Historijskog
instituta JA 1 (1954) 54–58; J. Stipišiü, Pomoüne povijesne znanosti, 17–19; ȭ. Ȼɭɛɚɥɨ,
ɉɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɟɱ, 27–30; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 187–195, 200–202.
255
ɩɟɱɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɪɟʂɟɮɧɢ. ɇɚɜɟ-

ɞɟɧɢ ɨɬɢɫɚɤ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɪɟɞɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɪɟɞʃɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɚɤɬɚ, ɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɨɬɢɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɨɛɢɦɚɧ ɧɟɢɫɩɢɫɚɧ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪ.74 Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɫɜɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɮɨɪɦɚɬɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɬɟɤ-
ɫɬɚ, ɨɛɥɢɤ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɢɤɚ (ɬɡɜ. landscape ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ).75
*
Ⱦɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɚ ɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭɝ-
ɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭ 27 ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ
ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ʁɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ, ɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɨɜɟ-
ʂɢ ɛɚɧɚ Ɍɜɪɬɤɚ Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɨʁ 1356. ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ.76 ɋɜɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɤɚ Ʉɭɥɢɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɢ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɨɝ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɚ-
ɧɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ II 1351. ɫɬɚɪɨɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɚɤ-
ɬɚ.77
Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ, ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɧɢ ɭ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɍɚʁ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ „sclavica”
ɢɥɢ „sclavonescha”, ɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ „ɫɪɩɫɤɢ”. ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɤʃɢ-
ɠɟɜɧɨɦ, ɜɟʄ ɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ, ɛɚɪ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ. ɇɟ-
ɲɬɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɩɚɪɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɪɚɡɢ ʁɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɚɪɟɧɝɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ
ɢɡɞɚɬɢɯ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ 1377. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ (ɢɡ
XII ɢ XIII ɜɟɤɚ) ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɚɪɯɚɢɱɧɢʁɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ (ɢɡ XIV ɢ
XV ɜɟɤɚ) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ. Ɋɟɮɥɟɤɫ ʁɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ
ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɚɤɬɚ. ɇɚʁɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɤɚɜɢɰɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ-
ɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɢ
74
P. Anÿeliü, Srednjovjekovni peþati, 86–90; G. ýremošnik, Studije, 81–91; ɇ. ɂɫɚ-
ɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 223–228.
75
G. ýremošnik, Studije, 29–30; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 196–198.
76
ɂ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɩɪɟɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ
ɢɥɢ, ɤɚɬɤɚɞ, ɞɜɨʁɟɡɢɱɧɚ.
77
ȼ. Ȼɨɝɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬ ɭ Ȼɢɏ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1975, 13–92; ȭ. Ȼɭɛɚɥɨ, ɉɢɫɚɧɚ
ɪɟɱ, 30–35; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 251–254.
256
(ɢ)ʁɟɤɚɜɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɟɲɟɧ ʁɚɬ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɟɤɚɜɢɰɚ ɪɟɬɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɭ ɦɨɠɟ

ɧɚɢʄɢ.78
ɋɜɟɱɚɧɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ 1377. ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ (ɩɨɥɭ)-
ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ „ɭɜɨɡɢ” ɛɪɡɨɩɢɫ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ
ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɬ ɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɭ
ɧɚɫɜɟɱɚɧɢʁɢɦ ɫɦɟʃɢɜɚɨ ɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ɟɫɬɟɬɫɤɢ ɞɨɩɚɞʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɩɢɫɦɨ. Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ ɬɚ
„ɞɢɥɟɦɚ” ɨɩɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɚɦɚ, ɞɨɬɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɢɫɚɪɢ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɨɦ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɛɪɡɨɩɢɫ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɢɦ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ. ɋɜɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1377. ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ
ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɡɨɩɢɫɨɦ. Ɋɟɬɤɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɟ
ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɭ, ɩɚɤ, ɭɜɟɤ ɢ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɝɨɬɢɱɤɢɦ
ɩɢɫɦɨɦ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ.79
Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɢ ɡɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ʁɟɪ ɭ ʃɢ-
ɦɚ ɫɪɟʄɟɦɨ ɪɟɱɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɢ ɪɨɛɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɚ, ɪɚɡɧɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-
ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ, ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ, ɩɨʁɦɨɜɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ, ɡɚɤɭɩɟ, ɞɭɝɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ, ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ.80
Neven Isailoviü, Ph.D.

Historical Institute, Belgrade
COMMERCIAL TREATIES BETWEEN BOSNIA AND DUBROVNIK

(RAGUSA) IN THE MIDDLE AGES: A DIPLOMATICAL OVERVIEW
Summary
Relations between medieval Bosnia and Dubrovnik (Ragusa) were based

primarily on trade. The issue of trade was regulated by treaties since the 12th
century, when the two countries were not bordering each other. The exchange was
intensified during the 14th century, when the Bosnian state expended to Ragusan
hinterland, surrounding Dubrovnik in its entirety in 1377, the same year when the
Bosnian ruler Tvrtko I was crowned king. During the period of intense decentrali-
zation of Bosnia in the last decades of the existence of the state, even regional lords
78
ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ, 244–251, 254–259, 265–267.
79
G. ýremošnik, Srpska diplomatska minuskula, njezin postanak i razvoj, Slovo 13
(1963) 119–136; ɉ. ȭɨɪɻɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɟ. ɉɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨ-ɮɢɥɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 19903, 129–143, 154–163, 171–179; ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɚɧɰɟɥ-
ɚɪɢʁɟ, 260–265, 271–274.
80
ȭ. Ⱦɚɧɢɱɢʄ, Ɋʁɟɱɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ I–III, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1863–
1864.
257
issued charters in order to regulate their relations with Dubrovnik, with or without
the permission of the central government. Economic relations were multiple - the
exchange of goods (raw materials and products), lease of regal rights (mines, mar-
ketplaces, collection of tax), banking operations (lending and investing money to
gain profit). However, among these, the most important remained trade in the
narrower sense of the word, since it secured the goods necessary for the normal
functioning of both countries. In the domain of trade, the treaties regulated: trading
privileges of Dubrovnik, the protection of merchants from officials’ harassment
and illegal taxes, customs and the liberation from the same, and different remedies
in cases of disputes. According to diplomatical characteristics, three types of treati-
es are known – higly representative charters, lesser charters usually dealing with
the issue of tariffs, and ordinary bill in the form of a proclamation or order. Basic
privileges were given in a form of extensive and solemn international treaties
issued on parchment validated by great hanging seals and rich in spiritual and gua-
rantee formulas. Customs duties were abolished by another type of document, with
less elaborate text and less guarantee formulas, while ordinary (plain) charters
resolved current issues, problems and disputes. While customs and immunity char-
ters were written mostly on parchment and with hanging seals as well as solemn
ones, the ordinary ones were issued on paper, with imprinted seals, in a typical
form and with a relatively short content. Almost all treaties between Bosnia and
Dubrovnik were written in Slavic (old Serbian) language, with just a few Latin
exceptions.
258
Da li su u Dubrovniku krajem srednjeg veka postojale organizovane kolonije trgovaca ...
UDK 339.17(497.13 Dubrovnik))"04/14" DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15014

DA LI SU U DUBROVNIKU KRAJEM SREDNJEG VEKA

POSTOJALE ORGANIZOVANE KOLONIJE
TRGOVACA I ZANATLIJA, POREKLOM SA PIRINEJSKOG
I APENINSKOG POLUOSTRVA?
Prof. dr Nenad Fejiü, istoriþar

Univerzitet Antil, Šelher Martinik, Francuska
Apstrakt: O strancima u privrednom i društvenom životu srednjovek-

ovnog Dubrovnika dosta je pisano, ali se u istorijskoj literaturi nerado koris-
tio pojam „kolonijâ” za obeležavanje ljudi zajedniþkog porekla, koji su u sre-
dini imigracije branili i unapreÿivali svoje društvene i privredne interese. Na
temelju samostalnih istraživanja i novijih rezultata u istoriografiji, autor nas-
toji da odgovori na pitanje da li su postojale kolonije Mleþana, Katalonaca i
Toskanaca u srednjovekovnom Dubrovniku.
Kljuþne reþi: kolonija, konzulati, Mleþani, Katalonci, Toskanci, Dub-
rovnik, Venecija, Barcelona, Firenca, Prato.
Mada je uloga stranaca u ekonomskom i društvenom životu srednjo-

vekovnog Dubrovnika tokom poslednjih decenija bila jedna od þesto obraÿi-
vanih tema u istorijskoj literaturi, dosada se, koliko nam je poznato, u njoj
nerado koristio termin „kolonija” za organizovanu grupu stranaca, trajno
nastanjenu u gradu pod Srÿem1. Kada je reþ o strancima u Dubrovniku, isto-
riografija je temeljno prouþila njihovo prisustvo, poreklo, brojno stanje, pri-
rodu poslova, dužinu boravka, društveni i privredni status, poslovne part-
nere, meÿusobne sporove, sporove sa Dubrovþanima i mnoga druga pitanja.
Meÿutim, nije se raspravljalo o tome da li se na pomenute zajednice strana-
ca moglo gledati kao na organizovane kolonije. Sam pojam „kolonije” ko-
ristio se u srpskoj medijevistici, ali u jednom sasvim odreÿenom znaþenju –
za naseobine Dubrovþana u rudarskimi trgovaþkim središtima srednjove-
kovne Srbije i Bosne. Postavlja se pitanje zašto, prilikom oznaþavanja zaista
brojnih i kompaktnih zajednica stranaca u Dubrovniku, nije korišüen prikla-
dan izraz – „kolonija”. Ukoliko se prihvati objašnjenje da su „naseobine”
1
Zahvaljujem Uredjivaþkom odboru sto mi je ljubaznim pozivom omoguüio da
uþestvujem u obeležavanju jubileja akademika Desanke Kovaþeviü Kojiü, i prilogom u
zborniku izrazim poštovanje prema njenom izuzetnom nauþno-istraživaþkom i pedagoškom
opusu.
259
Nenad Fejiü
srednjovekovne Srbije ili Bosne kompaktne zajednice stranaca zajedniþkog

porekla, dakle „kolonije”, naprimer Dubrovþana ili Sasa, ostaje nedoumica
zašto se, kada je o strancima u samom Dubrovniku reþ, ovaj veü na prvi
pogled prikladan i praktiþan pojam izbegavao. Tokom dva poslednja stoleüa
srednjeg veka, kroz Dubrovnik je prošlo, ili se u njemu trajno nastanilo, oko
šest stotina Venecijanaca2, više od osamdeset Toskanaca3, preko dvesta se-
damdeset Grka i Levantinaca, i preko tri stotine Španaca u širokom smislu
tog pojma odnosno Katalonaca4, Kastiljanaca, Aragonaca, Baskijaca, Valen-
sijanaca, a da se, uz jedan malo poznati izuzetak u istorijskoj literaturi, ni za
jednu od pomenutih zajednica nije koristio pojam „kolonije”. Ni sami razlo-
zi za izbegavanje korišüenja pomenutog pojma, ili za njegovu zamenu poj-
mom „naseobina”, nisu bili predmet posebnog ispitivanja u domaüoj me-
dijevistici, mada je za tako nešto bilo izvesnih metodoloških podsticaja5.U
francuskoj istoriografiji su se oko pitanja postojanja srednjovekovnih kolo-
nija vodile tokom poslednje dve decenije plodne diskusije. Predmet tih dis-
kusija bila je upravo potraga za zajedniþkim, svim medijevistima prihvatlji-
vim, merilima za definisanje kolonija u svetu srednjega veka. Zanimljivo je,
2
Procena je iznesena za razdoblje izmedju 1278. i 1400. godine, u raspravi B.
Krekiü, Contributions of foreigners to Dubrovnik’s economic growth in the late middle
Ages, objavljenoj u reprint izdanju Dubrovnik, Italy and the Balkans in the Late Middle
Ages, London1980, XIX, 378 (Dalje: B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik, Italy and the Balkans).
3
Procena je iznesena u raspravi B. Krekiü, I mercanti e produttori toscani di panni
di lana a Dubrovnik (Ragusa) nella prima metà del Quattrocento, Dubrovnik, Italy and the
Balkans IX 709, nap. 6.
4
Procena je iznesena u knjizi N. Fejiü, Španci u Dubrovniku, Beograd 1988,(videti
naroþito tabelu od strane 268 do strane 278: Stranci poreklom sa Pirinejskog poluostrva u
Dubrovniku od 1281. do 1499).
5
Pitanje je, koliko nam je poznato, u studijama o srednjovekovnom Dubrovniku, do-
sada sasvim nedvosmisleno postavljeno samo u dva navrata. Prvi put ga je postavila Mir-
jana Popoviü Radenkoviü, u raspravi o dolasku trgovaca iz Prata u Dubrovnik, u prvoj po-
lovini XV veka. U njoj se izjasnila u prilog postojanju «kolonije trgovaca iz Prata u Du-
brovniku izmedju 1420. i 1422. godine, koja se poþela osipati posle 1430. godine». Vidi:
Mirjana Popoviü Radenkoviü, La Penetrazione dei mercanti pratesi a Dubrovnik nella
prima metà del XV sec. Archivio Storico Italiano 117,1959, 503521. Pišuüi deset godina
kasnije o istoj temi, Bariša Krekiü izneo je mišljenje da sama þinjenica da su mnogi Pratezi
došli u Dubrovnik, da su neki medju njima vršili skromnije funkcije u dubrovaþkoj upravi,
dok je znatan broj njih obavljao veoma važne uloge u dubrovaþkoj privredi, ne izgleda
sama po sebi kao dovoljan dokaz postojanja prave kolonije u Dubrovniku, i da, bare dosa-
da, ni Mirjana Popoviü Radenkoviü ni drugi nisu izneli dokaz za postojanje jedne prave
kolonije. Vidi: Bariša Krekiü, I Mercanti e produttori di panni di lana a Dubrovnik (Ragu-
sa) nella prima metà del Quattrocento, u: Dubrovnik, Italy and the Balkans IX, 713.
260
i za našu temu znaþajno, da je ogledni uzorak za razmišljanje o srednjove-

kovnim kolonijama bio upravo prostor mediteranskih komuna6.
Na samom poþetku te epistemološke diskusije, postavilo se pitanje
merilâ koja bi se mogla uzeti u obzir da se zajednica stranaca u mediteran-
skoj komuni definiše kao kolonija. Vremenom su se iskristalisala þetiri me-
rila, oko kojih je u pomenutim višegodisnjim raspravama postignuta sagla-
snost, i koja bi omoguüavala da se govori o instituciji kolonije7. Prvo merilo
– postojanje þvrstih zajednica imigranata koje raspolažu vlastitim instituci-
jama, bilo da su te institucije samo odraz institucijâ matiþne komune, bilo da
su izgraÿene u emigraciji. Drugo merilo – društveni sastav zajednice imigra-
nata koji može odslikavati društveni sastav matiþne komune, ili se od njega
udaljiti. Treüe merilo – naþin na koji zajednica imigranata u novoj sredini
opšti sa maticom, u duhu strogog centralizma. odnosno podþinjenosti ma-
tici. ili uz visoki stepen decentralizacije, odnosno slabe i izolovane, pojedi-
naþne veze þlanova zajednice sa maticom. Najzad, þetvrto merilo, koje je
opredeljeno povratnim uþinkom, odnosno uticajem koje zajednica emigrana-
ta pod odreÿenim okolnostima može u institucionalnom ili društvenom pog-
ledu vršiti na maticu, posebno u vremenima kriza i masovnog povratka za-
jednica emigranata u matiþne sredine. Na osnovu navedena þetiri merila po-
staviüemo pitanje da li su sve, ili pojedine meÿu navedenim zajednicama
stranaca u Dubrovniku, obrazovale u kolonije8.
6
Posebno je u tom pogledu znaþajan podsticaj uglednog francuskog medijeviste
Mišela Balara (Michel Balard) koji je na to pitanje pokušao odgovoriti raspravom: Etat et
colonisation au Moyen Age. Bilan et perspectives, u zborniku Génèse de l’Etat moderne,
Editions CNRS, Paris, 1990, 6573. Objavljivanju rasprave usledila su, u razmaku od prib-
ližno deset godina, tri znaþajna medjunarodna skupa održana u Francuskoj i posveüena pita-
njima kolonizacije. Radovi predstavljeni na skupovima objavljeni su u tri zbornika: Colo-
niser au Moyen Age, (sous la direction de Michel Balard et Alain Ducellier), Paris 1995; Le
Partage du monde, échanges et colonisation dans la Méditerranée médiévale, (sous la
direction de Michel Balard et Alain Ducellier), Paris 1998; Migrations et diasporas médi-
terranéennes (XXVI siècles), (sous la direction de Michel Balard et Alain Ducellier), Paris
2002.
7
Ovde iznesena merila preuzeta su iz rasprave Mišela Balara, navedene u prethod-
noj napomeni.
8
Grke i Levantince, þije je brojno stanje takodje poznato, ovom prilikom nismo uze-
li u obzir, ne zbog njihovog broja, koji je u Dubrovniku bio i veüi od broja Toskanaca na
primer, veü zbog nedovoljne homogenosti u oznaþavanju porekla. Tako bi se sâm pojam
Levantinaca mogao primeniti na strance poreklom iz široko zamišljenog podruþja Istoþnog
Sredozemlja, od Epira, jonskih i egejskih ostrva, do obala Male Azije, Egipta i Sirije. Up.
B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) et le Levant, Paris – LaHaye, 1961.
261
Nenad Fejiü
Prvo merilo: da li si radilo o þvrstim zajednicama imigranata sa insti-

tucijama izgraÿenim u skladu sa vlastitim potrebama, ili o zajednicama sa
institucijama kao ogledalom matiþne sredine ?
U odnosu na to prvo merilo, oþigledno je da se nisu sve zajednice stra-
naca, nezavisno od njihovog brojnog stanja, nalazile u istom položaju. Mada
najbrojniji, Venecijanci su u institucionalnom pogledu imali najniži stepen
nezavisnosti. Ne može se zaboraviti da je republika na lagunama iznedrila
dubrovaþke institucije i da su te institucije u mnogome funkcionisale po
uzoru na venecijanske (knez, tri veüa, presecanje politiþkih i sudskih nadlež-
nosti veüa po uzoru na mletaþki sistem, razne ad hoc komisije po uzoru na
mletaþke, uglavnom u sluþaju neposredne opasnosti za komunu, monopol
otkupa soli, žitarica, institucija javnog kredita („imprestitum”), itd). Nizak
stepen institucionalne autonomije Mleþana u Dubrovniku karakteristiþan je i
za prvi period podložnosti Dubrovnika Veneciji (1204–1358) i za drugi pe-
riod potþinjenosti Ugarskoj a zatim Otomanskom carstvu, kada je Dubrov-
nik po mnogo þemu razvio odlike suverene države. Razumljivo je da nema
nikakvih razloga da se u prvom periodu, tj. od 1204. do 1358 godine, mle-
taþki knez u Dubrovniku smatra posebnim predstavnikom zajednice Mleþa-
na imigranata u Dubrovniku, kada se ima u vidu da su komuna i njen distrikt
bili pod suverenitetom Venecije. Institucionalni okviri u kojima su živeli
Mleci u Dubrovniku u tom vremenu nisu mogli biti bitno drugaþiji od onih u
kojima su živeli sami Dubrovþani, a razlike su se mogle ogledati po osnovi
staleške pripadnosti, a ne komunalnog porekla, pošto državni suverenitet
Dubrovnika u tom periodu nije ni postojao. Mletaþki sistem nije rado pri-
hvatao razne oblike institucionalnog staleškog okupljanja izvan utrÿenih
oligarhijskih institucija. A ako ih je i prihvatao, strogo ih je nadgledao9. U
drugom razdoblju, po prestanku mletaþkog suvereniteta nad Dubronikom,
prilike se menjaju i Mleþani u Dubrovniku zaista postaju „stranci” koji bi
zaštitu sa razlogom mogli potražiti u izvesnim, samo njima namenjenim,
institucionalnim okvirima, u cilju unapreÿenja sopstvenih interesa. Meÿu-
tim, to se nije dogodilo. Naime, u oþi pada to da su i nakon prekida institu-
cionalnih veza sa Venecijom 1358, oblici organizovanja Mleþana u Dubrov-
niku bili vrlo labavi, gotovo nepostojeüi. U tom razdoblju pominje se samo
9
Poznato je da su bratovštine u Veneciji bile pod strogim nadzorom upravnog apa-
rata, na primer, radnici u brodogradilištu (arsenaloti) ili staklari na obližnjem ostrvu Mu-
ranu. Ukoliko su poslovi koje su þlanovi neke bratovštine obavljali bili složeniji i za državu
znaþajniji (izgradnja galija, u sluþaju arsenalota, ili proizvodnja dragocenog stakla i ogle-
dala u sluþaju radnika sa Murana) utoliko je i nadzor mletaþkog aparata nad njenim
þlanovima bio stroži. Nedostatak slobode þlanovi tih bratovština donekle su kompenzovali
ugledom i poštovanjem koji su se vezivali za njihovu delatnost i koji su se ispoljavali prili-
kom komunalnih svetkovina.
262
jednom „konsul mletaþkih trgovaca u Dubrovniku”10, uprkos znantnom bro-

ju Mleþana koji i dalje posluju u gradu pod Srÿem. Isto vredi i za zanatlije
mletaþkog porekla kojih je takoÿe bio znatan broj11. Taj raskorak izmeÿu
stvarnog prisustva i slabosti institucionalnog organizovanja þinio je položaj
Mleþana u Dubrovniku izuzetno osetljivim, posebno u ratnim vremenima
kada izmeÿu njih i dubrovaþkih vlasti nije bilo posrednika i kada su kao za-
jednica stranaca, poreklom iz neprijateljske komune, bili izloženi represali-
jama12.
Položaj Toskanaca u tom pogledu bio je nešto drugaþiji. Znatno malo-
brojniji od Mleþana u Dubrovniku, oni su bili graÿani komunâ koje su sa
Dubrovþanima održavale intenzivne privredne veze, ali nisu imale ni snage
ni ambicije da utiþu na politiþki život Dubrovnika. Kao takvi, oni nikada
nisu bili izloženi represalijama kojima su mogli biti izloženi Mleþani posle
1358. godine, ali nisu bili ni zaštiüeni nekim posebnim institucijama, kao što
su to bili Mleþani, pre i, u manjoj meri posle, 1358. godine. Status Toska-
naca, u prvom redu Firentinaca i Prateza, u Dubrovniku zavisio je od njiho-
vog društvenog položaja i imovinskog stanja, koji su se dosta razlikovali od
sluþaja do sluþaja. Ako bi se izgradnja vlastitih institucija uzimala kao meri-
lo postojanja kolonija u Dubrovniku, položaj Toskanaca bi tome u prilog
davao najmanje argumenata.13
Najpotpuniji oblik institucionalnog organizovanja, po uzoru na komu-
ne iz kojih su potekli, imali su Katalonci u Dubrovniku. U životu Katalon-
ske zajednice u Dubrovniku od prvorazrednog znaþaja bila je institucija
konzula grada Barselone14. Istina, komuna Barselone prvog konzula u Dub-
rovniku imenuje srazmerno kasno, 1443. godine, gotovo dva stoleüa nakon
10
Reþ je o Marku Guoru koji se 1367. godine pominje kao consul mercatorum de
Veneciis. O tome više kod: B. Krekiü, Some Venetians in Dubrovnik in the Fourteenth cen-
tury, u zborniku Unequal rivals: essays on relations between Dubrovnik and Venice in the
Thirteenth and Fourteenth centuries, (dalje: B. Krekic, Unequal rivals), Zagreb–Dubrov-
nik, 2007, 101144.
11
B. Krekic, The contributions of foreigners to Dubrovnik’s economic growth in the
late Middle Ages, zbornik radova B. Krekic, Dubrovnik, Italy and the Balkans, XIX.
12
Posebno su Mleþani u Dubrovniku bili izloženi represalijama u vreme kjodjans-
kog rata 13781381. Ugledni mletaþki trgovac Franüesko Baldela (Franciscus Baldella),
koji je godinama boravio u Dubrovniku, bio je u vreme rata, kao sumnjivi stranac, konfini-
ran u prostorijama opštinske riznice, a kasnije sa drugim nepoželjnim strancima proteran iz
Dubrovnika: N. Fejiü, Dubrovnik (Raguse) au Moyen Age, espace de convergence, espace
menacé, Paris 2010, 86.
13
Uprkos velikom broju Toskanaca u Dubrovniku, nijedna toskanska komuna nije u
srednjem veku imenovala konzula u Dubrovniku.
14
O Katalonskim konzulima u Dubrovniku u XV veku: Nenad Fejiü, Španci u Du-
brovniku, 18–32.
263
Nenad Fejiü
sto je dobila od aragonskog kralja Jakova I pravo da imenuje konsule „in

Romania et in partibus ultramarinis” 1268. godine15. Nadležnosti Katalon-
skog konsula bile su veoma široke, rešavao je sporove izmeÿu svojih sugra-
ÿana u Dubrovniku i branio ih u graÿanskim sporovima koje su oni vodili sa
dubrovaþkim graÿanima pred dubrovaþkim sudom16. Institucija Katalonskog
konsula u prekomorskim zemljama i gradovima uživala je u Barceloni veliki
ugled. Njome su veünici Katalonske prestonice proširili na svoje kolonije
širom mediteranskog prostora staru instituciju „konsulata mora” („consulat
del mar”), koja je sliþne nadležnosti veü decenijama obavljala u Katalonskoj
prestonici17. Funkcija Katalonskog konsula nije bila poþasne prirode. To-
kom druge polovine XV stoleüa i poþetkom XVI stoleüa, zabeležene su u
dubrovaþkim izvorima brojna svedoþanstva o intervencijama Katalonskih
konsula u privatnim poslovima i sudskim sporovima koje su vodili, ili u
koje su bili ukljuþeni, njihovi sugraÿani. Ako bi se na temelju izgraÿenosti i
delotvornosti institucija prenetih iz stare, ili izgraÿenih u novoj sredini, sudi-
lo o postojanju kolonije stranaca, zajednica Katalonaca, mada ne i najbrojni-
ja, imala bi, zahvaljujuüi instituciji konsulata, najviše razloga da se smatra
kolonijom u Dubrovniku.
Mada su meÿu strancima Mleþani bili najbrojniji u Dubrovniku, nji-
hov status pre 1358. godine bio je opredeljen statusom koji je Dubrovnik
imao kao sastavni deo venecijanske pomorske imperije, dakle, statusom u
kome graÿani metropole objektivno nisu ni bili stranci, pa njihov pravni
položaj nije pogodovao nekom izdvajanju u cilju odbrane korporativnih in-
teresa18. Stanje se nije bitno promenilo ni posle 1358. i sticanja punog suve-
reniteta Dubrovnika. Mleþani su i u novom državno-pravnom ustrojstvu u
kome su se našli u gradu pod Srÿem, ostali rezervisani prema svim staleš-
kim i profesionalnim oblicima okupljanja, što je bilo i trajno opredeljenje
15
Ibid 208: « Volumus insuper et mandamus quod omnes subditi nostri, tam merca-
tores quam alii, teneantur responderein posse dictorum consulum per vos electorum de omnis
questionibus et demandis per eos proponendis et teneantur etiam eis in omnibus obedire.
Datum Tarachone, octavo die augusti anno Domini M ducesimo sexagesimo octavo. »
16
U kriviþnim postupcima izmeÿu Dubrovþana i Katalonaca u Dubrovniku, nadležan
je bio dubrovaþki sud.
17
Iz prakse konzulata mora u Barceloni, proistekla je najstarija zbirka zakona po-
morskog prava na sredozemnom prostoru na kojoj je kasnije niklo pomorsko pravo ita-
lijanskih pomorskih komuna; zbirku je objavio A. de Capmany y Monpalau, Memorias
historicas sobre la marina, comercio y artes de la antigua ciudad de Barcelona, reedicion
anotada, vol. II, Documentos, Barcelona 1962.
18
Reþit je u tom pogledu primer Mleþanina Fela Aldigerija (Fele Aldigheri), koji je od
1318 do 1346, obavljao osetljivu i odgovornu funkciju pitantariusa, þuvara arsenala, funkciju
za koju je bio odgovoran Velikom vecu koje ga je imenovalo. B. Krekiü, Unequal rivals,
102110.
264
njihove matiþne komune, nasuprot drugim italijanskim komunama19. Tos-

kanci, brojniji od Katalonaca, a malobrojniji od Mleþana, bili su instucional-
no slabo organizovani, i u skladu sa prvim navedenim merilom doista ne bi
mogli predstavljati koloniju u Dubrovniku20. Najzad, uzimajuüi u obzir in-
stitucionalne aspekte, Katalonci u Dubrovniku najviše su se približili statusu
kolonije.
Drugo merilo za prepoznavanje kolonije bio bi društveni sastav zajed-
nice stranaca. Pored broja imigranata i njihovog institucionalnog organizo-
vanja u novoj sredini, može se sa razlogom pretpostaviti da je raznovrsnost
društvenog sastava takoÿe jedan od kriterijuma za prepoznavanje kolonije.
U tom pogledu položaj Mleþana, Toskanaca i Katalonaca u Dubrovniku nije
bio istovetan. Društvena lepeza Mleþana i Katalonaca bila je znatno šira i
raznovrsnija od lepeze koja je obuhvatala Toskance. U Dubrovniku su u
þetrnaestom stoleüu živeli, poslovali i posedovali nekretnine izdanci neko-
liko mletaþkih patricijskih porodica21. No, u gradu je u istom razdoblju bilo
jedanaest zlatara, osam postolara, pet staklara sa ostrva Murana, pet drvode-
lja, i trideset osam drugih zanatlija razliþitih profila, dakle Mleþana koji nisu
poticali iz vladajuüeg staleža.
Jos širu društvenu lepezu pokazuju imigranti poreklom sa Pirinejskog
poluostrva. Zabeleženo je nekoliko predstavnika najveüih patricijskih poro-
dica þiji su þlanovi sedeli u gradskim veüima Barselone22, tu su zatim imena
krupnih trgovaca vunom i srebrom iz Barselone Tortoze i Taragone23, neko-
19
Up. Supra, napomena 9.
20
Graÿani toskanskih komuna, medju njima najbrojniji Firentinci i Pratezi, mada zas-
tupljeni u velikom broju u Dubrovniku, nisu u tom gradu imali konzule krajem srednjeg veka.
21
B. Krekiü, Dubrovnik, Italy and the Balkans XIX, 378–379: izmedju ostalih Con-
tarini, Quirino, Condolmer, Venier, Giustinian.
22
Mihailo de Roda (Michael de Roda), clan Veüa stotine grada Barcelone (odgovara
dubrovaþkom Velikom veüu) kome su dubrovaþka veüa u razdoblju od 1419. do 1424.
godine više puta odobravala boravak u Dubrovniku i Valentin Gibert, clan veüa Stotine i
veüa petorice (odgovara dubrovaþkom malom veüu), koji je u Dubrovniku boravio 1433.
godine. Vidi: N. Fejiü, Španci u Dubrovniku, 125, 145.
23
Bernard Gvaskvil (Bernat Guasquill, koji je u gradu pod Srdjem boravio šesnaest
godina (1420–1436), bio je trgovac srebrom i vunom. Oženio se Dubrovþankom i sa njom
imao küer Ursulinu, koju je po njegovoj smrti u Dubrovniku, u skladu sa njegovom pisme-
nom oporukom, odveo u Kataloniju njegov bratiü. N. Fejiü, Španci u Dubrovniku, 128131.
Sa zemljakom, Jovanom Brulom, osudjen je 1426. godine, od strane dubrovaþkog suda na
mesec dana zatvora, zato što je, saznavši da se Dubrovþani spremaju da sekvestriraju jednu
Katalonsku ladju koja se približavala Dubrovniku, njenoj posadi sa dubrovaþkih zidina da-
vao znake da se udalji od obale… Veoma znaþajan doprinos prouþavanju uloge Katalonaca
kao trgovaca srebrom dala je Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü u raspravi „Les Catalans dans les
affaires de la compagnie Caboga (14261433)”, Acta Historica et Archaeologica mediae-
valia 26, 2005, 759766.
265
Nenad Fejiü
liko lekara i hirurga, ali i imena skromnih zanatlija, proizvoÿaþa tkanina,

drvodelja, trubaþa ili oružara u službi dubrovaþke komune, sve do ljudi neo-
dreÿenih zvanja i profesija koje je nevolja ili potraga za poslom dovela u
grad pod Srÿem24. Kada je reþ o strancima u Dubrovniku, poreklom iz Tos-
kane, Firentinacima i Pratezima, društvena lepeza je znatno uža. Firentinci
su u Dubrovnik poþeli dolaziti ranije od Prateza, još u prvoj polovini XIV
stoleüa. Posebnu ulogu su imali kao predstavnici þetiri velike firentinske
bankarske kuüe, Bardi, Peruci, Aüajuoli i Buonakorsi, koje su sa dubrovaþ-
kim sindicima, približno od 1318. do 1340. godine, zakljuþivali krupne pos-
love za isporuku žita iz Apulije. Meÿutim, iako je njihova privredna uloga
bila znaþajna, nijedno veliko ime firentinskog patricijata nije zabeleženo u
Dubrovniku u ulozi predstavnika þetiri bankarske kuüe25. Za Firentince koji
su u XIV i XV stoleüu živeli i poslovali u Dubrovniku može se reüi da su
znatnim iznosima kreditirali dubrovaþke trgovce, ali sa jednim znaþajnim
izuzetkom – nisu ostavili traga u društvenom i politiþkom životu Firence26.
Pratezi u Dubrovnik stižu kasnije od Firentinaca, tek dvadesetih godina
XVstoleüa. U celini, oni su u Dubrovniku bili brojniji od svojih toskanskih
suseda, ali je društveno i privredno njihov status bio skromniji. Posebno je
zanimljivo, ono što je o njima pisala Mirjana Popoviü Radenkoviü:
„Prouþavajuüi imovinsko stanje tih trgovaca u firentinskim katastarskim
knjigama, mogla sam konstatovati da se radilo o osobama koje su posedo-
24
Pouzdano su u dubrovaþkim knjigama zabeležena sledeüa zanimanja Katalonaca u
gradu pod Srdjem : rabin, hirurg, nadbiskupov kapelan,trubaþ, brodski pisar, vunar, drvo-
delja, balestije,oklopar. N. Fejiü, Španci u Dubrovniku, 96.
25
O poslovanju predstavnika firentinskih bankarskih kuüa u Dubrovniku vidi kod :
B. Krekiü, Four florentine commercial companies in Dubrovnik (Ragusa) in the first half of
thr Fourteenth century, Dubrovnik Italy and the Balkan I, 25–41. U XV veku više nije bilo
reþi o predstavnicima firentinskih bankarskih kuüa koje su bankrotirale u prethodnom
stoleüu, vec o imuünim Firentincima, koji su znatnim sredstvima kreditirali dubrovaþke
trgovce kao Ĉordje Guüi (Georgius Guçii de Florentia), koji je samo u razdoblju od 1418.
do 1428. u kreditno poslovanje u Dubrovniku uložio 14.000 dukata, i Martin Kjerini (Mar-
tinus Chierini de Florentia), þije su kreditne operacije u Dubrovniku, samo 1458. i 1459,
dostigle vrednost od 17.000 dukata. O njima kod B. Krekiü, Italian creditors in Dubrovnik
(Ragusa) and the Balkan trade, thirteenth through fifteenth centuries, u Dubrovnik Italy
and the Balkans VIII, 241254.
26
Izuzetak u tom pogledu predstavlja liþnost Filipa Bastarija (Phylippus de Basta-
riis), gradjanina Firence koji je u drugoj polovini XIV stoleüa obavljao znaþajne politiþke
funkcije u Firenci (izmedju ostalog i ambasadora u Pizi), ali je 1394. godine optužen da je
pripremao prevrat u rodnom gradu i proteran u Dubrovnik, gde je ubrzo po dolasku i u-
mro.O tome vidi kod : B. Krekiü, Trois fragments concernant les relationns entre Dubrov-
nik et l’Italie, L’Exil et la mort du politicien florentin Philippe Bastari et l’activité de son
fils Giovenco à Dubrovnik vers la fin du XIV siècle, u zborniku Dubrovnik, Italy and the
Balkans II, 27–31.
266
vale malo zemljišnog poseda i još manje tekuüeg kapitala. Meÿu onima koji
su se duže nastanili u Dubrovniku, gotovo nijedan nije imao vlastitu tkaþku
radionicu u Pratu27.”
Tezu Mirjane Popoviü Radenkoviü, nedavno je potkrepila italijanska
istoriþarka Paola Pineli. Ona je u državnom arhivu u Pratu sredila zbirku pi-
sama Ĉulijana di Marka Markovaldija, koji je kao poslovni predstavnik
svog roÿaka Mikela di Ĉovanina, vlasnika tkaþke radionice u Pratu do 1425,
a nakon toga samostalno, ili u službi dubrovaþkog graÿanina Petra Pantele
iz Pjaüence, suknara, trgovca i brodovlasnika28, boravio u Dubrovniku od
1419. do smrti koja ga je zatekla u gradu pod Srÿem 1434. godine. Raznovr-
sna i zanimljiva korespondencija Ĉulijana di Marka sa bratom Sandrom, pri-
kazuje ga kao užurbanog, marljivog trgovca, koji tkanine svog roÿaka Mike-
la di Ĉovanina proizvedene u Pratu, a zatim tkanine Petra Pantela29 proizve-
dene u Dubrovniku, nastoji da proda bilo u gradu pod Srÿem, bilo u Kotoru,
na Korþuli, putujuüi þak do Drijeva, pa i na suprotnu jadransku obalu u
Apuliju, gde obilazi sajmove u više priobalnih gradova i gradiüa: Bariju,
Barleti, Manfredoniji, San Severu, Traniju, Fortoreu; meÿutim ni Ĉulijano
di Marko. Ni njegovi dosta brojni sugraÿani, koji su svoju poslovnu sudbinu
vezali za Dubrovnik, nisu se obogatili, ni uþestvovali u društvenom i poli-
tiþkom životu, ni u svom rodnom Pratu ni u gradu pod Srÿem.
Treüe merilo, povezano sa prethodna dva, ogleda se u stepenu samo-
stalnosti praktiþnog delovanja koji pokazuju useljenici sa tri pomenuta pod-
ruþja u dubrovaþkoj komuni i distriktu, u odnosu na sredinu iz koje su potekli.
Stabilnost, pa i sam opstanak zajednice stranaca u Dubrovniku, zavisili su i od
toga koliko se ona znala prilagoditi povoljnoj, ili odupreti nepovoljnoj kon-
junkturi poslovanja u širem mediteranskom i balkanskom prostoru. Ukoliko je
stepen prilagoÿavanja konjunkturi, posebno nepovoljnoj, bio viši, utoliko se
sa više opravdanja može govoriti, ne o grupi pojedinaca, veü o pravoj koloniji
stranaca u Dubrovniku. Prikazavši delovanje desetina, danas bi se veü moglo
reüi i stotina, stranaca, u prvom redu politiþkih i privrednih delatnika pore-
27
Up. nap. 5
28
Paola Pinelli, Giuliano di Marco da Prato, fattore a Ragusa : Il carteggio, Atti e
Memorie della Società Dalmata di Storia Patria, Collana monografica 6, 26, 2004; Paola
Pinelli objavila je prepisku Ĉuliana di Marka: Il carteggio Marcovaldi (14011437)
nell’Archivio di Stato di Prato, Inventario, Ministero per i beni culturali e ambientali, di-
partimento per i beni archivistici e librari, direzione generale per gli archivi, 2006.
29
O Petru Panteli, suknaru i brodovlasniku u Dubrovniku, nedavno je objavila knji-
gu Paola Pinelli, Tra argento granno e panni, Piero Pantella, un operatore italiano nella
Ragusa del primo Quattrocento, Firenze, 2013. U njoj je navedena i ranija literatura o Petru
Panteli, kao i o proizvodnji tkanina u srednjovekovnom Dubrovniku, posebno iz pera Du-
šanke Diniü Kneževiü.
267
Nenad Fejiü
klom iz Venecije, Katalonije ili Toskane, srpska,i ranije jugoslovenska, a

delimiþno i strana istoriografija, na ovaj posredan naþinsu možda najviše
doprineli ovde razmatranoj temi. Naime, dubina traga koji su zajednice Mle-
þana, Katalonaca ili Toskanaca ostavile u istoriji Dubrovnika u dobroj meri
zavisila je od oblikâ institucionalnog organizovanja komuna iz kojih su dola-
zili, odnosno društvenih staleža iz kojih su poticali (gore obuhvaüenih sa prva
dva predstavljena merila), ali isto toliko i od nekih liþnih odlika: preduzimlji-
vosti, snalažljivosti, spremnosti da se izloži riziku. Koliko je odnos izmeÿu
parametara liþnosti i konjunkture bio delikatan, i koliko su se oni meÿusobno
dopunjavali ili potirali, ovde se može ilustrovati sa nekoliko primera koji se
odnose na svaku od tri pomenute zajednice stranaca u Dubrovniku. Primer
Venecije: koliko je porastu broja njenih graÿana u Dubrovniku pogodovala
dugogodišnja mletaþka vrhovna vlast (12041358), a i nakon njenog prestan-
ka, verska i kulturna bliskost dubrovaþke i mletaþke elite, toliko im je odma-
galo odsustvo jeziþke srodnosti i pogotovo politiþka nestabilnost u zaleÿu, u
prvom redu þesti dubrovaþko-srpski oružani sukobi i trgovaþki sporovi koji su
se odvijali upravo u vremenima kada je Venecija razvijala svoju pomorsku
imperiju na tekovinama ýetvrtog krstaškog rata. Veoma rano prisutni u srp-
skoj i, nešto kasnije, u bosanskoj srednjovekovnoj državi, mletaþki trgovci su
ubrzo bili u prilici da osete relativnu ranjivost svog položaja u balkanskom
zaleÿu i nuždu da se u svojoj delatnosti usredsrede na grad pod Srÿem, pre-
puštajuüi srpsko i bosansko zaleÿe Dubrovþanima koji su bolje poznavali
njegov jezik i obiþaje. Tako je kolonija Mleþana u Dubrovniku, u XIII i u
prvoj polovini XIV veka, bila u znaku suprotstavljenih pritisaka, istovremeno
i podsticaja i ometanja za obavljanje poslova. Suprotstavljenim pritiscima
jedini primereni odgovor u svakoj prilici je mogao dati „mletaþki trgovac
sâm”, kome je preostajalo ili da odgovori izazovu zarade uprkos rizicima, ili
da se povuþe pred opasnostima od gubitaka i štete, prepuštajuüi tako profit od
trgovine sa zaleÿem svojim dubrovaþkim partnerima, ali i konkurentima30.
Isto bi se moglo reüi i za Katalonce, dobavljaþe vune za dinamiþnu dubrovaþ-
ku tkaþku manufakturu od dvadesetih do pedesetih godina XV stoleüa, i izvo-
znike srebra na venecijansko i Katalonsko tržište. Pomenutim podsticajima
suprotstavljali su se stalni napadi Katalonskih gusara na dubrovaþke laÿe, koji
su navodili vlasti da ponekad pribegnu kolektivnim odmazdama i sekvestrima
protiv Katalonskih trgovaca. Ponekada je i sama kancelarija aragonskog kra-
lja Alfonsa V nastojala da Katalonce u Dubrovniku podredi interesima dvora
u Napulju. ýinjenica da je zajednica Katalonaca u Dubrovniku dugo uspešno
odolevala u borbi protiv navedene nepovoljne konjunkture, jeste, u skladu sa
30
B. Krekic, Venetian merchants in the Balkan hinterland, Dubrovnik, Italy and the
Balkans XIII, 413429.
268
navedenim merilom, prilog tezi o postojanju Katalonske kolonije u gradu pod

Srÿem. I poslednji sluþaj Toskanaca, u prvom redu Firentinaca i Prateza,
zanimljiv je u tom pogledu. Mada, kao što smo videli, nisu dolazili iz sredina
koje su svojoj dijaspori u Dubrovniku mogle nametnuti neke stroge instituci-
onalne okvire, Toskanci su bili osetljivi na privredne podsticaje koji su im
dolazili iz postojbine. Nedavno otkrivena i sreÿena zbirka pisama iz zaostav-
štine Ĉulijana di Marka iz Prata pokazuje sa koliko se upornosti i borbenosti
ovaj, u suštini skromni prateški trgovac, gotovo bez sopstvenog kapitala, tru-
dio da poveže male trgove na obali Apulije sa dubrovaþkim, kotorskim, kor-
þulanskim i drijevskim trgovima u cilju prodaje sukana koje su proizvodili
njegovi imuüniji nalogodavci u Dubrovniku, poput Petra Pantele. U zamenu
za sukna kupovao je male koliþine srebra iz zaleÿa, za koje je opet u Apuliji
kupovao žito koje je isporuþivao na dubrovaþko tržište. Sluþaj Ĉulijana di
Marka nikako nije bio usamljen. Upornost i istrajnost, koje provejavaju iz
njegove prepiske sa bratom Sandrom, nalazimo i u svedoþanstvima o poslo-
vanju znatnog broja njegovih sugraÿana, u dubrovaþkim knjigama. Odsustvo
polaznog kapitala, koje ih je teško pogaÿalo na poþetku, oni su pokušavali na-
doknaditi þvrstim povezivanjem sa svojim sugraÿanima i izgradnjom porodiþ-
ne i poslovne mreže u gradu pod Srÿem. To je dobro naslutila Mirjana Po-
poviü Radenkoviü kada je, pre više od pola stoleüa, pisala o postojanju kolo-
nije Prateza u Dubrovniku.
ýetvrto, i poslednje, merilo za prepoznavanje kolonije bilo bi povratno
delovanje njenih þlanova na maticu, u prvom redu usled masovnog povratka u
maticu prilikom ratova ili izrazito nepovoljnih promena u privrednoj konjun-
kturi u novoj sredini. Istoriþari su navodili mnoge primere neprihvatanja þla-
nova patricijskih rodova od strane njihovih roÿaka u Veneciji u trnutku kada
su se ti þlanovi, pred najezdom Turaka, u drugom ili treüem pokoljenju poþeli
povlaþiti iz mletaþke Albanije krajem XV veka31. Da li su brojni Mleþani,
Toskanci i Katalonci nastanjeni u Dubrovniku na sliþan naþin, prilikom pov-
ratka, ostavili traga u svojim matiþnim sredinama? Najviše svedoþanstava ima
u mletaþkim izvorima, iz razumljivih razloga, iz vremena kada je Dubrovnik
priznavao mletaþku vrhovnu vlast od 1204. do 1358. O tome je u istoriografi-
ji dosta pisano32. Nema sumnje da su zvaniþni predstavnici mletaþke države u
31
Bernard Doumerc, Les Vénitiens confrontés au retour des rapatriés de l’empire
colonial d’outre-mer (fin XV-début XVI siècle, Migrations et diasporas méditerranéennes,
(sous la direction de Michel Balard et Alkain Ducellier), Paris 2002, 375398.
32
Videti naroþito kod B. Krekiüa, Some Venetians in Dubrovnik in the fourteenth
century, u zborniku Unequal rivals, 101144. Naroþito su u tom smislu mogli delovati mle-
taþki kneževi, þlanovi patricijskih rodova koji su se u grad na lagunama vraüali nakon zavr-
šetka šestomeseþnog mandata i podnosili izveštaj svojoj vladi, ili usled nekih izvanrednih
okolnosti, na primer prilikom neuspešne pobune dela dubrovaþkog patricijata 1266. kada je
269
Nenad Fejiü
Dubrovniku, u prvom redu knez, po povratku u Veneciju, mogli svojim polo-

žajem u veüima, i poznavanjem prilika u gradu pod Srÿem, uticati na politiku
prema Dubrovniku. Isto tako su neprilike kojima su bili izloženi mletaþki
trgovci u decenijama kada se Dubrovnik oslobodio mletaþke vlasti (posle
1358. godine), naroþito u godinama rata oko Tenedosa, mogle oneraspoložiti
Mleþane33. Uticaj povratnika iz redova Toskanaca, i u nešto manjoj meri Ka-
talonaca, u svojim matiþnim sredinama u tom pogledu je nesto drugaþiji. Kao
graÿani komunâ koje su sa Dubrovnikom bile iskljuþivo u privrednim veza-
ma, oni nisu bili izloženi represalijama kakve su trpeli mletaþki graÿani u vre-
menima ratova, ali nisu mogli delovati ni kao uticajni zagovornici Dubrovni-
ka u svojim matiþnim sredinama. Kada je, reþ o Toskancima, posebno su Pra-
tezi bili brojni u Dubrovniku. Nedavno pronaÿena zbirka Markovaldi u Pratu,
zahvaljujuüi italijanskoj istoriþarki Paoli Pineli, veü je dala obilje podataka,
posebno iz pisama Ĉulijana bratu Sandru tokom višegodisnjeg boravka u
Dubrovniku (14201424), ali se u tom pogledu mogu oþekivati i nova otkri-
üa. Ne samo da je broj Prateza u Dubrovniku bio znaþajan, veü je i njihovo
kretanje izmeÿu dve jadranske obale bilo izuzetno intenzivno, kao što ilustru-
je navedeni primer Ĉulijana di Marka Markovaldija. Isto bi se moglo reüi i za
Katalonce, mada je njihov ukupan broj u Dubrovniku bio nešto veci od broja
Toskanaca tokom dva poslednja stoleüa srednjeg veka, a i društvena lepeza,
kaošto je pomenuto, nešto je raznovrsnija. S obzirom na veliku razdaljinu iz-
meÿu gradova na Katalonskoj obali i Dubrovnika, uprkos njihovom broju i
dužini boravka u Dubrovniku, pokretljivost Katalonaca je bila slabija od pok-
retljivosti Mleþana i Toskanaca. Svedoþanstva o kretanjima, osobito iz Dub-
rovnika u rodnu Kataloniju, nešto su malobrojnija. Uoþljivo je, meÿutim, da
se þešüe vraüaju þlanovi patricijskih porodica34, kao i þlanovi porodica sred-
mletaþki knez Ĉovani Kverini (Giovanni Querini) morao privremeno da se povuþe u Vene-
ciju, gde se žalio na Dubrovþane koji armata manu in ipsum comitem et eos qui cum eo
erant fecerunt insultum N. Fejiü, Dubrovnik, (Raguse) au Moyen-Age, espace de conver-
gence, espace menacé, Paris 2010, 40. Podjednako nezadovoljan Dubrovþanima morao je
biti i Jovan Dandolo (Giovanni Dandolo), koji je svoj mandat obavljao punih 16 godina,
(iako je mandat kneza bio sest godina !), dok ga Dubrovþani nisu proterali 1230. N. Fejic,
La Chronique ragusaine de Junije Rastiü et la politique de Venise dans la mémoire collec-
tive de Dubrovnik, u zborniku Chemins d’outre-mer, études sur la méditerranée médiévale
offertes à Michel Balard I–II, Paris 2004, t.1, 292310.
33
Tako je ugledni mletaþki trgovac Franüesko Baldela, koji je u Dubrovniku boravio
gotovo 40 godina (13501389), u vreme rata oko Tenedosa (Kjoÿanski rat) od 1378. do
1381. godine kada su se Dubrovnik i Venecija našli u suprotstavljenim taborima, gotovo
dve godine proveo u dubrovaþkom zatvoru: B. Krekiü, Contributions of foreigners, u Du-
brovnik, Italy and the Levant XIX, 380.
34
Na primer porodica De Roda, þija su tri þlana u razliþitim vremenima i okolnosti-
ma boravila uu Dubrovniku, porodica Gibert, þija su dva þlana, Beringerije i Valentin bora-
270
njih i krupnijih proizvoÿaþa tkaninâ i trgovaca tkaninama i srebrom35. Treba

takoÿe imati u vidu da je, naroþito u vreme vladavine kralja Alfonsa u Napu-
lju (14421458), broj Katalonaca u južnoj Italiji, osobito u Napulju i na Sicili-
ji, znatno porastao. Uporedo sa tim, i povratni uticaj kolonije Katalonaca iz
Dubrovnika u tim zemljama, mogao je prevaziüi njen uticaj u matiþnim Kata-
lonskim komunama na Pirinejskom poluostrvu36.
Na kraju se može postaviti pitanje u þemu bi bio znaþaj priznanja posto-
janja kolonija stranaca sa Pirinejskog i Apeninskog poluostrva u Dubrovniku
krajem srednjeg veka. ýini se da pitanje nije samo formalne prirode. Naime, u
meÿunarodnim okvirima, studije o srednjovekovnom mediteranskom prostoru
u poslednjih deceniju-dve posebno insistiraju na potrebi utrÿivanja mrežâ
razmene, i to, u prvom redu pomorskih i privrednih, u veüoj meri nego poli-
tiþkih, koje su prouþene u prethodnim decenijama. Istrazivaþi koji se posebno
bave privrednom istorijom svoje radove danas redovno ispunjavaju mapama
na kojima je mediteranski prostor premrežen brojnim pravcima plovidbe i
razmene. Gotovo da se nijedan pomorski i privredni centar više ne prouþava
odvojeno, veüu onoj meri u kojoj je bio „poþetak, završetak ili raskrsnica pu-
teva”, odnosno „taþka privlaþenja ili odbijanja” putnicima i trgovcima sa osta-
lih sredozemnih podruþja, pa i onih najudaljenijih. Istrajno prouþavanje þini-
laca koji su strance u Dubrovniku povezivali meÿu sobom, ali i sa matiþnom
komunom, ukazuje na postojanje kolonijâ Mleþana, Toskanaca i Katalonaca
koji su svoj opstanak i privredni uspeh u gradu pod Srÿem gradili na þvrstim
meÿusobnim vezama, na vezama sa matiþnom komunom, ali i na vezama sa
celokupnim sredozemnim prostorom. Više od utvrÿivanja aritmetiþkog zbira
pojedinaþnih sudbina stranaca u gradu, novi argumenti u prilog postojanju ko-
lonija, kao i definisanje razliþitih funkcija tih kolonija, potvrdili bi Dubrovni-
vila u gradu pod Srdjem, zatim þlanovi istaknutih barcelonskih patricijskih porodica Kasa-
sagija, Klement, Sampol, Dagilar.
35
U trgovaþkim knjigama braüe Kabužiü zabeležena su imena pet Katalonskih trgova-
ca koji su izvozili srebro iz Dubrovnika za Veneciju, i dalje, verovatno za Kataloniju. To su
Bernard Gvaskvil, Jovan Brul, Franüesko Poncio, Jovan Ripolji i Mihail Orlando. Gotovo svi
su bili i trgovci vunom i kreditori dubrovaþkog suknarstva. Vidi: Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü,
Trgovaþke knjige braüe Kabužiü (Caboga) 14261433, Spomenik SANU CXXXVII, Odel-
jenje istorijskih nauka 11, Beograd 1999. Idem, Les métaux précieux de Serbie et de Bosnie,
estimation de la production (XIV-XV siècles), Der Tiroler Bergbau und die Depression der
europäischen Montanwirtschaft im 14. und 15. Jahhrhundert, Akten der internationalen berg-
baugeschtlichen Tagung Steihhaus, 8792.
36
Izmedju veüâ grada Barcelone, i kancelarije kralja Alfonsa u Napulju, dolazilo je
do sporova posebno prilikom imenovanja konzula Katalonskih trgovaca u Dubrovniku.
Veünici grada Barcelone bili su vrlo uporni u odbrani prava koja im je 1268. godine dodelio
aragonski kralj Jakov II da imenuju Katalonske konzule u prekomorskim zemljama: vidi
nap. 14.
271
Nenad Fejiü
ku mesto koje mu u oblasti evropskih istraživanja istorije poznog srednjeg ve-

ka doista pripada.
Prof. dr Nenad Fejiü, historian

Université des Antilles, Schoelcher-Martinique, France
LA COMMUNE DE DUBROVNIK (RAGUSE), ACCUEILLIT-ELLE À LA FIN

DU MOYEN AGE, DES COLONIES D’ARTISANS ET DE MARCHANDS
ORIGINAIRES D’ESPAGNE ET D’ITALIE?
Résumé
Les multiples contributions des étrangers à l’essor économique et social de

Dubrovnik (Raguse) ont fait l’objet de nombreuses études dans la littérature
historique. Cependant, il apparaît aujourd’hui évident, que dans ces études, on
privilégiait les contributions individuelles, ou au meilleur des cas, les contributions
de groupes, sans pour autant se poser la question si ces communautés d’étrangers à
Dubrovnik constituaient des ensembles fonctionnels dédiés à la défense et à la
promotion non pas des intérêts individuels, mais des intérêts collectifs, ce qui justi-
fierait de leur attribuer le nom de „colonies”. En partant de quatre critères qui se
sont imposés dans l’historiographie au fil des dernières décennies, l’auteur se pose
la question si les communautés de Vénitiens, de Catalans et de Toscans à Dubrov-
nik, pouvaient être considérées comme des colonies. Les quatre critères évoqués
sont les suivants: 1) est-ce que les communautés des étrangers à Dubrovnikétaient
gérées par des institutions plus ou moins structurées ? 2) Quelle était leur composi-
tion sociale, et est-ce qu’elles présentaient une certaine diversité, ou au contraire se
distinguaient-elles par leur monolithisme ?3) Est-ce que ces communautés géraient
leurs affaires en étroite collaboration avec la métropole, ou leurs membres dispo-
saientd’un degré élevé d’independance et d’initiave personnelle ?4) Est-ce que les
membres de ces communautés exerçaient une influence sur le milieu d’origine,
notamment lors des grands mouvements de retour au pays occasionnés par les
menaces ottomanes au XV siècle ? A partir de ces quatre critères, l’auteur conclut
que l’on peut bel et bien parler de colonies de Vénitiens, de Catalans et de Toscans
à Dubrovnik à la fin du Moyen Age.
272
ɉɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɤɜɢɪɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɍȾɄ 622.33.06(497.11)“04/15“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15015

ɉɊȺȼɇɂ ɈɄȼɂɊɂ ɊɍȾȺɊɋɌȼȺ ɍ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȳ ɋɊȻɂȳɂ

Ⱦɪ Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ

ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɂɥɢɪɫɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢ-
ʁɚɦɚ ɞɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ. ɍ ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIII ɜɟɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ, ɜɨʁɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɥɟɬ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɧɚɭɰɢ, ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɥɚ-
ɡɚɤ ɋɚɫɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ,
ɭɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɦɨɞɟɥɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚɦɚ,
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɭ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢ-
ɧɟɨ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɲɢɪɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɇɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ʁɟ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɧɚ-
ɦɟʃɟɧ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ. ȼɢɲɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟ-
ʄɟɧɨ ɬɟɤɭʄɢɦ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɭɩ-
ɥɚʄɢɜɚɬɢ. Ɉɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ
ɢ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɧ ɡɚɫɬɨʁ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ, ɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɚɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ
ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ,
ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ, ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɚɞɚ, ɫɩɨɪ.
ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ,

ɩɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɰɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɱɚɤ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɥɢɪɫɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɚɫɧɢ-
ʁɟ ɫɭ Ɋɢɦʂɚɧɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ
ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ, Ɇɟɡɢʁɟ, Ⱦɚɤɢʁɟ ɢ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ
ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɢ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ. ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɞɨɫɟʂɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɥɢ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɭ ɫɦɚʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ, ɪɚɞ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɜɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢ-
ɰɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɲɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɚ.1
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XIII ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ. Ɍɨ ʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ
1
Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ɂɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤɚ I, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɋȺɇɍ, CCCXXVI, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1959,
254271. S. Rizaj, Rudarstvo Kosova i susednih krajeva od XV–XVII veka, Priština 1968,
30. S. Vryonis, Byzantium, in internal history and relations with the Muslim world (collect-
ed Studies), London 1971, 16.
273
Ȼɢʂɚɧɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨ, ɜɨʁɧɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ,

ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ʃɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ. ɋɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ XV ɜɟɤɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɚ, ɢɡɜɨɪ
ɡɚɦɚɲɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ.2 ɍ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɤɥɚʃɚɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ,
ɦɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɚ.
ɉɨɥɟɬ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɧɚɭɰɢ, ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ
ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɚɫɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɧɟɥɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨ
ɡɧɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɢ ɢɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɰɢ-
ʁɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚɦɚ, ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɨɝ ɦɨɞɟɥɚ, ɭɧɟɥɢ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɬɟɪɦɢ-
2
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ I ɢ II,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1955–1962. ȼ. ɋɤɚɪɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1939. ȭ. ɋɩ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɢɦɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɮɢɥɨ-
ɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɭ IV–V, Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 19611962, 279281. ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɨ
ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɪɟɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɉɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ: „ɍ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɲɭ ɪɚɞɨɡɧɚɥɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɭɧɨɫɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɤɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ.” S. ûirkoviü, Dubrovþani kao preduzetnici u rudarstvu Srbije i
Bosne, Acta historico-oeconomica Iugoslaviae 6 (1979) 1–20, 13. (= Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ,
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 113134), 129. ɉɪɟɦɚ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɭ ɢɡ 1390.
ɚɭɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɢ: „Ⱥɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚʁɦɚ-
ʃɟ 8 ɞɟɥɨɜɚ, ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɤɪɚʁɭ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɤɪɢ-
ɬɢɱɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɱɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɱɢɬɚɜɟ ʁɚɦɟ ɛɢɨ ɛɢ 12–13 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɦɟɫɟɱɧɨ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 144–156 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ (ɨɤɨ 51ɤɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ).” ɂɫɬɨ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, 129. „ȼɟɥɢ-
ɤɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ, ɩɨɦɟɪɚʁɭ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɧɚɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ ɨ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɡ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 30 ɬɨɧɚ, ɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɟɥɚ-
ɡɢɥɚ 30 ɬɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ, ɛɚɪ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɟɤɚɞɚɦɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ.” ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 2002,
117118. „Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɨ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢ-
ɰɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩ-
ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɞ 565 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɡɥɚ ɛɪɚ-
ʄɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ 141 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨɦ
ɫɪɟɛɪɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɤɪɟɬɚɨ ɨɤɨ 35 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ
ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɚ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɢɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɭ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚʃɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɭ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɭ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞʃɚ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɑɟɲɤɨʁ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ 20–30 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɟɥɚ ɧɚ 100, ɚ
ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ. ɂɫɬɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɜɟʄɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɭ ɒɥɟɡɢʁɢ, ɚ
ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ.” ɂɫɬɨ, 118119.
274
ɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɦɟʃɚ-

ɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.3 Ɍɚ ɦɟɲɚɜɢɧɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɫɬɪɭɱɧɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ʃɨɦɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɢ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ. Ⱦɨɦɚʄɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ʄɟ ɫɟ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚ-
ɬɢ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɮɚɡɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɧɚɱɢ-
ɧɟ – ɨɞ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɚ ɪɨɛɨɦ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ. ɍɤɭɩɧɢ
ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɟɬɢɬɢ ɲɢɪɨɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɦɚʃɢɦ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ.4
ȼɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɪɭɠɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, ɩɚ
ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɭɜɟɥɢɱɚɜɚɧɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɛɟʄɚɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɡɚɤɨɩɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɚɥɚɬɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚʄɢ ɝɪɭɦɟʃɟ ɡɥɚɬɚ.5
ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɪɨʁ ɋɚɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɥɢɤ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ
ɨɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɰɢ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɢ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɢ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɬɨɪɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ
3
ɇ. Ɋɨɞɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ȳɭɠɧɨ-
ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɮɢɥɨɥɨɝ 42 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986) 137146.
4
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
– ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 2002. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɧɚ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɜ. ɫɬɪ. 229246. S. ûirkoviü, The Production of Gold, Silver and Coper in tthe
Central Parts of the Balkans from the 13th to the 16th Century, Precious Metals in the Age
of Expansion, Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte 2, Stuttgart 1979, 4169 (=ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ
ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɛɚɤɪɚ ɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ, Ɋɚ-
ɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 79–
103). Ʉɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɪɨɛɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ. „Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɢɲɬɚ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɧɚʁɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɢʁɟɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ
Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨ ɨɞ ʁɭɠɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɱɟɫɬɢɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɭɩɚɞɢɦɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɤɨ-
ɥɢɧɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɛɥɢɡɢɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɚɫɬ
ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɚɞ-
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ, ɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɧɚ ɠɢɜɢɦ ɢ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɡɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɜ-
ɰɢɦɚ. Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV) , Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2007, 262263.
5
ɇ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962,
2–10. Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɩɪɚɜ-
ɧɨɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋȺɇɍ 126, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1985, 2729. ɍɩ. Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ
Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ,
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1982, 268–277. D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü, La Serbie et
les pays serbes, l'economie urbaine, XIV–XV sèicles, Belgrade 2012, 3955.
275
ɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɭɫɟʂɟɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɞ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɦɚ-

ʄɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɡɚ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤ. Ʉɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɰɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɭ. ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɋɚɫɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɯ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ, ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɤɭʄɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢ
ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɧɢɰɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɯ
ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.6 ɋɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɡ ɡɚ-
ɜɢɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɢɬɟ, ɝɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɞ ɢ
ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɚ, ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ ɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɞɨɲɥɚ, ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ.7 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ,
6
Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɭ XIII ɢ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986, 140150. „ȼɟɥɢɤɟ
ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ, ɩɨɦɟɪɚʁɭ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɧɚɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ ɨ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɡ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 30 ɬɨɧɚ, ɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɟɥɚ-
ɡɢɥɚ 30 ɬɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ, ɛɚɪ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɟɤɚɞɚɦɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ.” ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤo ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 2002,
117118. „Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɨ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɢɡ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢ-
ɰɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩ-
ɧɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɞ 565 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɜɟɡɥɚ ɛɪɚ-
ʄɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɚ 141 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨɦ
ɫɪɟɛɪɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɤɪɟɬɚɨ ɨɤɨ 35 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ
ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɚ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɢɦɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɭ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɤɨɥɟɛɚʃɚ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɭ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɭ. ɂɧɚɱɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɪɨɢɡ-
ɜɨɞʃɚ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɑɟɲɤɨʁ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ 20–30 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɟɥɚ ɧɚ 100, ɚ
ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ. ɂɫɬɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɢ ɜɟʄɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɭ ɒɥɟɡɢʁɢ, ɚ
ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ.” ɂɫɬɨ, 118119. Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ ȼɟɧɟ-
ɰɢʁɟ XV (ɜɢʁɟɤ), ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢɤɚ ɋɢɦɟ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 1527.
7
ɂ. Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ɉ ʁɭɪɢɫɞɢɤɰɢʁɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɞɢʁɟɰɟɡɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɋɩɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɤ ɋȺɇɍ 103, Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ 5 (1953) 11–16 (=ɇɟɦɢɪɧɨ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɟ XV
ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1979, 15–27). Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɚ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 3, (1937), 119146. Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨ
ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɪɝ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ. ɑɚɤ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ 345,6 ɝɪ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ, Ɇɟɪɟʃɟ ɢ ɦɟɪɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ. Ⱦɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 135–168, 145–146. Ɉ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɦ ɤɚɬɨ-
ɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɜ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁ-
ɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 240258. Ʉɨɥɨɧɢʁɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɪɨɛɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟ-
ɜɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ. Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ
Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007, 262263. ɋ. ɐɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɫɭ
276
ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɲɬɢɬɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨ ɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɨɞ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɡɟɥɢɡɢɡɦɚ.8 Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɪɨɦɢ-
ɲʂɟɧɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ
ɢ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɭ ɩɪɨɮɢɬɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɜɢ
ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɭ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢ-
ʁɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɨɧɟɫɭ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ, ɦɨɪɚɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɨ. ɇɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɧɚɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɚɧ ɭɜɢɞ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɦɢʂɟ
ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. ɉɪɟɬ-
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɚɫɢ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɭ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɢ
ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɢɥɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡ ʃɢɯ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɭ
ɮɨɪɦɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚ.9 ɋɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ʁɟ
ɭɜɟɤ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ. ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɟ ɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɰɢ ɢ ɭ „ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɞɨɛɪɞɨɲɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ”. ɍɤɪɲɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ
ɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɚɮɢɪɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ.
ɂɫɬɨ, 234. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɯ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɧɢɤɚ-
ɤɜɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ. ɉɨɧɢɤɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɢɡ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ. ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚ ɯɟɬɟɪɨɝɟɧɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, ɪɭɞɚɪɢ, ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ „Ʌɚɬɢɧɢ”, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɜɢ
ɠɢɜɟ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɫɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ. ȳ. Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ, ɉɨɞɝɨ-
ɪɢɰɚ 2002, 225.
8
Ɉɞɪɟɞɛɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɡɟɥɢɬɢɡɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɭ
ɱɥ. 6–9. ȳɚɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ʁɟɪɟɫ ɥɚɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɚ. ɋɜɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɜɟɪɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ
ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɲɬɪɨ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚ. ɋ. ɒɚɪɤɢʄ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ,
102103. ɍ Ɂɚɤɨɧɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɧɟ ɝɭɛɢ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɱɥ. XX
ɨɩɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɚ ɤɚɡɧɚ: „Ʉɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɚ, ɨɞ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɦɭɠɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɟɧɭ, ɨɞ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɭ ɜɟɪɭ – ɬɚɤɚɜ
ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɝɥɚɜɭ ɨɬɤɭɩɢ ɨɞ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɞɚɜɲɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɭ 50 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɧɚ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ, ɚ ɨ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɢɦɚʃɭ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɩ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɫɬɢɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɧɚ – ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɨɪɢ ɧɨɫ.” Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, 23.
9
Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ɰɟɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢ-
ɫɬɢɤɟ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɢɦɚɦɨ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ: „ɇɚʁɡɚɞ ɬɟɦɚ ɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ
ɟɩɨɯɟ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɜɞɟ ɨɫɜɟ-
ɬʂɟɧɢ, ɬɢɩɢɱɧɢ ɡɚ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ? ɍɩɚɞʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɜɚɧɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟ, ɨ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟɝ ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɚʁɚ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ.” ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ
ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, 134. Ⱥɭɬɨɪ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɞ: ȴ. Ȼɚɤɢʄ, ɉɪɜɢ ɜɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɩɢ-
ɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɉɪɟɝɥɟɞ 8 (1956)
277
ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɫɤɨ ɪɟɲɟʃɟ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ

ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ʁɟɪ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ
ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɩɚɞɚ, ɧɟ ɛɢ ɧɢ ɛɢɥɚ
ɦɨɝɭʄɚ.
ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ. ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɜɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ – ʄɢ-
ɪɢɥɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɧɢɱɤɚ. Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.10 Ɂɚ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɫɭ
ɜɚɠɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɬɨ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɞɪɠɚ-
ɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ.11
351359. ɇɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ: „Ʌɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɭɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɮɟ-
ɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢ-
ʁɟɪɢ, ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɱɢ, ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ, ɧɚʁɚɦɧɢ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɢɬɞ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɩɲɬɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɤɜɢ-
ɪɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢ. ɍ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɝɚɥɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɨɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɍɚɦɨ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɚ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɚɪɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɚɰ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ.” Ȼ.
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 42.
10
ȶɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɭ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɇ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ. Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɭ ɭɜɨɞɧɨʁ
ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɭ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚɧ ɭ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XVI ɜɟɤɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɤɪɚʁɭ. ɇ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, 18–20. Ʌɚ-
ɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɧɚɻɟɧ ɭ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɨʁ (1969) Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɭ ɋɩɥɢɬɭ. ɋɚɱɢʃɟɧ
ʁɟ 1638. ɝ. ɭ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ ȶɢɩɪɨɜɰɭ. ɉɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɪɟɞɚɤɰɢʁɢ.
Ɉɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ
Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɭɜɨɞ, ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005.
11
Ʉ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɢ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɡɚ
ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɇɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ XXIII–XXIV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 19121913, 368400, 81105. F.
Spaho, Turski rudarski zakoni, Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja u Sarajevu XXV, Sarajevo
1913, 133138, 163194. û. Truhelka, Zakon sultana Sulejmana I o srebrnim rudnicima i
kovnicama akþa u Bosni i susjednim zemljama, Numizmatika 2–4, Sarajevo 19341936, 3–
11. ȼ. ɋɤɚɪɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ, ɋɩɨ-
ɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ XXIX, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1935. S. Rizaj, Rudarstvo Kosova i susednih krajeva, Priština
1968. S. Rizaj, Rudari (madendžije) u sistemu privilegija i dužnosti („Wuaf ve musellem
reaya”), Glasnik Muzeja Kosova i Metohije IX, Priština 1964, 213–236. Ɇ. Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɪɚ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɱɚ-
ɫɨɩɢɫ 3 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 19511952) 6783. Ɇ. Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 6 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1956) 1–10. ȭ. ɋɩ.
Ɋɚɞɨʁɢɱɢʄ, Ɋɭɩɧɢɰɢ (ɪɭɞɚɪɢ) ɢ ɡɝɨɞɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɝɨɞɟ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ 15321543.ɝɨɞ., Ɋɚɡɜɨʁɧɢ
ɥɭɤ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɟɤɫɬɨɜɢ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1962, 268273. Ɇ.
Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɞ XIV ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 16–17 (Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 19661967) 4554. Ɇ. Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ, ɇɚɲɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ
XV ɢ XVI ɜɟɤɚ, Ⱥɧɚɥɢ ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ 19, 1–2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1971, 19–25. Ⱥ.
278
ɍ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɢ, ɩɪɜɢ ɞɟɨ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ

ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɪɚɞ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜ-
ɧɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɭ ɞɟɥɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɚ (VI), ɢ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɨ
ɫɭɻɟʃɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ (IV) ɢ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ (V).12
Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɨɛɢɦɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɨ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ
ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, ɡɧɚɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɨ ɝɪɚɞɭ (XXIII).13 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɭ
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɫâɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ, ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ. ɍ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɟ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɪɚɞ ɭ ɬɨɩɢ-
ɨɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞ. ɉɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɨɜɚ
ɞɜɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ. Ʉɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ʁɟ, ɬɚ-
ɤɨɻɟ, ɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɟ ɢɡ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ. ɂɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ
ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɚ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ɫɥɚɠɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ, ɩɚ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɞɚ ɛɢɬɧɨ
ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ
ɫɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɦɟʃɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ.14
ɇɚɦɟʃɟɧ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʁ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨʁ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɭɧ ɩɪɟ-
ɰɢɡɧɢɯ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɟɮɢɤaɫɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɲɬɨ
ɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɟ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ
ɤɪɨɡ ɰɟɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɦɚɞɚ ɧɚɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟ-
ɧɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢɫɦɨ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ.
ȼɢɲɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨ ɬɟɤɭʄɢɦ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɫɜɚɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪ, „ɝɜɚɪɤ”, ɦɨɪɚɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɭɩɥɚʄɢɜɚɬɢ, ɩɚ ʄɟɦɨ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɛɚɲ ɧɚ
ɬɟɤɭʄɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, „ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ”. 15
ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, ɇɨɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 16. ɜɟɤɚ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ

3 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1937) 313319. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ʉɨʁɢʄ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 173184. Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄɚ ɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɭ ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ. ȼ. ɛɢɛɥɢ-
ɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄɚ, ɜɢɲɟɝ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ.
12
Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 21.
13
ɂɫɬɨ, 23.
14
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 4968.
15
ɇɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɪɟɱ „Gewerke” ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɜɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɯɚ. ɍ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ʁɟ „ɝɜɚɪɤ” ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢ-
ɨɧɚɪɚ, ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɭɞɟɨɧɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ʁɚɦɟ, ɨɤɧɚ. Ƚɜɚɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢ-
ɤɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɟɪɢ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ.
279
ɉɪɜɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɚ

ɪɭɞɧɟ ɠɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɭ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ. ɂɫ-
ɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɧɨɦ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɨɦ ɪɭɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɩɭ, „ɲɭɪɮɭ”, ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ
ɩɨɬɪɚʁɭ, ɚ ɪɚɡɭɦɟ ɫɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɲ ɬɭ ɪɭɞɚ
ɧɚʄɢ.16 ȼɟʄ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨʄɢ ɞɨ ɪɚɡɦɢɪɢɰɚ ɭ ɝɜɚ-
ɪɚɱɤɨʁ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɢ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ, ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɝɨɦɢɥɚɥɢ, ɚ ɪɭɞɧɚ ɠɢɰɚ
ʁɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɻɟɧɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɧɟɫɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɨɤɨ ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ɨɞ-
ɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɭɦɟ ɡɚ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɤɨɧ-
ɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪ, ɝɜɚɪɤ, ɬɪɚɠɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ „ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ” ɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɭ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɧɢɤɚ „ɚɤɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɤɪɢɜ” (ɱɥ. 14).17
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ
ɛɭɞɭ ɧɚɩɥɚʄɟɧɢ, ɱɚɤ ɢɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɢ. Ƚɜɚɪɤ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ
ɞɚ ɡɚɥɨɠɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɪɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ɩɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ „Ɋɭɩɚ ɲɭɪɮ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɠɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ...
ɚɤɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɨɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɜɪɟɞɢ”.18 Ɋɨɤɨɜɢ ɫɭ
ɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɤɪɚɬɤɢ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɢ ɜɪɲɟɧɢ ɧɟɞɟʂɧɨ, ɝɜɚɪɤ ʁɟ
ɢɦɚɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɭɜɟɱɟ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ɩɥɚɬɢ-
ɥɢ, ɫɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɭɞɟɨɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɍ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɭɜɟɱɟ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢ ɞɟɨ
ɡɚɥɚɝɚɧ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɢɥɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɚ „ɯɭɬɦɚɧɨɦ” ɢ
„ɞɢʁɚɤɨɦ” ɢ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɟ. ɏɭɬɦɚɧ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɞɢʁɚɤɨɦ, ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɢɜɚɨ
ɫɜɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɪɚɜɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɞɛɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɝ ɝɜɚɪɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ
ɢɦɚɨ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɭ ɪɟɱ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ.19 ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɛɢɨ
„ɀɚɦɤɨɲɬ” ʁɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɨɞ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɪɟɱɢ Sammt Kosten ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ

ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɬɪɨɲɚɤ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 31–32. Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 14–15.
16
Ɉ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɧɨɝ ɤɨɩɚ ɜ. Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 13–14, 43; ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ
ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɬɚ ɪɟɱ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɪɟ-
ɱɢ „schürfen” ɤɨʁɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɤɨɩɚɬɢ, ɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɬɪɚɝɚɬɢ. ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢ-
ɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 37.
17
„Ʉɪɢɜ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ”: ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ. „Ⱦɪɭɠɢɧɚ” ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʁɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɪɭɞɧɨɝ ɤɨɩɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɢ
ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɫɚɦɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɪɟʄɢɦ ɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ. ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ,
Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 31.
18
„ɍɪɛɚɪɚɪ” ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤ, ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤ ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɭɠɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ʁɚɜɧɭ
ɜɟɪɭ. ɍɪɛɚɪɚɪ ʁɟ, ɭɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤɚ, ɞɢʁɚɤɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɨ ɰɟɨ ɧɢɡ ɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ.
ɍɪɛɚɪɚɪ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɚɪ, „ɬɟɬɪɚɝ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɫɤɢ” ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ
ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɞɟɨɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 35. Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ,
Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 14.
19
„ɏɭɬɦɚɧ” ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ „Hutmann” ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɨ ɥɢɰɟ ɭ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨ-
280
ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɯɬɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ, ɝɜɚɪɤ ʁɟ ɝɭɛɢɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ,

ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɧɟɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ.20 ɂɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɦɨɝɭʄ ɫɭɞɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɪ ɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ.
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ
ɞɟɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ: „ɚɤɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɤɪɢɜ”, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɥ. 8, ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɱɥ. 14 ɭ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɨɦ
ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ, ɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɚ ɢ ɡɛɭʃɭʁɭʄɚ, ɩɚ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɥɚ-
ɝɚʃɟ ɲɭɪɮɚ.21
Ɉɤɧɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɛɢ-
ɬɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ, ɚ ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ. Ⱦɨ
ɡɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɨɤɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɨʄɢ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɪɭɞɧɟ ɠɢɰɟ ɢ ɭ
ɬɨɤɭ ɟɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ. ɇɨɜɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɱɥ. 17: „Ɉ ɠɚɦ-
ɤɨɲɬɭ ɡɚɤɨɧ”.22 ɉɪɢ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɚ,
ɝɜɚɪɤɚ, ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪ, ɝɜɚɪɤ, ɭɩɥɚɬɢ – „ɧɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɠɚɦ-
ɤɨɲɬ ɧɚ ɭɡɛɨʁɭ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ”.23 ɍ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɩɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢɤɚ-
ɤɜɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɧɟ ɢɝɪɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɞɭ-
ɫɬɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɇɟ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ
ɝɜɚɪɤ ɢɦɚɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɨɤɧɚ ɫɜɚ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɭ
ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɜɚɠɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ – „ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ
ɢɦɚɨ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɪɭɞɚ, ɞɚ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ: ɩɪɟ ɫɚɦ ɢɦɚɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ”. ɍ ɧɨɜɨʁ „ɞɪɭɠɢɧɢ” ɦɨɠɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɜɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ „ɩɚ ɫɭ ʁɟ
ɧɚɪɚ, ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʁɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɪɭɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɩɭ.
ȻɆ15; ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ 36.
20
ɑɥ. 14: „Ɉ ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɲɭɪɮɚ: Ɋɭɩɚ ɲɭɪɮ ɫɟ ɡɚɥɚɠɟ ɩɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɟ ɭɜɟɱɟ, ɢ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɱɢ, ɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɭɜɟɱɟ ɫɚ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɨɜɢɦ ɨɬɪɨɤɨɦ ɚɤɨ ɡɚɥɨɝɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɤɨɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɜɪɟɞɢ, ɚɤɨ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɤɪɢɜ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɚ ɯɭɬ-
ɦɚɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɢʁɚɤɨɦ ɢ ɭ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɧɟ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ,
ɬɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɝɭɛɟ.” Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 15.
21
ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 22, 56.
22
ɍ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɱɥ. 17 ɝɥɚɫɢ: „Ɂɚ ɪɭɩɭ ɦɟɪɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɲɭɪɮ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɚɭɧɚɥɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ, ɬɟ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɨɩɟɬ ɨɧɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ɩɚɭɧɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤ ɫɟɛɢ ɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ, ɤɨ
ɛɢ ɧɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɯɭɬɦɚɧɭ ɢ ɞɢʁɚɤɭ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ; ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɢɦɚɨ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɚɥɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɚ ɪɭɞɚ, ɞɚ
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ: ɩɪɟ ɫɚɦ ɢɦɚɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɢɬɚ ɯɭɬɦɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɭɰɟɧɢɤ – ɧɚ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɥɚɬɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɧɚ ɭɡɛɨʁɭ, ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ; ɜɢɲɟ ɨ
ɬɨɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɜɟɞɨʇɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɢ.” Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 16.
23
„ɍɡɛɨʁ” ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɢʁɟ
ɤɨɩɚɥɨ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɤɨɩɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ. ɇɟɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ
ɤɨɩɚʃɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ „ɩɪɟɭɡɛɨʁ”. ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ 35. Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 13–
14.
281
ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɨɩɟɬ ɨɧɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ɩɚɭɧɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤ ɫɟɛɢ ɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ”.24 ɋɜɚɤɚ
ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ
ɭ ɡɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɦ ɨɤɧɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɭ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɭɥɚɝɚʃɚ, ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬɭ. Ⱦɜɚ ɥɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɞɚʁɭ
ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɭɩɥɚɬɚ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ – „ɯɭɬɦɚɧ”, ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɢ „ɭɰɟɧɢɤ”, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ
ɝɪɭɩɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɭ.25 Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚ-
ɜɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɚɜ ɞɚʂɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ, „ɭɡɛɨʁ”,
ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɡɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɦ ɨɤɧɭ – „ɜɢɲɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɜɟɞɨʇɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɜɨɞɢ”. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɟɱʁɭ – ɜɪɟɦɟ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɢ ɫɜɟ ʁɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɧɟ ɝɭɛɢ ɩɪɨɮɢɬ ɭ ɛɟɫɤɨɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ. ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɚ ɢ
ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɢ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɧɚɭɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɢ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ. ɍ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɭ ɧɟɦɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɭ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɪɟʄɢ, ʁɟɪ ɧɟɦɚɦɨ ɪɟ-
ɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ.
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɦɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɭ ɝɥ. 12 ɥɚɬɢ-
ɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɱɥ. 17 ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɪɚɡɭ-
ɦɟɜɚʃɟ, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɨɱɭɜɚɧ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ.26
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɚɤɨ
ʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞɢ ɪɚɞ ɭ ɤɨɩɭ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɱɥ.
18. Ƚɜɚɪɤ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɧɚ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɡɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɦ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɦɚ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧ
ɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ „ɂ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɤɨ ɨɞ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ
ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɭ ɪɭɩɢ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɡɚ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɟ ɪɭɩɟ ɞɚ
ɫɧɨɫɢ”. Ⱦɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɭɞɟɨɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɤɢ
24
„ɉɚɭɧɚɬɢ” – „Bauen”, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɤɨɩɚʃɟ, ɜɚɻɟʃɟ ɪɭɞɟ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɟ ɢɫɤɨ-
ɩɚɜɚʃɚ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 34; Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 15.
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„ɏɭɬɦɚɧɚ” ɫɭ ɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ. Ɉɧ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɨɦ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ
ɨɞɦɟɪɚɜɚʃɭ ɪɭɞɧɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ, ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɨ ɩɪɨɛɨʁɭ ɪɨɜɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɪɨɜ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ
ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɛɪɢɧɟ ɨ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɭ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬɚ ɨɞ ɭɞɪɭɝɚɪɚ, ɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ
ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɥ. ɍ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɨɜɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɧɚɝɪɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɪɚɞ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 36; Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 15.
Ɉ „ɍɰɟɧɢɤɭ” ɜ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨ, 36, 5758. ɍɰɟɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɧɚɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ,
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ „ɦɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ”, ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨʁ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɨʁ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ. Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 16. ɏɭɬɦɚɧ ɢ ɭɰɟɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ-
ɜɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɯɭɬɦɚɧ ʁɟ ɱɥɚɧ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɢ ʃɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɢɡɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ
ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ. Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɟɤɢɩɚ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɭ, „ɭɰɟɧɢɤɚ”, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɨɻɭ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɨʁ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ. Ɇ. Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ , Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭ XV ɢ XVI ɜɟɤɭ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋȺɇɍ CCLXXX, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1971, 2738;
26
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 22, 43, 5758.
282
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ-
ɥɚɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɫɥɚ, ɭɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ʁɚɜɧɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ „ɞɚ ɢɦ ɡɚɥɢɱɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ”.27 ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚ-
ɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɢʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɟ-
ɥɟ ɞɚ ɭɥɨɠɟ ɜɢɲɟ, ɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɬɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɡɟ ɧɚɬɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɭɤɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɦʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧ-
ɫɢʁɫɤɢ ʁɚɱɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢɫɧɭɬɢ ɢɡ
ɩɨɫɥɚ ɨɧɟ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ
ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɨ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɛɪɡɨ. Ƚɜɚɪɤ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɥɚɝɚɨ ɢ ɛɢɨ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɢʁɢ,
ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜɚ: „ɚ ɲɬɨ ɞâ ɛɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɢɦɚ ɫ
ɤɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɨ”.28
Ƚɥ. 13 ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɱɥ. 18 ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ, ɩɨ ɪɟ-
ɱɢɦɚ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɭ ɨɛɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɪɟɦɟʄɟɧ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɬɟɲɤɨ
ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɞɨɤɭɱɢɬɢ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɚ ɨɧ ɩɢɲɟ: „ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɜɢɯ
ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɱɥɚɧɚ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ʁɚɦɢ ɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɱɥɚ-
ɧɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɬɢ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɭ ɛɪɨʁɭ
ɞɟɥɨɜɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɝɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɭ, ɨɧ ɩɪɢɛɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɟ ɢ ʁɚɜɧɨ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɫ
ɧɟɤɢɦ, ɭɡɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚ”. ɂɚɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɨʄɚ ɢ ɭ
ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɚ, ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɞɜɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɫɢ-
ɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ: „Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɭ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫ-
ɧɚ, ɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɪɢɡɢɤ, ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ
ɧɢɬɢ ɨɦɟɬɚɬɢ ɝɜɚɪɤɚ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ (ɲɬɨ ɦɭ ɞɚ Ȼɨɝ) ɫɜɢ ɞɟɥɟ ɢ ɩɥɚ-
ʄɚʁɭ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ɨɞɛɢʁɭ
ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɧ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɤɨɪɚɤɟ: ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɡɢ-
ɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɟ, ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɨɧ ɩɪɢɛɚɜʂɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɝɜɚɪɤɟ.”29
Ƚɜɚɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɩɟɪ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɬɭɩɚ-
ʃɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɱɥɚɧɚɪɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ
ɝɜɚɪɤ ɫɬɢɰɚɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɩɭɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɨʁ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɟɪ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɱɥɚɧ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɟ
27
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ʁɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟ-
ɞɭɪɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɞɟɨɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɥɨɝɭ- Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ,
Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 15–16.
28
ɑɥ. 18: „ɂ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɤɨ ɨɞ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɭ ɪɭɩɢ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɚ ɩɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɪɢ-
ɡɢɤ ɡɚ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɟ ɪɭɩɟ ɞɚ ɫɧɨɫɢ, ɞɚ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɢɥɢ
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɧɞɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɞɚɨ ɛɨɝ, ɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɢ ɫɜɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɟ, ɚɤɨ ɥɢ
ɧɟ ɛɢ ɯɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟ, ɚ ɨɧ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɡɚɥɢɱɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ, ɚ ɲɬɨ ɞɚ ɛɨɝ ɞɚ ɫɢ ɢɦɚ ɫ
ɤɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɨ.” Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 16.
29
283
ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɢ ɝɚ ɢɡ ɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɧɟɬɪɩɟ-

ʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥ.30 Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ
ɫɚɪɚɞʃɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ „ɞɚ ɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɢɡɦɟ
ɢɡɚɝɧɚɬɢ”. ȿɦɨɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ
ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɨ ɩɪɨɮɢɬ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɝɨɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɝɚɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɥɚɝɚɨ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦɚ, ɫɜɚɤɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ
ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɚɦ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ
ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɭ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɟɥɢɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɝ
ɱɥɚɧɚ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ – „ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɯɬɟɨ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɩɥɚʄɚɬɢ”.
ɑɥ. 26 ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɝɥ. 21 ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɪɭɤɨ-
ɩɢɫɭ ɢ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɜɚɠɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɢ ɞɟɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɝɜɚɪɤɚ. ɍ
ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨ-
ɦɢʃɟ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ. ɋɜɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ
ɡɚɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɜɨʂɧɨɝ ɢɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɚɜ
ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɢɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɢɦ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚɦɚ, ɧɟɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ɬɪɨɲ-
ɤɨɜɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ – ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬɚ.31
Ƚɜɚɪɤ ʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɨ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɨ. ɍ ɱɥ. 27 Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɨɤɨ
ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɧɢ ɤɨɩ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɪɭɞɚ ɧɚɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɫɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ
ɨɞɜɢʁɚ. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ
ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢ ɫɚ ɭɩɥɚɬɚɦɚ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɝɜɚɪ-
ɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɭ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ
ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɭɪɚɻɟɧ, ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɭ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɱɥ. 14. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɟɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ
ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɥɚ ɢɫ-
ɩɥɚɬɚ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɨɝ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɡɧɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ, ɩɚ ɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɭɩɥɚɬɢɨ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ
ɭɩɥɚɬɭ. Ƚɜɚɪɤ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧ ɞɚ ɭɩɥɚɬɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɱɭɧɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɢ „Ɋɭɩɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɪɭɞɭ ɢɦɚ ɢ
ɫɚɛɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɨɞ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɬɟ ɛɢ ɦɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ ɨɞ-
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɚɜ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɚ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢ:
ɩɨɻɢ ɦɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢɦ, ɞɚ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɢ-
ɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɤ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɨɤɨɧɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢ –
30
ɑɥ. 26: „Ɉ ɩɚɭɧɚʃɭ ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɨɦ: Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢ ɝɜɚɪɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɪɭɩɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɚɭɧɚʁɭ, ɦɟɻɭ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɢɥɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɩɟɪ, ɞɚ ɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɤɟ ɩɢɡɦɟ ɢɡɚɝɧɚɬɢ, ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ
ɧɟ ɛɢ ɯɬɟɨ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɩɥɚʄɚɬɢ.” Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 17.
31
ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 23, 44, 61.
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ɲɬɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɧ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ.”32 ɉɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ

ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɦɟɧɬɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ʂɭɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪ
ɛɢɨ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɤɧɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ. Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɨɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɬɨ ɨɞɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɛɟɫɭ „Ⱥɤɨ ɥɢ ɛɢ ɭ ɫɪʇɛɭ ɡɚ-
ɩɚɨ, ɜɢɞɟɜɲɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɛɟɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɬɟ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ: ɟɬɨ ɬɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ, ɧɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ ɦɢ, ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ, ʁɟɪ ɭ ɫɪʇɛɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ.” ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɨɧ ɢɦɚ
ɫɦɚʃɟɧɭ ɦɨʄ ɪɚɫɭɻɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɚ ɞâ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɞɚɨ – ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɨɞɪɢɱɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ. ɍ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤ-
ɫɬɭ ɫɟ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ
ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɤɨɦ, ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɨɦ. Ɉɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɨɦ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɞɪɟʄɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ ɢ ɭɡ ɩɪɨɰɟʃɟɧɭ ɧɚɤ-
ɧɚɞɭ. Ɉɧ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɥɢɰɟ – „ɤɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɥɨ-
ɧɢ”. Ⱦɨɬɚɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ „ɧɟɝɨ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɩɨ-
ɲɚɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɭɞ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɢɱɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɟ ɞɚ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɫɚɜ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɢɲɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ, ɬɨ
ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ”. ȼɢɞɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɨɪ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɱɚ ɡɚɤɨɧ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɭɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜɨɞɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɢɯ
ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɚ ɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɭɤɭɩɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɟ. ɋɜɚɤɨ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɬɢ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɨɪɟɞɟʄɢ ɝɥ. 22 ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɫɚ ɱɥ. 27 ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ
ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɟ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɨ-
ɟɧɬɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɝɜɚɪɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɤɧɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɭ
ɫɬɚʃɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɛɟɫɚ ɢ ʂɭɬʃɟ.33
Ɍɚɤɨ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ: ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɭɤɥɨ-
ɧɢ ɢɡ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ, ɭɡ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ (ɱɥ. 26), ɚ
ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɥɚɬɢɨ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɚ
32
ɐɟɨ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɝɥɚɫɢ: ɑɥ. 27: „Ɂɚɤɨɧ ɨ ɫɚɛɢɪɚʃɭ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬɚ: Ɋɭɩɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɪɭɞɭ ɢɦɚ ɢ
ɫɚɛɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɨɞ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɞɟʂɚ, ɬɟ ɛɢ ɦɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɚ ɨɞʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɚɜ ɠɚɦ-
ɤɨɲɬ, ɚ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɧɟɝɨ ɜɟɥɢ: ɩɨɻɢ ɦɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɞɨɤ
ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢɦ, ɞɚ ɦɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɟɤ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɨɤɨɧɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɚ ɡɚ
ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢ – ɲɬɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɞɪɭɠɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɬɢɥɚ ɢ ɨɧ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ. Ⱥɤɨ ɥɢ ɛɢ ɭ
ɫɪʇɛɭ ɡɚɩɚɨ, ɜɢɞɟɜɲɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɛɟɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ, ɬɟ ɛɢ ɪɟɤɚɨ: ɟɬɨ ɬɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ, ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ
ɦɢ, ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ, ʁɟɪ ɭ ɫɪʇɛɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ
ɩɨɲɚɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɭɞ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɢɱɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢ, ɚ
ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɫɚɜ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɢɲɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ.” Ȼ.Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 17.
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285
ɧɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ

ɨɬɤɥɨɧɢ ɫɭɦʃɚ ɭ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ (ɱɥ. 14 ɢ
ɱɥ. 27). ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɧɢɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɧɟɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɟ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɝɜɚɪɤɚ. ɇɟɦɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɨɤɥɟɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɞɭɝɨɜɥɚɱɟ-
ʃɚ, ɫɜɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɨ, ɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɭ
ɩɪɚɜɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɢɪɟʃɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɞɨɫɩɟɥɢɯ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ. Ʉɪɚɬɤɨ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ-
ɬɜɨɪɧɨ.
ɀɟʂɟɧɢ ɬɟɦɩɨ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ ɭ
ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɦ ɥɚɧɰɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɲɬɨ ɛɨʂɟ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɲɬɨ
ɦɚʃɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɚ, ɫɜɚɻɚ, ɫɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɢ, ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ, ɭɫɩɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚʃɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɭ ɧɚɲɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɪɚɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɡɚɪɚɞɚ (ɱɥ. 51).34 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ
ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɧɢɠɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɥɟɫɬɜɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɮɢɧɚɧ-
ɫɢʁɟɪɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ, ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ. Ɋɚɞɧɢɰɢ
ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɩɥɚɬɟ ɧɟɞɟʂɧɨ, ɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɫɭɛɨɬɨɦ ɭʁɭɬɪɨ, ɩɚ
ɭɤɨɥɨɤɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɚɪɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɩɥɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɭ ɤɜɨɬɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁ-
ɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ɛɢ
ɬɚɤɜɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɪɚʁɚɥɚ ɞɨ ɧɟɞɟʂɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢ-
ɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɡɚɤɚɲɚʃɟʃɚ, ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɡɚɥɨɠɧɨ
ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɭɞɟɥɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ – „ɋɜɚɤɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɧɚ
ɪɭɩɚɦɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɞɨ ɩɨɞɧɟ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ
ɦɨɝɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɧɟ ɛɢ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɨɬɤɭɩɢɨ ɬɚʁ ɫɜɨʁ ɡɚɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɨ ɡɜɟ-
ɡɞɟ”, ɬʁ. ɞɨ ɦɪɚɤɚ, ɪɭɞɧɢɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɢɫɚɥɟ. ɍ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤɭ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚ „ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ”, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ, ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ
ɨɞɭɡɦɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ, ɩɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɢ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɧɨɪɦɨɦ ɫɭ
ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ,
ɤɚɤɜɭ ɛɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɠɟɥɟɥɢ. Ɂɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɨɛ-
ɪɨ ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧ ɱɥɚɧ.
ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɟ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɟ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟɞɚɧ „lex specialis” ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɬɢɜɚ ɨɫɥɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɭ ȿɜɪɨ-
ɩɭ ɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɬɢɩ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɢ
34
Ɉɜɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɢ, ɚ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɝɚ ɧɢ ɫɜɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɫɚ-
ɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ. ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɚɬɢɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ, 17. ɐɟɨ ɱɥɚɧ ɝɥɚɫɢ: „Ɉ
ɝɜɚɪɚɱɤɨʁ ɩɥɚɬɢ: ɋɜɚɤɢ ɝɜɚɪɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɩɚɦɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɟɞɟʂɭ ɞɨ
ɩɨɞɧɟ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɠɚɦɤɨɲɬ,
ɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɨɬɤɭɩɢ ɤɨ ɭ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɞɨ ɡɜɟɡɞɟ, ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɥɢɱɢ ɨɬɪɨɤɨɦ ɭɪɛɚɪɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ
ɢɡɝɭɛɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ.” Ȼ. Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ, 20.
286
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ. Ȼɟɡ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɨɜɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨ-

ɦɢɲʂɟɧɨ ɢ ɫɚ ʁɚɫɧɢɦ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɦɚ, ɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɦɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɩɨɝɨɞɨɜɚɨ
ɧɚɩɪɟɬɤɭ, ɞɨɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɚɫɬ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɢɦ ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɲʄɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚ-
ɪɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨ ɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɨ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟ-
ɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɦɟɻɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ-
ɧɚ, ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɧɚ, ɞɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɧɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɧɚ. Ɉɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɪɭ-
ɲɟʃɚ ɰɟɥɨɝ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɫɬɚ-
ʁɟ ɨɞʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚ-
ɲʄɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ
ɩɪɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ.
Biljana Markoviü, Ph.D.

Institute of History in Belgrade
LEGAL FRAMEWORKS OF MINING IN THE MEDIEVAL SERBIA
Summary
Mining had a long tradition in the territory of the Balkans. According to

material evidence and written data it could be traced from the time of Illyrian inde-
pendence, through exploitation in Roman provinces and the immigration of the
Slavs, to the time of mining production in the medieval Serbian state.
Mining obtains an increasing bigger role in the economic development of
13th century Serbia, which influenced significantly on the political, military and
social figuration of the state and its status in international relations. Until the
downfall of the Serbian state in the 15th century, mining had remained an important
economic sector, a considerable source of income and a financial support for all
Serbian rulers. In the period of Ottoman rule over Serbian territories, mining recei-
ved considerable attention, although on a partially different organizational base.
According to the opinion of the scholars the upswing of mining was associated
with the immigration of the Saxons from Central Europe. They modernized the
way of exploitation, bringing new organizational and legal models based on con-
cession agreements, capital and the balance of financial rights and obligations.
They also introduced contracts and precise rules in regard to the production met-
hods and mutual relations of workers and those participating in the exploitation of
the mines. In time, local inhabitants became more and more engaged in mining and
metallurgical activities in all phases and in various ways – including physical labor
287
in the mines, supplying both the mine and the mining town with goods as well as
financing exploitation and trade. The development of mining towns influenced the
progress and prosperity throughout the country. An adequate legal frame was nece-
ssary as the base of the whole organization which enabled a very complicated fi-
nancial and working structure in mining production.
The most significant legal source in regard to mining in medieval Serbia was
certainly the Code of despot Stefan Lazareviü. It was originally intended for the
mine and the town of Novo Brdo. Ⱥ new lex specialis was made inside the concep-
tual framework of Byzantine legal tradition adapted for local circumstances with
elements of Serbian legal experience. The Code contained legislation based on
Central European legal experience and provided an entirely different type of tec-
hnological, economic and legal relations. That experience was supplemented, adap-
ted and developed.
The Code was intended for practical use and it contained precise instructions
regarding the production process in order to reduce the possibility of misunder-
standings and litigations. Some regulations of the Code are dedicated to the current
expenses that had to be paid regularly by every concessioner. The financial disci-
pline required was strict. Overdraft of deadlines or avoidance of obligations were
not allowed in any way. Every delay and refusal of regular payments had signifi-
cant consequences – the loss of the right to a concession. On the other hand, every
concessioner that regularly paid the expenses was protected. In a certain procedure,
yet in short regulated deadlines, he was allowed to check the amount and justifica-
tion of expenses. Thus, by thoroughly designed legal regulations, effectiveness has
been encouraged. Also it disabled the stoppage of work, endless discussions and
financial loss.
288
Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɢ
ɍȾɄ 622.33.06:930.253(497.11)“04/15“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15016

ɊɍȾȺɊɋɄɂ ɉɊȿȾɍɁȿɌɇɂɐɂ ɄȺɈ ɉɊɂɅɈɀɇɂɐɂ

ɂ ɁȺȾɍɀȻɂɇȺɊɂ
Ⱦɪ ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɍɟɦɚ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɪɭɞɚɪ-

ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱ-
ɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɩɨɱɟɜ
ɨɞ 13. ɩɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ 17. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉ ɨɜɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɧɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɧɢʁɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ.
Ɋɭɞɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɢɤɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɚ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ.1 Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ
ɧɚɲɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ, ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚ
ʁɚɫɧɭ ɞɢɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɟɬɚɩɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ.2

Ɋɚɞ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɢ
ɧɚɭɤɟ „ȿɬɧɨɝɟɧɟɡɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ: ɍɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɧɚ-
ɫɥɟɻɚ, ɝɟɧɟɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ
ɯɟɦɢʁɟ”, ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢɨɧɢ ɛɪ. III 47025.
1
Ⱥɭɬɨɯɬɨɧɨɫɬ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ-ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɧɚʁɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɨʁ ɝɥɚɜɢ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨʁ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɪɢɦ-
ɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚ Ɇɟɡɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ
ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɲɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɭ, Ⱥɜɚɥɢ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ȼɢɲɟ ɨ
ɨɜɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ: Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ⱥɪɟɯɨɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ – ɧɨɜɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢɯ
ɞɨɛɚɪɚ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ 37–38 (20052006) 212; Ȼɨɪɢɫɥɚɜ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪʂɭɲɚ, Ɇɚɥɢ ɒɬɭ-
ɪɚɰ, ɉɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɛɚɤɪɚ ɢ ɝɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɇɚ-
ɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ ɑɚɱɤɭ 18 (1988) 5–12; Ȼ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ɇɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ɇɪɤɨɛɪɚɞ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋȺȾ 4 (1987) 49; S. Dušaniü,
Roman mining in Illyricum: Historical aspects, Dall' Adriatico al Danubio-L'Illirico nell'età
greca e romana, Atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 25–27 settembre 2003,
Pisa: Edizione Elettronica, 255, 259260.
2
ɉɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɭɪɲɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɧɚ
289
ȼɥɚɞɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ
Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ

ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 13. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɩɨ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɜɚ ɫɚɫɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜ-
ʂɚ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɢɦɚ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɦɚɤ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ-
ɞɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɨɬɜɚ-
ɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ɏɪɚʁɛɟɪɝɚ ɭ ɋɚɤ-
ɫɨɧɢʁɢ.3 ɍɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ, ɦɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ, ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚ, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɨɧɨɫɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɋɤɭɩɢɧɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɞɨɧɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɨɜɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɝɢʁɭ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɢɦɚ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɟ
ɤɚɨ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɨɦ.4 Ɉɜɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ
ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ʁɟɡɝɪɨ ɢɡ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟ-
ʃɟ, ɱɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɭ, ɩɪɜɨʁ ɫɚɫɤɨʁ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨ-
ɦɢʁɨɦ, ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, ɤɨ-
ʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɢ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɭɞɧɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ Ⱦɢɧɚɪɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɦɚɤɟ-
ɞɨɧɫɤɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɨɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɟ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɢɦ ɢ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ,
ɧɢɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɢɡ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɱɢʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɫɭ Ɍɪɟɩɱɚ, ȳɚʃɟɜɨ, ɉɥɚɧɚ, Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɚ, Ʉɨɩɨ-
ɪɢʄ, Ɉɫɬɚɬɢʁɚ.5
ɍ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɜɪɯɭɧɚɰ ɢ
ɤɚɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ
Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɨʁ ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɝɪɻɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɢ
ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɟɪɧɢɰɢ ɢ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɤɚɨ zentilhomini ɢɥɢ gentilho-
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɦ ɥɟɠɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢɦ ɭ

ɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɢ ɫɚ
ɫɨɛɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ɞɨɧɟɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɭ ɤɨɩɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɢ ɪɭɞɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɝɜɨɠɻɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɢɡɚ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ ɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɻɟɧɨ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɰɢ
ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 50; Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ⱥɧɬɢɱɤɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟ-
ɻɟ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 18.
3
I. Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, vol.2, Afro-
European Supremacy, 11251225, Stuttgart 2001, 687; The Cambridge Economic History
of Europe, vol. 2, Trade and the Industry in the Middle Ages, ed. M. M. Postan and E.
Miller, Cambridge University Press, 1987, 699.
4
The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, 713, 715716; Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ⱦɨɥɚ-
ɡɚɤ ɋɚɫɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɚ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 29–31.
5
V. Simiü, Istorijski razvoj našeg rudarstva, Beograd 1951, 206.
290
mini, ɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɤɚɨ maiores civitatis, domini anciani. ɉɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ

ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɟ ʃɢ-
ɯɨɜɨɝ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɝ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɜɚɬɚ.6 Ɉɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɥɟɬɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ
ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɢɡɭ-
ɡɟɬɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 14. ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɥɢɯɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɥɟɦɟ-
ɧɢɬɨɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ.7
Ɋɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 14. ɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ. ɍ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɪɟɝɚɥɧɚ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɫɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɪɛɭɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ ɨɞ
ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
(ɇɨɜɨ Ȼɪɞɨ, ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ, ɉɥɚɧɚ, Ɍɪɟɩɱɚ,
Ɋɭɞɢɲɬɚ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ).8 ɍɪɭɛɭɪɚ ʁɟ ɭɛɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦ ɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɨɤɨ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɟ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɧɟ ɪɭɞɟ ɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɫɭ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɭ ɰɟɥɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭ-
ɬɢɧ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɨʁ ɨɞ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 200 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɰɟɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ Ƚɥɭɯɟ ȼɚɫɢ, ɬʁ. „kolo
v ùse i sý rùdari; i dohod ùke da daõ cr(ý)kvi kako sù davali kral-
(èvý)s(t)v(ù) mi”.9 ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɛɭɪɚ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ, ɬʁ. ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɟ ɪɨɛɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɫɟ-
6
ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɥɨʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɇɚɲɚ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬ 12 (2011) 8283, ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ.
7
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɦɚ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɟ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɞɟɤɚɞɚɦɚ 15. ɜɟɤɚ,
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ
ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɚ ɨɞ 30 ɬɨɧɚ. D. Kovaþeviü Kojiü, Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie médiévales:
les mines d'or et d'argent, Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, vol. 15, no. 2
(1960) 248258; Idem, ɋɪɩɫɤo ɫɪɟɛɪɨ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ (XIV-XV ɜɢʁɟɤ),
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 1996, 168; Idem, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ
ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 118; Idem, Les metaux precieux de Serbie
et le marche europeen, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 41 (2004) 191–202.
ɇɟɲɬɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɟ ɨɞ 10 ɞɨ 8,5 ɬɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɞɚʁɭ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ
ȳ. Ȼɥɚɧɱɚɪɞ. S. ûirkoviü, The Production of Gold, Silver and Copper in the Central Parts
of the Balkans from the 13th to the 16rh Century, Precios metals in the age of expansion:
papers of the XVIth International Conress of the Histor. Sciences, ed. Hermann Kellenbenz,
Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981, 53; Ian Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the
Middle Ages, vol. 3., Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 12501450, Stuttgart : Stainer
2005, 1021.
8
Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɐɚɪɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, 16–17.
9
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, (ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ: ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 468.
291
ʂɭ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ. ɋɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɧɢ

ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɱɢʁɚ
ʁɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ 1423. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɱɚɤ 4.868 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɥɢ 42.838
ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ȳɨɲ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɋɜɚɧɢɰɟ, ɤɧɟɡ Ʌɚɡɚɪ ʁɟ ɭɫ-
ɬɭɩɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 150 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɨɞ ɧɨ-
ɜɨɛɪɞɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ. Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ʁɟ, ɨɞ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ
ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɭ 60 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɚ Ʌɚɜɪɢ ɋɜ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 20 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȭɭɪɚɻ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ȿɫɮɢɝɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 50 ɥɢ-
ɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɚ Ʌɚɜɪɢ ɋɜ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ, 80 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.10
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɪɭɞɚɪɢ, ɦɟɬɚ-
ɥɭɪɡɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɦɚ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɨɦ ɛɨ-
ɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ.
ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɢɡ 13. ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ʌɚɬɢɧɟ – ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɭ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɋɚɫɢ, Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁ-
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɡɚɥɚɝɚ-
ʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɭ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɭ.11
ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɬɨʃɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɲɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɝ ɥɟɝɚɬɚ. ɇɚʁ-
ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ-
ɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɢɯ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ.12 ɇɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɝɚ
ɫɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɧɢɦɚ ɞɚɪɭʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨ-
ɥɟ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ ɡɥɚɬɚɪ ɉɟɬɤɨ
ɉɪɢɛɨʁɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɉɚɨɤɨ ɋɬɢɩɚɲɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɞɟɫɟɬɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ
ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɪɭɩɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɩɪɟɦɚ-
ʃɟ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ.13 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɞ-
10
Ⱥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2003, 54; Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ,
Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ, 222, 225227.
11
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁ-
ɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 244.
12
Ɉ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ: Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1955; ɂɫɬɢ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ II,
Beograd 1962; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧ-
ɬɢɦɚ (I), Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ 22 (2004) 9–80; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, 240258; ɢɫɬɢ, ȳɟɞɧɚ ɩɚɪɧɢɰɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɰɚ, Ƚɨɞɢɲ-
ʃɚɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ 4041 (1989–1990) 3041.
13
Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɍɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ
ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ (XIII–XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ), Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), Ȼɟɨ-
292
ɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɜɟɲɬɚʃɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɨ ɨɛɡɢɻɢɜɚʃɭ

ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ ɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. ȼɥɚɯɚ
ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ.14
Ʉɪɭɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ ɲɢɪɢɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɢɦ ɢ
ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɜɪɫɬɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɟ
ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɚ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɦ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɬɟɦɭ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɱɟɥɧɢɤɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ. Ɉɧɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɛɚɜɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ, ɲɬɨ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɥɧɢɤ Ɋɚɞɢɱ, ɤɚɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ
ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨɦ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬ ɫɟɥɚ, ɡɚɫɟ-
ɥɚɤɚ, ɫɟɥɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ʉɭɩɢɧɢɤ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧ ɢ ɭ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɨ „ɞɟɥɨɜɟ” ɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɤɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ȼɟɥɚɫɢɰɟ. Ɍɭ ʁɟ ɢɦ-
ɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ „ɤɭʄɟ” ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ. Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɫ-
ɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ Ƚɪɚɛɨɜɧɢɱɢɰɢ ɢ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜ. ȭɨɪɻɚ ɭ ȼɪɚʄɟɜɲɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ „ɞɪɭɝɢ” ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ʉɚɫ-
ɬɚɦɨɧɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ. ɉɨɤɥɚʃɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɨ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɨɝɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɜɟɬɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ.15
ɂɡ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɟ 1430. ɢɥɢ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ʉɚɫɬɚɦɨɧɢɬɭ ɫɚɡ-
ɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ȼɪɚʄɟɜ-
ɲɧɢɰɢ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɫɚɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɟɥɭ Ʉɚɦɟɧɢɰɢ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ,
ɱɟɥɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɨ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɭ ɫɚɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ
Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ.16
ɍ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ ɨ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ
ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɢ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɦɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ
ɝɪɚɞ 2007, 230, 233; ɂɫɬɚ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010,
140.
14
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, 246.
15
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1997, 239241; Ɉ ɱɟɥɧɢɤɭ Ɋɚɞɢɱɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɞɫɟɩɨɬɚ, ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ 2013, 211219, ɫɚ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ. (ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɪɭɤɩɨɢɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɧɚ: https://iib-ac.aca-
demia.edu/Milo%C5%A1Ivanovi%C4%87)
16
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɢ, ɚɤɬɢ, ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ, ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ, ɬɢɩɢ-
ɰɢ, ɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ 3 (1899) 3435.
293
ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɢɦɚ. ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚ-

ɬɢʁɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɤɨɩɚ, ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɡɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ
ɋɚɛɨɪɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ce, ɩo ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɧɚɥɚ-
ɡɢɥɟ ɨɡɢɞɚɧɟ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɰɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɨɜɨɝ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.17 Ɂɚ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ, ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ
ɭɤɨɩɢɦɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɡɚɫɟɨɤɭ Ʉɪɚɫɨʁɟɜɰɢɦɚ, ɭ
ɱɢʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɟʃɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɨɛ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ
ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɢɜɧɨ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɥɚɡ ɫɪɟɛɪɧɨɝ
ɩɪɫɬɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɦɨɦ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ʉɨɫʁɟɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɨɜɟ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɟ ɫɚ Ɉɥɢɜɟɪɨɦ Ʉɨɫʁɟɪɨɦ (Oliuero Chosereuich), ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 15. ɜɟ-
ɤɚ ɛɢɨ ɤɧɟɡ ɭ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ. ɇɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɢɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ Ɇɚʇɚɪɫɤɨ ɛɪɞɨ. Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɨ-
ɛɪɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɢ, ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɝɪɨɛɨ-
ɜɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɤɨɩɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɭ.18
Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɝ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ-
ɭɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɧɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɨɦ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɟ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɟʁɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ
ɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɜɟʄ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɜɚɬ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 16. ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤ, Ʉɭ-
ɱɚʁɧɚ, Ȼɚɯ ɢ Ⱥɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɭ.19 Ɉɜɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ
ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧoɦ ɪɭ-
ɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɚ ɡɧɚʃɟ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɥɟ ɲɢɪɨɦ Ɉɫ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ.20 ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ
17
Ɇ. ȴɭɛɢɧɤɨɜɢʄ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
1957. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ 9–10 (19581959) 325; Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, Ɂɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ 42 (2010) 54; ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬ-
ɜɟɧɨ ɪɚɫɥɨʁɚɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, 8487.
18
Ⱦ. Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. Ȼɭɥɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɟ ɫɚɯɪɚɧɟ ɭ Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɨʁ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ȼɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɦɨʄ – ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɨɞ 1365. ɞɨ 1402. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ
2014, 125126; Ⱦ. Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɢʄ, ɍ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɨɦ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ. ɒɚ-
ɩɚɬ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2014, 311313. Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962, 14; Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɢ: ȼ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ.
Ȼɭɥɢʄ, ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭɛɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 58 (2009)
4362.
19
ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɍ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɭ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɨ ɭ 16. ɜɟɤɭ, Ɇɟ-
ɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ 35 (2014) 22.
20
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɢɡ Ɋɭɦɟɥɢʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 16. ɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɢ ɪɚɞ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ
ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɦ ɒɢɪɜɚɧɭ (Ⱥɡɟɪɛɟʁʇɚɧɭ). ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ
294
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɚɞɦɢɧɢ-

ɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.21
ɍ ɧɨɜɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ
ɫɭ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɀɟɠɧɟ, ʁɟɞɚɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
16. ɜɟɤɚ, ɛɢɥɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɋɪɛɢ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1520. ɞɨ 1538. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɨ
ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ: ɉɟɬɚɪ, ɫɢɧ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ; ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɫɢɧ Ɋɚʁɢɧɚ; Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢ-
ʁɟ, ɫɢɧ ɉɟɬɤɚ; Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧ ɪɚɞɢɱɚ; Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧ Ȼɨʁɚɧɚ; ɋɢɦɚ, ɫɢɧ
ȳɨɜɚɧɚ; ȼɭɤ, ɫɢɧ Ɋɚɞɨʃɟ; ɉɚɜɥɟ, ɫɢɧ Ɍɨɦɢʁɚɧɚ; Ȼɨɝɞɚɧ, ɫɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ;
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥ, ɫɢɧ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ; ɀɢɜɤɨ, ɫɢɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ, ɫɢɧ ɋɬɨɥɟɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, Ɍɪɟɩɱɟ, ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ, ȼɭɱʁɚ ɢ ɂɡɜɨ-
ɪɚ.22 ɍ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɰɢ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ
ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ ɢ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɭ.23
Ⱦɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɰɚɧ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɢ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɭɥɚɝɚɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ, ɨɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɩ-
ɪɚɜɤɭ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ. Ɉ ɨɜɢɦ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɢɦɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 47, 68 (ɞɨɤ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ). ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɚ ɢ ɧɨ-
ɜɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɨ ɢ ɡɚɭɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɚ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɝɜɨɠɻɚ ɢ ɛɚɤɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɡɥɚɬɨɦ
ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ. S. Katiü, I. Iliü, D. Živkoviü, Copper Production in Majdanpek in sixties and
Sevenies of the 16th Century, Journal of Mining and Metallurgy 45 (2) B (2009) 218. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɫɚ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ
ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟɦ ɧɨɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɢ
ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɚɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɢɫɤɨɫɪɟɛɪɨɧɨɫɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɤɚɨ „Saigerprozess“. Ian
Blanchard, Mining, Metallurgy and Minting in the Middle Ages, vol. 3. Continuing Afro-
European Supremacy, 12501450, 972, 1071. „Saigerprozess“ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɲɤɢ ɜɢɲɟɮɚɡɧɢ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɡ ɛɚɤɚɪɧɢɯ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɬɚɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɫɜɟ
ɞɨ 19. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɉɩɢɫ ɢ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɭ: M. L'Héritier, F. Téreygeol,
From copper to silver: Understanding the saigerprozess through experimental liquation
and drying, Historical Metallurgy 44–2 (2010) 136152.
21
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɉɥɚɧɚ 1530. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɤɚɞɢ-
ɥɭɤɚ. ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɟʁɨɧɭ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɪɟʁɨɧɭ Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ,
ɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ 82.484 ɚɤɱɢ, ɚ ɪɚɞɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ
ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɚ ɫɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ ɉɥɚɧɢ, Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɢ ɢ Ȼɟɥɚɫɢɰɢ. ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ
ɦɟɬɚɥɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ (ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɭ ɫɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 47;
ɂɫɬɢ, ɋɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɚ ɭ ɤɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɉɥɚɧɚ, Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ
Ȼɟɥɚɫɢɰɚ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɱɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 13 (2008) 74; Ⱦ. Ⱥɦɟɞɨɫɤɢ, ɉɥɚɧɚ ɢ Ɂɚɩɥɚɧɚ, 7980.
22
ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɍ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ ɀɚɠɧɚ ɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ Ɋɨɝɨɡɧɟ ɢ ɉɨɞɛɭɤɨɜɢɤɚ ɭ 16.
ɜɟɤɭ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 59 (2010) 219220.
23
ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʅ, Ʉɨɜɚɱɧɢɰɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɧɟɬɢ ɜɨ Ʉɪɚɬɨɜɨ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɜɥɚɞɟɟʃɟɬɨ ɧɚ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɬ ɋɭʁɟɥɦɚɧ I ȼɟɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɢɨɬ (1520–1566) , Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ 54 1–2 (2010) 72, 7779.
295
ɧɟɦɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɪɚɫɜɟɬɥɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɨɛɢɦ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ, ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɨɧɰɢɦɚ
Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪ ɧɢɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ
Ƚɪɚɲɧɢɱɤɟ, Ɋɚɢɱɤɟ ɢ ȼɢɝɚʃɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ. ɍ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ
ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɝɜɨɠɻɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ
ȳɟɪɢɧɢɧ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨ 100 ɤɭʄɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɡ-
ɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɚ ɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɬɨɩɨ-
ɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɭ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɧɟɝɨ ɭ ɦɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɟʁɨɧɭ
ɤɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.24
ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚ ɝɪɨ-
ɛʂɭ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɭɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ 14. ɜɟɤɚ, ɞɨɤ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɮɚɡɚ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚ-
ʃɚ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 14.
ɢ 18. ɜɟɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ
ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɬɪɚ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ. ɂɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɮɚɡɟ ɧɟɤɪɨɩɨɥɟ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɦɨɧɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɞɝɪɨɛɧɟ ɩɥɨɱɟ ɨɞ ɛɟɥɨɝ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ
ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɞɨɦ. ȵɢɯɨɜɟ ɝɨɪʃɟ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɤɪɢɜɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɮɥɨɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɪɧɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɪɨɡɟɬɚɦɚ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ʁɟ
ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɥɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ
ɨɛɧɨɜɚ.25 ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɨɛɧɢɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ
ɨɞ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɋɚɱɢʃɚɜɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ – ɝɨɪʃɢ ɞɟɨ ɭ ɨɛ-
ɥɢɤɭ ɫɚɧɞɭɤɚ ɨɞ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɧɢɯ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɢ ɭɤɨɩɚɧɢ ɢɡɞɭɛʂɟɧɢ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢ ɤɨ-
ɦɚɞ ɤɪɟɱʃɚɤɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɝɪɨɛɭ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧɢ ʁɟ „ɤɢɪ“ Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ 1656. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʃɭ
ɰɪɤɜɟ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɡɢɞɭ ɧɚɨɫɚ.26
ɍ ɨɥɬɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɭ ɧɢɲɢ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɦɢɞɢʁɟ, ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢɦɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬ-
ɧɨ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɚ. Ɍɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɢ ɢɦɟ ɇɟɞɚ.
ɉɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɭɪɟɡɚɧ
ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɡɢɞɭ ɫɚ ɥɟɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɍ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ
24
ɉɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ʌɭɤɨɜɫɤɟ Ȼɚʃɟ ɢ Ɇɟɪʄɟɡɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ
ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ ɞɟɜɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɤɨɜɚ. ȼ. ɋɢɦɢʄ, Ɋɟʁɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚ, 385386.
25
Ȼ. Ⱦɟʂɚɧɢɧ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ. 1 Aɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, Ɍɨɤ 16–17 (1981)
113118; ɋ. ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɒɬɚɜɟ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬ
XVI ɢ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1995, 330331. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɥɨ-
ɱɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɚɻɟɧɟ ɢ ɡɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɩɟɲɱɚɪɨɦ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɩɨɞɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ⱥ.
Ɋɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ. 3 Aɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, Ɍɨɤ 16–17 (1981) 123.
26
Ȼ. Ⱦɟʂɚɧɢɧ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɇɢɧɟ ɭ ɒɬɚɜɢ, 113118; Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɚɲ-
ʃɟʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɚɬ ɭ: ɋ. ɉɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɟɝɟɧɞɚ ɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɒɬɚɜɟ, 330–331.
296
ɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɛɚ Ȼɨɠɢʁɚ ɇɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɚ

7151 (1643) ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɟɲɬɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ „gospo`da gvarka Andre”. Ȼɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɇɟɞɚ ɫɭɩ-
ɪɭɝɚ ɤɢɪ Ⱥɧɞɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɦɟɧɢɤɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɬ-
ɩɢɫ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɭɥɚɝɚɧ ɭ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɟ
ɩɨɞɭɯɜɚɬɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ 17. ɜɟɤɚ.27 ɂɚɤɨ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 16. ɢ ɬɨɤ-
ɨɦ 17. ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɜɢɞɢ-
ɦɨ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɟ, ɩɨɦɟɧ ɝɜɚɪɚɤɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɢɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɟ ɢ
ɞɚʂɟ ɜɢɞɢɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤɟ (ɲɚɮɚɪɟ) ɢ ɪɚɞɧɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɪɚɞɢ ɪɭɞɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɜɚɪɤɟ (ɜɚɪɤɟ) – ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɩɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɥɢ ɤɨɩɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɟ ɡɚ ɲɬɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɫɪɚɡɦɟɪɧɢ
ɢɡɧɨɫ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɫɤɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.28
Ɉ ɡɧɚʃɭ ɢ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɬɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ
ʁɟ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɧɟ, ɤɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɨɪɟ-
ɤɥɨɦ ɋɪɛɢɧ, ɭ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɢɡ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɪɚɡɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ ɜɟɲɬɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ.29 ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ
ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɉɥɚɧɟ,
ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟɝ ɪɭɞɨɧɨɫɧɨɝ ɪɟʁɨɧɚ ɤɨɩɚɨɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɡɜɨɻɟ-
ɧɨ ɡɥɚɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɚɯɭ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɝɥɚɦɫɤɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɛɚɤɚɪ ɢ ɝɜɨɠɻɟ. ɇɢʁɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ɨɬɢɲɥɢ ɭ
Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɡɚ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɩɨɞɧɟɛʂɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʃɚ ɢ
ɞɟɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ Ȼɟɱɤɢ ɪɚɬ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɭɫɩɟɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɬɢɰɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ 19. ɜɟɤɭ.30
27
Ⱥɭɬɨɪ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ.
28
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 16. ɜɟɤɚ, ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɪɭɞɧɢ-
ɤɚ ɀɟɠɧɟ ɫɭ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɧɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧ ɫɬɚɭɬɭɫ.
Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɲɟ: ɋ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɍ. Ʉɚɬɢʄ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤ ɀɟɠɧɚ, 206, 222. Ɉɩɢɫ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɚɬ ʁɟ ɭ: F. Spaho, Turski rudarski zakoni, Glasnik Zemaljskog
muzeja BiH 25 (1913) 166170; ȼ. ɋɤɚɪɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1939, 28, 3739, 8188.
29
Ʉɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɥɢɡɚɤ ɪɨɻɚɤ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢ ɫɢɧ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ
Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ ɢ ȼɥɚɲɤɨʁ, 1635. ɋɬɢ-
ɝɚɨ ɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ, ɝɞɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɚ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɫɤɚ ɬɢɬɭɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɝɪɚɦɚɬɟ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɢɤɟ ȳɨɧɟ. ȼɢɲɟ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ: Ɍ. Ⱥ. Ɉɩɚɪɢɧɚ,“ɂɫɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɟɪɵ ɝɪɟɤɨɜ” ɜ ɪɭɫɫɤɨɣ ɰɟɪɤɜɢ
ɩɟɪɜɨɣ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɵ XVII ɜ., Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ɢ ɏɪɢɫɬɢɚɧɫɤɢɣ ȼɨɫɬɨɤ. ȼɵɩɭɫɤ II–III, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2004,
288325. (ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ http://krotov.info/history/17/2/oparina_2.htm )
30
G. Gariü Petroviü, V. Petroviü, Human capital and Serbian mining: historical per-
spective, Mining in The Central Europe Through History, Belgrade–Košice, 2010, 3637.
297
Vladeta Petroviü, Ph.D.

Institute of History, Belgrade, Serbia
MINING ENTREPRENEURS AS DONATORS AND KTETORS

OF CHURCHES AND MONASTERIES
Summary
The development of this industrial branch in Medieval Serbia can be tracked

through written sources starting from mid-13th century, when the Saxon miners
come to Serbia, forming ethnical and professional groups with a special status.
Mining, which during 14th and in the first half of 15th century, becomes one of the
most important economic branches of Middle-Ages Serbia, represented a signifi-
cant source of income for rulers; a part of this income was distributed to certain
monasteries thanks to the rulers’ donations. In addition to rulers, both the individu-
als and groups, differently engaged in mining tasks, also became donators and
ktetors of monastery and churches. The oldest written records on such a donation
of the inhabitants of the mining urban settlements date back from 13th century and
relate to the Latines – a catholic community to which belonged the Saxons, the
inhabitants of Kotor and Dubrovnik. With an increase in the production volume,
the circle of mining entrepreneurs spread including the local population too, which
allowed the most prominent and wealthiest persons to become donators and ktetors
of orthodox churches. Among the local businessmen the great leader Radic had a
special place, who donated mining parts that he head in Rudnik to the monasteries
Kastamonit and Vracevsnica, as well as a wheel that he built in his village of
Kamenica. He donated to Kastamonit the customs duty too and the parts in Saxon
places of Novo Brdo and Rudnik. Due to the lack of written sources, indirect con-
clusions on ktetor’s endeavors of entrepreneurs involved in mining production and
metal trade, may be drawn on the basis of material remnants of sacral buildings in
mining settlements, as is the case with the churches in Novo Brdo and Rudnik. As
the development of mining in the Balkans Peninsula continued after the Ottoman
conquest, domestic entrepreneurs who had considerable capital, were also included
in the Ottoman system of renting mines. An inscription on the church of St. Mina
in Stava, in which master kir Andrew (Andra) is mentioned, also testifies of the
investment of this capital in ktetor’s efforts, in which master kir Andrew (Andra) is
mentioned.
298
Pristina – Reale sedia
ɍȾɄ 94(497.11 ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ):929 ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɢ"1168/1371" DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15017

PRISTINA – REALE SEDIA*
Ⱦɪ Ȼɨʁɚɧ Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Aɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɍ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ-ɩɢɫ-

ɰɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ, ɛɢɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɩɨ-
ɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɩɟɬɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ XIV ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ. Ⱦɜɨɪ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ, ɰɚɪ ɍɪɨɲ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɚ ɢ ȼɭɤ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 1379. ɧɚɫɟ-
ʂɟ ɨɩɚɫɚɨ ɡɢɞɢɧɚɦɚ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɨɞ Ɇɚɪɢɱɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɞɜɨɪ, ɜɥɚɞɚɪ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ, ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ, ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɢ.
ɍ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɦʄɟʃɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ XVII

ɜɟɤɚ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɩɟɪɨ Ɇɚɜɪɚ Ɉɪɛɢɧɚ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ.1 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɨʁ ɨɜɚʁ ɭɱɟɧɢ ɛɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɢɧɚɰ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɜɟʄɭ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɢɧɭ ɢ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɧɚɞ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ɭ
ɛɨɪɛɢ ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɠɭɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɞ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɟɝ ɉɚɧɬɢɧɚ, ɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ
ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ „ɤɪɭɧɢɲɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢ Ɋɚɲɤɟ”, ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɛɢɨ
ɞɜɨɪ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɫɚ
ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XIV ɜɟɤɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɢɧɨɦ ɩɟɬɨɝ ɞɟɫɟɬɥɟʄɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɧɚʁɦɧɨɝɨʂɭɞɧɢʁɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨ-
ɥɨɧɢʁɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ,2 ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɪɟɡɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɠɢɬɟ-
ʂɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɋɪɻɟɦ ɨ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚ.
ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XIV ɜɟɤɚ ɭ
ɨɩɢɫɭ ɦɟɻɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚɦɚ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟ-
* Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɭ ɨɜɢɪɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɢʁ-

ɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ, ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞ ɛɪ. 177032 ɩɪɢ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ, ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨ-
ɲɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.
1
Ɇɚɜɪɨ Ɉɪɛɢɧ, Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1968, 17, 22.
2
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ,
ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɂɑ 2–2 (1975) 45–74 (= Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫ-
ɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007, 5791). Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚɪɚɞɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɢ
ɩɪɟɪɚɞɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ – ȳɚʃɟɜɨ, ɇɨɜɨ
Ȼɪɞɨ, Ɍɪɟɩɱɚ – ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɞɚʃɚ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ.
299
Ȼɨʁɚɧ Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ
ɮɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɨʁ ɢ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɰɢ, ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɍɪɨɲ

II Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ. ɍ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɢ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ
ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ pri{evqskii poutq ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɤɚ ɦɟɻɢɨ ɚɬɚɪ ɫɟɥɚ
ɉɥɟɦɟɬɢɧɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɩɪɟɤɨ Ʌɚɛɚ ɢ ɞɨɥɢɧɨɦ ɋɢɬɧɢɰɟ, ɞɨ
Ɂɜɟɱɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɟ Ȼɚʃɫɤɟ.3 ɍ ɦɥɚɻɨʁ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɢ, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨʁ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ
1321, ɢɦɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ: ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ
ɥɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɭɬ izq grad(a) ou pri{inou.4 ɉɪɜɢ ɨɞ ɇɟ-
ɦɚʃɢɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɨɦɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɚ-
ɜɢɨ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɢɧ, ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɍɪɨɲ III Ⱦɟ-
ɱɚɧɫɤɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɤɧɟɡɭ ɢ ɨɩ-
ɲɬɢɧɢ ɩɪɟ 31. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1325, ɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɢɯ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ-
ɧɨɝ „ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ” ɨ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɞɚɧɭ.5 Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ.
ɍ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ʁɭɥɚ 1342. ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɫɚ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɦ, ȳɨɜɚɧ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ ɭɡɝɪɟɞ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɢ ɲɬɭɪɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ ɨ
ɢɡɝɥɟɞɭ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɚ. ɇɚɩɭɫɬɢɜɲɢ ɋɤɨɩʂɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɬʃɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȳɨ-
ɜɚɧɚ Ɉɥɢɜɟɪɚ, Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɚ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɭ, ɩɪɨɲɚɨ ɤɪɨɡ „ɤɪɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɥɟɩɨɬɟ ɡɨɜɟ ɉɚɭɧ” ɢ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ
ɞɨ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɟ (ȆȡȓıĲȘȞȠȞ). Ɂɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ „ɧɟɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ” (kw,mhn tina. avtei,ciston). Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜ
ɞɜɨɪ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɤɭʄɚ (oivki,a), ɚ ɫɚɦ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɤɚɩɢʁɭ,
ɞɚɤɥɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɝɪɚɻɟɧ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɩɪɜɟ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ (evpi.
to.n prw/ton ma,lista tw/n oi;kwn) ɤɪɚʂ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɬɚ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɬɪɚʁɚ-
ɥɢ.6 ɋɚɦ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ, ɧɟɲɬɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ
ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ Egda byhq nemo{qnq ou pri{iny ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɩɨɜɟ-
ʂɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɭ ȼɪɚʃɢɧɢ ɧɚ ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ.7 ȵɟɝɨɜ
ɫɢɧ, ɰɚɪ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɍɪɨɲ, ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢɡ-
3
ɍɩ. Ƚ. Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɨʁ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɚ – ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 213.
4
Ȼ. ɀɢɜɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1992, 85; ɧɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ Ʌɢɩʂɚɧ.
5
ɇ. ɉɨɪɱɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɚ ɧɟɦɚʃɢʄɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɞɦɢ-
ɬɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ, ɋɋȺ 7 (2008) 1415.
6
Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris Historiarum II, (ed. L. Schopeni), Bonnae
1831, 261–262; ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɟ ɭɩ. ȼɂɂɇȳ VI, 386–387, 389390.
7
Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae, Bosnae, Ragusii, (ed. F.
Miklosich), Graz 19642, no 94, 113–114; ȭ. Ȼɭɛɚɥɨ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ
ȼɪɚʃɢɧɟ (ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ), ɋɋȺ 5 (2006) 263265.
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ɞɚʁɟ 11. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1365. ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ,8 ɞɨɤ ɩɨɡɧɢ Ɇɚɜɪɨ Ɉɪɛɢɧ ɬɜɪ-
ɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɪɚʂ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ faceva la sua reside(n)za in Pristina.9
ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ, ɬɟ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ
ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɚɧ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɫɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɨɦ 1379. ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ȼɭɤ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɞɨɜɪɲɢɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɡɢɞɢɧɚ.10 ɇɚ ɬɨ ɫɟ,
ɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɟʄɨɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɲʄɭ, ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ʁɟɪ ne biv[i wd veka U sem
meste pri{ine pribe/i{e ni tvrq/de, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ „ɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ” ɧɚɡɢɜɚ stol.
Ɉɫɢɦ ɡɢɞɢɧɚ, „ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ ȼɥɤ ɋɬɟɩɚɧ” ʁɟ ɫɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɨɦ ɛɢɨ ɢ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɫɚɛɨɪɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ mitropoliwm,11 ɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɫɭ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ. ɉɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ-
ɬɢ. ɋɥɨɜɨ ɨ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɭ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ 1392/3. ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ III, ɤɚɡɭ-
ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɟɦɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɩɨɯɪɚ-
ʃɟɧɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, ɭ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɞɨɤ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɢɫɚɰ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɉɪɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɠɢɬɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɩɪɟ 1398, ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ ɩɨɝɪɟɛɟɧ
vq mitropolii. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚɧɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ
„ɩɪɢɲɬɟɜɫɤɨɦ” ɝɪɨɛɭ, ɤɧɟɠɟɜɨ ɧɟɬʂɟɧɨ ɬɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɬɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢ-
ɧɭ, Ɋɚɜɚɧɢɰɭ.12 ɉɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ
8
Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɨ ɞɚɪɭ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɚ
Ɋɨɦɚɧɚ, ɢɫɬɨ, 139148.
9
Mavro Orbini, Il regno degli Slavi, Pesaro 1601, 270; ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɡɧɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭɧɰɭ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɨɜɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɭɨɱɢ Ɇɚɪɢɱɤɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ
ɧɚʁɫɟɜɟɪɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɂɋɇ I , 590, 598.
10
Ɂɚɩɢɫ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ (fol. 6v-7r) ʁɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɭ ɝɪɱɤɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɞ-
ɝɨɜɨɪɚ Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢʁɚ ɫɚ ɋɢɧɚʁɚ, ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɝ 1342/3. ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɱɭɜɚ ɭ ɡɛɢɪɰɢ
ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɭ (Ƚɪɟɱ. 1187). ɋɚɦ ɡɚɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1380. ɢ 1389. Ʉɚ-
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɧɭ ɩɟʄɤɢɯ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɚɯɚ ɛɢɨ ɋɩɢɪɢɞɨɧ, ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɦɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɭ ɦɚɪ-
ɝɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɚ, ɜ. Ⱥ. Ⱥ. Ɍɭɪɢɥɨɜ, ɉɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ ɨɬɝɨɥɨɫɨɤ ɢɞɟɢ „ɐɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ ɋɟɪɛɨɜ ɢ Ƚɪɟɤɨɜ” (ɝɪɚɞɨɡɞɚɧɧɚɹ ɧɚɞɩɢɫɶ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢɱɚ 1378–1379 ɝɝ.), Ɇɟɠ-
ɫɥɚɜɹɧɫɤɢɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɧɵɟ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɷɩɨɯɢ ɋɪɟɞɧɟɜɟɤɨɜɶɹ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ
ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ ɫɥɚɜɹɧ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 2012, 449464.
11
ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɥɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɨɛɥɢɠʃɚ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɰɚ, ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɇɢɤɨɞɢɦɚ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ
ɝɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɢɧɟʁɚ ɫ ɝɨɞɢɧɨɦ 1382/3, ɤɨʁɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɜɟɨɩɲɬɨʁ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ po-
velyniEmq ɥɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɋɢɦɨɧɚ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ I, (ɩɪ.
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1902, 49, ɛɪ. 155.
12
ȼ. ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɋɢɥɭɚɧ ɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ II, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɢɫɰɢ XIV–XV ɜɟɤɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 136–
94(1929) 27–30, ɂɫɬɨ 95,12–13; ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɇɟɲɬɨ ɨ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ʌɚɡɚɪɭ, ȽɋɍȾ 21 (1867) 163;
ɡɚ ɞɚɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ, ɜ. ȭ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ʌɚ-
ɡɚɪɭ ɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨɦ ɛɨʁɭ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ 1968, 71–72, 105; ɩɪɟɧɨɫ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢɯ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɢɡ ɉɪɢɲɬɢ-
ɧɟ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɇɨɜɟ ɉɚɜɥɢɰɟ, ɞɨ Ɋɚɜɚɧɢɰɟ, ɨɞɢɝɪɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ 1390 – ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɞɚɧɚ, lytM /e minMv'[M ɩɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ, ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɚ III, ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɥɚɰɢʁɭ. Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ Zwúù ɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɦɥɚɻɟɦ ɉɟʄɤɨɦ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɭ, ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɢ ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɋɪ. Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ, 1927, 98.
301
ɞɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɞɟɮɬɟɪɢ.13 ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ: ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ,

ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȭɨɪɻɚ, ɬɟ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ „Ⱥʁɚ ɋɨɮɢʁɚ”, ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɥɨ
ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɟ Ȼɨɠɢʁɨʁ ɉɪɟɦɭɞɪɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ.14 ɋɬɚɥɧɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɫɚ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ, ɩɨ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɛɟɞɟɦɚ, ɡɚɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ
ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ʁɚɜʂɚ 9. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1387,15 ɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɞɨɜɪɲɟɬ-
ɤɭ ɫɭ ɬɪɚʁɚɥɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɰɟɥɭ ɩɪɜɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ɫɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɩɨ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ.16 ɍ ɩɪɢɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɻɭ ɩɨɫɬɨ-
ʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ „ɩɨɬɟɰɢɲɬɟ” ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟ
ɜɢɬɟɲɤɟ ɢɝɪɟ.17
ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɭ ɢɡ ɨɫɦɟ ɭ ɞɟɜɟɬɭ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɭ XIV ɫɬɨ-
ɥɟʄɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɥɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɚ, ɜ. ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɭ ɧɚɩ., ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ
ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ „ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɨɦ”, ɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɟ
ɦɥɚɻɢɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1477. ɢ 1487. ɫɪɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɦɚɯɚɥɚ, A.
Handžiü, Nekoliko vijesti o Arbanasima na Kosovu i Metohiji sredinom XV vijeka, Simpozi-
jum o Skenderbegu, Priština 1969, 209.
13
Ɋɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɧɭ ɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɬɨ-
ɥɟʄɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1475. ɢ 1575. Ɉ. Ɂɢɪɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɐɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬ-
ɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɞɨ 1683. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984, 170.
14
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ. ɇɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɭɬɢɰɚɬɢ
ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɦɥɚɞɨɫɬɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɰɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ʉɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɝɧɚɧɨɝ ɨɰɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ
(1314–1321), ɜ. ɂɋɇ I, 464; ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ȼɭɤ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ, ɝɪɚɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɨ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɰɭ, ɫɟɜɚɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɭ Ȼɪɚɧɤɭ, ɩɪɨɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɰɟɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ, ɢɡ 1364/5, ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɮɚɫɚɞɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝ ɩɚɪɚɤɥɢɫɚ ɭɡ ɨɥɬɚɪ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ
ɉɟɪɢɜɥɟɩɬɟ, ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ, Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɨ ɡɢɞɧɨ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1980, 124. ɍ
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɚ, ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɉɟɬɤɚ ɢ „Ʉɪɫɬɨɜɞɚɧ”. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɯɪɚɦ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɞɟɥɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɡɜɚɨ „ɉɚɧɚɻɭɪɢɲɬɟ”, ɭɩ. Ɇ. ȼ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɨɡ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɑɭɩɢʄɚ 14,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1894, 307; ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɨɜɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɝ ɜɢɰɟ-
ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɚɧɚ ȼɚɫɚ, ɨɞ 1. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1812, ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ
ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢ ɜɚɲɚɪɢ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ, ɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ
ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ, ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨɦ ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɞɭ, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ. ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ,
Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɟ ɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ-ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɢɡ 1806–1813, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
ɋɄȺ 31 (1898) 149; ʁɟɫɟʃɢ ʁɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɜɚɲɚɪ, ɨɤɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ȼɨɡɞɜɢɠɟʃɚ ɑɚɫɧɨɝ ɤɪɫɬɚ. Ⱥ. ɍɪɨɲɟɜɢʄ,
ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ 2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1951, 8–10. Ʌɨɤɚɥɧɨ
ɩɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɩɚɦɬɢ ʁɨɲ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ ɢ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɇɟɞɟʂɟ, ɜ. Ɇ. ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɐɪɤɜɟɧɢ
ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ XIII–XX ɜɟɤɚ, Ɂɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1987, 512513.
15
Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ, 6465.
16
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁ-
ɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997), 249.
17
Ɂɛɨɝ ɢɡɝɪɟɞɚ ɧɚ ʃɢɦɚ 1435, ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɭɞ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ȼɥɚɯɚ, C. Jireþek, Reiterspiele im mittelalterlichen Serbien, Archiv für slavische
302
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɧɟɦɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɟ. Ƚɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ

ɫɬɪɚɞɚɨ ʁɨɲ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɦɥɚɻɢɦ
ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ȼɭɤɨɦ, ɫɩɚɥɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1409. ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɱɟɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɢ-
ɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ. ɍ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ
ɛɢɬɤɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɩɨʂɭ ɨɞ 17. ɞɨ 19. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1448, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɨʁ-
ɫɤɟ ȳɚɧɤɚ ɏɭʃɚɞɢʁɚ ɢ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɨ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ Ɇɭɪɚɬ II, ɚ ɰɟɥɭ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, 1455, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞ-
ɧɢɤ, Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ II.18 Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɛɟɞɟɦɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɢ, ʁɟɪ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɭ
ɩɚɩɢ ɋɢɤɫɬɭ IV, ɤɨʁɢ ɨɤɨ 1480. ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɥɰɢʃɫɤɢ ɛɢɫɤɭɩ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ɋɟɝɨɧ,
ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧ ɪɨɻɟɧ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ, ɡɚ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɭ ɩɢɲɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɨɦɢʂɟɧɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɲɬɟ „ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ Ɇɢɡɢʁɟ”, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɩɭɬ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢ-
ɧɚ, ɧɟɩɭɧɨ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɫɟɥɨɦ.19 Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɭ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɬɪɩɟɥɨ ɜɟʄɚ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʃɚ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ-ɛɟɝɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɢ ȼɭɱɢ-
ɬɪɧ.20 „ɇɚɞɛɢɫɤɭɩ ɋɤɨɩʂɚ ɢ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ” ɉɟɬɚɪ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɢʄ
ɛɟɥɟɠɢ 1685. ɞɚ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɚɫɚɧɚ ɡɢɞɢɧɚɦɚ, ɚ
ɜɚɪɨɲ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ 1689. ɢ 1737, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ
ɞɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɨɠɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ.21 Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ
ɯɪɚɦ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ, ɫɚɡɢɞɚɧ ɨɤɨ 1830. ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɬɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɟ, ɚ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɨ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɢɫɬɪɚʁɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɧɨ.
Ɂɚ ɦɟɫɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɚ-
ɞɚɲʃɨʁ „ɑɚɪɲɢʁɢ”, ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɨɬɨʃɟɝ ɉɚɲɢɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɚɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɋɚɪɚʁɚ, ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ „ɞɜɨɪɚɰ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ”.22
*
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ
ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɭ. ɍ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɡɧɨɝ XIV
ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ɨɞ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɚ ɭɛɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ, ɧɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ
ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ.23 ɉɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɭ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ, Ʉɟɤɚɜɦɟɧɚ, ɞâ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ
Philologie 14, Berlin 1892, 73–75 (= ȼɢɬɟɲɤɟ ɢɝɪɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤɚ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1959, 411–414).
18
ɂɋɇ II, 81, 264, 298.
19
... pagum Pristinam, cf. A. Pertusi, Martino Segono di Novo Brdo, vescovo di
Dulcigno, Roma 1981, 93.
20
Ⱥ. ɍɪɨɲɟɜɢʄ, ȼɭɱɢɬɪɧ, ȽɋɇȾ 19 (1938) 216–217.
21
Ʉ. ɇ. Ʉɨɫɬɢʄ, ɇɚɲɢ ɧɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1922, 52–54.
22
ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɪɨɡ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ, 304–307; Ȼ. ɇɭɲɢʄ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ II, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1903,
12–13, 1618.
23
ɇɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɟɦɭ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ – ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ
Ɋɚɫ – ɉɚɭɧɢ – ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ 88 (1911) 1–54; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɢ
303
ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ

XI ɜɟɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɨ „ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ”, ɩɨɪɟɞ eivj th.n Ze,ntan, ɛɢɨ ɋɬɨɧ
(ȈĲ੺ȝȞȠȢ).24 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɦɥɚɻɢɦ ɫɯɨɥɢʁɚɦɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ, ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ
ɞɟɜɨɥɫɤɨɝ, ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜʂɟɜ ɫɢɧ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤ, ɩɪɜɢ ɡɟɬɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ
(ɨɤɨ 1055 – ɨɤɨ 1082), ɫɬɨɥɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ (th.n oi;khsi,n te) ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ „ɉɪɚɩɪɚ-
ɬɢ”.25 Ɉɞ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ Ɂɟɬɟ, ʁɟɫɬɟ
ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɚ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɫɩɢɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɬɡɜ. Ʌɟɬɨɩɢɫ ɩɨɩɚ Ⱦɭɤʂɚɧɢɧɚ,
ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɞɜɨɪ (curia) ɭ ɉɪɚɩɪɚɬɧɢ ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɚ.26 ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ɛɢ ɨɧɚʁ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ (†
1016) ɧɚ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɢ,27 ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɨɧɰɢɦɚ Ɋɭɦɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɭɲɬɚ-
ʁɭ ɤɚ ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ, ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɫɤɟ ɱɢʁɟ ɪɭɲɟɜɢ-
ɧɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ.28 Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜ ɫɢɧ, ɤɪɚʂ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ȼɨɞɢɧ, ɞɨɱɟɤɚɨ
ɨɤɨ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, ɁɅɍ 20 (1984) 67–82; ɢɫɬɢ, Ⱦɜɨɪ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ: ɨɞ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ
ɞɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 423434.
24
ɍ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɬɨɱɟɧ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ, ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɭ ɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɢ
ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, Ʉɚɬɚɤɚɥɨɧ Ʉɥɚɡɨɦɟɧɫɤɢ, ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɜ. ɋɨɜɟɬɵ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɤɚɡɵ Ʉɟ-
ɤɚɜɦɟɧɚ,( ɩɪ. Ƚ. Ƚ. Ʌɢɬɚɜɪɢɧ), Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1972, ɛɪ. 170, ɫɬɪ. 26–ɛɪ.171, ɫɬɪ. 25; ȼɂɂɇȳ III,
211–213; ɤɚɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ɂɚɯɭɦʂɚɧɚ, ɋɬɨɧ (ȈĲĮȖȞȩȞ) ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ʁɨɲ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ
VII (945–959) ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɋɩɢɫɭ ɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɦɚ, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De administrando
imperio, (ed. G. Moravcsik, R. J. H. Jenkins), Washington 1967, 162-33,21; ȼɂɂɇȳ II, 61.
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɞ stolq – ɩɪɟɫɬɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ stolqnoE mysto, ɤɨɧɚɱɚɧ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ʄɟ ɞɚɬɢ ɟɬɢɦɨɥɨɡɢ.
25
E) Q) Tsola,kh( ~H Sune,ceia th/j Cronografi,aj tou/ VIwa,nnou Skuli,tsh( Qessalo-
ni,kh 1968, 163.67- ; ȼɂɂɇȳ, III, 179..
26
Gesta Regum Sclavorum I,( ɩɪ. Ⱦ. Ʉɭɧɱɟɪ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2009, 118, 154; ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ, iupania Prapratna, ɫɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ ɭɡ ɦɨɪɫɤɭ ɨɛɚɥɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɚɪɚ ɢ ɍɥɰɢʃɚ, ɭɩ.
ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ X ɢ XII ɜɟɤɚ, ȽɋɍȾ 48 (1880) 13; Ʉ. ɋ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, Ɍɪɝɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ȳɢɪɟ-
ɱɟɤɚ I, 232; ɜɚʂɚ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɫɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɤɚɨ praprat'nica, prapratqni
d]lq, praprat'ni dolq, prapratq, ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɪɟʄɭ. ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨ-
ɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2003, 110; Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ʄɢɪɢ-
ɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, (ɩɪ. ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ.
ɋɢɧɞɢɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 229, 460, 462, ɛɪ. 64, ɫɬɪ. 71; ɛɪ. 125, ɫɬɪ. 21ɛ, ɫɬɪ. 35ɛ, ɚ ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɡɜɚɥɚ (praprat'nQ dolq) ɭɞɨɥɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɋɬɨɧ ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɟɦ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ, ɂɫɬɨ, 196, ɛɪ. 54, ɫɬɪ.19 ɢɡ ɡɚɥɢɜɚ
ɉɪɚɩɪɚɬɧɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɬɪɚʁɟɤɬ ɤɨʁɢ Ɇʂɟɬ ɩɨɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɩɧɨɦ. Ɉ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɨʁ
ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɱɟɜɨʁ „ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ”, ɪɟɱɢɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɭ, ɧɚ ɱɢʁɢɦ ɡɢɞɨɜɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ, ɜ. ɂ. ɋɬɟɜɨɜɢʄ, Ɉ
ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɦ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɭ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɚ ɭ ɋɬɨɧɭ, ɁɊȼɂ 35 (1996)
175193.
27
Gesta Regum Sclavorum I, 136.
28
ɂɐȽ II–2, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ 1970, 424–428; ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ ɮɚɡɚ, ɚ
ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ XV ɜɟɤɭ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɚɛɨɪɧɢ ɯɪɚɦ Ɂɟɬɫɤɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ. Ɇ. ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ,
ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1985, 169–170.
304
ʁɟ ɭ ɡɢɦɭ 1096/7. Ɋɟʁɦɨɧɚ ɨɞ Ɍɭɥɭɡɚ ɧɚ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɤɪɫɬɚɲɤɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɭ, ɭ

ɋɤɚɞɪɭ,29 ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ Ȼɨɞɢɧ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ „ɩɨɩ Ⱦɭɤ-
ʂɚɧɢɧ”. ɋɜɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɟ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɟ ɥɨɡɟ, ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɦ,
ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɨʁ ɛɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɨɩɚɬɢʁɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɢ ȼɚɤ-
ɯɚ.30 ɋɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɦɢʂɟɧɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɲɬɚ ɡɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ
ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɋɤɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ, ɡɚɤɥɨʃɟɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɫɢɜɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ Ⱦɪɚɱɭ; ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ ɧɟɦɚ, ɚ ɞɜɨ-
ɪɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɜɚɧ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɭ
ɫɭ ɩɪɭɠɚɥɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɡɢɞɢɧɟ; ɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɨɞ ɧɚɞɦɨʄɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɯ ɫɭɫɟɞɚ,
ɞɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɚɧ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞ, ɭ ɋɬɨɧ ɧɚ ɉɟ-
ʂɟɲɰɭ ɢɥɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪ; ɨɜɚ ɫɤɪɨɜɢɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɫɭ, ɭɫɥɟɞ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɚ ɪɨ-
ɦɟʁɫɤɟ ɮɥɨɬɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ.31
Ɉ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɠɭɩɚɧɚ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɢɡ ɧɚ-
ɪɟɞɧɨɝ, XII ɜɟɤɚ, ʁɨɲ ɫɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɧɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɢɧɚɦɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɩɢɲɟ ɨ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɭ ɰɚɪɚ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɚ I Ʉɨɦɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɚ 1149,
ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ (avrcei/on)
„ɚɪɯɢɠɭɩɚɧɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɬɚ” ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɩɚʂɟɧɚ.32 ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɢɡ ɢɡɜɨ-
29
S. Runciman, A History of the Crusades I, Cambridge 1957, 161.
30
Gesta Regum Sclavorum I, 160, 164, 168, 172, 180; ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɨɜɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚ
ɨɛɚɥɢ Ȼɨʁɚɧɟ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɱɭɜɚɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɞɟɨ ʁɭɠɧɨɝ ɡɢɞɚ, ɭɩ. ȼ. Ʉɨɪɚʄ,
Ƚɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɉɨɦɨɪʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1965, 17–33.
31
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɟɤɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XI ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨ-
ɤɭɲɚʁ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɋɢɰɢɥɢʁɟ ɧɟɫɥɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɚ. Ƚ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1993, 315–316, ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɫɢɥɚ.
ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɚɥɚɦɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ, ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɛɪɨɞɨɥɨɦɚ, ɩɪɭ-
ɠɢɬɢ ɧɟɧɚɞɚɧɭ ɞɨɛɢɬ, ɤɚɨ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɤɟɧɬɢɧɚɪɢʁɚ (320 ɤɢɥɨɝɪɚɦɚ) ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚʁɚ-
ʃɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɞɚ ɫɟ ȈĲȑĳĮȞȠȢ ǺȠȧıșȜȐȕȠȢ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ-
ɦɚ. Ⱦɜɟ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɥɟ ɤɚɡɧɟɧɟ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɚ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɥɟ, ɢɲɥɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɩɧɟ-
ɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, cf. Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum, (ed. I. Thurn), Berolini – Novi
Eboraci, 1973, 408–409, 424–425; ȼɂɂɇȳ III, 157–161; ɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɚɜɚʃɚ
ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɜ. ɧɚɩ. 24, ɡɚɩɥɟʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɨ ɛɪɨɞɨɜʂɟ (kai. tou.j
dro,mwnaj).
32
Ioannis Cinnami Epitome rerum ab Ioanne et Alexio Comnenis gestarum, ed. A.
Meineke, Bonnae 1836, ɛɪ. 101, ɫɬɪ. 18–ɛɪ. 102, ɫɬɪ.1; ɛɪ. 102, ɫɬɪ. 18–ɛɪ. 103, ɫɬɪ.19;
ȼɂɂɇȳ IV, 22–26; ɚɤɨ ɫɟ Ʉɢɧɚɦɨɜɨ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɚ ɨɧɢɦ ɤɨɞ ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɏɨɧɢʁɚɬɚ,
Nicetae Choniatae Historia, ed. I. A. van Dieten, Berolini – Novi Eboraci. 1975, 89–90;
ȼɂɂɇȳ IV, 122–124, ɨ ɨɜɨɦ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ –
ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɤɪɟɧɭɜɲɢ ɢɡ Ⱥɜɥɨɧɟ, ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɭ ɉɟɥɚɝɨɧɢʁɢ
ɢ ɨɞɚɬɥɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ. ɉɪɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɥɚɻɟɦ
ɩɢɫɰɭ, ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɢ. ɋɚ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɬɪɭɩɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɨ,
Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨ I ʁɟ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ. ɍɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɚ ʁɭɝɚ, ɢɡ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ
Ʌɢɩʂɚɧɚ ɢ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɩɨʂɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɨɥɢɧɨɦ ȳɭɠɧɟ Ɇɨɪɚɜɟ, ɩɪɟɤɨ Ɍɨɩɥɢɰɟ ɢ
ɡɚɨɛɢɲɚɜɲɢ Ʉɨɩɚɨɧɢɤ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɲɚɨ ɢɡɚ ɥɟɻɚ, ɧɚɩɚɜɲɢ ɢɯ ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ.
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ɪɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧ dvorq ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɨɫ-

ɜɚʁɚʃɚ 1185, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ.33 ɍ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɨɛ-
ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɇɟɦɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɯɬɟɨ ɞɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢ-
ɰɢʁɭ ɡɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ, ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɂɟɬɟ,
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ, ɫɜɨʁ ɞɜɨɪ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ. Ɇɟɫɬɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ,
ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ, ɥɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɨɝ ɨɫɚɦɨɫɬɚʂɟʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɢɦ ɢ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ.34 Ɉ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɢɯ
ɋɭɨɱɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ, ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɢ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɭ

ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ, Ʉɢɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ Ɇɚɧɨʁɥɨ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ. ɉɨ ɭɥɚɫɤɭ ɭ
„Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɭ”, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧ Ɋɚɫ (to. ~Ra/so,n te katestre,yato frou,rion) ɢ ɬɭ ʁɟ ɫɚ
ɞɟɥɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɚ, ɫɚɦ ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ Nikaba,n
ɱɢʁɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚ, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɪɨɞɧɟɜɧɟ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ Gali,tzhj.
ȼɪɚʄɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɭ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɨɝ Ɋɚɫɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ „ɫɟɜɚɫɬɨɢɩɟɪɬɚɬɚ”
ɫɚɡɧɚɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɠɭɩɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɟ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɟɞɧɭɬɢɦ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɤ ɬɚɞɚ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ „ɚɪɯɢɠɭɩɚɧɚ”. Ʉɚɡɧɟɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɫɥɟɞɢɥɚ, ɞɨɫɟɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ ɠɭɩɚɧɨɜ ɞɜɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɞɭɛʂɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ
ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ, ɭɩ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɜɨɪ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, 425; ɭɩ. ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ȴ.
Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɰɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɭ XII ɜɟɤɭ, ɁɊȼɂ 22 (1983) 9–12 (=
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 6466).
ɍ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɝɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜ-
ɧɢ Ɋɚɫ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɉɚɡɚɪɭ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ, Ⱦ. Ɇɪɤɨɛɪɚɞ, Ɋɚɫ-ɉɨɫɬɟʃɟ: ɮɚ-
ɡɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ, ɁɊȼɂ 36 (1997) 203–217; M. Popoviü, Tvrÿava Ras, Beograd 1999;
ȳ. Ʉɚɥɢʄ, Ɋɚɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɂɑ 47 (2002) 11–23; ɢɫɬɚ, ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɁɊȼɂ 50–1 (2013) 433–444; ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɚ „Ƚɚɥɢɱ” ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ
ɨɛɚɥɢ ɂɛɪɚ, ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, Ʌɟɤɫɢɤɨɧ ɝɪɚɞɨ-
ɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010, 80. Ɂɚɝɨɧɟɬɧɚ Ʉɢɧɚɦɨɜɚ
„ɇɢɤɚɜɚ” ʄɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ ɨɜɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɂɛɚɪɫɤɢ
Ʉɨɥɚɲɢɧ, ɭɩ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɟ, 4–5.
33
ɇɟɦɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɛɟɞɟɦɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ, ɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɉɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɢ, ɋɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ, (ɩɪ. ȴ. ȳɭɯɚɫ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɫɤɚ,
Ɍ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1999, 40; ɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ
ɇɟɦɚʃɚ ʁɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, 1168,
Nicetae Choniatae Historia, 159; ȼɂɂɇȳ IV, 146; ȳ. Ʉɚɥɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɨ-ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɭɤɨɛ
1168. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɁɎɎ 11–1 (1970) 193–202.
34
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɠɭɩɚɧ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɜɨɪ ɢ ɭ Ɋɚɫɭ, ɞâ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɝɚɻɚɬɢ. ɉɪɟ ʃɟɝɚ, ɭ
ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ XII ɜɟɤɚ ɞɜɨɪ ɡɚɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɬɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ, ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɋɚɫ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɢ ɞɜɚ
ɩɭɬɚ ɪɚɡɚɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɚ, 1127–1129. ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɪɭɲɢɥɢ ɋɪɛɢ, ɚ ɞɜɟ ɞɟɰɟ-
ɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ Ɋɨɦɟʁɢ, Ioannis Cinnami, ɛɪ.12,ɫɬɪ.9–10; ɛɪ.102,ɫɬɪ.18–19; ȼɂɂɇȳ IV,
14–15, 23. Ɂɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɢɝ ɨɛɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɟʃɟ 1196, ɪɚɲɤɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ, Ʉɚɥɢɧɢɤ, ɭ ɞɪɟɜɧɨʁ
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɤɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, ɜ. Ȼ. Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ, ɀɢɬɢʁɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ
ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 124–125. Ɂɚ ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɨɝ
306
ɩɨɬɨɦɚɤɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɭɧɭɤɚ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ. Ⱦɪɚ-

ɝɨɰɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢɯ „ɩɪɨɬɨʁɟɪɟʁɚ” ɭ ɞɜɟ ɠɢɱɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨ-
ɜɭʂɟ ɩɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɚ ɦɭ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɚ, ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɢ
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ XIII ɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɯ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɢɦɚʃɚ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ ɞɪɠɚɨ.35
ɒɬɭɪ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɨɩɢɫ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɚ, ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪ-
ɨɲɚ I, ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ ɉɚɯɢɦɟɪɚ – =Hsan dh. kai. ta. katV auvtou.j to.
para,pan lita, te kai. euvtelh/. ɋɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɢɫɰɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤ-
ʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨɝ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɚ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤʄɟɪɢ
ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ VIII, Ⱥɧɟ, ɢ ɦɥɚɻɟɝ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ,36 ɫɪɩ-
ɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɩɢɫɰɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ɯɪɚɦ ʁɟ stol'noE mysto, ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɉɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɢ, ɋɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ,
18–20, ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɪɚɲɤɨɝ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ. ɇɨɜɢʁɟ
ɤɚɦɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʂɟ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɚɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɨɧ ɩɪɢɫɥɨʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɱɟɨɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ʁɭɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ
ɩɢɥɚɫɬɪɚ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɤɭɩɨɥɟ, ɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɭ ɨɥɬɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɚɩɫɢɞɢ
ɢɫɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɡɨɪɚ. ȳ. ɇɟɲɤɨɜɢʄ, ɉɟɬɪɨɜɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɤɨɞ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ⱥɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ 5, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1961, 7, 9; Ɇ. Ɋɚɞɭʁɤɨ, Ʉɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɧɚ ɧɚɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɟɧɬɟɪɢʁɟɪ
ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢɯ ɫɬɭɩɨɜɚ: ɞɨʃɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɩɪɟɫɬɨʂɟ, ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɫɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɩ-
ɚɪɯɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɪɚɧɟ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2011, 128. ɉɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ, ɭ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ-
ɦɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɰɟɥɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢ ʃɟɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ – Ɋɚɲɤɚ, Ɋɚɲɚɧɢ, Ɋɚɰɢ. Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ – ɋɤɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, Ɋɚɲɤɚ, ɉɄȳɂɎ 32–1
(1966) 30–31 (= ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1978, 38–39); ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ
ɤɨɧɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ, ɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɦɟ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɰɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɚ ɉɪɢɦɨɪʁɚ, Ⱥɩɟɧɢɧɫɤɨɝ
ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ – „ɩɪɚɜɨ-
ɜɟɪɧɢ” ɛɚɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɛɢɫɤɭɩ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ „Regni Serviae Primas”, v. I. Markoviü, Dukljan-
sko-barska Metropolija, Zagreb 1902, 46; ɨɜɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ Ɉɩɢɫ
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɚɡ-
ɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɲɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɤɭ „Ɋɚɲɤɭ” ɤɨʁɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ ɢ „ɋɪɛɢʁɭ” ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɚ, ɡɚ
ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɡɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤ, cf.
Anonymi Descriptio Europae Orientalis, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2013, 119–128. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɬɪɟɛɚ
ɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɢ ra[qki stolq, ɤɚɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ, ɢɡ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɢ
ɫɚ ɛɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɟɦ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɦ Ⱥɫɟɧɨɦ, 15. ʁɭɧɚ 1253, ɜ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɢɧɞɢɤ,
Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 200, ɛɪ. 55, ɫɬɪ. 17. „Ɋɚɲɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ” ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨʁ ɬɢ-
ɬɭɥɚɬɭɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɤɨɞ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ɉɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɨɝ, ɢ ɬɨ ɨɩɟɬ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɰɢ
ɫɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɦɨɪʁɭ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɋɩɥɢɬɨɦ, ɢɫɬɨ, 130, 138, 144, 214, ɛɪ. 27,
ɫɬɪ. 1; ɛɪ. 30, ɫɬɪ. Ⱥ1, Ⱥ10; ɛɪ. 33, ɫɬɪ. Ȼ2–3; ɛɪ. 58, ɫɬɪ. 33. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɟ
ɢɥɢ ɝɪɱɤɟ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢʁɟ ɭ „ɉɨɦɨɪʁɭ”, ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ Ɉɯɪɢɞɫɤɚ
ɰɪɤɜɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ, ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜʂɟ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ɧɚʁɜɟ-
ʄɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ʃɟɝɨɜ svetitelq ɫɬɨɥɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɩɪɜɨɚɩɨɫɬɨɥɚ, ɭ Ɋɚɫɭ.
35
ɂɫɬɨ, 92, 94, ɛɪ. 14, ɫɬɪ. 24; ɛɪ. 15, ɫɬɪ. 4–5. Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ. Ȼɪɢɧɭɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ, ɞɨɤ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɭ
ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɞɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɤɥɢɫɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ
ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ.
36
Georges Pachymérès, Relations historiques II, (éd. A. Failler, V. Laurent), Paris
1984, 453–457; ȼɂɂɇȳ VI, 22–30;
307
ɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɠɟɥɟɨ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɬɢ, ɚ ɞɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɧɟ ɭɜɪɟɞɢ

ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɜɪɥɨ ɞɨɦɢɲʂɚɬ ɧɚɱɢɧ. ɉɪɟɬ-
ɯɨɞɧɢɰɭ ɫɜɚɞɛɟɧɟ ɫɜɢɬɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡ ȼɟɪɢʁɟ, ɤɪɚʄɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɭ,37 ɞɨɱɟɤɭʁɟ ɤɪɚʂ ɍɪɨɲ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɬɨɛɨɠ ʁɚɤɨ ɱɭɞɢɨ ɟɜɧɭɫɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɬʃɟ
ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɦɥɚɞɭ, ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɨ ɨɞɟɜɟɧɭ ɠɟɧɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɟɥɚ, ɭɡ ɪɟɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɩɯɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɜɟɫɬɚɦɚ. ɉɪɟɧɟɪɚɠɟɧɢ ɨɧɢɦ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɫɪɟʄɭ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɭ ɫɜɢɬɭ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ, ɝɞɟ
ɩɪɢɧɰɟɡɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ, ɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ȳɨɫɢɮ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɬʃɨɦ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɉɨɥɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ. ɇɚɞɨɦɚɤ Ʌɢɩʂɚɧɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ,38 ɫɚ ɜɟɲʄɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɭɡɧɟɦɢɪɢɥɚ, ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ
ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬ ɢɡ ɡɚɫɟɞɟ. ɋɚɦɭ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɭ ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɡɚɫɬɪɚɲɢɥɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ʂɭɞɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɢɡ ɞɚɥɟɤɚ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɭɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ. Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɱɢɧ
ɜɟɲɬɨɝ ɫɰɟɧɚɪɢʁɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩʂɚɱɤɚɲɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɚɞ ɩɨ ɧɨʄɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɪɨ-
ɦɟʁɫɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɚɪɯɢɩɚɫɬɢɪɨɦ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɛɟɡ ɤɨʃɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɟ
ɜɟɥɦɨɠɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɟ, „ʂɭɛɚɡɧɨ” ɫɭ ɩɨ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɤɭɩɢɥɟ ɤʂɭ-
ɫɚɞ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɚɞ. Ɂɚ-
ɦɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ, ɜɪɚɬɢɜɲɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ɉɯɪɢɞɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɟɡɨɦ
ɭ ɋɨɥɭɧ, ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɭ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɭ ɭɬɢɫɤɟ ɨ ɤɪɚʂɭ ɍɪɨɲɭ
ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ
ɭɱɢɧɢ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɢɦ, ɚ ɤɚɦɨɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɜɟɤɚɪ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɤʄɟɪɢ. Ɉɜɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ
ɫɟ ɞɚɬɭʁɭ ɭ ɤɪɚʁ ɫɟɞɦɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ XIII ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ.39 Ʉɬɢɬɨɪ ɋɨɩɨʄɚɧɚ ʁɟ
ɞɚɤɥɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɯɬɟɨ ɞɚ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɜɨɪ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɬɟ ɢ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɬ-
ɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɨɜɨɝ ɯɚɪɬɨɮɢɥɚɤɫɚ ȼɟɤɚ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ Ɍɪɚʁɚɧɭɩɨʂɚ,
„Ʉɨɧɞɭɦɧɚ”, ɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ȞȪȝĳȘ, ɡɚɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ „ɭɛɨ-
ɝɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ ɤʄɟɪɢ” ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɨɤɭɩʂɚɥɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɚ-
ɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɥɟɩɨ ɜɚɫɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɧɚɭɱɢ ɢɯ dylani} rou;qnomou ɢ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭɡ ɛɨɝɚɬ ɦɢɪɚɡ, ɩɪɢɫɬɨʁɧɨ ɭɞɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɦɥɚɻɢ Ⱦɚɧɢ-
ɥɨ.40 ɂɚɤɨ ɉɚɯɢɦɟɪ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɧɭʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ, ɨɧɨ ɫɟ
ɞâ ɥɚɤɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɚɤɬɚ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
1267/8. ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɥɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ M brqnacyhq. ȵɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɚ „ɨɞ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ
ɮɪɭɲɤɨɝɚ” ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɬɟ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɩɪɢɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ
ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂ-
37
ɇɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɉɟɥɚɝɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɤɨɩʂɚ.
38
ɉɚɯɢɦɟɪ ɝɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ mesa,zwn,, ɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɢɯ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ.
39
ɇɚ ɩɭɬ ɜɟʄ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɛɪɚɤɭ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɚ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ, ʃɟɧ ɪɨɻɚɤ
Ʉɚɪɥɨ Ⱥɧɠɭʁɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɬɚɞɚ, ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ, ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ, ɭɩ. ɂɋɇ I, 354.
40
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ, ɢɡɞ. ȭ. Ⱦɚɧɢɱɢʄ, Ɂɚɝɪɟɛ 1866, 69.
308
ɫɤɨʁ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɫɥɚɬɢ ɜɟɫɬ ɭ ɝɪɚɞ.41 ȳɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɜɨɪ ɤɪɚʂɚ

ɍɪɨɲɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ Ȼɪʃɚɰɢɦɚ.42 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɍɪɨɲɟɜɨɝ ɫɜɪɝɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɫɦɪɬɢ, ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɞɜɨɪ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɭɩɨɤɨʁɟʃɚ
ɭ ʃɟɦɭ 8. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1314.43
ɉɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ, ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬ-
ɢɧɚ ɢ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ II Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ
ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɱɢɦɚ. ɍ ɨɜɢɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɟɧɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ
ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɭ Ⱦɟɛɪɰɭ, ɭ Ɇɚɱɜɢ, ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɋɚɜɟ.44 ɍ
ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ „ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ
ɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ”,45 ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɰɟɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ ɞɜɨɪ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɚ – ɡɥɚɬɧɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɫɚɫɭɞɟ, ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɟ ɛɢɫɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɚ-
ɝɢɦ ɤɚɦɟʃɟɦ, ɩɭɬɢɪɢ, ɞɢɫɤɨɫɢ ɢ „ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɧɚɮɨɪɧɚ ɛʂɭɞɚ”, ɤɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɟ,
ɡɥɚɬɧɢ ɫɜɟʄʃɚɰɢ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɨɬɤɚɧɟ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɨɞɟɠɞɟ. ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɢɞ-
ɜɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ, ɡɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɤɚɱɤɢɯ, ɛɨɝɨɛɨʁɚɠʂɢɜɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ʁɟ
ɫɥɚɨ ɧɚ ɞɚɪ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ, ɢ ɜɚɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, ɨɞ
ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ, ɞɨ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɋɢɧɚʁɚ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ
22. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1316.46 Ɂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɟ „ɞɜɨɪɟ”, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ. ȳɟɞɚɧ,
ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ 1314. ɭɝɨɫɬɢɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɡɜɚ-
ɧɨɦ paouni.47 ɉɨ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɢ ɥɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ, ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɩɨʂɭ ɤɪɨɡ
ɤɨʁɟ ɬɟɱɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɤɪɚɤ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦɤɟ ɞɨ ɭɲʄɚ ɭ ɋɢɬɧɢɰɭ.48 ɂɫɬɢ ɚɤɬ ɫɜɟ-
ɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ (ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1321) ɞɜɨɪ ɜɟʄ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧ, ʁɟɪ ɪɢɛ-
ʃɚɤɟ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢɰɟ, ɫɟɧɨɤɨɫɧɟ ɥɢɜɚɞɟ ɢ ʃɢɜɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ
ɞɜɨɪɚ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɫɥɭɠɢɨ, ɤɪɚʂ ʁɟ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɨ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɰɢ.49 ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɞɜɨɪɚ,50 ɱɚɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧ
41
Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɢɧɞɢɤ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 238, ɛɪ. 67.
42
ɂɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, ɧɟɤɢɯ 25 ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɟ
Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɟ, ɩɨɞɧɨ Ɇɨɤɪɟ Ƚɨɪɟ.
43
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 8791.
44
ɂɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɉɛɪɟɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɒɚɩɰɚ.
Ʉɪɚʂ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧ ʁɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ 11. ʁɭɧɚ 1284, ɨɞ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʂɢɰɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ȳɟɥɢɫɚɜɟɬɟ Ʉɭɦɚɧɤɟ,
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɚɲɬɟ, ɞɨɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ, Ɇɚɱɜɭ, ɍɫɨɪɭ ɢ ɋɨɥɢ – ɭɩ. Ɇ.
Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɟɠɟɜɚ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋȺɇ 203 (1951) 69–70 (= ɋɪɩ-
ɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 132133).
45
Ⱦɜɨɪɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɟʁɦɨɧɭ, ʁɟɪ ɤɚɞɚ
1428/9. ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɱɟɥɧɢɤɭ Ɋɚɞɢɱɭ, ɤɚɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɭ
Ɇɚɱɜɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ trqgq debrqcq ɫɚ ɩɚɧɚɻɭɪɨɦ „ɨ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɉɚɧɬɟɥɟʁɦɨɧɚ”, ɜ. ɋ.
ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1912, 335.
46
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 3653.
47
ɂɫɬɨ, 95.
48
ȳɭɠɧɢ ɨɛɨɞ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɩɨʂɚ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɍɪɨɲɟɜɰɚ.
49
ɀɢɜɤɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, 8586.
309
ɬɨɤ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦɤɟ ɢ ɞɟɨ ʃɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɟɲɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɨɞɨʁɚɠɨɦ (izvodq) ɭɫɦɟɪɟɧ

ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ.51 Ʉɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɫɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ
ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ, ɧɚ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ nerodiml],52 ɝɞɟ ʁɟ
ɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɨ.53 Ɉɜɚʁ ɞɜɨɪ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ
ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ.54 Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ „ɞɜɨɪɢɦɚ” ɤɪɚʂɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ ɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ, ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɞɚ
ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ
ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜ ɩɚɤ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɲɬɚʁ ɪɟɱɢɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ
ɫɧɚɠɟʃɭ ɢ ɲɢɪɟʃɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɱɟɜɲɢ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIII
ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ. Ɉɬɚɰ ʁɟ ɭ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɫɤɪɨɜɢɬɢɦ Ȼɪʃɚɰɢɦɚ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɟ ɛɭɞɧɨ ɦɨ-
ɝɚɨ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨʁ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ II Ⱥɫɟɧɚ,
ɬɟ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɤɜɢɫɬɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɜɟʄ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɪɟɡɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɧɢɡɢʁɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁ-
ʃɟɦ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɢ ʁɭɝɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ. ɇɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ.55
50
ȵɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ 1283, ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɩɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɭɬ ɭɫɩɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɞɪɟ ɞɨ Ʌɢɩʂɚɧɚ, ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 111; ɡɚ
ɞɚɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɜ. ȼɂɂɇȳ VI, 3133.
51
ɍɱɢɧɢɜɲɢ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɦ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, ɱɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɬɢɱɭ ɭ ɞɜɚ
ɫɥɢɜɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɟɝɟʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɰɪɧɨɦɨɪɫɤɢ.
52
Ⱦɚɧɚɲʃɟ ɫɟɥɨ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ 6–7 ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɍɪɨɲɟɜɰɚ,
ɧɚ ɩɚɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ.
53
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 155.
54
Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ 15. ʁɭɥɚ 1326. ɢɡɞɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ, vq domou
kral(E)v(q)st(v)a mi ou porodimli (ɞɭɛɥɟɬ ɫɚ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɚ) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɤɨɞ ȼɟɥɛɭ-
ɠɞɚ 28. ʁɭɥɚ 1330. ɞɨɜɪɲɢɨ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ ɡɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ, ɢɡ ʃɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ
ɧɚʁɨɞɚɧɢʁɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ 21. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1331. ɩɨɛɟɝɚɨ ɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɉɟɬɪɢɱ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɚɨ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɭ, ɇ. ɉɨɪɱɢʄ, Ⱥɤɬ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ III ɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɟʃɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɱɚɧɢɧɚ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɟ ɉɟɲɬɢʄɚ, ɋɋȺ 2 (2003) 23; ɉ. ɂɜɢʄ, Ɇ. Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭ-
ʂɟ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1976, 69, 137; ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 212213; Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ, 14. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɢɡɞɚɨ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɢ ɠɢɬɨɦ, ɚ 8. Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1339. ɢ 10. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1340. ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ, ɜ. ɋɬɚɪɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, (ɩɪ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɋɪ. Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ, 1929, 47, ɛɪ.
53; Ⱦ. ȳɟɱɦɟɧɢɰɚ, Ⱦɜɟ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɢɰɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɡɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʃɭ
Ɇɟɧɱɟɬɢʄɚ ɫɚ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ, ɋɋȺ 8 (2009) 49; Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ
ɋɄȺ 11 (1892) 100; ɩɨɡɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1641. ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯ ɉɚʁɫɢʁɟ,
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ ɍɪɨɲ († 2. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1371) ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɟ (ɩɢɫɚɰ ɡɧɚ ɢ
ɡɚ ɢɦɟ porodJimq), ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɍɫɩɟʃɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɱɢɧɨɝ, ɩɨɞɧɨ „ɝɪɚɞɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɱɚ”, Ɍ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ʉʃɢɠɟɜɧɨ ɞɟɥɨ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɉɚʁɫɟʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2001, 296297.
55
Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɦ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɫɩɚɫ ɢɡɚ ɡɢɞɢɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɢɱɚ, ɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɜɲɢ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɭ ɫɚ ɞɟɰɨɦ ɢ ɪɢɡɧɢɰɭ. Ɉɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɪɚ ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞ
ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢ „refugium”. Ɂɚ ʃɟɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ, ɜ.
ɂ. Ɇ. Ɂɞɪɚɜɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɰɢ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1975, 1821.
310
Ʉɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɜɨɪ (o`` do,moj), ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ. ɍ
ɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ, ɡɚ ɬɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɡɚɫɬɪɬɨɦ ɫɜɢɥɟɧɢɦ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɦ ɜɟɡɨɦ ɭɤɪɚɲɟ-
ɧɢɦ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚɦɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ ʁɟ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɨ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɨɝ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ,
Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢɬɚ. ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɱɤɨ ɫɥɨɜɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɜɟɲɬɨɝ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɞɚʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟʃɚ ɨ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɥɨɜɧɢɤɭ. ɋɜɚɤɨɝ
ɞɚɧɚ, ɢɡ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɚ (evk th/j auvlh/j tou/ rhgo.j) ɧɚ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢɬɨɜ ɫɬɚɧ, ɫɬɢ-
ɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɟɪɧɚɬɚ ɞɢɜʂɚɱ, ɬɟ ɞɢɜʂɟ ɫɜɢʃɟ ɢ ʁɟɥɟɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟʄ „ɩɪɢɩ-
ɪɟɦʂɟɧɚ ʁɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɭ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɦ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɧɢɦ ɬɚʃɢɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɭ-
ɞɚɦɚ”. ɍ ɩɨɫɧɟ ɞɚɧɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɲɟɧɨ ɫɜɟɠɟ ɢ ɫɭɲɟɧɨ ɜɨʄɟ, ɤɨɥɚɱɢ, ɬɟ ɫɩɪɟɦ-
ʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɠɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɫɨʂɟɧɚ ɪɢɛɚ. ɇɚ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢɬɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɢ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ
ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɢɡɛɨɪ „ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɫɧɢɯ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɪɢɛɚ”, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɐɚɪɢ-
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɰɟɧɢ. Ɇɟɫɨ ɧɚ ɬɪɩɟɡɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɟɫ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ, ɭɩɭʄɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɤɨɩ-
ʂɟ.56 Ɍɟ 1299. ɦɟɫɧɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ 22. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɩɢɫɚ
ɫɜɨɝ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢɬ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɧɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜ
ɞɜɨɪ ʁɨɲ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ. Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɋɤɨɩʂɟ ɛɢɥɨ Ɇɢɥɭ-
ɬɢɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚ,57 ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɩɢɫɚɰ. ɇɚɢɦɟ,
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɨɝ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ
ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɝɪɚɞ, ɢɡɧɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɫɚɛɨɪɧɢ ɯɪɚɦ
Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ɍɪɨʁɟɪɭɱɢɰɟ, ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɨɧ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ
ɋɟɪɚɜɢ, ɰɪɤɜɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɬɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɢɬɭ
ɛɥɢɡɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɚ,58 ɚ ɨɜɨɦɟ ɜɚʂɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ
ɉɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɢ Ʉɪɫɬɢɬɟʂɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚɦɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ IX (1299/1300) ɢ
Ⱥɧɞɪɨɧɢɤɚ II (ɦɚʁ 1308), ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɧ ɫɚɡɢɞɚɨ.59 ɋɚɦɨɝ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ
ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ, ɤɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɨ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ. ɉɪɜɢ
ɩɭɬ 1308, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɟ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚʁɟɡɞɟ Ʉɚɬɚɥɚɧɚɰɚ,
ɩɨɯɪɚʃɟɧɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɭʁɟ ɢɡɦɟ-
ɻɭ ɡɚɜɚɻɟɧɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ.60 ɋɜɨʁ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɞ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɨɜɢɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɧɚ ȼɚɫɤɪɫ, ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1346, ɤɪɭɧɢ-
56
L. Mavromatis, La foundation de l’empire serbe. Le kralj Milutin, Qessaloni,kh
1978, 103105, 112–113; ȼɂɂɇȳ VI, 111–114, 131.
57
Ƚɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɩɨɯɨɞɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, 1282, ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɛɪɚɬɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɬɢɧɚ, ɂɋɇ I, 439440.
58
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 138.
59
Actes de Chilandar I, (éd. M. Živojinoviü, V. Kravari, Ch. Giros), Paris 1998,
174, ɛɪ. 18, ɫɬɪ. 11–14; Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɢɧɞɢɤ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 406, ɛɪ. 109, ɫɬɪ. 3.
60
ɉɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ, Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ 1311. ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨ
ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɚɪɟʁɫɤɭ ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ, ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 343344,
4346; Ɇ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɀɢɬɢʁɟ ɚɪɯɢɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɚ II ɤɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ, ɁɊȼɂ 19 (1980) 257258; Actes de Chilandar, 40; ȼ. Ⱥ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ,
Ɇ. Ⱥ. ɉɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1999, 28, 29.
311
ɫɚɧ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɚɛɨɪɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ „ɋɜɟɬɚ Ɍɪɨʁɟɪɭɱɢɰɚ” ɭɡɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ

ɭ ɪɚɧɝ ɩɪɜɨɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ. ɍ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ ʁɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
ɨɛɡɧɚɧɢɨ ɫɜɨʁ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɤ, ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ 21. ɦɚʁɚ 1349, ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɰɚɪ – ɩɢɫɚɰ
ȳɨɜɚɧ VI Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧ ɩɢɲɟ ɨ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɟ, 1350. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ „ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨɦ” ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɨɦ (basi,leia Kra,lh).61 ɂɫɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɢ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɩɨɪɬɨɥɚɧ ɢɡ 1339. ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ „Seruja” ɧɚɫɥɢɤɚɧɚ
ɜɢʃɟɬɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɨ „Scopi”, ɧɚɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɜɢʁɟ ɠɭɬɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɚ
ɰɪɜɟɧɢɦ ɞɜɨɝɥɚɜɢɦ ɨɪɥɨɦ.62 ɍ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɭ ɯɪɢ-
ɫɨɜɭʂɭ, 9. ɦɚʁɚ 1366, ɢɡɞɚɨ ɰɚɪ ɍɪɨɲ.63
ɋɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ,64 ɨɦɢʂɟɧɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɲɬɟ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨ-
ɲɚ III Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɟɜ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɢ.65 Ɉɜɚʁ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɜɨɪ, ɭ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɟɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɡɜɚɧɨɦ ɒɬɢɦʂɚ.66 ȼɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɨ
Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɢɦ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɦɥɚɞɢ ɤɪɚʂ,67 ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ „ɡɟɬɫɤɭ”
61
Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤ,( ɩɪ. ȭ. Ȼɭɛɚɥɨ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010, 72, 75; ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 378; ɇɨɜɚ-
ɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ, 677; Ioannis Cantacuzeni III, (1832) ɛɪ. 133, ɫɬɪ. 20.
62
Ƚ. Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ⱥɧɝɟɥɢɧɚ Ⱦɭɥɰɟɪɬɚ ɢɡ 1339. ɝ., ɂɑ 19 (1972)
7998.
63
ɋ. Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɞɚɪ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɜɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɋɬɚʃɟɜɢʄɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɋɋȺ 1 (2002) 103115.
64
ȼ. ɧɚɩ. 54.
65
Ɂɚ ɨɜɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ rodiml], ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ, ɀɢɜɤɨɜɢʄ,
Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, 89.
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɫ-
ɬɭɩɢɨ ɬɚɫɬɭ ɢ ɬɚɲɬɢ, ɩɚɧɢɩɟɪɫɟɜɚɫɬɭ ȳɨɜɚɧɭ ɉɚɥɟɨɥɨɝɭ ɢ ɂɪɢɧɢ, ɤʄɟɪɢ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ
Ɇɟɬɨɯɢɬɚ. ɋɢɧɨɜɚɰ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ ɜɚɫɢɥɟɜɫɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɢɤ ɋɨɥɭɧɚ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɨ ɨɞ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɛɟɝɚɨ ɤɨɞ ɡɟɬɚ ɢ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɩʂɚɱɤɚɨ ɪɨɦɟʁɫɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɋɬɪɭɦɟ ɢ
ɋɟɪɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɩɪɟɱɢɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ, ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ɡɧɚɤɟ ɤɟɫɚɪɫɤɨɝ
ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ, ɚɥɢ ɬɭ ɛɪɡɨ ɢ ɭɦɢɪɟ. Ʉɟɫɚɪɢɫɚ ɂɪɢɧɚ ʁɟ
ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ 1327, Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia I,( ed. L.
Schopeni), Bonnae 1829, ɛɪ. 373, ɫɬɪ. 20–ɛɪ. 374, ɫɬɪ. 19; Nicephori Gregorae Epistulae
II, ed. P. A. M. Leone, Matino 1982, 121124; ȼɂɂɇȳ VI, 195–196, 624627.
66
„In Stimli in curia domini regis Urosii”, 9. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1329. ʁɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧ Ɍɨɦɚ
ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɍɨɦɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɪɬɢ ɢ ɭɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɨɩɨɪɭɤɭ, ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟ –
„in loco dicto Stimini”, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ 11. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1326. ɢɡɞɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲ-
ɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ, ɚ ɭ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɜɨɝ ɞɟɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɰɚɪ ɍɪɨɲ, ɤɨʁɢ 15. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1360. M ;timli
ɢɡɞɚʁɟ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɭ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ ɫɜɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ, ɠɭɩɚɧɚ ȼɭɤɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɚ, ɭɩ. Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ʉɪɫɬɚɬɢ ɝɪɨɲɟɜɢ, ɁɊȼɂ 1 (1952) 104; Ⱦ. ȳɟɱɦɟɧɢɰɚ, Ɋɚɡɪɟɲɧɢ-
ɰɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ III Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɡɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧɚ Ʌɭɤɭ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, ɋɋȺ 7
(2008) 40; Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɋɋȺ 4 (2005)
154; ɫɟɥɨ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ
ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɟ, ɚ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɞ ɉɚɭɧɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ, ɥɚɝɚɧɢɦ
ɤɨʃɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɫɨɦ, ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɥɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨ ɱɚɫɚ.
67
Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɰɟɦ ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚɜʂɟʃɟ, 6. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1322, ɂɋɇ I, 497; ɂɜ-
ɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ, 61, 74.
312
ɡɟɦʂɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɋɤɚɞɪɨɦ, ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧ ʁɟ 1331. ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ

ɫɚ ɨɰɟɦ.68 Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧ 8. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɞɪɠɚɰ, ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ Ɋɨɻɟʃɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭ ɉɪɟɬɟɱɢɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ, ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɜɨ-
ɪɭ vq svrq;iny.69 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ 1334, ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɥɟɩɭ,70 ɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɰɚɪɟɜ ɞɜɨɪ ɫɟ 1350.
ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ, ɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɡɜɚɧɨɦ Ɋɢɛɧɢɤ.71 ȵɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ,
ɰɚɪ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɍɪɨɲ, ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɟ, ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ʁɟ
ɨɧɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟ, ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɤɚ.
Ɉɫɜɚʁɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢ-
ɧɟ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɤɚ ʁɭɝɭ, ɭɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɋɤɨɩʂɟ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ƚɪɚɞ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞ
ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɨɦ, ɚ ɢɡɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ
ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɤɨɩʂɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ, ɨɞ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɚ II
ɩɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ „Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɬɟɦɟ” ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɮɨɪ-
68
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 207209.
69
ɂɫɬɨ, 218; ɞɜɟ ɯɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɞɚɬɟ ɭ ɋɜɪɱɢɧɢ, ʁɟɞɧɭ ʁɟ 6. ɋɟɩɬɟɦ-
ɛɪɚ 1327. ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ, ɜ. ɋ.
Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ III ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɨ ɫɩɨɪɭ ɨɤɨ ɦɟɻɚ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜ-
ɫɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ, ɋɋȺ 3 (2004) 7; ɋ. Ɇɚɪʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟ-
ʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɋɋȺ 9 (2010) 66; ɫɟɥɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɩɟɬɧɚɟɫɬɚɤ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɇɟɪɨɞɢɦʂɟ, ɤɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɤɭ.
70
ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 226; ɂɋɇ I, 513–514; ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɢ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ
ɰɚɪ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ – ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɞɚɬɭɦɨɦ 18. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1347. ɡɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ, ɚ ɞɜɟ
ɫɭ ɢɡ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɫɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ ɝɨɪɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɨ Ʉɚɪɟʁɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɩɨɫ-
ɧɢɰɢ, ɜ. Ⱦ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ ɨ Ʌɭɠɚɱɤɨʁ
ɦɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ, ɋɋȺ 5 (2006) 103; ɢɫɬɢ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɟɩɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚ-
ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɟʁɫɤɨʁ ɤɟɥɢʁɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ (ɏɢɥ. 149), ɋɋȺ 7 (2008) 78; ɢɫɬɢ, ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɰɚɪɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɤɟɥɢʁɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɚɜɟ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɭ Ʉɚɪɟʁɢ, ɋɋȺ 1 (2002) 73; ɭ ɨɥ-
ɬɚɪɫɤɭ ɚɩɫɢɞɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɨɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɍɪɟɫɤɚɜɰɚ ɭɡɢɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɪɦɟɪɧɚ ɩɥɨɱɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɬɩɢ-
ɫɨɦ ɨ ɫɦɪɬɢ Ⱦɚɛɢɠɢɜɚ, ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1362, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ enohi]rq (ɩɟɯɚɪɧɢɤ, ɨɞ ɝɪɱɤɨɝ
oivnocoei,a) ɰɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ, Ƚ. Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɨɪɮɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974, 71, ɛɪ. 54.
71
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2003, 89; ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɰɢɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ – Ⱦɭɲɚɧ
ʁɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɡɞɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ 1. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1347, 29. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1348.
ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɭ ʁɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɩɟɬ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɰɚɪ
ɍɪɨɲ ɨɜɞɟ ɢɡɞɚʁɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɚʁɫɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ, 24. ɢ 25. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ
1357, ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, 27–28, ɛɪ. 10; Monumenta Serbica, (ed. Miklosich),
133–135, 157–165, nos 116, 142–146; Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ɇʂɟɬɫɤɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɰɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ, ɋɋȺ
3 (2004) 81; Ɇ. Ⱥ. ɑɟɪɧɨɜɚ, Ƚɪɚɦɨɬɚ ɰɚɪɹ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚɦ ɨ ɞɚɪɟɧɢɢ
ɡɟɦɥɢ ɨɬ Ʌɸɬɵ ɞɨ Ʉɭɪɢɥɚ, ɋɋȺ 11 (2012) 94; ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɜɨɝ
ɞɜɨɪɚ, ɭɩ. ȼ. ɋ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɢɛɧɢɤ ɤɨɞ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ, ɁɊȼɂ 34 (1995) 7988.
313
ɦʂɟɧɚ 1018, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɫɥɨɦɚ ɋɚɦɭɢɥɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɬɜɨɪɟɜɢɧɟ.72

Ɉɦɢʂɟɧɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɲɬɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ɨɛɨɞɭ ɤɨɫɨɜɫɤɟ ɪɚɜɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɉɚɭɧɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɇɟɪɨ-
ɞɢɦʂɚ. Ɉɛɥɢɠʃɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢ, ɭ ɒɬɢɦʂɢ ɢ ɋɜɪɱɢɧɢ, ɧɚ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ
ɦɚʃɨʁ ɨɞ ɫɚɬɚ ʁɚɯɚʃɚ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɚɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɦɥɚ-
ɞɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɬɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɭ. ɉɨɡ-
ɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɱɟɜɢɦɚ, ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɡɟɦ-
ʂɚɦɚ ɭ ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪʁɭ.73 ɉɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ
ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɋɜɪɱɢɧɭ. ɉɨɫɟɞɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɟɥɚɝɨɧɢʁɫɤɟ
ɪɚɜɧɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤʂɭɱ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɭɝɭ, ɤɚ ɋɨɥɭɧɭ ɢ
Ɍɟɫɚɥɢʁɢ, ɧɚɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɟ ɭ ɉɪɢɥɟɩɭ, ɝɪɚ-
ɞɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɨ ɭɥɚɡ ɭ ɉɟɥɚɝɨɧɢʁɭ. Ⱥ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɨɞ ɉɪɢ-
ɡɪɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɫɚ ɧɚɦɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡ ʃɟɝɚ ɧɚɞɝɥɟɞɚʁɭ
ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɢ ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɢ
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ. ɇɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɚ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ
ɰɚɪɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɢɯ, Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜ
ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ,74 ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ,75 ɚ
72
Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, 297. ɍɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ, ɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚ-
ɪɢɦɚ ɋɤɨɩʂɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ. Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ 1392. ɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɨɥɚɡɧɚ
ɬɚɱɤɚ ɡɚ ɞɚʂɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɦ ɫɦɟɪɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞ ɩɨɥɭ-
ɨɫɬɪɜɚ, ɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ
ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ. ɂ. Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɭ XIV ɢ
XV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1952, 287; ɡɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɨɝ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɚ ɋɟɝɨɧɚ, ɋɤɨɩʂɟ ʁɟ „caput Darda-
norum”, cf. Pertusi, Martino Segono, 94.
73
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɟ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɡɚɝɨɧɟɬɧɨ ɋɜɪɱɢɧɫɤɨ
ʁɟɡɟɪɨ, ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ȼɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɢ, 67–82; ɨɧɨ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɚ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɨʁɚɠɚ ɢɡ” ɪɨɞɢɦɫɤɟ” ɪɟɤɟ ɭɥɢɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɋɢɬ-
ɧɢɰɭ, ɚ ɧɟ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɨ. Ɉɞ ʃɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɢ ɪɢɛʃɚɰɢ, ɦɥɟɥɟ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɚɜɨɞʃɚ-
ɜɚɥɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɲɬɟ ɢ ɨɪɚɧɢɰɟ. ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɧɟɤɚɤɜɨɦ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ
ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɧɢɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɨɫɚɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɩɨ-
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɟ ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ Ʌɢɩʂɚɧɚ, ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɢ ɡɚɭɜɟɤ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ. ɇɟɨɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɟ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɢɡɥɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɨ
ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɧɟɝ ɨɬɚɩɚɨ, ɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɥɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨ ɬɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚɜɲɢ ɝɚ ɭ
ɪɢɬ. Ɍɚɤɨ, ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟɡɟɪɨ, ɨɜɚ „ɛɥɚɬɚ” ɢ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ ɩɪɟ ɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɫɭ-
ɲɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ.
74
ɉɪɜɢ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɨɦ
ɩɢɫɦɭ ɨɞ 21. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1340, ɜ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, 104.
75
Ɉɜɚʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢɡɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɦɚɯɚ, 20. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1387. ɢ
21. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1392, ɭɩ. Ɇ. ɒɭɢɰɚ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɋɋȺ 9 (2010) 102; ɋ. Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ȼɭɤɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɚɧɤɚ, ɢɫɬɨ, 151; ɤɨɞ ɡɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ
1392. ɭ ɝɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɤʃɟɝɢʃɚ Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ, ɚ ɨɞ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1395. ɩɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ
(ɞɨ 10. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1396. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɩɨɲɢʂɤɚ) ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɭɨɱɢ ɤɨɧɚɱ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ, ȼɭɤ ɢ Ɇɚɪɚ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ
314
ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɤɧɟɡ

ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ, ɬɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ Ɇɚɪɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ Ƚɪɝɭɪɨɦ
ɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɦ, ɢ ɬɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɡɪɟɲɧɚ ɩɢɫɦɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ.76 Ⱦɜɨɪ ɭ ɉɪɢ-
ɥɟɩɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɢɨ ɤɪɚʂ Ɇɚɪɤɨ, ɚ ɨɧɢ ɜɚɧ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɟɥɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ. Ɂɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɚɪɯɟɨ-
ɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ, ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɛɚɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɛɢɫɤɭɩ Ƚɢʁɨɦ Ⱥɞɚɦ ɱɢʁɟ
ɪɟɱɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ 1332. ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ „ɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ” ɛɢɥɢ ɨɞ
ɛɨɧɞɪɭɤɚ („paleis et lignis”).77
ɉɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɡɚ ɚɜɬɨɤɪɚɬɨɪɚ
ɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɥɭɛɪɚɬ ɋɢɦɟɨɧ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ȳɚʃɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɯɪɨɧɢɰɢ, ɬɨ
ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɥɨ ɭ Ʉɨɫɬɭɪɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1356, ɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɤɨɞ Ⱥɯɟɥɨʁɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ
1359,78 ɨɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɪɟɦɟɫɬɢɨ ɭ Ɍɪɢɤɚɥɭ.79 Ⱦɜɚ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟ-
ɫɬɨ, ɫɢɧɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɢ ɫɬɪɢɰ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɦ ʁɭɝɭ, ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɦɨʄɧɢ ɞɚ
ɧɚɞʁɚɱɚʁɭ ɫɭɩɚɪɧɢɤɚ, ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɚɤɚʃɟ ɬɟɤ ɮɨɪ-
ɦɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɧɢɡɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɧɚʁ-
ɩɪɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ „Ɋɨɦɚɧɢʁɟ”, ɩɨɱɟɜɲɢ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɤɚ – ɤɟɫɚɪ ȼɨʁɢɯɧɚ ɭ Ⱦɪɚ-
ɦɢ, Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɚ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ, ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ ȳɟɥɢɫɚɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɍɝ-
ʂɟɲɚ ɭ ɋɟɪɭ,80 Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɏɥɚɩɟɧ ɭ ȼɟɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ʉɨɦɧɢɧ Ⱥɫɟɧ
1.880 ɥɢɬɪɢ (615 ɤɝ) ɮɢɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɬɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɟɯɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɨɞ ɡɥɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ
ɦɟɪɢɥɢ 14 ɥɢɬɪɢ ɢ 7,5 ɭɧɱɟ (4,8 ɤɝ). ɉɨɪɟɻɟʃɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɢɡ
ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɢɦɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ
ɨɤɨ 200 ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɲɬɚɥɚ 8 ɥɢɬɪɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɜ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ,
40–44, 102, ɛɪ. 27–29; Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɉɄȳɂɎ 26 (1960) 15, 24 (=
ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 159–160, 170); Ⱥ. ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, Ɉɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1926, 148–149, ɛɪ. 70.
76
Ʉɧɟɡ ɫɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɡɚɦɨɧɚɲɟɧɨɦ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ ȿɜɝɟɧɢʁɨɦ – 15. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1402, ȼɭɤɨɜɚ
ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ – 25. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1406, ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ – 4. ʁɭɥɚ 1413, ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ,
ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, 48, 52, 64–65, ɛɪ. 35,'ɛɪ. 42, ɛɪ. 58; Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ,
16, 21–22 (= ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 161, 167–168). ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɨ ɭ
ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1409. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɩɚʂɟɧ, ɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɢ ȼɭɱɢɬɪɧ,
ɝɞɟ ɢɡɞɚʁɭ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɡɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ. Ɇ. ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ȭɭɪɚɻ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1994, 72.
77
Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ II, (ɩɪ. ȳ. Ɋɚɞɨɧɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1978, 230.
78
Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ȼɢɬɤɚ ɤɨɞ Ⱥɯɟɥɨʁɚ, ɁɎɎ 11–1 (1970) 271275.
79
L) VI) Branou,shj( To. Croniko.n tw/n VIwanni,nwn kat avne,kdoton dhmw,dh evpitomh,n,
VEpethri.j tou/ Mesaiwnikou/ VArcei,ou 12 $VAqh,nai 1965% 74–78; ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ „ȼɥɚɯɢʁɟ” ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ 1348, Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, Ɍɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɭ XIII ɢ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974, 228230.
80
ɂɚɤɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɭ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɰɚɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɩɨ-
ɞɢɝɚɨ ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɋɟɪɭ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ, ɩɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ 24. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ
1345. ɡɚɞɪɠɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɞɭɠɟ ɨɞ ɦɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɢ ɬɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɡɚ ɰɚɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɫɟɧ
1354. ɫɚɡɜɚɨ ɭ ɋɟɪɭ ɫɚɛɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɨ ɋɚɜɭ IV ɡɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɢ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ
ɩɪɟɡɢɦɢɨ, 23. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1355. ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɭʁɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɞ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɯɪɚʃɟɧ
315
ɭ Ⱥɜɥɨɧɢ. ɋɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɬɢɬɭɥɚɦɚ – ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɨɦɟɫɬɢɤ, ɜɚɫɟʂɟɧɫɤɢ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ,

ɤɟɮɚɥɢʁɚ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɚɭɲ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɚɩɢʁɚ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɤɢɪɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɚ, ɞɜɨɪɨɞɪɠɢɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚɰ, ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɞɟɫɩɨ-
ɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɨɧɚɲɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ.81 Ⱦâ ɫɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɱɭ-
ɜɚɧɢɦ ɞɟɥɢɦɚ, ɫɬɟʄɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɨ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɭ „ɝɪɱɤɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ”. Ɋɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ, ɫɢɧɭ Ⱦɭ-
ɲɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɚ Ɍɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɤɟɫɚɪɚ ɉɪɟʂɭɛɚ ɢ ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜɨɝ ɡɟɬɚ, ɞɟɫ-
ɩɨɬɚ Ɍɨɦɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɨ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨʁ ȳɚʃɢɧɢ ɞɨ 23. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1384.82
Ⱦɨɤ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɚ ɢɤɨɧɨɩɢɫɚ, ɩɨɩɭɬ ɞɢɩɬɢɯɚ ɢɡ Ʉɭɟɧɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɤɨɧɟ „ɇɟɜɟɪɨɜɚ-
ʃɚ Ɍɨɦɢɧɨɝ” ɢɡ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɭ ɞɭɯɭ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɡɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ
ɜɢɞʂɢɜ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ, ɝɨɬɢɱɤɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚ „ɞɢɫɤɨɩɨɬɢɪɢɨɧɭ”
ɢɡ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɚ.83 ɍ ɫɚɦɨʁ ȳɚʃɢɧɢ ɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɫɚ Ɍɨɦɢɧɢɦ ɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ, ɨɧɚʁ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɨɩɟɤɨɦ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɭɥɚɡɧɢɯ ɤɭɥɚ ɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ,
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɫɬɚɪɚɨ ɢ ɨɤɨ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɛɟɞɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ.84
Ʉɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɪɚɡ ɤɨɞ ɑɟɪɧɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ, 26. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ
1371, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɰɭ.85 ɇɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ
ɫɟʁɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɤɢɧʇɢʁɚ, ɡɚɥɟɬɚɜɲɢ ɫɟ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɚɪɰɚ ɂɫɚɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ
ɝɨɪɟ.86 ɉɨɬɨʃɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɭ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɚ ɛɢɥɢ
ɨɩɚɫɚɧɢ ɱɜɪɫɬɢɦ ɡɢɞɢɧɚɦɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨ-
ɲɤɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɢ, ɩɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɛɨʂɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ
ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ.
ɤɨɞ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ Ƚɨɱɟɬɢʄɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɭɩ. Ⱥ. ȼ. ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, ɐɚɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɭ ɋɟɪɟɡɭ, ȳɂɑ
1/3–4 (1935) 474; Listine o odnošajih izmedju južnoga slavenstva i Mletaþke republike II,
(pr. S. Ljubiü), Zagreb 1870, 279, br. 462; ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–
1, 56, 67, ɛɪ. 60, ɛɪ. 70; ɀɢɜɨɬɢ, 380; Ɇ. Ⱥ. ɉɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɬɢɧɟɪɚɪ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɢ ɰɚɪɚ
ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ȽɋɇȾ 19 (1938) 240241.
81
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɬɪɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɜɨɪɚɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ Ʉɚɧɢɧɟ ɢ Ⱥɜɥɨɧɟ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ,
ɫɢɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɲɭɪɚɤɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ, 2. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1368, cf. Ioannis Cantacuzeni III,
322–327; Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɢ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɢ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1960, 166–167, 171–173; Ƚ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɋɟɪɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1965, 80–103; Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ʉɪɚʁ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 20012, 19, 22–25,
27–28, 107, 161, 206, 214, 294.
82
Branou,shj( To. Croniko.n tw/n VIwanni,nwn, 94.
83
Byzantium. Faith and Power (1261–1557), New York 2004, 51–54, nos 24A-C; ~Iera,
Megi,sth Monh, Batopaidi,ou( B (, {Agion :Oroj 1996, 477481.
84
L) Branou,shj( ~Istorika. kai. topografika. tou/ mesaiwnikou/ ka,strou tw/n VIwanni,nwn(
VAqh,nai 1965, 7375.
85
ȼɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɚɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɤɪɭɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɝɥɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ.
86
ȭ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɢɫɚɰ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɢɥɚɰ ɢɧɨɤ ɂɫɚɢʁɚ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ 1980, 159160.
316
Bojan Miljkoviü, Ph.D.

Institute for Byzantine,
Academy of Arts and Sciences, Belgrade
PRISTINA – REALE SEDIA
Priština appears in historical sources for the first time in the early 14th
century. By the middle of the same century, one of the courts of Serbian king and
Emperor Stefan Dušan was located in Priština, where he welcomed the pretender to
the Constantinople throne John Kantakouzenos. Over the following one hundred
years, the settlement grew into a town with a large number of traders from
Dubrovnik, while in 1379 Vuk Brankoviü erected ramparts around the town. The
remnants of these ramparts no longer exist today, nor are there remnants of medie-
val churches and monasteries, known only from written sources.
Little is known about the Serbian medieval royal court due to the absence of
material evidence up until the late 14th century. The courts of Zeta’s rulers (11–12th
centuries) were situated in Krajina at Skadar Lake, Ston, Kotor and Skadar. As for
royal courts of the Nemanjiü dynasty, the court of the dynasty’s founder Stefan
Nemanja is known – it was located also in Kotor. More data, offered only by
written sources, are present as of the second half of the 13th century – the courts of
Stefan Uroš I in Brnjaci (headwaters of the Ibar river) and Stefan Dragutin in
Debrc on the Sava river, while Stefan Uroš II Milutin began to construct an entire
complex of courts near the present-day Uroševac, at the south of Kosovo Field.
King Milutin also had a court in Skoplje, which since his reign until the death of
emperor Uroš in 1371 may be called Serbia’s capital. Milutin’s grandson Stefan
Dušan built courts in Priština and Prizren, including the newly conquered territo-
ries, Prilep and most probably Serres. After Dušan’s death, his half-brother
Symeon Palaiologos proclaimed himself emperor in southern areas of the Serbian
empire, and had courts in Kastoria and Trikkala. After the Battle of Maritsa on 26
September 1371, out of fear of the Turks, all Serbian royal courts were surrounded
by strong walls, whose remnants exist still today.
317
318
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ ɭ 14. ɜɟɤɭ
ɍȾɄ 316.343:321.17(497.11ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ)“13“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15018

ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇȺ ɋɌɊɍɄɌɍɊȺ ɉɊɂɁɊȿɇȺ ɍ 14. ȼȿɄɍ̅
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ɇɢɲɢʄ

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɋɚɞ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚɦɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɪɚɡ-

ɜɨʁɟɦ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ 14. ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɨ 1371. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɡɪɨɤɨ-
ɜɚɥɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɚɧ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ, 14. ɜɟɤ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ, ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ, ɬɪɝ-
ɨɜɰɢ, ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ, ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨɫɟɝɚɨ ɡɟɧɢɬ ɫɜɨɝ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ,

ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1371. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɱɟɨ ɧɚɝɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɩɚɞɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚɥɦɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɯ, ɝɪɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɚ ɧɟɤɢ
ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɭ ɬɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧɢ. ɍ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ʁɟ, ɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨ-
ɞɢɰɟ ȴɟɜɢɲɤɟ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʂ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ ɢɡ ɬɟɦɟʂɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɨ, ɛɢɥɨ ɫɟɞɢ-
ɲɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɯ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɚ. ɍ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɢ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ
ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ, ɧɚ Ɋɢɛɧɢɤɭ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɨɜɢ.1 ɍ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
14. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ.
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ 1332. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɡɭɥ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ
ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟɞɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ, ɚ ɭ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ
ɞɚ ɩɢɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɜɟɬ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɟ.2 ɉɪɜɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɢ
ɤɨɧɡɭɥ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɉɚɭɥɭɫ ɞɟ Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɭɫɢɨ (Paulus de Martinus-
sio), ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɥɚɬɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɢʁɟ
ɫɦɟɨ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ.3 ɍ ɨɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɟ
ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ, ɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ
̅ Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲ-

ɬɜɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ (14.–15. ɜɟɤ), ɟɜ. ɛɪ. 177010, ɤɨʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧ-
ɫɢɪɚ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ, ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ Ɋɋ.
1
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2003, 21–22.
2
Monumenta Ragusina V, 340–343.
3
Monumenta Ragusina II, 36 ; Isto V, 325, 343; T. Smiþiklas, Codex diplomaticus
IX, 222.
319
ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ɇɢɲɢʄ
ɉɟɬɪɚ.4 Ɍɨɦɚ, ɫɢɧ ɉɚɭɥɚ ɞɟ Ɍɨɦɟ (Paul de Thoma), ʁɟ 1326. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨʁ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɭʄɭ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ.5 ɋɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ 1354. gɨ-
ɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɧ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢ ɞɨɧ ȼɥɚɯɨ.6 ȳɚɤɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨ-
ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɚ ɱɭɜɟɧɨɦ Ɂɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɋɤɚɞɪɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ, ɜɨɞɢɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɢ ɇɨɜɨ Ȼɪɞɨ, ɭ
ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɩɲɬɢ ɩɨɪɚɫɬ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɪɚɡ-
ɦɟɧɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ ɞɭɠ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ
ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɨʁ ɦɟɪɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ.7
Ƚɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢ ɨɞ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ
ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ, ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɭɪɛɚɧɨʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥ-
ɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. ɋɜɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɬ-
ɜɪɻɟɧɢ, ɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢ ɰɢɬɚɞɟɥɭ (ɤɭɥɚ). ɇɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɫɩɟ-
ɰɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ ɛɢɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢ-
ɱɚɧ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɢ ɫɜɢɥɟ. ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɭ
ɫɚɦɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɦɚʃɚ
(ʃɢɜɟ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɟ) ɭ „ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɯɭ” ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɭɠɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɤɨ ɩɟɬ ɞɨ
ɲɟɫɬ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɭ ɩɨɥɭɩɪɟɱɧɢɤɭ ɨɤɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ.8 Ʉɪɭɝɭ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ
ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ ȼɥɚɞɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢ Ɋɚʁɤɨ.9 Ɇɥɚɞɟɧ
ʁɟ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ, ɛɢɨ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɩɚɫɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɞɚɨ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱥɧɞɪɟʁɟ ɭ Ɉɯɪɢɞɭ. Ɋɚʁɤɨɜɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢ-
ɤɨɥɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ, ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ 15 ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨ-
ɯɭ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɱɢʄɚ. Ɉɜɨɦ
ɫɥɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɢ ɇɨɜɚɤ ɉɟɰɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧ ɋɜɟɬɢɦ
Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɞɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɯɭ.10
ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɱɢʄ ʁɟ ɢ Ɍɨɞɨɪ Ʌɟɩɢʄ ɢ ɡɟɬ ɦɭ Ɇɢɪɨɫɥɚɜ, ɩɪɜɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɢɦɚɨ
ɞɜɨɪ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɞɜɨɪ ɞɚɥɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ.11 Ɍɨɞɨɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ
ɠɢɜɟɨ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɡɟɬɨɦ. ɐɚɪ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɢɯ
Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ ɩɨɬɱɢɧɢɨ ɢ Ɉɪɥɚɧɞɚ Ɇɢɰɨɜɢʄɚ ɫɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɨɦ, ʂɭɞɢɦɚ ɢ ɫɚ
ɫɜɢɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɟɥɨɦ ɋɟɥɱɚɧɢ-
4
A. Theiner, Monumenta Slavica I, 215.
5
HAD, Test. Not. 3, foll. 40.
6
HAD, Test. Not. 4, foll. 23', ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ȼɨʁɧɢɰɢ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɢ-
ɰɢ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 248–249.
7
Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 2007, 185.
8
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɢ ɠɭɩɚ – ɦɟɻɟ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ (XII–XVIII ɜɟɤ), ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1992, 75–77.
9
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, 89, 90.
10
ɂɫɬɨ, 90 (206).
11
ɂɫɬɨ, 113 (1106).
320
ɦɚ.12 ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɑɪɟɩɢʄ ɢ Ȼɨʁɤɨ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɱɢʄɢ ɫɚ

ɩɨɫɟɞɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɯɭ, ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɢ ɰɚɪɟɜɨʁ ɡɚ-
ɞɭɠɛɢɧɢ, ɚ ɞɚɬɨ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɉɨɫɭɻɭ.13 Ȼɪɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɱɢʄɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɦɚɥɢ, ɚ ɢɦɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ
ɨɞ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ʃɢɜɚ, ɦɥɢɧɨɜɚ ɢ „ɞɜɨɪɨɜɚ” ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ɍ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɦɧɨɝɨ „ɞɜɨɪɨɜɚ”, ɨɞ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɰɚɪɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ɩɚ ɞɨ „ɞɜɨɪɚ” ɧɟɤɟ Ⱦɨɛɪɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ 18 ɫɚ 12 ɦɟɬɚɪɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ. Ⱦɨɛ-
ɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɞɜɨɪ ɩɪɨɞɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɨɫɚɦ ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ (2,75 ɤɝ).14 ɐɚɪ Ⱦɭ-
ɲɚɧ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɰɚɪ ɍɪɨɲ, ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɜɨɪ ɢ ɧɚ Ɋɢɛɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨ-
ɯɭ. ɉɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɨ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ.
ɍ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ȴɟɜɢɲɢ,
ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɯɭ.15
ɋɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɢ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩ, ɚ
ɩɨɫɥɟ 1346. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɢ ɭ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɇɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɟ ɤɟɮɚɥɢʁɚ, ɚ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ
ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ. ɋɜɟ ɨɜɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɫɥɨʁɭ ɤɪɭɩɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɨɫ-
ɢɦ ɤɧɟɡɚ, ɢ ɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɟɱɚɬ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɢʁɢ
ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɧɨɫɚ ɢ
ɩɪɢɫɟɥɢɰɟ.16 ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢɨ ɨɤɨɥɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɚ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɋɨɛɧɨɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢ ɞɨ ɬɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɰɚɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɨ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɢɦɚ ɋɜɟɬɢɯ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɡɚ-
ɤɭɩ ɠɢɬɨ ɢ ɜɢɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɞɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ.17 Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɤɥɢɦɚ
ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢ-
ɲɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɟɤɧɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
Ⱦɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɛɢɠɢɜ ɤɚɦɚɬ-
ɧɢɤ, ɱɨɜɟɤ ɤɟɫɚɪɚ Ƚɪɝɭɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ. ȵɟɝɚ
ʁɟ ɤɟɫɚɪ Ƚɪɝɭɪ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɬɱɢɧɢɨ ɋɜɟɬɢɦ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɢɦɚ, ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ
ɞɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɞɚʁɟ 18 ɥɢɫɢɱɢʁɢɯ ɤɨɠɚ.18 Ɉɜɚʁ Ⱦɚɛɢɠɢɜ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ
ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ Ʉɭɪɢɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɨ.19 Ɉɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ
12
ɂɫɬɨ, 109 (953).
13
ɂɫɬɨ, 114 (1138); Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɢ ɠɭɩɚ, 80.
14
Ⱥ. ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, Ɉɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1926, 148.
15
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ III ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɢʁɢ,
ɋɋȺ 8 (2009) 11–36.
16
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɢ ɠɭɩɚ, 84.
17
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, 112 (1055).
18
ɂɫɬɨ, 91 (221).
19
ɂɫɬɨ, 90 (180).
321
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ. ɉɨ

ɢɦɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ, Ⱦɚɛɢɠɢɜ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɱɢʄɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɡɚɜɢɫɚɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ 14.
ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɡɚɱɢʃɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɨɜɢ ɫɥɨʁ – ɝɪɚ-
ɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ʄɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɨɫɬɚɬɢ
ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɡɚɱɟɬɤɭ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɥɨ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɚ, ɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɨ ɢ ɫɥɨʁ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɬɪɝ-
ɨɜɚɰɚ. Ɂɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɮɟɭ-
ɞɚɥɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ, ɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɚ. ɍɡ
ɰɪɤɜɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɩɚɫɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɫɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ:
Ɋɚɞɟ ɤɨɜɚɱ, ɝɪɧɱɚɪ Ʌɟɲ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ, ɡɥɚɬɚɪ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɫɥɚɜ, ɡɥɚɬɚɪ Ɂɚɜɟ-
ɞɢɱ.20 Ⱦɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɡɚɧɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɚɜɢɬɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢ-
ɜɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɡɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɚɧɚɬ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ. ɐɚɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ʁɟ
ɋɜɟɬɢɦ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɢɦɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɚɦ ɤɪɨʁɚɱɚ, ɫɟɞɚɦ ɨɛɭʄɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ
ɩɪɨɬɨɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɨɦ Ɋɚʁɤɨɦ, ɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɡɢɞɚɪɚ.21 Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɭɡɞɚɪɚ, ɚ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɤɨɜɚɱɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɞɚʁɭ 40 ɤɨʃɫɤɢɯ
ɩɨɬɤɨɜɢɰɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɬɤɚɱɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ. ɇɟɤɢ ɂɜɚɧɤɨ ɬɤɚɱ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ Ʉɭɪɢɥɢ-
ɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɰɚɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɬɟɫɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɨ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ.22 ɂɧɚɱɟ, ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɜɟʄ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨ, ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɫɜɢɥɟɧɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟɧ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ.23 Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɤɭɩɭʁɭ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɟ, ɲɬɨ
ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɬɤɚɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɤɚɱɤɢ ɡɚɧɚɬ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢʁɟɧ.24 ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɜɨɫɤɚɪɚ, ɚ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɨ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɝɚ ɭɤɥɨɧɟ „ɤɭʄɭ ɜɨɲɬɚɧɭ”, ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɪɚ-
ɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɨɫɚɤ.25 ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɭ ɧɚɤɢɬɚ, ɤɨɜ-
ɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ. ɉɪɟɤɨ ɧɚɤɢɬɚ, ɭɤɪɚɫɧɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚ, ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɧɨɜ-
ɰɭ, ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɥɟɦɫɬɜɭ, ɧɚ ɩɨɦɨɥɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɥɟɠɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɞɟɨ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɨɞɚʁɟ
ɫɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ʁɚɤɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɢ ɢ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɚʁɧɢ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɚ Ʉɢɪɢɡɦɢʄɚ, ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬɢʁɚɪɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1368. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɭɦɟ
20
ɂɫɬɨ, 89 (162, 163); Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ (XII–XVIII ɜɟɤ), ɋɦɟɞɟ-
ɪɟɜɨ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1992, 57.
21
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, 113.
22
ɂɫɬɨ, 90 (183).
23
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ȼɢʁɧɢɰɢ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ, 65.
24
HAD, Div. Canc. 11, foll. 41.
25
ɋɋȺ 8 (2009) 11–36 (ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ).
322
ɤɨɞ ɬɪɨʁɢɰɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ.26 ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ

ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ 25. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1368. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɱɚɤ
ɫɟɞɦɨɪɢɰɚ ʃɢɯ ɭɡɟɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ.27 ɋɥɨɦ ɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɰɢ 1371.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɢ-
ɧɭɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ. Ƚɪɚɞ ɝɭɛɢ
ɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ, ɚ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɚ ɤɚ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ
ɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɱɚɤ 1433. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ
ɧɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ.
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɚ, ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ
14. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɟɱɚɬ ʁɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ
ɞɨ 1371. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɛɪɨʁɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɞɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɇɧɨɝɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɢ,
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ɉɪɢ-
ɡɪɟɧ ɢ ɬɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɞɭɠɟ, ɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɭɠɟɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɨɞɚɱɢʄ ɫɟ
1322. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɠɢɬɨɦ.28
ɉɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ Ⱦɪɠɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ. ȳɭɧɢʁɟ (Junius) Ⱦɪɠɢʄ ʁɟ 1333. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɨ
„consul in Sclavonia”, ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɫɚ
ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ.29 Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɝɪɚɞ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ
ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ 1346. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɢɦɚ Ɇɢɫɨɦ ɢ Ɇɚɬɟɭɫɨɦ, ɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ, ɩɨ
ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɢɦɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɭʄɭ.30 Ɇɚɧɱɟɬɢʄɢ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɱɭɜɟɧɚ ɞɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ɭ ɞɭɠɟɦ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ. ɉɨɬɨɦɰɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ɇɚɧɱɟɬɢʄɚ ɫɭ 1332. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ. Ʌɚɦɩɪɟ Ɇɚɧɱɟɬɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ 1335. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɨ ɤɨɠɨɦ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɫɥɚ-
ɥɢ ɡɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɫɨʂɭ.31 ɂɡ
ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɨɤɥɚʃɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ
ɬɪɝɭ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɦ ɪɨɛɨɦ: ɫɜɢɥɨɦ, ɬɤɚɧɢ-
ɧɚɦɚ, ɤɨɠɨɦ, ɫɨʂɭ, ɠɢɬɨɦ, ɜɨɫɤɨɦ, ɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚ-
ɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɪɚɞʃɟ ɢ ɦɚɝɚɰɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɪɨɛɟ.
26
HAD, Deb. Not. 7, foll. 158', 160; Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɭ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ,
ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ (XII–XVIII ɜɟɤ), ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
1992, 115.
27
HAD, Deb. Not. 7, foll. 132132'.
28
Monumenta Ragusina I, 121.
29
Monumenta Ragusina V, 382.
30
Monumenta Ragusina I, 209; ɂ. Ɇɚɧɤɟɧ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬ ɭ 14. ɜɟɤɭ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1960, 189.
31
HAD, Div. Canc. 11, foll. 189'–190 ; ɂ. Ɇɚɧɤɟɧ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬ, 320, 326.
323
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɟ

ɰɚɪɢɧɚɪɧɢɰɟ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɨɜɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɚɪɧɢɰɭ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ. ɍ ɨɜ-
ɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɚɤɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭɧɢʄ. ɍ ɩɟ-
ɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1335. ɞɨ 1342. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɛɪɚʄɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɭɫ ɢ Ɇɢɤɚ ɞɟ Ȼɨɧɚ, ɚ ɨɞ 1342. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ
ɢ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɢ ɛɪɚɬ ȳɨɯɚɧɟɫ.32 Ɇɢɤɚɟɥ Ɇɢɤɚ ɞɟ Ȼɨɧɚ (Michael de Bona) ɛɚ-
ɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɭɛɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɰɚɪɢɧɚɪɧɢɰɢ
ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ.33 ȵɢɯɨɜ ɪɨɻɚɤ Ʌɭɤɚ Ȼɭɧɢʄ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ,
ɝɞɟ ʁɟ 1371. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ 18 ɭɧɰɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɭ ȼɟ-
ɧɟɰɢʁɢ.34 ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ ɫɭ 1349. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɢ Ɇɚɬɟ ȼɚ-
ɫɢʂɟɜɢʄɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɡɟɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪ-
ɞɭ.35 ɋɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɭɞɟɨ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɋɬɟɩɟ
ɀɭɪɝɨɜɢʄ. ɉɪɟ ɬɨɝɚ, 1347. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɜɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧ Ƚɭɱɟ-
ɬɢʄ ɫɚ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ɢ Ʌɚɭɪɢɤɨ ɞɟ ȼɨɥɤɚɫɟ (Lauricɨ de Volcasse), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚ-
ɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɨ ɢ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ.36 ɉɪɟ ʃɢɯ ɰɚɪɢ-
ɧɭ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ʌɭɤɚɪɟɜɢʄ, ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɡ-
ɜɨɡɨɦ ɫɨɥɢ.37 Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɨ ɢɡ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ
ɫɭ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɱɟɬɪɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜ-
ɰɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɧɚʁɦɨʄɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɪɨɞɨɜɚ,
ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟ ɫɤɭɩɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɭ ɪɨɛɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟ. ɂ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ 14. ɜɟɤɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɡɚɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɭ ʁɟ 1375. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɢɨ ɉɨɤɪɟ ɞɟ
Ȼɟɧɟɫɚ (Pocre de Benessa).38 ɍ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɋɨɪɤɨɱɟɜɢʄ. Ⱥɧɞɪɭɫɤɭɫ ɞɟ ɋɨɪɝɨ (Andruschus de
Sorgo) ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɫɥɭʁɟ ɨɞ 1360, ɚ 1366. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɭ ɫɜɢɥɭ ɢɡ
ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɤɚɱɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɢɡɜɨɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ.39 ɉɨɪɟɞ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ
ɚɪɬɢɤɚɥɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ, ɨɥɨɜɨɦ ɢ
ɜɨɫɤɨɦ. ɍ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɨɜɢɦ ɚɪɬɢɤɥɢɦɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ⱦɪɠɢʄ.
ȼɟɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɟʃɚʃɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ. Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɡɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢ, ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ, ɩɨʁɚɜɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ
32
T. Smiþiklas, Codex diplomaticus XI, 16 ; ɂ. Ɇɚɧɤɟɧ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬ, 146.
33
HAD, Div. Canc. 11, foll. 189'.
34
HAD, Div. Canc. 23, foll. 2323' ; ɂ. Ɇɚɧɤɟɧ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬ, 154.
35
ɂɫɬɨ, 125.
36
ɂɫɬɨ, 240.
37
T. Smiþiklas, Codex diplomaticus XI, 384.
38
Isto XV, 155.
39
HAD, Div. Canc. 20, foll. 167.
324
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɪɨɛɧɨɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ. Ɉɜɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɭɬɢɱɭ

ɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ.
Ⱦɪɠɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɢ
ɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɟɮɚɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ, ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɭɞɫɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɭɞɢɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ
ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ.40 ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɢ ɧɨɦɢɤ,
ɲɬɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ
ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ. ɋɚ ɭɫɩɨɧɨɦ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɟɦ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ. Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭ-
ɪɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɬɢɲɥɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ.
Prof. Siniša Mišiü, Ph.D.

Belgrade University, Faculty of Philosophy
SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF PRIZREN IN 14TH CENTURY
Summary
Prizren saw a climax of its economic and social development in the period
from 1330. and 1371. At this time the most numerous colony of Dubrovnik mer-
chants worked in it. Renowned noblemen lived in the town, as well as a big num-
ber of ‘minor lords’ who had their courts in town. The Serbian ruler himself had a
court in town. There was a seat of Prizren episcopy there, and from 1346. onwards
of Metropolitanate too, while the mitropolitan was the most respected person in
town.
Many craftsmen, from goldsmiths to weavers and shoemakers, waxers and
bricklayers lived in the town. Although personally dependant, they were quite well
off, some of them possessed fields and vineyards. Relations in terms of money and
goods in the town were very well developed, while the emergence of local traders
meant the beginning of creation of the middle class. The society of Prizren at the
time is dynamic and in constant change. The development of the town was inter-
rupted and stopped by the abrupt change of the political situation.
40
ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɚɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɨɜɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, 35.
325
326
Hrebeljanoviüi, Baliüieviüi i ostali foþanski trgovci u periodu 14691524. godine
ɍȾɄ 339.54(497.15Ɏɨɱɚ)“1469/1524“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15019

HREBELJANOVIûI, BALIûIEVIûI I OSTALI FOýANSKI TRGOVCI

U PERIODU 14691524. GODINE
Prof. dr Esad Kurtoviü

Univerzitet u Sarajevu, Filozofski fakultet
Apstrakt: Zahvaljujuüi veüem broju kreditnih zaduživanja u Dubrov-

niku, u prilici smo da predstavimo najjvažnije foþanske trgovce iz druge po-
lovine XV i poþetka XVI stoljeüa. Detaljniju pažnju posveüujemo najpozna-
tijima, Hrebeljanoviüima i Baliüieviüima, njihovim zaduživanjima i obimu
kreditne trgovine, a promatramo ih i u kontekstu ostalih trgovaca njihovog
vremena. Centralni likovi su roÿaci Radoje Hrebeljanoviü (14691479) i nje-
gov sinovac Nikola Baliüieviü (15001524) koji su najjaþi trgovci u Foþi
svoga vremena.
Kljuþne rijeþi: Kreditna trgovina, Foþa, Dubrovnik, Radoje Hrebelja-
noviü, Nikola Baliüieviü.
U knjigama zaduženja (Debita Notariae) posljednje informacije o Fo-

þacima prije pada srednjovjekovne Bosne su iz januara i maja 1449. godi-
ne.1 Do tada ih priliþno redovno, u dužem nizu i u velikom broju pratimo
kao dužnike iz dubrovaþkog zaleÿa, mada visina njihovih kredita na godiš-
njem nivou ne dostiže 1.000 dukata kao kod trgovaca iz Praþe i u Drijevi-
ma.2 Tek dvije decenije kasnije, marta 1469, u istim knjigama se opet pojav-
1
„Nos Vuchota Bogdanouich de Coza et Radassinus Radatouich de Tientista princi-
pales debitores et ego Michal Zaulouich plezius et principalis qui me constituo confitemur
quod super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Vladissauo de Goze
ducatos quadraginta tres auri grossos duodecim per totum mensem marcii proxime futuros.
Et sit de presenti viagio. Et si ultra etc. Tenente se dicto creditoris etc. Renunciantes etc.
Hec autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (22–30.01. 1449. g.), Deb. Not. XXIV, 111v;
„Ego Vucheta Bogdanouich de Coza et ego Radassinus Radatouich de Tintiste principales
debitores et ego Michl Zaulouich plezius et principalis, quem me constituo pro ipsis, con-
fitemur quod super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Vladissauo
de Goze ducatos septuaginta duos auri usque ad duos menses proxime futuros. Et sit de
presenti viagio. Et si ultra etc. Tenente se etc. Renuntiantes etc. Hec autem carta etc. Judex
et testis ut supra” (14.05. 1449.g.), Isto, 174v.
2
Za ranija zaduživanja foþanskih trgovaca iscrpno, Desanka Kovaþeviü, Trgovina u
srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Nauþno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, Djela 18, Odjeljenje
istorijsko-filoloških nauka 13, Sarajevo 1963, 113114, 125; Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ,
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧ Ɇɚɫɥɟɲɚ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1978,
327
Esad Kurtoviü
ljuju Foþaci, a razlog ovog njihovog izostanka pravda se politiþkom situaci-

jom nastalom pojavom Osmanlija.3 Njihovi daljnji kreditni ugovori, koje,
zbog odreÿenih specifiþnosti u zaduženjima jednog roda detaljnije pratimo
do aprila 1524. godine, predmet su ovoga rada.4
Poþetak našeg pristupa vezan je za problematiku prezimene Baliüieviü. U
stvari, literatura to prezime više poznaje kao Baliþeviü (ponegdje Baliüeviü), i
to kroz prizmu Vuka Baliþeviüa, trgovca i poslanika hercegovaþkog san-
džakbega Mustafabega Milivojeviüa u njegovom drugom mandatu na toj po-
ziciji (14891493). 5 Zapisivanje Vukovog prezimena pripada dubrovaþkoj
kancelariji i latinskom jeziku. Ono se javlja u odlukama Vijeüa umoljenih i
knjigama zaduženja u sljedeüim oblicima: „Baglichieuich”, „Balichieuich”,
„Ballichieuich”, „Balichieuich”. Uz Vukovog sina Nikolu, pored ovih nabroja-
ih i najþešüih, iako rjeÿe, daju se i sljedeüi oblici koji upuüuju i na sasvim druga
prezimena: „Banichieuich”, „Baligieuich”, „Baglieuich”, „Baglich”. Porijeklo
prezimena ovdje nam ostaje nepoznanica i njegovo rješavanje pripada daljnjim
istraživanjima, ali izvjesno je da se kroz ono što je ovdje ponuÿeno više ne
može govoriti o prezimenu Baliþeviü nego o prezimenu Baliüieviü. Moglo bi se
reüi da je Vuk Baliüieviü ostavio snažnog traga meÿu savremenicima, a to je
vidljivo i kroz identifikaciju njegovog sina Nikole uz þije je ime þesto navoÿe-
no da je on sin Vuka Baliüieviüa („Nicola Vuchi Balichieuich”).
Neka mjesta u zbirci Gliše Elezoviüa, ona sa dokumentima iz druge
polovine XV stoljeüa, skreüu pažnju na ovdje iskazivani problem. Radi se o
dva pisma, koja u razliþito vrijeme govore o istom dogaÿaju, a koji se vre-
menski poklapa sa vremenom života Vuka Baliüieviüa. Jedno nedatirano
pismo govori o ubojstvu i kao jednog od svjedoka spominje izvjesnog, po
Elezoviüu: „Vuka sina Baliüeva ... (Turski: Vuk bin Balik)”.6 Drugo pismo,
datirano 19. augusta 1498, govori o istom – situira ubojstvo preko dvije de-
168170, 172173, 175; Pavo Živkoviü, Ekonomsko-socijalne promjene u bosanskom dru-

štvu u XIV i XV stoljeüu, Tuzla 1986, 95143; Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1999, 2229.
3
Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, 77.
4
U pravom smislu rijeþi ovaj pregled obuhvatio je vremenski period od maja 1449.
do januara 1533. godine, od 24 zakljuþno sa 79 sveskom serije Debita Notariae. Analizu
poslovanja foþanskih trgovaca u zbirnoj postavci ranije je data u, Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, 7785.
5
ûiro Truhelka, Tursko-slovjenski spomenici dubrovaþke arhive, Glasnik Zemalj-
skog muzeja 23, Sarajevo 1911, 441; Isti, Studije o porijeklu, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb
1941, 10; Ⱦ. Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 189;
Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, 52 i dalje.
6
Ƚɥɢɲɚ ȿɥɟɡɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ I–1, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ, Ɂɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɱʃɚɱɤɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɫɤɭ ɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɭ ɝɪɚɻɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1940, 293.
328
cenije ranije, a spominje da je svjedok, po Elezoviüu: „Vuk Baliüeviü ...

(Turski: Vuk Balikevik)”, svoju izjavu dao pred foþanskim kadijom.7 Oþito
je da se radi o ovdje spominjanom Vuku Baliüieviüu i da se ime Baliü (Ba-
lik) može uzeti kao osnova za daljnja razmatranja, te za konstataciju da je u
pitanju patronimik za prezime Baliüieviü. Na kraju, primjera radi, Vukiüa po
imenu kroz dubrovaþku graÿu u patronimiku pratimo kao Vukiüieviüa
(Vuchichieuich), Miliüa kao Miliüieviüa (Milichieuich), Dragiüa kao Dragi-
üieviüa (Dragichieuich), pa prema tome i Baliüa bi onda trebali pratiti u pat-
ronimiku kao Baliüieviüa (Balichieuich).
U potrazi za relevantnim argumentima posežemo za raznim moguü-
nostima, pretpostavkama koje ponekad bivaju i kontraproduktivne, ali od
kojih ne odustajemo bez valjanog razloga. Za poþetak, na ovom mjestu po-
kušavamo barem da damo materijal pogodan za lingviste. Poþetkom augusta
1375. godine spomenut je Bogiü Baliü, vlah iz katuna Dobreþa Visuloviüa, a
povodom jemstva za jednu pljaþku.8 Navedeni primjer je rijedak. On poka-
zuje da je ne samo ime nego i prezime Baliü rijetko ali i da je egzistiralo u
srednjem vijeku. Ali to nije sve što se može pronaüi u neobjavljenoj graÿi.
Foþa zaista ima zasvjedoþenu osobu koja u pretpostavci pripada ovom
srodstvenom nizu. U oktobru 1441. godine, zabilježen je izvjesni Baliü Radohniü
iz Foþe (Balich Radochnich de Coza). Zajedno sa zemljakom Milutom Tvrdi-
saliüem on se zadužuje kod dubrovaþke vlastele Ursa Sorkoþeviüa na 28 dukata i
Mihaila Zamanjiüa i braüe na 10 dukata.9 Ovo nije jedina informacija o njemu. U
januaru 1448. godine, u sporu oko novca spomenut je na specifiþan naþin kao
„Balich de Goza Radochnich”. 10 Naša je pretpostavka da bi upravo Baliü
7
Ƚ. ȿɥɟɡɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ I–1, 301.
8
„Bogich Balich et Craneç Deyanouich morulachi de catuno Dobreçi Visulouich
faciunt manifestum quod ipsi constituent se fideuissores Radoslauo Goyacouich pro Milo-
ssio Branetich de supradicto catuno de presentando ipsium coram Dobreç supradictum et
Volchoslauo Plesçich et Pulnossio Negouanich supra facto stariorum octo olei quod dictus
Radoslauus Goyacouich dicit ipsum Milossium Branetich sibi fuisse furatum” (03.08.
1375.g.), Div. Canc. XXIV, 59.
9
„Nos Balich Radochnich de Coɡa et Miluth Tuerdisalich dicti loci confitemur quod
super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Orsati Petri de Sorgo
ducatos auri viginti octo hinc ad unum mensem proxime futurum. Et sit de presenti viagio.
Et si ultra etc. Tenendo se etc. Hec autem etc. Judex ser Junius de Bona et Nicola de Stella
testis. Et similiter dare et soluere ser Michaeli de Zamagno et fratribus ducatos auri decem
ad terminum et in omnibus et per omnia ut supra” (12.10. 1441.g.), Deb. Not. XXI, 28v.
10
„Balich de Goɡa Radochnich asserens se dedisse Tuerdisse Miroschouich de Go-
rasde nomine Çuietchi cimatoris qui erat debitor ipsum Tuerdisse ducatos tresdecim et ipse
Çuietchus non est certus de hoc et dubitat: quod non sit verum, obligant se et sua bona ad
conseruandum sempre ipsum Çuietchum indemnem et promisit quod ipse Tuerdisa nec
aliquis eius nomine non postulabit ipsi Çuietcho suprascriptos ducatos XIII. Quod si fecerit
329
Esad Kurtoviü
Radohniü iz Foþe mogao biti otac famoznog Vuka Baliüieviüa (u literaturi od

ranije poznatog kao Vuka Baliþeviüa).
Ni to nije sve. Rodonaþelnik Baliü Radohniü iz Foþe, kojeg smo ovdje
nominirali, spomenut u periodu 14411448, mogao bi imati brata Hrebe-
ljana Radohniüa iz Foþe, koji se u izvorima spominje u periodu 14421448.
godine. Razlog više za ovu postavku je þinjenica da se Hrebeljan Radohniü
u svoja tri poznata spominjanja (1442, 1446. i 1448) povezuje upravo sa
zemljakom Milutom Tvrdisaliüem, sa kojim je poslovao i njegov brat Baliü
Radohniü.11 Na isti naþin, za treüeg brata možemo smatrati Vukšu Radoh-
niüa koji se spominje u knjigama zaduženja 1441. godine.12
Linijom najuobiþajenijeg patronimika za praüenje brojnih porodica u
srednjem vijeku u dubrovaþkom zaleÿu, mogli bismo se kretati od izvjesnog
Radohne, koji je živio u prvoj polovini XV stoljeüa, i koji je imao tri sina,
Baliüa, Hrebeljana i Vukšu Radohniüa. (Tabela 1.) Hrebeljan je imao sinove
Radoja i Radivoja Hrebeljanoviüa. Baliüev sin bio je Vuk Baliüieviü, njegov si-
novi su Cvjetko Vukoviü13 i Nikola Baliüieviü. Nasljednik Nikole Baliüieviüa
est contentus ex nunc dictus Balich quod ipse Çuietchus possit eum conuenire et constringi
facere et ab ipso exigere suprascriptos ducatos XIII quando ipse Tuerdisa pecierit ultra
aliquis pro eo renunciando” (11.01. 1448.g.), Div. Canc. LXI, 32.
11
„Nos Miluth Tuerdisalich et Chrebeglian Radochnich de Coza confitemur quod
super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Orsato Petri de Sorgo du-
catos auri triginta hinc ad unum mensem proxime futurum. Et sit de presenti viagio. Et si
ultra etc. Tenendo se etc. Hec autem etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (28.04. 1442.g.), Deb.
Not. XXI, 112v; „Nos Milut Tuerdisalich et Chrebeglian Radochnich) ambo de Coza con-
fitemur quod super nos et super omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere Galeaz
Brugnolis de Mantoa ducatos tresdecim cum dimidio usque ad unum mensem proxime
futurum. Et sit de presenti viagio. Et si ultra etc. Tenendo se etc. Renuntiando etc. Hec aut-
em etc. Judex ser Nicolaus de Baseyo et Nicola de Stella testis” (01.02. 1446.g.), Div. Not.
XXXI, 15v; „Nos Milut Tuerdisalich et Chrebelian Radochnich} ambo de Coza confitemur
quod super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere Milete Radisich lanario
ducatos auri sexdecim usque ad unum mensem proxime futurum. Et sit de presenti viagio.
Et si ultra etc. Tenendo se etc. Renuntiantes etc. Hec autem etc. Judex et testis ut supra”
(12.07. 1448.g.), Deb. Not. XXIV, 36v. Izvjesni Hrebeljan iz Podfoþe spominje se kao
dužnik: „Questi sono li debitori de la soprascripta compagnia ... Crebeglian de soto Choç
...” (07.06. 1453.g.), Div. Not. XXXVII, 76v.
12
„Nos Stipchus Dubieuich de Ragusio, Vochsa Radognich et Maroe Radouano-
uich} ambo de Coza confitemur quod super nos et omnia bona nostra obligamus nos dare et
soluere ser Petro Ni. de Poza yperperos centum quinquaginta usque ad duos menses proxi-
me futuros. Et sit de presenti viagio. Et si ultra etc. Tenendo se etc. Renuntiantes etc. Hec
autem etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (11.03. 1441.g.), Deb. Not. XX, 140v. Nešto kasnije
spominje se izvjesni Vukša Radohniü iz Foþe kao sluga: „Vuchxa Radochnich de Hoza
premeti star per fameglo e seruire a Radouino chompagno de ser Simon de Bona ... per ani
dui” (04.07. 1454.g.), Div. Canc. LXIV, 1.
13
(17.02. 1502.g.), Deb. Not. LXI, 156v; (18.02. 1502.g.), Isto, 157.
330
bio je Petar (Nikoliü Baliüieviü).14 Prema istraživanjima Bogumila Hrabaka,

Nikola Baliüieviü je imao þetiri nasljednika, a pored ovdje zasvjedoþenog Petra,
spomenuo je još Pavla i Ĉurijena.15 Od vremena izvjesnog Radohne do Petra i
njegove braüe, ovu porodicu u jednom ogranku pratimo þitavo jedno stoljeüe
kroz pet generacija. Tako poznata rodoslovna linija je rijetka i izuzetno znaþaj-
na karakteristika za foþansko podruþje.
Tabela 1. Rodoslov izvjesnog Radohne (dubrovaþko zaleÿe, srednji vijek)
Radohna
Vukša
Hrebeljan Radohniü Baliü Radohniü
Radohniü
Radivoj i Radoje
Vuk Baliüieviü
Hrebeljanoviü
Cvjetko Vukoviü Nikola Vuka Baliüieviü
Petar Nikoliü Baliüieviü
Pavle Nikoliü Baliüieviü
Ĉurien Nikoliü Baliüieviü
HREBELJANOVIûI
Nasljednike Hrebeljana Radohniüa je zbog specifiþnog imena lakše

uoþiti meÿu foþanskim trgovcima. To su Radoje Hrebeljanoviü, koji se spo-
14
Petar sin Nikole Baliüieviüa spomenut je krajem augusta 1522. godine: „Ego Ni-
cola Baglicheuich de Choza confiteor quod super me et omnia mea bona obligo me dare et
soluere ser Joanni Dra. domini Aloi. de Goce ducatos auri trecentos septuaginta usque ad
annum unum proxime futurum. Sub pena X per centum. Renuntiando etc. Hec autem carta
etc.” (22.05.1518. g.), Deb. Not. LXXIII, 21v. Sa strane, ispod i iznad: „Die 31 augusti
1519 ser Joannes creditor contrascriptus confessus fuit habuisse et recepisse ab Nicola debi-
tore contrascripto pro parte ducatos septem per manus ser Orsati Ju. de Georgio. Renuntian-
do. Die X decembris 1521 suprascriptus ser Joannes creditor confessus fuit habuisse et re-
cepisse a suprascripti Nicola debitore in duabus vicibus ducatos auri octuaginta unum, vide-
licet, alias et prima vice ducatos auri sexaginta unum per manus cuisdam de Seruia in tanta
quantitate charmesmi et reliquos ducatos viginti per manus dicti Nicole et pro ducatis treg-
inta tribus ipse ser Joannes dedit et cessit amplam potestatem ser Mathei Rus. de Poza super
dictum Nicolai et omnia bona plenum. Renuntiando. Die XVIIIIo augusti 1522 ser Matheus
Rus. de Poza infrascripti cessionarius confessus fuit quod habuit et recepit per manus Petri
filii infrascripti Nicolai debitoris ducatos auri triginta tres de quibus ipse habet potestatem.
Renuntiando”, Isto. Na njega se možda odnosi i informacija iz poþetka 1515. g.: „Ego Petar
Nicolich de Coza et ego Ismaieli Turchus Radochmil de Elice et ego Petrus Coaceuich ci-
mator confitemur quod super nos et omnia bona nostra obligamus nos dare et soluere Joani
Vuchsanouich stationario ducatos auri quatuor ad voluntatem creditoris. Sub pena X per
centum. Tenente se etc. Renuntiando etc. Hec autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (04.
01.1515.g.), Deb. Not. LXXI, 13v.
15
Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, 8385.
331
Esad Kurtoviü
minje u veüem broju kreditnih zaduženja (1469–1479), i Radivoj Hrebelja-

noviü (1489).
Prvo spominjanje Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa vezano je za poþetak januara
1469. godine. On tada sklapa trgovaþko društvo sa dubrovaþkim vlastelinom
Martolicom Kabužiüem. Društvo ima uobiþajene odlike. Radoje prima 113
dukata od svoga kompanjona Martolice i sa tim novcem se obavezuje da üe
trgovati na relaciji izmeÿu zaleÿa i primorja, a ukupnu zaradu kompanjoni
üe, poslije vraüanja glavnice ulagaþu, dijeliti na jednake dijelove.16 Najþešüi
oblik Radojevog poslovanja je kreditna trgovina. Zaduživanja Radoja Hre-
beljanoviüa pregledno üemo pratiti putem tabele br.2.
Tabela br. 2. Zaduživanja Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa
DATUMI
DUŽNIK KREDITOR IZNOS
SIGNATURA
Radoe Chrebeglianouich de Dobriecho ducatos auri 3.7. 1469, Deb.
Choza mercator Radouzich ducentos Not. XXXVIII, 60
lanario quatuordecim
Radoe Chrebeglianouich de Johanni yperperos 28.11. 1469, Deb.
Choza mercator Nicole dicto triginta sex Not. XXXVIII,
Gabro grossos 10 120v
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Georgio ducatos auri 9.5. 1470, Deb.
Cotza Miomanouich viginti nouem Not. XXXVIII,
186v
Item Vinturine ducatos auri 9.5. 1470, Deb.
relicte Florii quatuor Not. XXXVIII,
de Bernardo grossos 4 186v
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Johanni Gabro iperperos 5.1. 1471, Deb.
Cotza septuaginta sex Not. XXXIX, 111
grossos nouem
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Vinturine ducatos auri 23.1. 1471, Deb.
relicta Florii octo Not. XXXIX, 117
Bernardi
16
„Ego Radoe Crebeglianouich de Choza confiteor quia super me et omnia mea
bona habui et recepi a ser Martoliza Da. de Caboga ducatos auri centum tredecim in so-
cietatem duraturam ad voluntatem dicti ser Martolize. Cum quibus denariorum debeo et
promitto merxans et mercantiam facere ad partem terre firme in illis rebus de quibus melius
mihi videbitur pro utilitate presentis societatis. Et de lucro venturo ex dicta societate
medietas, videlicet, esse dicti ser Martolize et altra medietas mei Radoe. Et similiter, vide-
licet, esse de damno si quod sequeretur quod Deus nolit. Et in fine presentis societatis
teneor et promitto restituere quoniam ser Martolize bonam et rectam rationem de
administratis pro me facta in hac societate ac ser Martolize dare et restituere suum capitale
predictum, videlicet, ducatos auri centum tredecim cum sua parte lucri vel damni prout fuit
et pro me retinere et sustinere meam partem lucri vel damni prout erit. Sub pena X pro
cento. Renuntiando. Promittit dicto ser Martoliza et acipiendo. Renuntiando. Et hoc autem
etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (03.01. 1469.g.), Deb. Not. XXXVIII, 4.
332
DATUMI
SIGNATURA
Item Georgio ducatos auri 23.1. 1471, Deb.
Miomanouich centum Not. XXXIX, 117
quatuor
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Georgio ducatos auri 23.1. 1471, Deb.
Miomanouich viginti Not. XXXIX, 117v
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Iuano ducatos auri 23.1. 1471, Deb.
Radouzich decemseptem Not. XXXIX, 117v
slatario cum dimidio
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Gueraglio ducatos auri 31.5. 1471, Deb.
Cotza Miomanouich nonaginta Not. XXXIX, 155
Item Marino Florii ducatos auri 31.5. 1471, Deb.

Turcinouich quinquaginta Not.XXXIX, 155
quatuor
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Luce Martini ducatos auri 26.11. 1471, Deb.
principalis debitor et nos Nicola Franchouich centum octo Not. XL, 43
Radissich et Iuan Radeglich
plegii
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Georgio ducatos auri 27.11. 1471, Deb.
Choza Miomanouich centum Not. XL, 44v
lanario triginta sex
Radoe Crebeglianouich de ser Matheo ducatos auri 4.11. 1475, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et ego Tho. de Bona centum Not. XLIV, 41
Ziuan Radeglich plegius
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Nicole ducatos auri 8.11. 1475, Deb.
Hostoich dicto centum duos Not. XLIV, 43
Bachrouich
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Dobrusco ducatos auri 8.11. 1475, Deb.
Choza Pribignich viginti Not. XLIV, 44
cimatori septem
Radoe Crebeglianouich Vuchote ducatos octo 10.11. 1475, Deb.
Radixich auri Not.XLIV, 46
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Dobrassino ducatos auri 10.6. 1476, Deb.

Radassinouich septuaginta Not. XLIV, 160v
quinque
Radoe predictus predicto ducatos 1476 die XII junii,
Dobrassino quatuordecim Deb. Not. XLIV,
160v
Radiuoi Obradouich de Coza Dobrassino ducatos 10.6. 1476, Deb.
principalis debitor et ego Radoe Radassinouich viginti Not. XLIV, 160v
Crebeglianouich plegius septem
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Luce ducatos auri 12.6. 1476, Deb.
Choza Martinouich ducentos Not. 162v
viginti sex
333
Esad Kurtoviü
DATUMI
SIGNATURA
Radoe Crebeglianouich de ser Marino ducatos auri 30.4. 1477, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et ego Georgii de trecentos Not. XLV, 167v
Radossauus Millanouich plegius Goze quinquaginta
Choza Tho. de Bona ducentos Not. XLV, 167v
Radoe Chrebeglianouich de Ziuano ducatos auri 19.2. 1478, Deb.
Choza habitantis ad Drinam Valentinouich centum Not. XLVI, 131
duodecim
Radoe Crebeglianouich de ser Marino ducatos auri 25.2. 1478, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et ego Georgii de centum Not. XLVI, 133
Cuietchus Millatouich plegius ... Goze nonaginta
et ego Nicola Milladinouich septem
dictus Xabadinus plegius
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Luce Bicich ducatos auri 26.2. 1478, Deb.
Cotza de Ragusio septuaginta Not. XLVI, 135
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Nicole ducatos auri 26.2. 1478, Deb.
Choza Bachrouich quinquaginta Not. XLVI, 135
quatuor
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Petro ducatos auri 27.2. 1478, Deb.
Radaglieuich centum Not. XLVI, 136
viginti octo
Choza Tho. de Bona viginti Not. XLVI, 137v
quatuor
Radoe Chrebeglianouich de Nicola Vrtich ducatos auri 6.7. 1479, Deb.
Caza de Ragusio octuaginta Not. XLVII, 131v
DATUMI
SIGNATURA
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Coza Nicole Vrtich ducatos auri 6.7. 1479, Deb.
de Ragusio octuaginta Not., XLVII, 132
Radoe Crebeglianouich de Nicole ducatos auri 10.7. 1479, Deb.
Choza Bachrouich centum Not. XLVII, 132v
duodecim
Radoe Chrebeglianouich de ser Matheo de ducatos auri 11.7. 1479, Deb.
Choza Bona viginti Not. XLVII, 133
septem
3.014,5 DUKATA
UKUPNO
112 PERPERA
23 GROŠA
Najþešüe sam, a ponekad i u društvu kompanjona kao jemac ili uz

kompanjone kao jemce, Radoje Hrebeljanoviü se u knjigama zaduženja prati
punih 11 godina, od jula 1469. do jula 1479. godine. U to vrijeme pojavljuje
334
se u 34 kreditna ugovora. Sam, kao dužnik bez jemaca ili sudužnika, javlja
se u 29 ugovora. Ukupan iznos jedanaesetogodišnjeg zaduživanja u kojima
se pojavljuje sam, ili uz jemce i sudužnike, iznosi 3.014,5 dukata, 112 per-
pera i 23 groša, sve pretvoreno u dukate iznosi oko 3.050 dukata. To bi zna-
þilo da se u jedanaest godina prosjeþno zaduživao na oko 459 dukata godiš-
nje. Meÿutim, u godinama 1472, 1473 i 1474. nije pravio zaduženja, pa on-
da njegovo poznato osmogodišnje prosjeþno zaduživanje na godinu iznosi
631 dukat. To je okvirni prosjek koji može da bude mjerilo za sve ostale
trgovce sa podruþja Foþe u to doba.
Tokom 1469. napravio je dva ugovora u dva navrata (oko 226 dukata),
tokom 1470. dva ugovora u jednom danu (oko 33 dukata), tokom 1471. devet
ugovora u þetiri navrata (oko 562,5 dukata), tokom 1475. þetiri ugovora saþi-
njenih u samo šest dana (237 dukata), 1476. þetiri ugovora saþinjena u dva dana
(342 dukata), 1477. dva ugovora u jednom danu (550 dukata), 1478. šest ugo-
vora sklopljenih u 8 dana (583 dukata) i u 1479. godini pet ugovora sklopljenih
u pet dana (516 dukata). Grafiþki prikazi 1. i 2. i tabela br. 3.
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Grafiþki prikazi 1. i 2. zaduživanja Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa po godinama

i na godišnjem nivou
335
Esad Kurtoviü
Tabela br. 3. Zaduženja Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa od 1469. do 1479. godine.

BROJ
GODINA VISINA ZADUŽIVANJA
UGOVORA
1469 2 226 dukata 10 groša
1470 2 33 dukata 4 groša
1471 9 562,5 dukata 9 groša
1475 4 237 dukata
1476 4 342 dukata
1477 2 550 dukata
1478 6 583 dukata
1479 5 516 dukata
Radoje se zaduživao kod 18 razliþitih kreditora ali sa razliþitim izno-
sima. Najviše se zaduživao kod vlastelina Tome Buniüa (5 puta, a ukupno 568
dukata) i Jurja Miomanoviüa (4 puta, a ukupno 289 dukata), ali se zato u dva
ugovora kod vlastelina Marina Guþetiüa zadužio u iznosu od 645 dukata.
Radoje Hrebeljanoviü je oþito ugledan trgovac. Meÿutim, kada isprati-
mo sve ostale trgovce u Foþi koji se javljaju u knjigama zaduženja u tih je-
danaest godina djelovanja Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa, dolazimo do materijala
koji u svakom pogledu, tj. i kontekstualno, omoguüuje interesantan krajnji
zakljuþak. U tom periodu pojavljuje se još 30 trgovaca iz Foþe ili koji su
kreditno povezani za Foþu (jer su neki od njih i Dubrovþani). To su Vuk Ba-
liüieviü, Radoje Milosaliü, Vukiü Radovþiü, Radoje Radovþiü, Branko Sre-
danoviü, Radin Radosaliü, Milašin Radovanoviü, Radonja Dekoviü zvani
Bosna, Brailo Obradoviü, Vukiü Radojeviü, Jurak Božidaroviü, Vukiü Kisi-
þiü, Tvrdiša Božidaroviü zvani Kliaþiü, Vuk Božidaroviü zvani Kliaþiü, Ra-
divoj Radišiü, Radivoj Obradoviü, Radivoj Pievo, Radivoj Ostojiü, Radoje
Kosiþiü, Radašin Doberkoviü, Radiþ Radivojeviü, Radiþ Cvjetkoviü, Rada-
šin Miobratoviü, Vukiü Veseokoviü, Radonja Vuþkoviü, Vukosav Mariü,
Radiþ Radiþkoviü, Cvjetko Jeleþar, Vladislav Radikojeviü i Radiþ Vukšiü.
Pogledajmo koliko þesto se zadužuju i kolika su njihova zaduživanja. U niže
datoj tabeli ɛɪ. 4, radi preglednosti izvršeno je njihovo hronološko koncen-
trisanje. Pritom, zajedniþki krediti nisu razdvajani.
Tabela br. 4. Zaduženja foþanskih trgovaca ɨɞ jula 1469 ɞɨ ʁɭɥɚ 14791479. godine
DATUMI
SIGNATURA
Radiz Milobratouich de Bratuto ducatos auri 30.4. 1470, Deb.
Cerniza et Vuch Baglichieuich Gradoeuich centum Not. XXXVIII,
de Coza 181v
Vuch Balichieuich de Choza Juragio ducatos centum 13.3. 1471, Deb.
principalis debitor et ego Ziuan Miomanouich quinque auri Not. XXXIX,
Radeglich olearius plegius lanario 133v
336
DUŽNIK KREDITOR IZNOS DATUMI

SIGNATURA
Voch Ballichieuich de Coza Ziuano ducatos auri 11.4. 1471, Deb.
Radeglich triginta septem Not. XXXIX,
140v
Voch Balichieuich de Coza ser Andree ducatos auri 24.2. 1472, Deb.
Mart. de septuaginta Not. XL, 88v
Crieua quinque
Vuch Baglichieuich de Choza Dobrassino ducatos auri 31.10. 1476,
Radassinouich quadraginta Deb. Not. XLV,
lanario 71v
Ukupno 357 dukata
Radoe Milossalich de Cotza Stanaçio ducatos auri 31.5. 1471, Deb.
Miochanouich viginti unum Not. XXXIX,
155v
Radoe Milossalich de Choza Stanacio ducatos auri 20.8. 1471, Deb.
Miochanouich decem et nouem Not. XXXIX,
195
Ukupno 40 dukata
Vuchich Radouzich de Coza Nicolao ducatos auri 13.8. 1471, Deb.
Radouzich quatuor et Not. XXXIX,
cosuchario de grossos XVI 189.
Ragusio
Vuchich Radouzich de Choza Jacobo iperperos 22.10. 1471,
Millissich triginta quinque Deb. Not. XL,
cimatoris et grossos duos 30v
Vuchich Radouzich de Choza Jacobo iperperos 31.1. 1472, Deb.
Millissich quadraginta Not. XL, 74
cimatori quatuor
Ukupno 30 dukata 1 perper 18 groša
Radoe Radouzich Matieuich de Stanacio ducatos auri 13.8. 1471, Deb.
Coze et Branchus Serdanouich Miochanouich undecim cum Not. XXXIX,
de Coze cimatoris dimidio 189v
Branchus Sredanouich de Coza Jacobo iperperos viginti 24.2. 1472, Deb.

Milissich tres Not. XL, 89
cimatori
Radoe Radouzich de Choza Bositcho ducatos auri 20.9. 1473, Deb.
Paulouich decem Not. XLII, 31v
Ukupno 28,5 dukata 2 perpera
Radin Radossalich de Choza Stanacio ducatos auri 27.11. 1471,
Miochanouich decem Deb. Not. XL,
cimatoris 44
Ukupno 10 dukata
337
Esad Kurtoviü

SIGNATURA
Milassinus Radouanouich de Jacobo iperperos decem 9.12. 1471, Deb.
Coza Milissich et octo grossos Not. XL, 48
cimatori octo
Ukupno 6 dukata 8 groša
Radogna Dechouich dictus Nicole ducatos auri 15.5. 1472, Deb.
Bosna habitator Choze Bachrouich centum sedecim Not. XL, 126v
principalis debitor et ego
Maroe Dobrassinouich lanarius
plegius
Radogna Dechouich dictus Christophoro ducatos auri 12.9.–25.9.
Bosna de Choze de Gradi triginta octo 1472, Deb. Not.
XLI, 9v
Ukupno 154 dukata
Brailus Obradouich de Ragusio Johanni pelles rubeas 3.6. 1472, Deb.
habitator in Coza Pripcinouich vocatas Not. XL, 139
chochiene
centum
quinquaginta
quatuor et unam
dozenam de
pellibus
montouinis
Braillus Obradouich de Choza Bosigicho ducatos auri 31.1. 1474, Deb.
habitator Ragusii Miomanouich centum viginti Not. XLII, 121
tres
Ukupno 123 dukata i kože
Vuchich Radoeuich de Choza Paulo ducatos auri 13.7. 1472, Deb.
Bachrouich viginti septem Not. XL, 166
Vochich Radoeuich de Chotza Petharo ducatos auri 14.9. 1474, Deb.
Radaglieuich centum viginti Not. XLIII, 23v
septem
Vuchich Radoeuich de Coza Petro ducatos auri 22.9. 1477, Deb.
Radaglieuich sexaginta sex Not. XLVI, 54v
Ukupno 220 dukata
Jurag Bosidarouich de Choza Symico ducatos auri 16.10. 1473,
Raduzich nouem et Deb. Not. XLII,
grossos XVIII 46v
Jurag Bosidarouich de Choza Symico ducatos auri 29.1. 1474, Deb.
Radoucich undecim cum Not. XLII, 119
dimidio
Ukupno 20,5 dukata i 18 groša
338

SIGNATURA
Vuchich Chisicich de Choza Paschoe ducatos auri 10.2. 1474, Deb.
Marcouich decem et septem Not. XLII, 126
grossos XXIII
Ukupno 17 dukata i 23 groša
Tuerdissa et Voch fratres Michaeli ducatos auri 15.7. 1474, Deb.

Bosidarouichi dicti Cliacichi de Nicola triginta Not. XLII, 198
Coza
Marinus Lucich de Ragusio et Petro ducatos auri 29.10. 1478,
Vuch Bosidarouich de Coza Radaglieuich septuaginta Deb. Not.
principales debitores et ego septem cum XLVII, 42
Allegretus Radossalich sartor dimidio
pro medietate et ego Pribio
Radossalich pro altera
medietate, plegii
Vuch Bosidarouich de Choza et Luchxe ducatos auri 5.11. 1478, Deb.
Marinus Lucich de Ragusio Stoissalich sexaginta Not. XLVII, 45
Vuch Bosidarouich de Choza et Andree ducatos auri 9.11. 1478, Deb.
Marinus Lucich de Ragusio Radouzich viginti nouem Not. XLVII, 46v
Vepriza
Ukupno 196,5 dukata
Radiuoi Radixich de Choze Luchxe ducatos auri 30.3. 1476, Deb.

Stoissalich quinque Not. XLIV, 123v
Ukupno 5 dukata
Radiuoi Obradouich de Choza Vuchota ducatos 10.6. 1476, Deb.
Radixich quatuordecim Not. XLIV, 160v
auri
Radiuoi Obradouich de Choza Francisco ducatos auri 2.5. 1477, Deb.
Radani Struich quindecim Not. XLV, 169
Ukupno 29 dukata
Radiuoi Pieuo de Choza Nicole ducatos auri 12.6. 1476, Deb.
Bachrouich viginti octo Not. XLIV, 162
Ukupno 28 dukata
Radiuoi Ostoich de Coza Luce ducatos decem 23.9. 1476, Deb.
Radossalich octo Not. XLV, 43
dicto Biziich
Radiuoy Hostoych de Choza Dobrassino ducatos auri 12.6. 1478, Deb.
Radassinouich viginti quinque Not. XLVI, 181v
Radoe Cossicich et Radiuoy Dobrassino ducatos auri 17.9. 1478, Deb.
Hostoich de Choza Radassinouich quinquaginta Not. XLVII, 25
339
Esad Kurtoviü

SIGNATURA
Radiuoy Hostoich de Choza Dobrassino ducatos auri 17.9. 1478, Deb.
Radassinouich nouem Not. XLVII, 25
Radoe Cossicich et Radiuoy Dobrassino ducatos auri 27.3. 1479, Deb.
Hostoich ambo de Choza Radassinouich sexaginta Not. XLVII, 102
dicto Ledian
Ukupno 162 dukata
Radassinus Doberchouich de Dobruscho ducatos auri 29.4. 1477, Deb.
Coza Pribignich quadraginta tres Not. XLV, 166v.
cimatoris
Radassinus Doberchouich et Luce ducatos auri 16.2. 1478, Deb.
Radiz Radiuoeuich de Coza Radossalich quadraginta Not. XLVI, 128v
dicto Biziich
Radassinus Doberchouich de Bosigicho ducatos auri 17.2. 1478, Deb.
Choza Miomanouich centum Not. XLVI, 129v
Radassinus Doberchouich Vuchich ducatos viginti 19.2. 1478, Deb.
comellem de Choza Vuchouich quinque Not. XLVI, 131v
Radassinus Doberchouich de ser Dragoe ducatos auri 6.11. 1478, Deb.
Choza Geo. de Goze centum Not. XLVII, 45v
nonaginta duos
Ukupno 400 dukata
Radiz Cuietchouich de Choza Machoe de ducatos auri 12.7. 1477, Deb.
principalis debitor et ego Tani quadraginta octo Not. XLVI, 17v
Grubissa Radossalich de
Ragusio plegius
Ukupno 48 dukata
Radassinus Millobratouich de Bosigicho ducatos auri 21.10. 1477,
Choza Miomanouich quadraginta Deb. Not. XLVI,
quinque 70
Radassinus Millobratouich de Vuchacio ducatos auri 25.10. 1477,
Choze Vuchotich et decem Deb. Not. XLVI,
Piercho 73
Marcouich
Ukupno 55 dukata
Vuchich Veseochouich de Coza Martino ducatos duos 25.5. 1478, Deb.
et Radogna Vuzchouich de Coza Periich auri Not. XLVI, 175
Ukupno 2 dukata
Vuchossauus Marich de Choza Vitcho de ducatos auri 27.11. 1477,
Primo de centum Deb. Not. XLVI,
Ragusio nonaginta duos 92v
Ukupno 192 dukata
Vuchich Radanouich de ser Nichxe Ju. ducatos auri 8.4. 1478, Deb.
Ragusio et Radiz de Palmota octuaginta Not. XLVI, 151
Radichchouich de Coza
Ukupno
80 dukata
340

SIGNATURA
Cuietchus Jelezari de Coza Vuchxano ducatos auri 10.4. 1478, Deb.
Radoeuich decem octo Not. XLVI, 152
cimatori
Ukupno 18 dukata
Vladissauus Radichoeuich de Vuchicio ducatos auri 26.11. 1478,
Choza Vuchotich et decemocto cum Deb. Not.
Petro dimidio XLVII, 54v
Mircouich
Vladissauus Radichoeuich de ser Antonio yperperos 15.2. 1479, Deb.

Choza principalis debitor et ego Sy. de Bona viginti unum et Not. XLVII, 87
Vuchich Vuchotich plegius grossos X
Vladissauus Radichoeuich de Vuchichio ducatos auri 16.2. 1479, Deb.

Choza Vuchotich et quinquaginta Not. XLVII, 87v
Petro quatuor et
Marcouich grossos 24
Ukupno 79,5 dukata 34 groša
Radiz Vuchxich de Choza Vuchicio ducatos auri 26.11. 1478,
Vuchotich et decemocto cum Deb. Not.
Petro dimidio XLVII, 54v
Mircouich
Ukupno 18,5 dukata
Sve ukupno oko 2.320,5 dukata 93 groša
Dakle, u toku 11 godina (od jula 1469. do jula 1479), 30 foþanskih

trgovaca, samih ili u odreÿenim kombinacijama, su napravili samo 54 zadu-
ženja u ukupnom iznosu od samo 2.320,5 dukata. Kažemo samo jer, ponovi-
mo, u isto vrijeme jedan trgovac, Radoje Hrebeljanoviü, sam ili u društvu
drugih, napravio je 34 kreditna ugovora u ukupnom iznosu od 3.050 dukata.
Dok se 30 trgovaca godišnje zaduživalo na iznos od oko 210 dukata, sam
Radoje Hrebeljanoviü se godišnje zaduživao na iznos od 459 dukata, tj. više
od dva puta od svih njih zajedno. Egzaktno postavljeno, prema oþuvanim
kreditnim knjigama, Radoje Hrebeljanoviü je daleko najjaþi foþanski trgo-
vac u periodu 14691479. godine. Grafiþki prikaz br. 3.
341
Esad Kurtoviü
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1469 1470 1471 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479
R. Hrebeljanoviđ Ostali foēanski trgovci
Grafiþki prikaz br. 3. zaduživanja Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa i ostalih foþanskih trgovaca
Zaduživanja se uglavnom odnose na robu, tkanine prije svega, dok se

podrazumijevalo vraüanje kredita u novcu, a ponekad i u adekvatnoj robi ili
sirovini, npr. koži, kao što smo vidjeli jedne prilike, ili, kao što se to desilo u
oktobru 1481. godine, u olovu, kada je kredit vraüen preko Vukana Vuke-
ljiüa iz Goražda.17
Za razliku od Radoja, njegov brat Radivoj Hrebeljanoviü se samo jed-
nom nalazi u knjigama zaduženja. U februaru 1489. godine on se zadužuje
kod Martina Periüa na iznos od šest dukata.18 Meÿutim, oþito je da je imao i
drugih zaduženja na terenu, jer se on i brat mu Radoje javljaju 1497. godine
zabilježeni kao dužnici dubrovaþkog vlastelina Jurja Guþetiüa.19
17
„Ego Radoe Crebeglianouich de Choza confiteor quod super me et omnia mea
bona obligo me dare et soluere ser Matheo Tho. de Bona ducatos auri ducentos sedecim
hinc ad unum annum proxime futurum. Sub pena X pro cento. Renuntiando. Hec autem car-
ta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (06.07. 1479.g.), Deb. Not. XLVII, 132. Ispod: „Die XVII
octobris 1481 ser Matheus Tho. de Bona suprascriptus confessus fuit habuisse et recepisse a
suprascripto Radoe Crebeglianouich per manus Vuchani Vucheglich de Gorasda milliaria
quindecim subtilia et libras sexcentas plumbi pro parte solucioni suprascripte obligatorum
quod dixerunt esse extra portam Plociarum et debet defalcarii quantum ipse ser Matheus
dabit pro sale portatarum. Renuntiando”, Isto.
18
„Ego Radiuoi Crebeglianouich de Choza confiteor quod super me et omnia mea
bona obligo me dare et soluere Martino Perich ducatos auri sex usque ad dies quadraginta
proxime futuros. Sub pena etc. Renuntiando etc. Hec autem carta etc. Judex ser Junius de
Babalio et Pasqualis Primi testis” (06.02. 1489.g.), Deb. Not. LII, 111.
19
„... Infrascripti sunt debitores creati per ser Georgium Mar. Ge. de Goze de quibus
in antescripta sententia sit mentio ... [139v] ... Radoe Hrebeglianouich de Choza die dar adi
13 marzo per resto come appar in libro grande ducatos centodexe sette, valoris ducatos 117,
342
BALIûIEVIûI
Kreditnu aktivnost Vuka Baliüieviüa (u literaturi poznatog kao Vuka

Baliþeviüa) veü smo ispratili u pregledu zaduživanja foþanskih trgovaca u
periodu 1469–1479. godine. Sam ili sa kompanjonima20 on se zaduživao u
pet navrata (1470, 1471. u dva navrata, 1472. i 1476), a u ukupnom iznosu
od 357 dukata. No, njegovo daljnje javljanje u izvorima je drugaþije prirode.
Istina pojavljuje se u odreÿenim poslovanjima, ali i u diplomatskim misija-
ma.
Daljnje informacije o Vuku Baliüieviüu su iskrice i fragmenti koji
ukazuju da se njegov život odvijao na privrednom putu izmeÿu Foþe i Dub-
rovnika i da je, pored ekonomskih, imao i politiþku, diplomatsku dimenziju
na relaciji ta dva centra. U odnosu na posljednje poznato kreditno zaduže-
nje, deset godina kasnije, juna 1486. godine, dubrovaþko Vijeüe umoljenih
odluþilo je o veroneškim tkaninama neimenovanog sina Vuka Baliüieviüa.21
Krajem augusta naredne godine, veü pratimo Vuka Baliüieviüa na odreÿe-
nim pozicijama u krugu oko hercegovaþkog sandžakbega. Tada su Dubrov-
þani odluþili da daju darove za šire poslanstvo, meÿu kojima i za Vuka Bali-
üieviüa u iznosu od devet dukata.22 U aprilu 1488. godine, Dubrovþani su
darovali Vuka Baliüieviüa zajedno sa poznatim diplomatom Milivojem
Mihoþeviüem, a prima dar u iznosu od osam dukata.23 U oktobru 1490.
godine, Vuk Baliüieviü i Ivan Radiþeviü su bili poslanici hercegovaþkog
sandžakbega Mustafe bega. Dubrovþani su im se izvinili zbog broda Pavla
... Radiuoi Hrebeglianouich de Choza die dare adi 8 octobri per resto como pare in libro
grande ducatos vinti quatro grossos vinti octo valoris ducatorum 24 grossos 28, ... [139 bis]
... ” (15.06. 1497.g.), Div. Not. LXXVII, 139–139 bis.
20
Jedan kreditni ugovor je u društvu sa Radiþem Miobratoviüem, velikim trgovcem
iz Cernice, a koji je izostao pri razmatranju u, Esad Kurtoviü, Radiþ Miobratoviü, mercator
de Cerniza (1467–1506), Godišnjak BZK 12, Sarajevo 2012, 295–306; „Nos Radiz Milo-
bratouich de Cerniza et Vuch Baglichieuich de Coza confitemur quod super nos et omnia
nostra bona obligmus nos dare et soluere Bratuto Gradoeuich ducatos auri centum ad
omnem voluntatem dicti creditoris. Sub pena etc. Tenente se etc. Renuntiando etc. Hec
autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (30.04. 1470.g.), Deb. Not. XXXVIII, 181v.
21
„Prima pars est de tractando ad exitum filium Vochi Balichieuich pro suis pannis
veronensibus uti Raguseum et ad ingressum nihil soluat” (27.06. 1486.g.), Cons. Rog.
XXV, 109v.
22
„Prima pars est de acceptando dona facta per domino Rectori et minoris consilium
chadie et sclauo de ducatos circa 21, Vucho Balichieuich de ducatos nouem et Miliuoy
Michoceuich de ducatos sex” (28.09. 1487.g.), Cons. Rog. XXV, 191v.
23
„Prima pars est de donando Vocho Balichieuich et Miliuoy Michoceuich” (22.04.
1488.g.), Cons. Rog. XXV, 233; „Prima pars est de mittendo ducatos octo pro quolibet”,
Isto.
343
Esad Kurtoviü
Kampisa i darovali su ih sa 800 aspri.24 Sredinom oktobra 1490. godine,

registrirana je apelacija Ivana Luke Miotoševiüa na presudu u korist Vuka
Baliüieviüa.25 Njegov tadašnji boravak poluþio je interesantnom situacijom.
Vuk se razbolio u Dubrovniku i ležao je u kuüi Antonija Simonisa zvanog
Stuliü,26a o tome saznajemo putem ugovora kojim se razrješavaju sve dota-
dašnje poslovne obaveze izmeÿu njega i njegovih poslovnih partnera, Ivana
Luke Miotoševiüa i braüe, Cvjetka Miotoševiüa i njegovog sina Mihaila.27
Uprkos uznemirujuüim informacijama o njegovoj bolesti, Vuk Baliüieviü je
preživio. Pet godina kasnije, kada Dubrovþani planiraju poslanstvo u Foþu,
meÿu onima koje treba darovati nalazi se Vuk Baliüieviü, kojeg treba daro-
vati sa pet dukata.28 Darovan je i naredne godine.29 Poþetkom augusta 1496.
godine, u Vijeüu umoljenih bilo je govora o carini Vuku Baliüieviüu i njego-
vim sinovima. Njihova imena nisu navoÿena.30
Informacije o Vuku Baliüieviüu sa poþetka XVI stoljeüa nisu najjasni-
je. U februara 1502. godine, Cvjetko Vukoviü saþinio je dva ugovora o kre-
24
„Prima pars est de dando libertatem domino Rectori et suo minori consilio res-
pondendi Vocho Balichieuich et Iuano Radizeuich ambassiatorbus sanzachi Mustaphabeghi
pro Paulo de Campo et eius barza se excusando” (05.10. 1490.g.), Cons. Rog. XXVI, 121v;
„Prima pars est de donando suprascriptis Vocho et Iuano”, Isto; „Prima pars est de donando
ambobus valorem asprorum 800 prout videbitur domino Rectori et minori consilio”, Isto.
25
„Captum fuit de acceptando appelationem interpositam per Johannem Luce dictum
Miotosseuich ab una sententia contra eum et in fauorem Vochi Baglichieuich de Chotza lata per
dominos judices criminali. Quia pignera sunt posita in camera secundum ordines ut retuliit ser
Johannis Helie de Bona camerarius” (15.10. 1490.g.), Cons. Minus. XXIV, 18v.
26
Bogumil Hrabak ga naziva Antun Stoliü, a kasnije spominje da je Antun Simkov
Stuli jedno vrijeme živio u Foþi, Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, 72, 75.
27
„Voch Balichieuich de Cothza iacens infirmus Ragusii in domo habitationis
Antonii Symonis dicti Stullich sed sanus et symetrus mente et intellecto, sponte et ex certa
scientia fecit et facit omni modo, via, jure et forma quibus melius potuit finem remission-
em, quietationem, absolutionem et pactum solemne de ulterius non petendo Johanni Luce
Miotosseuich presenti et acceptanti pro se et eius fratribus et pro olim Cuietcho Mioto-
sseuich et pro herede et filio dicti olim Cuietchi Michaele pro omnibus et singulis que
dictus Voch potere poterat et haberet debebat a dictus Johanne Luce et eius fratribus et a
dicto olim Cuietcho et a dicto Michaele eius filio, videlicet, ab omnibus ipsis insimul et a
quolibet eorum separatum et in rerum et cuiuslibet earum bonis tam cum scriptura quam
sine scriptura et aliter quemquam et qualitercumquam vocans se ab ipsis et a quolibet
ipsorum tacitum, contentum quietum, solutum et satisfactum pro omnibus rationibus ipsis
pretenti usque ad presentem diem” (20.10. 1490.g.), Div. Not. LXX, 70v.
28
„Prima pars est de mittendo Vocho Balichieuich ducatos quinque et capicibasse
ducatos duos” (01.04. 1495.g.), Cons. Rog. XXVII, 190v.
29
„Prima pars est de donando capicibasse et Vocho Balichieuich et Pochraicichi
inter omnes a ducatis XV infra” (30.07. 1496.g.), Cons. Rog. XXVII, 272.
30
„Prima pars est de tractando ad dohanas tanquam Ragusium Voch Balichieuich et
filios” (04.08. 1496.g.), Cons. Rog. XXVII, 273v.
344
ditnom zaduživanja uz jemstvo zlatara Marina Mihaelisova. U prvom ugo-

voru zadužio se kod vlastelina Junija Ĉorÿiüa na 92 dukata, a u drugom kod
vlastelina Stjepana Zamanjiüa na 98 dukata. Oba ugovora bila su na jednu
godinu ali ih Cvjetko nije ispunio. Ispod prvog ugovora je navedeno da je
tek u maju 1511. godine oslobodio jemca Marina Mihaelisova od bilo kak-
vih obaveza prema njemu.31 Maÿutim, drugi ugovor je jemac isplatio kre-
ditoru u maju 1503. godine od sredstava Vuka Baliüieviüa („de denariis
Vuchi Balichieuich“).32 Na osnovu iznesenog nalazimo se pred dilemom.
Cvjetko Vukoviü kao da je nestao sa historijske pozornice, a otac dijelom
preuzeo isplatu njegovih obaveza, ili su sinovleve obaveze isplaüene iz oþe-
ve zaostale imovine. Desetak godina kasnije. opet se spominje Vuk Baliüi-
eviü. Krajem aprila 1513. godine, Vijeüe umoljenih odluþilo je da se posla-
niku Vuka Baliüieviüa dâ 1.000 aspri koje su ranije bile poslane za jednu
kupovinu bivšeg sandžakbega, Hasan bega Mihailbegoviüa. Sa strane je do-
pisano da je 18. maja 1513. godine po novac došao liþno Nikola Vuka Bali-
üieviü.33 Isto bi upuüivalo i na zakljuþak da zapravo Vuk Baliüieviü i nije
meÿu živima.34
31
„Ego Cuietchus Vuchouich de Choza et ego Marinus Michaelis aurificis plegius
qui me tamen principalem debitorem constituo confitemur quod super nos et omnia nostra
bona obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Junio Jo. de Georgio ducatos auri nonaginta duos
usque ad unum annum proxime futurum. Sub pena etc. Tenente se etc. Renuntiando etc.
Hec autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (17.02. 1502.g.), Deb. Not. LXI, 156v. Sa
strane i ispod: Die 21 maii 1511 ser Junius contrascriptus creditor ibi presens sponte Mari-
num Michaelis plegium contrascriptum liberauit et absoluit a plegaria obligationis
contrascripte promitens dictum Marinum esse et futurum esse in omnium casum et reuert-
um et liberum ab plegaria suprascripta. Renuntiando”, Isto.
32
„Ego Cuietchus Vuchouich de Choza principalis debitor et ego Marinus Michaelis
aurificis plegius qui me tamen principalem debitorem constituo confitemur quod super nos
et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Stephano Mar. de Zamagno ducatos
auri nonaginta octo usque ad unum annum proxime futurum. Sub pena etc. Tenente se etc.
Renuntiando etc. Hec autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (18.02. 1502.g.), Deb. Not.
LXI, 157. Sa strane i ispod: „Die XXI aprilis 1503 ser Stephanus creditor contrascriptus per
me Hieronymum notarium tanquam publicam personam denunciauit contrascripto Marino
Michaelis plegio presenti et intelligenti quod dictus ser Stephanus ex quo sibi non fuit
solutum in termino pro contrascripta obligatione intendit et vult a dicto Marino et in bonis
suis exigere et habere penam de X pro cento ultra capitale rationem sui interesse secundum
ordines. Die II maii 1503 ser Stephanus Mar. de Zamagno creditor suprascriptus confessus
fuit habuisse et recepisse a suprascripto Marino Michaelis plegio ducatos auri nonaginta
octo pro integra solutione suprascripte obligationis quos dictus Marinus dixit soluisse de
denariis Vuchi Balichieuich. Renuntiando et ideo cassum”, Isto.
33
„Prima pars est de dando nuncio Vochi Balichieuich de Choza illos aspri mille
quos alias ad nos misit per ipsum met nuncium olim Chassanbegh Michaglbegouich san-
zachus defunctus pro emendo unum cauetium de cetenino dermesino. Et hoc cumplegiaria
ciuium nostrum” (28.04. 1513.g.), Cons. Rog. XXXII, 225v. Sa strane: „Die 18 maii 1513
345
Esad Kurtoviü
Po strani navedene dileme ide historija poznatijeg Nikole Baliüieviüa,

po svemu najveüeg foþanskog trgovca svoga vremena. No prije toga üemo
predstaviti kreditno uþestvovanje foþanskih trgovaca koji djeluju izmeÿu
vremena kraja zaduživanja Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa (juli 1479) i vremena po-
þetka zaduživanja Nikole Baliüieviüa (mart, 1500).
FOýANSKI TRGOVCI U KREDITNIM ZADUŽENJIMA OD

JULA 1479. DO MARTA 1500. GOD.
U ovom periodu javlja se 15 trgovaca iz Foþe u kreditnim ugovorima.

To su Radivoj Ostojiü, Radivoj Obradoviü, Stjepan Kosiþiü, Vuþihna Kosi-
þiü, Brailo Obradoviü, Cvjetko Nikoliü, Vuþihna Radojeviü, Cvjetko Radi-
kojeviü, Vladislav Radikojeviü, Vukiü Bombardiü, Petar Dobrovukoviü, Ra-
diþ Vukeljiü Vukušiü, Vukašin Boljisaviü, Radiþ Radetkoviü i Radivoj
Radiekoviü. Slijedi pregled njihovih zaduženja u tabeli br. 6.
Tabela br. 6. Pregled zaduženja 15 trgovaca iz Foþe
DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR VISINA KREDITA
SIGNATURA
Radiuoy 20.10. 1479,
Dobrassino ducatos auri
Hostoich de Deb. Not.
Radassinouich quadraginta
Choza XLVII, 170
Radiuoy ducatos auri
Dobrassino 30.1. 1487, Deb.
Hostoych de tresdecim grossos
Radassinouich Not. LI, 57
Choza quindecim
Radiuoy 20.10. 1479,
Dobrassino ducatos auri triginta
Obradouich de Deb. Not.
Radassinouich unum
Choza XLVII, 170
Ukupno 31 dukat
Stiepanus Johannes Jure
ducatos auri 19–21.12. 1484,
Cossicich de dicto
septuaginta sex Deb. Not. L, 27v
Choza Miotosseuich
Stiepan Iuano Luce
ducatos auri sexaginta 9.12. 1485, Deb.
Coçeçich de Miotosseuich de
nouem Not. L, 135
Coza Ragusio
dati fuerunt contrascripti aspri mille Nicole Vochi Balichieuich qui personaliter venit Ra-
gusium pro eis cum plegiaria ser Michaelis Pe. de Poza qui se constituit plegium pro eis in
omni euenti”, Isto. Situacija je drugaþije shvaüena u, Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ,
52.
34
Bogumil Hrabak navodi da je Vuk Baliüieviü bio povezan sa izvozom crvca u Novi.
Na navedenommjestu spominje se ustvari Nikola Baliüieviü, Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVIII
ɜɟɤɚ, 67; „Nicola Banichieuich de Chocza” (09.11. 1509.g.), Procura di Notaria Xb, 224,
346
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
Stiepanus
Cossicich de
Cothza
11.12. 1491,
principalis ducatos auri viginti
Marino Raduicich Deb. Not. LIV,
debitor et ego duos cum dimidio
97
Natalinus
Michocii Velich
plegius
Vuçichna
Cossicich de
Choza
principalis
ser Sebastiano ducatos auri quattuor 31.1. 1495, Deb.
debitor et ego
Mar. de Goze aspris viginti Not. LVII, 8v
Stiepan
Cossiçich frater
dicti Vucichne
plegius
Ukupno 167,5 dukata
Brailus 14.10. 1488,
Vuchxe
Obradouich de ducatos auri decem Deb. Not. LII,
Radachouich
Cothza 59
Brailus 15.10. 1488,
Francisco Radani
Obradouich de ducatos auri decem Deb. Not. LII,
Struich
Cothza 59v
Braillus 12.11. 1490,
ser Matheo Tho.
Obradouich de ducatos auri tredecim Deb. Not. LIII,
de Bona
Choza 172
Brailus ser Junio 23.06. 1494.g.),
ducatos auri viginti
Obradouich de Johannis de Deb. Not. LVI,
quinque
Coza Georgio 109
Brailus
Michacio ducatos auri 26.6. 1494, Deb.
Obradouich de
Vuchmirouich quinquaginta duos Not. LVI, 110v
Choza
Ukupno 110 dukata
Cuietchus Marco
ducatos auri septem 7.5. 1489, Deb.
Nicholich de Radochnich dicto
grossos octo Not. LII, 149
Choza Coxicich
Vucichna
Marino ducatos auri 18.8. 1489, Deb.
Radoeuich de
Seganouich quattuordecim Not. LII, 194
Chotza
Ukupno 14 dukata
Cuietchus 15.10. 1490,
Radiceuich de Francisco Radani Deb. Not. LIII,
septem
Chotza 158
347
Esad Kurtoviü
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
Cuietchus 23.12. 1494,
Francisco Radani ducatos auri quattuor
Radichoeuich de Deb. Not. LVI,
Struich et yperperos tres
Coza 195v
Cuietchus
Radichoeuich et 24.7. 1495, Deb.
ser Antonio Sy. ducatos auri quattuor
Vladissauus Not. LVII, 81v
de Bona grossos quindecim
Radichoeuich
fratres de Choza
Ukupno 35 dukata 3 perpera 15 groša
Vochich ducatos auri quattuor
ser Marcho 23.3. 1492, Deb.
Bombardich de et grossos triginta
Radognich Not. LIV, 137
Cozzia duos
Petar Antonio de 18.10. 1493,
Dobrouuchouich Bencho dicto ducatos auri sexaginta Deb. Not. LV,
de Choza Salomon 195
Petar ducatos auri centum 24.11. 1496,
Francisco Radani
Dobrouochouich viginti quinque cum Deb. Not. LVIII,
Struich
de Choza dimidio 108v
Ukupno 185,5 dukata
Radiz
Vucheglich 11.7. 1494, Deb.
Radogne
dictus ducatos auri tredecim Not. LVI, 119.
Cuietchouich
Vuchoxich de
Coza
Radiz 30.09. 1495,
Marino Florii
Vucheglich de ducatos auri quattuor Deb. Not. LVII,
Turcinouich
Coza 109v
Radiz
Marino Florii 1.10. 1495, Deb.
Vucheglich de ducatos auri decem
Turcinouich Not. LVII, 110
Coza
Radiz
Vucheglich 10.11. 1496,
Marino Florii
dictus ducatos auri decem Deb. Not. LVIII,
Turcinouich
Vuchussich de 118
Choza
Radiz Draghisse 14.11. 1497,
Vuchusich de Vuchmirouich Deb. Not. LIX,
tres
Coza lanario 92v
Radiz
Marino Florii 28.6. 1498, Deb.
Vuchussich de ducatos auri septem
Turcinouich Not. LIX, 190v
Coza
348
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
Radiz
Vucheglich Dragisse 19.12. 1499,
ducatos auri
dictus Vuchmirouich Deb. Not. LX,
quindecim
Vuchussich de lanario 14v
Choza
ser Marino Drag. 19.12. 1499,
ducatos auri
Item domini Alo. de Deb. Not. LX,
duodecim
Goze 14v
Ukupno 94 dukata
Vuchassinus
Boglissauich et 18.3. 1495, Deb.
Helie Raicouich ducatos auri septem
Radiz Not. LVII, 27v
de Zaptat et yperperum unum
Radetchouich
ambo de Coza
Ukupno 7 dukata 1 perper
aspros septingentos
Radiuoy Antonio Luce 11.4. 1498, Deb.
monete de Turchia
Radiechouich de dicto Not. LIX, 153
bone et de bono
Choza Miotosseuich
argento
Ukupno 700 aspri
708 dukata 4 perpera 70 groša 700
Sve ukupno
aspri
U periodu od jula 1479. do marta 1500. godine, petnaest trgova-

ca iz Foþe saþinilo je 30 ugovora u ukupnom iznosu od oko 710 dukata. Ra-
di se o skromnijem periodu u kreditnom angažmanu Foþaka u Dubrovniku.
Po broju ugovora i iznosima zaduživanja istiþu se Petar Dobrovukoviü (2
zaduženja 185,5 dukata), Brailo Obradoviü (5 zaduženja 110 dukata), Stje-
pan Kosiþiü (4 zaduženja 167,5 dukata) i Radiþ Vukeljiü Vukušiü (8 zaduže-
nja 94 dukata). Kuriozitet niskih zaduživanja kod pojedinih Foþaka najbolje
se odražava na primjeru Petara Dobrovukoviüa koji se u dva ugovora zadu-
žio koliko i Petar Vukeljiü Vukušiü u osam ugovora.
ZADUŽIVANJA NIKOLE BALIûIEVIûA (15001524)
Znaþajan period u kreditnom zaduženju Foþaka obilježio je Ni-

kola Baliüieviü. Kreditno poslovanje Nikole Baliüieviüa prvo üemo sagleda-
ti u tabelarnom prikazu.
349
Esad Kurtoviü
Tabela br. 7. Kreditno zaduženje Nikole Baliüieviüa od 1500. do 1524. god.

DATUM I
SIGNATURA
ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Junio Jo. de 2.3. 1500, Deb.
nonaginta
Choza Georgio Not. LX, 42
nouem
ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Marino Dra. 2.3. 1500, Deb.
centum viginti
Choza domini Alo. de Goze Not. LX, 42
septem
Nicola Vochi ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 24.8. 1500, Deb.
Balichieuich de Chotza Georgio centum decem Not. LX, 108
ducatos auri
Nicola Vuchi ser Marino Dra. centum 26.8. 1500, Deb.
Balichieuich de Chotza domini Alo. de Goze sexaginta Not. LX, 108v
septem
Nicola Vochi ser Marino Dra. ducatos auri 29.1. 1501, Deb.
Balichieuich de Choza domini Alo. de Goze centum viginti Not. LX, 173v
Nicola Vochi ducatos auri 23.9. 1501, Deb.
Junio Jo. de Georgio
Balichieuich de Chotza centum quattuor Not. LXI, 95
ducatos auri 20.10. 1502,
Nicolaus Vochi ser Junio Mar. de
ducentos Deb. Not. LXII,
Balichieuich de Cothza Gradi
sedecim 63v
ducatos auri
21.10. 1502,
Nicola Vochi ser Junio Jo. de centum
Deb. Not. LXII,
Balichieuich de Cothza Georgio quadraginta
64
quattuor
Nicola Vochi ser Junio Mar. de
centum Deb. Not. LXIII,
Balichieuich de Chotza Gradis
octuaginta 33v
Nicola Vochi ser Junio Jo. de
centum triginta Deb. Not. LXIII,
Balichieuich de Chotza Georgio
sex 34
ducatos auri
22.10. 1504,
Nicola Vuchi ser Junio Jo. de centum
Deb. Not. LXIII,
Banichieuich de Chocia Georgio septuaginta
178v
quinque
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Marino Dra. ducatos auri 3.11. 1506, Deb.
Balichieuich de Coza domini Alo. de Goce septuaginta duos Not. LXV, 55v
ducatos auri
Nicola Baglichieuich de ser Marino Dragoe de 4.11. 1506, Deb.
quinquaginta
Choza Goce Not. LXV, 57
septem
ducatos auri
Nicola Vuchi ser Junio Jo. de 5.11. 1506, Deb.
centum viginti
Balichieuich de Choza Georgio Not. LXV, 57
sex
Nicola Banichieuich de ser Junio Jo. de
septuaginta Deb. Not.
Coza Georgio
septem LXVI, 194
350
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
5.11. 1509, Deb.
Nicolaus Balichieuich de Bartolomeo Marini de ducatos auri
Not. LXVII,
Choza Zizer ducentos nouem
147v
Nicolaus Vuchoe ser Marino Dra. de
ducentos triginta Deb. Not.
Baligieuich de Coza Alo. de Goze
sex LXVII, 153
ducatos auri
10.11. 1509,
Nicolaus Vuchoe ser Junio Jo. de centum
Deb. Not.
Banichieuich de Coza Georgio quinquaginta
LXVII, 153v
duos
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
7.11. 1510, Deb.
Nicola Balichieuich de Marino Florii ducatos auri
Not. LXVIII,
Choza Turcinouich centum
49v
ducatos auri
Nicola Vuchi ser Joanni Dra. 6.11. 1511, Deb.
centum triginta
Baglichieuich de Coza domini Alo. de Goze Not. 190v
quinque
ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Johanni Drag. 7.11. 1511, Deb.
nonaginta
Chotza domini Alo. de Goze Not. 190v
quinque
ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de Marino Florii 7.11. 1511,
septuaginta
Chotza Turcinouich Deb. Not. 190v
septem
ducatos auri
Nicola de Vucho ser Junio Jo. de quingentos 8.11. 1511, Deb.
Balichieuich de Coza Georgio quinquaginta Not. 192v
tres
Nicolaus Balichieuich de ser Michaeli Ni. de ducatos auri 1.10. 1512, Deb.
Choza Bona nonaginta sex Not. LXIX, 117
ducatos auri
2.10. 1512, Deb.
Nicola Vuchi ser Joanni Dra. centum
Not. LXIX,
Balichieuich de Choza domini Alo. de Goze quinquaginta
117v
duos
ducatos auri 2.10. 1512, Deb.
Nicola Vuchi ser Luce Nicolao de
centum viginti Not. LXIX,
Balichieuich de Choza Menze
unum 117v
Nicola Balichieuich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 5.10. 1512, Deb.
Choza Turcinouich quadraginta octo Not. LXIX,118
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Blasio Val. de ducatos auri 3.11. 1513, Deb.
Coza Sorgo sexaginta sex Not. LXX, 84v
ducatos auri
Nicolaus Vuchi Marino Florii decem et nouem 7.11. 1513, Deb.
Balichieuich de Choza Turcinouich grossos viginti Not. LXX, 86v
quattuor
351
Esad Kurtoviü
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
10.11. 1513,
Nicola Vuchi ser Luce Nic. de ducatos auri
Deb. Not. LXX,
Balichieuich de Coza Menze sexaginta tres
88v
25.10. 1514,
Nicola Vuchi Baglieuich ser Joanni Dra. ducatos auri
Deb. Not. LXX,
de Coza domini Alo. de Goze trecentos tres
212v
Vuchus Bagliechieuich ser Stephano Mar. de ducatos centum 9.11. 1514, Deb.
de Coza Gradis viginti Not., LXX, 216
10.11. 1514,
Nicola Vuchi ser Luce Nicolao de ducatos auri
Deb. Not. LXX,
Balichieuich de Coza Menze centum quatuor
216v
10.11. 1514,
Nicola Vuchi ser Orsato Ju. de ducatos auri
Deb. Not. LXX,
Balicheuich de Coza Georgio quinquaginta
217
Nicola Vuchi ser Joanni Dra.
centum Deb. Not. LXX,
Balichieuich de Coza domini Alo. de Goze
quindecim 217v
ducatos auri
Nicolaus Balichieuich de ser Nicolao Thome de 22.5. 1515, Deb.
centum
Coza Caboga Not. LXXI, 54
sexaginta tres
ducatos auri
Nicolaus Balichieuich de ser Junio Luce de octoginta 22.5. 1515, Deb.
Coza Bona quinque grossos Not. LXXI, 54
viginti
Nicola Baglichieuich de
ducatos auri
Coza ... et ego Cuietchus Marino Florii 24.5. 1515, Deb.
viginti octo
Marinchouich de Coza Turcinouich Not. LXXI, 55
grossos decem
se plegium
ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Luce Nicolini de octoginta sex 24.5. 1515, Deb.
Coza Menze grossos viginti Not. LXXI, 55v
quinque
Jacobo Cole Antonio ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de 26.5. 1515, Deb.
de Balsamo de centum viginti
Coza Not. LXXI, 56v
Mesina octo
ducatos auri
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Luce Nicolini de ducentos 26.5. 1515, Deb.
Coza Mence quatuor grossos Not. LXXI, 56v
triginta sex
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Luce Nic. de ducatos auri 29.5. 1515, Deb.
Coza Mence quadraginta octo Not. LXXI, 57v.
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Hieronymo Jo. de ducatos auri 3.10. 1515, Deb.
Coza Gondola centum duos Not. LXXI, 114.
352
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Michaeli Ni. de
centum Deb. Not.
Balichieuich de Choza Bona
quadraginta LXXII, 26v
11.10. 1516,
Nicola Baglieuich de ser Pasquali Laur. de ducatos auri
Deb. Not.
Coza Sorgo centum octo
LXXII, 26v
ser Marco et ser 11.10. 1516,
Nicola Balichieuich de ducatos auri
Marino fratribus Deb. Not.
Coza nonaginta unum
Basilii et de Basilio LXXII, 27
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Francisco Mar. de
trecentos Deb. Not.
Balichieuich de Choza Goze
quattuor LXXII, 28v
aspros tria
millia sexcentos
nonaginta
15.10. 1516,
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Luce Drag. de monete bone
Deb. Not.
Balichieuich de Choza Goze Turcorum et
LXXII, 29
ducatos auri
viginti quattuor
cum dimidio
Nicola Vuchi ser Michaeli Math.
ducentos Not. LXXII,
Balichieuich de Coza Tho. de Bona
sexdecim 118v
ducatos auri
Nicola Vuchi ser Orsatto Ju. de nonaginta unum 13.6. 1517, Deb.
Balichieuich de Coza Georgio et grossos Not. LXXII, 119
viginti
17.8. 1517, Deb.
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Michaeli Ni. de ducatos auri
Not. LXXII,
Balichieuich de Choza Bona quadringentos
137.
Nicola Vuchi ser Hieronymo Jo. de ducatos auri 18.8. 1517, Deb.
Balichieuich de Coza Gondola quinquaginta Not. LXXII, 138
ducatos auri
ser Joanni Dra. 18.8. 1517, Deb.
Nicola Balichieuich quadraginta
domini Alo. de Goce Not. LXXII, 138
quatuor
ducatos auri
Nicolaus Baglieuich de ser Hieronymo Jo. de 3.11. 1517, Deb.
quadraginta
Coza Gondola Not. LXXII, 166
quinque
Nicolaus Baglieuich de ducatos auri 3.11. 1517, Deb.
ser Luce Jo. de Sorgo
Coza trecentos viginti Not. LXXII, 166
Nicolaus Balichieuich de ser Michaeli Ni. de ducatos auri 6.11. 1517, Deb.
Choza Bona centum Not. LXXII, 168
353
Esad Kurtoviü
DATUM I
SIGNATURA
17.5. 1518, Deb.
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Michaeli Ni. de ducatos auri
Not. LXXIII,
Balichieuich de Choza Bona ducentos
20.
Nicola Baglichieuich de ser Hieronymo Jo. de ducatos auri 17.5. 1518, Deb.
Coza Gondola quadringentos Not. LXXIII, 20
quatuor
Nicola Baglichieuich de ser Orsato Ju. de ducatos auri 18.5. 1518, Deb.
Coza Georgio octoginta Not. LXXIII, 21
Nicola Baglicheuich de ser Joanni Dra.
trecentos Not. LXXIII,
Choza domini Aloi. de Goce
septuaginta 21v
Nicolaus Vuchi ser Michaeli Ni. de ducatos auri 11.9. 1518, Deb.
Balichieuich de Choza Bona centum Not. LXXIII, 57
13.9. 1518, Deb.
ser Hieronymo Ju. de ducatos auri
Nicola Baglich de Coza Not. LXXIII,
Gondola centum unum
57v
16.9. 1518, Deb.
Nicola Baglichieuich de ser Luce Jo. de ducatos auri
Not. LXXIII,
Choza Georgio centum septem
58v
ducatos auri
12.12. 1521,
Nicola Vuchi quadraginta
ser Luce Jo. de Bona Deb. Not.
Balichieuich de Coza quinque grossos
LXXV, 34
viginti
ducatos
Nicola Banichieuich de ser Johanni Fran. de 13.3. 1522, Deb.
quinquaginta
Choza Sorgo Not. LXXV, 72
unum
14.3. 1522, Deb.
Nicola Balichieuich de ser Matheo Rus. de ducatos
Not. LXXV,
Choza Poza sexdecim
72v
22.1. 1523, Deb.
Nicola Vuch ducatos auri
ser Luca Jo. de Sorgo Not. LXXV,
Balichieuich de Choza centum octo
172v
ducatos auri
24.1. 1523, Deb.
Nicola Vuchi ser Matheo Rus. de triginta duos et
Not. LXXV,
Balichieuich de Choza Poza grossos triginta
173
tres
23.3. 1524, Deb.
„Nicola Vuchi ser Matheo Rus. de ducatos auri
Not. LXXVI,
Balichieuich de Choza Poza sexaginta
75v
Nicolaus de Vuch ser Benedicto Drag. ducatos auri 1.4. 1524, Deb.
Balichieuich de Cocha de Goze quinquaginta Not.,LXXVI, 76v
9.226,5 dukata 168 groša
Ukupno i 3.690 aspri
354
Statistika koja rekapitulira kreditnu djelatnost Nikole Baliüieviüa je izni-

mna. U periodu 1500–1524, dakle u toku 25 godina sklopio je 70 kreditnih ug-
ovora. Tabela br. 8.
Tabela br. 8. Zaduženja Nikole Baliüieviüa tokom 25. godina.
BROJ
GODINA VISINA ZADUŽIVANJA
UGOVORA
1500 4 503 dukata
1501 2 224 dukata
1502 2 361 dukata
1503 2 316 dukata
1504 1 175 dukata
1506 3 255 dukata
1508 1 77 dukata
1509 3 597 dukata
1510 1 100 dukata
1511 4 860 dukata
1512 4 417 dukata
1513 3 148 dukata
1514 5 692 dukata
1515 8 844 dukata
1516 5 667,5 dukata + aspre
1517 8 1.266 dukata
1518 7 1.362 dukata
1521 1 45 dukata
1522 2 67 dukata
1523 2 140 dukata
1524 2 110 dukata
9.226,5 dukata + aspre =
Ukupno 70
oko 9.500 dukata
Samo je jedne prilike imao jemca za svoj ugovor. Za njega je jemþio

(1415) zemljak Cvjetko Marinkoviü, a Nikola je jedne prilike (1514) bio
jemac za njega, te jednom za drugog zemljaka Cvjetka Vukasoviüa (1517).35
35
„Ego Nicola Baglichieuich de Coza confiteor quod super me et omnia mea bona
obligo me dare et soluere Marino Florii Turcinouich ducatos auri viginti octo grossos
decem et ego Cuietchus Marinchouich de Coza se plegium constituit et bona sua obligauit
ad soluendum cum suprascripto Nicola principali usque ad menses sex ad meliustenendum.
Sub pena X per centum. Renuntiando etc. Hec autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra”
(24.05. 1515.g.), Deb. Not., LXXI, 55; „Ego Cuietchus Marinchouich de Choza principalis
debitor et ego Nicola Balichieuich de Choza plegius qui me tamen principalem debitorem
constituo confitemur quod super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere
Marino Florii Turcinouich ducatos auri decem usque ad menses sex proxime futuros. Sub
pena etc. tenente se etc. Renuntiando etc. Hec autem” (15.11. 1514.g.), Isto, LXX, 217v;
„Ego Cuietchus Vuchassouich de Choza et principalis debitor et ego Nicola Balichieuich de
355
Esad Kurtoviü
Ukupan iznos njegovih zaduživanja u 25 godina je, ako ispratimo samo u

prezentiranim dukatima 9.226,5 dukata, a uz preostale aspre i groše negdje
oko 9.500 dukata. To bi znaþilo da se tokom 25 godina zaduživao na oko
380 dukata godišnje. Kako Nikola nije pravio zaduženja u þetiri godine
(1505, 1507, 1519. i 1520), proizilazi da je u toku 21 godina pravio zaduže-
nja od po 450 dukata godišnje.
Nikola Baliüieviü je imao pojedinaþne ugovore sa najvišim zaduživa-
njima 1511. – 553 dukata, 1517. 400 dukata, 1518. 404 dukata i 1518.
godine 370 dukata. Detaljniji uvid pokazuje da se Nikola Baliüieviü
najviše zadužio u periodu 15111518. godine sa iznosima koji su u dva nav-
rata prelazili i hiljadu dukata godišnje. U tih osam godina se ukupno zadužio
na iznos od oko 6.356,5 dukata (+ aspre), što þini 70 % u ukupnom njego-
vom zaduživanju tokom þitavih 25 godina. Najviše se zadužio tokom 1517.
u osam ugovora 1.266 dukata i tokom 1518. godine u sedam ugovora 1.362
dukata. Grafiþki prikaz br 4.
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Grafiþki prikaz br. 4. Zaduživanja Nikole Baliüieviüa 15001524. godine:
Opüim karakteristikama kreditnog zaduživanja Nikole Baliüieviüa pri-

padaju i njegovi kreditori. Nikolinih 70 ugovora kreditiralo je 26 kreditora.
Ovako znaþajne sume izdvajala je dubrovaþka vlastela. Od 70 ugovora njih
63 je od 23 dubrovaþka vlastelina (90%), jedan ugovor predstavlja vlastelina
iz Italije (1,4%) a 6 ugovora dva ugledna dubrovaþka graÿanina (8,6 %).
Tabela br. 9.
Choze plegius qui me tamen principalem debitorem constituo confitemur quod super nos et
omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere Iuano Miloradouich dicto Deuich ducatos
auri centum per totum mensem julii proxime futurum. Sub pena etc. Tenente se etc. Renun-
tiando etc. Hec autem carta etc. Judex et testis ut supra” (14.06. 1517.g.), Isto, LXXII, 119.
356
Tabela br. 9. Najveüi broj ugovora kreditora i njihovi ukupni iznosi

BROJ UKUPAN IZNOS
KREDITOR
UGOVORA KREDITIRANJA
ser Junio Jo. de Georgio 10 1.673 dukata

ser Joanni Dra. domini Alo. de Goze 7 1.218 dukata
ser Michaeli Ni. de Bona 6 1.036 dukata
ser Marino Dra. domini Alo. de Goze 6 779 dukata
ser Luce Nicolao de Menze 6 626 dukata
ser Hieronymo Jo. de Gondola 5 702 dukata
Marino Florii Turcinouich 5 272 dukata
Kao i Radoja Hrebeljanoviüa, i Nikolu Baliüieviüa üemo kontekstu-

alizirati meÿu foþanskim trgovcima njegovog vremena (mart 1500. – april
1524). Tada se javlja 27 trgovca povezanih za Foþu a to su: Milivoj Miluto-
viü, Radiþ Vukeljiü zvani Vukušiü, Nikola Radivojeviü, Vukosav Vukašino-
viü, Vukac Vukiüieviü, Radiþ Vukosaliü, Radiþ Dobrovukoviü, Toma Radi-
þa Dobrovukoviüa, Vuk Dobrovukoviü, Petar Klasoviü Milojeviü (Milivoje-
viü), Radivoj Radiekoviü, Cvjetko Vukasoviü, Petar Nikoliü Radiekoviü,
Vuþihna Radojeviü, Rajko Vukšiü (Lukšiü), Vukdrag Vukmiroviü, Cvjetko
Marinkoviü, Mihael Radikoviü, Nikola Radosaliü, Nenada Radivojeviü Ko-
vaþeviü, Vuk Cvjetkoviü Marinkoviü, Ljubenko Vukšiü (Lukšiü), Ivan Ga-
roeviü, Petar Vuþihniü, Mehmet Atmadžiü, Nikola Vukaševiü i Capler Kara-
ÿuševiü. Pregled njihovih zaduživanja slijedi u tabelarnom prikazu br. 10.
Tabela br. 10. Zaduženja Foþaka 15001524

DUŽNIK KREDITOR VISINA DATUM I
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Miliuoy Milutouich de Choza et Marino Florii ducatos auri 7.4. 1500,
Radogna Radiuoeuich de Turcinouich tredecim grossos Deb. Not. LX,
Samobor principales debitores et triginta tres 56
ego Nicola Raschouich de
Catharo de Perasto plegius
Radogna Radiuoeuich de Gazcho ser Vincentio ducatos auri 18.5. 1500,
et ego Miliuoy Milutouich de Ni. de Poza quattuordecim Deb. Not. LX,
Choza principales debitores et grossos 69v
ego Marcus Radossalich plegius duodecim
Miliuoy Milutouich de Choza et Marino Florii ducatos auri 4.8. 1500,
Radogna Radiuoeuich de Turcinouich quattuor Deb. Not. LX,
Samobor principales debitores et 100v
ego Marinus Radossalich de
Ragusio textor pannorum plegius
Ukupno 31 dukat 45 groša
357
Esad Kurtoviü
DUŽNIK KREDITOR VISINA DATUM I

KREDITA SIGNATURA
Radiz suprascriptus suprascripto Marino alios ducatos 21 junii 1501
auri nouem Deb. Not. LX,
83v
Radiz Vuchussich de Choza ser Marino Dra. ducatos auri 17.6. 1500, Deb.
domini Alo. de viginti sex Not. LX, 83v
Goze
Radiz Vucheglich dictus Dragisse ducatos auri 23.10. 1500, Deb.
Vochussich de Choza Vochmirouich decem Not. LX, 129v
Ukupno 59 dukata
Nicola Radiuoeuich de Symoni Allegreti ducatos auri 3.11. 1501, Deb.
Choza quinque Not. LXI, 115
Nicola Radiuoeuich de ser Vincentio Ni. de ducatos auri 8.6. 1502, Deb.
Choza Poza tres cum Not. LXII, 9v
dimidio
Ukupno 8,5 dukata
Vuchossauus ser Marino Pal. de ducatos auri 10.6. 1502, Deb.
Vuchassinouich et Vuchaz Goze duodecim Not. LXII, 10
Vuchichieuich de Choza grossos
principales debitores et ego duodecim
Vlatchus Radochignich
dictus Cherzegouaz
becharius de Ragusio
plegius
Vuchaz Vuchieuich de ser Paladino Mar. de ducatos auri 9.9. 1502, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et Goze viginti Not. LXII, 48v
ego Vlatchus Radochignich
dictus Cherzegouaz
becharius plegius
Radiz Vochossalich de Marino de Florio ducatos auri 12.6. 1502, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et Turcinouich septem Not. LXII, 11.
ego Franciscus Dobrilouich
dictus Ciglin plegius
Ukupno 7 dukata
Radicius Dobrouchouich de Laurentio Radani ducatos auri 31.10. 1506, Deb.
Coza et ego Thomas Radici Sruich centum Not. LXV, 53
Dobrouchouich supradicti nonaginta
Radiz Dobrouuchouich de Laurentio de Radoe ducatos auri 31.10. 1506, Deb.
Choza Pribissalich octuaginta Not. LXV, 53v
nouem
358
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Radiz Dobrouuchouich de ser Marino Dra. de ducatos auri 27.10. 1509.g.),
Coza Alo. de Goce centum Deb. Not. LXVII,
undecim 141v
Radiz Dobrovuchoeuich de ser Junio Joannis de ducatos auri 28.10. 1509, Deb.
Coza Georgio centum Not. LXVII, 142v
viginti sex
Radiz Dobrouuchouich de ser Stephano Dra. ducatos auri 24.10. 1511, Deb.
Coza domino Alo. de nonaginta Not. LXVIII, 182
Goze duos
Radiz Dobrouuchouich de ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 25.10. 1511, Deb.
Coza Georgio centum Not. LXVIII, 182
sexdecim
Radiz Dobrouochouich de ser Luce Drag. ducatos auri 31.10. 1512, Deb.
Choza domini Alo. de ducentos Not. LXIX, 129
Goze
Radiz Dobrouochouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 31.10. 1512, Deb.
Choza Turcinouich viginti Not. LXIX, 129
quattuor
Radize Dobrouchouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 3.11. 1513, Deb.
Coza Turcinouich nouem Not. LXX, 85
grossos
viginti nouem
Radiz Dobrouuchouich de ser Orsato Ju. de ducatos 9.11. 1514, Deb.
Coza Georgio octoginta octo Not. LXX, 216
Radiz Dobrouchouich de ser Orsato Ju. de ducatos auri 10.11. 1514, Deb.
Coza Georgio ducentos Not. LXX, 216v
triginta
quatuor
Radiz Dobrouuchouich de ser Francisco Mar. ducatos auri 14.11. 1514, Deb.
Coza de Goze nonaginta sex Not. LXX, 217v
Ukupno 1.375 dukata 29 groša

Voch Dobrouochouich de ser Marino Dragoe ducatos auri 15.10. 1507, Deb.
Chotza domini Alo. de viginti Not. LXVI, 4
Goze
Vochus Dobrouochouich de ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 16.10. 1507, Deb.
Chotza Georgio centum Not. LXVI, 5.
duodecim
Vuchus Dobrovuchouich de ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 9.11. 1508, Deb.
Coza Georgio ducentos Not. LXVI, 192
octanta tre
Vuch Dobrouuchouich de ser Marino Dra. de ducatos auri 27.10. 1509, Deb.
Choza Alo. de Goce centum Not. LXVII, 141v
undecim
359
Esad Kurtoviü
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Vuchus Dobrovuchoeuich ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 29.10. 1509, Deb.
de Coza Georgio sexaginta octo Not. LXVII, 143
Vuchus Dobrouchouich de ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 2.11. 1510, Deb.
Coza Georgio nonaginta Not. LXVIII, 46
octo
Vuchus Dobrouuchouich de ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 6.3. 1512, Deb.
Coza Georgio centum Not. LXIX, 34v
ctoginta
grossos viginti
Vuchus Dobrouuchouich de ser Joannis Drag. ducatos auri 6.3. 1512, Deb.
Coza domini Alo. de ducentos Not. LXIX, 34v
Goze viginti
quinque
Vochus Dobrouochouich de ser Luce Drag. ducatos auri 31.10. 1512, Deb.
Choza domini Alo. de trecentos Not. LXIX, 129
Goze decem
Vochus Dobrouochouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 31.10. 1512, Deb.
Choza Turcinouich tredecim Not. LXIX, 129
Vochus Dobrouuchouich de ser Joanni Dragoe ducatos auri 28.11. 1514, Deb.
Coza domini Alo. de quadringentos Not. LXXI, 1v
Goze septuaginta
septem
Vuchus Dobrouuchouich de ser Nicolao Thome ducatos auri 18.5. 1515, Deb.
Coza de Sorgo centum Not. LXXI, 52v
duodecim
Coza de Sorgo quinquaginta Not. LXXI, 53
quatuor
Coza de Sorgo sexaginta Not. LXXI, 55
quinque cum
dimidio
Vuchus Dobrouochouich de ser Orsato Ju. de ducatos auri 2.11. 1517, Deb.
Choza Georgio septuaginta Not. LXXII, 166
septem
grossos
sexdecim
Vuchus Dobrouochouich de ser Matheo Ruschi ducatos auri 6.11. 1517, Deb.
Choza de Poza quinquaginta Not. LXXII, 166v
unum grossos
viginti
quatuor
Ukupno 2.256,5 dukata 60 groša
360
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Petrus Classouich de Choza Stephano Allegreti ducatos auri 17.4. 1508, Deb.
principalis et ego Antonius dicto Chiuuenza undecim cum Not. LXVI, 98
Luce Miotosseuich plegius dimidio
et principalis
Petrus Miloeuich Classouich Marino Florii ducatos auri 3.11. 1509, Deb.
de Coza debitor principalis Turcinouich quatuor Not. LXVII, 146
et ego Petar Zupani plegius grossos octo
et tanquam principalis
Petar Classouich de Choza Petro Gradich dicto ducatos auri 8.9. 1511, Deb.
Bolchouich sex Not. LXVIII, 165
Petar Classouich Nicholao Luce ducatos auri 26.2. 1513, Deb.

Miliuoeuich de Choza Stepanouich sex Not. LXIX, 192v

Radiuoy Radiechouich et Petro Pasqualis ducatos auri 8.1. 1509, Deb.
Cuietchus Vuchassouich Gradich ducentos Not. LXVII, 8
ambo de Choza duodecim
Radiuoy Radiechouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 5.11. 1509, Deb.
Choza ... Nicola Vuchoe Turcinouich duodecim Not. LXVII, 147
Baluchieuich de Coza se
plegium
Radiuoi Radiechouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 6.5. 1512, Deb.
Coza Turcinouich octo grossos Not. LXIX, 55v
viginti sex
Cuietchus Vuchassouich de ser Junio Jo. de ducatos auri 6.10. 1509, Deb.
Choza Georgio centum Not. LXVII, 116
nonaginta
nouem
Cuietchus Vuchassouich de Iuano Miloradouich ducatos auri 14.6. 1517, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et dicto Deuich centum Not. LXXII, 119
ego Nicola Balichieuich de
Choze plegius
Ukupno 299 dukata
Petar quondam Nicolai Francisco Georgii yperperos 23.2. 1511, Deb.
Raduchouich de Coza Balechali viginti nouem Not. LXVIII, 91
grossos
septem
Petar Nicole Radienchouich Marino Florii ducatos auri 13.7. 1512, Deb.
de Coza Turcinouich quinque Not. LXIX, 85v
grossos
triginta sex
Petar Nicolich Radiechouich Joanni ducatos auri 28.9. 1512, Deb.
de Coza Vuchsanouich quindecim Not. LXIX, 116v
stationario
361
Esad Kurtoviü
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Petar Nicolich de Coza et Joani Vuchsanouich ducatos auri 4.1. 1515, Deb.
ego Ismaieli Turchus stationario quatuor Not. LXXI, 13v
Radochmil de Elice et ego
Petrus Coaceuich cimator
Ukupno 24 dukata 29 perpera 43 groša
Vucichna Radoeuich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 1.11. 1512, Deb.
Coza Turcinouich septem Not. LXIX, 130v
Ukupno 7 dukata
Raicho Luxich de Coza Marino Florii ducatos auri 10.11. 1512, Deb.
Turcinouich decem et Not. LXIX, 138
septem
grossos
viginti sex
Raichus Luchxich de Choza Creglie ducatos auri 4.12. 1518, Deb.
Vuchassinouich triginta Not. LXXIII, 84v
cimatori septem
Raichus Vuchxich de Choza Nicolao Johannis ducatos auri 18.11. 1519, Deb.
dicto Bergniza de ducentos Not. LXXIII, 212
Ragusio viginti
quinque
Ego Raychus Luchxich de Criglie ducatos auri 13.3. 1521, Deb.
Coza Vuchassinouich triginta Not. LXXIV,
cimatori nouem cum 143v
dimidio
Raicho Luxich et Petar ser Matheo Rus. de ducatos auri 3.12. 1522, Deb.
Vucichnich ambo de Choza Poza triginta Not. LXXV, 157
quatuor
Raico Luxich et Petar ser Benedicto Dra. ducatos auri 3.12. 1522, Deb.
Vucichnich ambo de Choza de Goze quadraginta Not. LXXV,
duos 157v
Raico Vuchxich de Choza Creglie ducatos auri 7.5. 1523, Deb.
Vuchassinouich viginti Not. LXXV,
zimatori quinque 204v
Raicus Luxich de Choza ser Matheo Rus. de ducatos auri 23.3. 1524, Deb.
Poza viginti sex Not. LXXVI, 75
Raicus Luxich de Choza Semcho Bogiscich ducatos auri 24.3. 1524, Deb.
lanario triginta sex Not. LXXVI, 75v
Vugdrago Vuchmirouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 19.5. 1513, Deb.
Choza Turcinouich sex grossos Not. LXX, 5v
triginta sex
362
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Cuetchus Marinchouich de Nicola Jo. Bucgniza ducatos auri 8.11. 1513, Deb.
Coza centum octo Not. LXX, 87v
Cuetchus Marinchouich de Creglie cimatori ducatos 10.11. 1514,

Coza viginti Deb. Not. LXX,
216
Cuietchus suprascriptus Creglie ducatos auri XV nouembris
debitor Vuchassinouich viginti octo 1514 Deb. Not.
creditori cum dimidio LXX, 216
suprascripto
Cuietchus Marinchouich de Marino Florii ducatos auri 15.11. 1514, Deb.
Choza principalis debitor et Turcinouich decem Not. LXX, 217v
ego Nicola Balichieuich de
Choza plegius
Cuietchus Marinchouich de Nicolao Johannis ducatos auri 20.12. 1515, Deb.
Choza Bergnize ducentos Not. LXXI, 161v
septuaginta
octo cum
dimidio
Cuietchus Marinchouich de Creglie cimatore ducatos auri 20.12. 1515, Deb.
Coza quatuor Not. LXXI, 162
Cuetchus Marinchouich de Creglie cimatori ducatos auri 26.4. 1516, Deb.

Coza centum Not. LXXI, 203v
Cuetchus Marinchouich de ser Joanni Dra. ducatos auri 26.4. 1516, Deb.
Coza domini Alo. de octoginta Not. LXXI, 203v
Goce unum
Cuietchus Marinchouich de Creglie ducatos 19.11. 1516, Deb.
Chocia Vuchassinouich quinquaginta Not. LXXII, 45
cimatori quatuor auri
Cuietchus Marinchouich de ser Johanni Drag. ducatos auri 19.11. 1516, Deb.
Chocia domini Alo. de centum octo Not. LXXII, 45
Goze et aspros duo
millia
quadringentos
sexaginta de
argento bono
et de bona
stampa
Cuetcho Marinchouich de ser Joanni Dragoe ducatos auri 2.12. 1518, Deb.
Coza de Goce sexaginta Not. LXXIII, 81v
363
Esad Kurtoviü
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Cuetchus Marinchouich de Nicolao Jo. ducatos auri 2.12. 1518, Deb.
Choza Bergnich quadraginta Not. LXXIII, 81v
nouem
Cuietchus Marinchouich de Creglie ducatos auri 4.12. 1518, Deb.
Choza Vuchassinouich centum Not. LXXIII, 84v
cimatori quadraginta
Ukupno 1.041 dukata 2460 aspri
Michael Radicouich de ser Junio Luc. de ducatos auri 16.12. 1514, Deb.
Coza debitor principalis et Bona viginti septem Not. LXXI, 7v
ego Franciscus Antoni dicti
Salamon plegius
Ukupno 27 dukata
Nicola Radossalich de Coza Francisco Nic. ducatos auri 9.11. 1515, Deb.
Boglieuich duodecim Not. LXXI, 131
Ukupno 12 dukata
Nenada Radiuoeuich Benedicto Viti de ducatos auri 20.12. 1519, Deb.
Couaceuich de Chogia Primo bancherio triginta Not. LXXIV, 6
quattuor
Nenada Couazeuich et ser Joanni Drag. de ducatos auri 13.10. 1520, Deb.
Vuchus Cuietchouich Goce centum Not. LXXIV, 93
Marinchouich de Cogia
Nenada Chouazeuich et ser Matheo. Rus. de ducatos auri 15.10. 1520, Deb.
Vuch Cuietchi Poza quadraginta Not. LXXIV, 93v
Marinchouich ambo de de unum
Choza
Nenada Radiuoeuich Benedicto Viti de ducatos auri 16.10. 1520, Deb.
Coazeuich et Vuch Cuietchi Primo bancherio viginti Not. LXXIV, 94
Marinouich de Cogia quattuor et
grossos
triginta
Nenada Radiuoeuich dictus Colende Heliich ducatos auri 8.3. 1521, Deb.
Chouaceuich de Choza perlabuchio nonaginta Not. LXXIV,
quinque 141v
Vuch Cuietchi Nicolao Joanis ducatos auri 16.10. 1520, Deb.
Marinchouich de Coza Berniic quinquaginta Not. LXXIV, 93v
nouem
Ukupno 59 dukata
Jubenchus Vuchcich de Collende Hilich ducatos auri 20.12. 1519, Deb.
Cogia stationario viginti in tot Not. LXXIV, 6v
pellibus
tosonorum
bonorum
364
VISINA DATUM I
DUŽNIK KREDITOR
KREDITA SIGNATURA
Gliubenchus Luchxich de ser Benedicto Drag. ducatos auri 31.7. 1521, Deb.
Osticloglia de Coza de Goce viginti Not. LXXIV,
quinque 192v
Item ser Matheo Rus. de ducatos auri 31.7. 1521, Deb.
Poza sex Not. LXXIV,
192v
Item Collende Hillich ducatos auri 31.7. 1521, Deb.
stationario centum Not. LXXIV,
192v
Ukupno 151 dukat
Iuan Garoeuich de Choza Marco ducatos auri 26.11. 1520, Deb.
Radoichouich decem Not. LXXIV, 111
stazionario grossos
viginti
quinque
Petar Vuchinich de Choza ser Orsato Ju. de ducatos auri 28.11. 1522, Deb.
Georgio quadraginta Not. LXXV, 156
Ukupno 40 dukata
Mechmet Atmazich de ser Matheo Rus. de ducatos auri 3.12. 1522, Deb.
Choza Turcus Poza decem et Not. LXXV, 157
septem
Mechmet Atmazich de ser Benedicto Dra. ducatos auri 3.12. 1522, Deb.
Choza Turcus de Goze quindecim Not. LXXV,
157v
Ukupno 32 dukata
Nicola Vucasseuich de Creglie ducatos auri 10.12. 1522, Deb.
Choza Vucassinouich triginta unum Not. LXXV,
cimatori 159v
Ukupno 31 dukata
Zapler Caragiuseuich de ser Benedicto Dra. ducatos auri 4.4. 1523, Deb.
Choza et Radiz Radossalich de Goze decem et Not. LXXV,
de Jelaza septem 195v
Ukupno 17 dukata
6.550 dukata 29 perpera 335
SVE UKUPNO
groša 2.460 aspri
U periodu 15001524. godine 27 foþanska trgovca zadužilo se, samo-

stalno, udruženo ili sa jemcima, kroz 94 kreditna ugovora u ukupnom iznosu
od 6.550 dukata, 29 perpera, 335 groša i 2.460 aspri (tj. oko 6.700 dukata).
365
Esad Kurtoviü
Godišnje su se prosjeþno zaduživali na 268 dukata. Istaknuti trgovci su

Radiþ Dobrovukoviü, koji se kroz 12 zaduženja zadužuje na 1.375 dukata,
Cvjetko Marinkoviü, kroz 12 zaduženja na 1.041 dukat i Vuk Dobrovuko-
viü, kroz 15 zaduživanja na 2.256,5 dukata. Njih trojica, u odnosu na ostala
24 trgovaca, imaju ukupno 39 zaduživanja (41%) u ukupnom iznosu 4.672
dukata, što je oko 70% ukupnih zaduživanja. Njihova kreditna statistika je
iznimna i oni su daleko bliži Nikoli Baliüieviüu nego ostala 24 trgovca. No,
kako ove cifre izgledaju u susretu sa zaduživanjima Nikole Baliüieviüa?
Ponovimo, u periodu 15001524, sam Nikola je sklopio je 70 kredit-
nih ugovora, a ostalih 27 trgovca ukupno 94 kreditna ugovora. Njegovo uk-
upno zaduživanje je oko 9.500 dukata, a svih ostalih 27 trgovca oko 6.700
dukata (u dukatima 6.550). Nikola se godišnje zaduživao na oko 380 dukata,
a ostalih 27 trgovca na oko 268 dukata. Grafiþki prikaz br. 6.
1500
1000
500
0
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
Nikola Baliđieviđ Ostali foēanski trgovci
Grafiþki prikaz br. 6. Zaduživanja Nikole Baliüieviüa

i ostalih foþanskih trgovaca 15001524 god.
Primjetno je da je u periodu 1500–1504. Nikola u znaþajnoj prednosti u

odnosu na sve foþanske trgovce. U periodu 15061514. (sa izuzetkom 1511.
godine) ukupno kreditno zaduživanje ostalih foþanskih trgovaca je malo veüe
ili ujednaþeno u odnosu na Nikolu Baliüieviüa. Period 15151518. je znaþaj-
no na strani Nikole Baliüieviüa s obzirom na visinu zaduživanja (kada Nikola
Baliüieviü ima zaduživanja u iznosu od 4.035,5 dukata a svi ostali foþanski
trgovci samo 1.387 dukata), dok je period 15191524. na strani ostalih foþan-
skih trgovaca, ali sa manjim iznosima.
Ispratimo i odnos izmeÿu Nikole Baliüieviüa i tri druga najjaþa trgov-
ca poslije njega, te njihov kontekst u ukupnom broju foþanskih trgovaca i
njihovih zaduživanja. Tabela br. 10.
366
Tabela 10. Zaduženja N. Baliüieviüa i tri jaþa trgovca i na kraju uporeÿivanje sa svim
foþanskim trgovacima
BROJ UKUPNO GOD.
ZADUŽIVANJA ZADUŽIVANJE PROSJEK
ZA 25 G.
Svi trgovci 164 (100%) 16.200 dukata (100%) 648 dukata
Nikola Baliüieviü 70 (42,7%) 9.500 dukata (59%) 380 dukata
27 foþanskih trgovaca 94 (57,3%) 6.700 dukata (41%) 268 dukata

Vuk Dobrovukoviü 15 (9,1%) 2.256,5 dukata (13,93%) 90,2 dukata
Radiþ Dobrovukoviü 12 (7,3%) 1.375 dukata (8,49%) 55 dukata
Cvjetko Marinkoviü 12 (7,3%) 1.041 dukata (6,42%) 41,6 dukata

Ostala 24 trgovca 55 (33,5%) 1.887,5 dukata (11,64%) 75,5 dukata
U odnosu na sve ostale foþanske trgovce u periodu 15001524. godine,

Nikola Baliüieviü je imao oko 43% kreditnih ugovora i oko 60% iznosa svih za-
duživanja foþanskih trgovaca. Zanimljiva je pojava da poslije Nikole Baliüieviüa,
od sredine treüe decenije XVI stoljeüa, slabi i prisustvo Foþaka u knjigama zadu-
živanja.36 Na kraju üemo dati osvrt na zaduživanje Foþaka u periodu 14691532.
kroz prizmu pregleda zaduživanja u dukatima na godišnjem nivou:37 Tab. 11. i
grafiþki prikazi 7. i 8.
Tabela br 11. Pregled zaduženja Foþaka od 1469 do 1532. god. u dukatima
1469 – 214 1485 – 69 1501 – 238 1517 – 1.494
1470 – 133 1486 – 0 1502 – 393,5 1518 – 1.648
1471 – 762 1487 – 13 1503 – 316 1519 – 279
1472 – 278 1488 – 20 1504 – 175 1520 – 234
1473 – 19 1489 – 21 1505 – 0 1521 – 310,5
1474 – 308,5 1490 – 27 1506 – 534 1522 – 246
1475 – 237 1491 – 22,5 1507 – 132 1523 – 182
1476 – 447 1492 – 4 1508 – 371,5 1524 – 192
1477 – 969 1493 – 60 1509 – 1.440 1525 – 91
1478 – 1.327,5 1494 – 82 1510 – 198 1526 – 0
36
Pregledane su knjige zaduživanja broj 76, 77, 78. i 79 a koje idu do poþetka 1533.
godine. U njima se može naüi tek nekoliko zaduživanja Foþaka, a za period august 1525–ja-
nuar 1533. godine nijedno: „Nicola Vuchassouich de Choza ... Creglie Vuchassinouich ci-
matori ducatos auri viginti” (27. 09. 1524. g.), Deb. Not. LXXVI, 136v; „Raichus Luxich
de Cocie ... Nicolao Johanni dictus Tiergniza ducatos auri quadraginta tres et grossos tre-
ginta” (04. 04. 1525. g.), Isto, 210; „Raicus Luxich de Cocie ... Simcho Boghiçich lanario
ducatos auri triginta quinque”, Isto, 210v; „Petar Vuccichnich de Coccia ... Benedicto de
Vitis bancherio ducatos auri tredecim” (08.08.1525.g.), Isto, LXXVII, 26.
37
Naš pregled godišnjih iznosa se razlikuje od pregleda u, Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, Ɏɨɱɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚ-
ʁɚ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ, 7782.
367
Esad Kurtoviü
1479 – 708 1495 – 42 1511 – 1.074 1527 – 0

1480 – 0 1496 – 35,5 1512 – 1.421 1528 – 0
1481 – 0 1497 – 23 1513 – 277 1529 – 0
1482 – 0 1498 – 7 1514 – 1.672,5 1530 – 0
1483 – 0 1499 – 27 1515 – 1.374 1531 – 0
1484 – 76 1500 – 584 1516 – 1.010,5 1532 – 0
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1469
1472
1475
1478
1481
1484
1487
1490
1493
1496
1499
1502
1505
1508
1511
1514
1517
1520
1523
1526
1529
1532
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1469
1472
1475
1478
1481
1484
1487
1490
1493
1496
1499
1502
1505
1508
1511
1514
1517
1520
1523
1526
1529
1532
Grafiþki prikazi br. 7. i 8. o zaduženju Foþaka od 1469 do 1532 god.u dukatima
368
Glavnu karakteristiku zaduživanja Foþaka 14691532. þine þetiri raz-

liþita perioda poveüanog i slabije aktivnog angažmana. Prvi period (1469-
1479) predstavlja aktivan angažman zaduživanja Foþaka, uglavnom na izno-
se od preko 200 dukata. Drugi period (1480–1499) je slabije aktivan, uglav-
nom je sa zaduživanjima ispod 100 dukata (izuzetak 1496). Treüi period
(15001525, uz izuzetak 1505) je period sa najveüim zaduživanjima na iz-
nose od više stotina dukata i preko hiljadu dukata (u godinama 1509–1518.
od deset godišnjih zaduživanja njih osam je preko hiljadu dukata). Posljed-
nji ovdje razmatrani period (15261432) je bez zaduživanja foþanskih trgo-
vaca.
ZAKLJUýAK
Analiza kreditnih zaduživanja foþanskih trgovaca iz druge polovine

XV i poþetka XVI stoljeüa ukazuje na rodbinsku liniju Hrebeljanoviüa i Ba-
liüieviüa, koji svojim zaduživanjima i obimom kreditne trgovine skreüu paž-
nju na sebe. Porodica se razvija od vremena izvjesnog Radohne koji je živio
u prvoj polovini XV stoljeüa. On je imao tri sina: Baliüa, Hrebeljana i Vuk-
šu Radohniüa. Hrebeljan je imao sinove Radoja i Radivoja Hrebeljanoviüa.
Baliüev sin bio je Vuk Baliüieviü, a njegovi sinovi su Cvjetko Vukoviü i Ni-
kola Baliüieviü. Nikola Baliüieviü je imao þetiri nasljednika þija se djelat-
nost prati do sredine XVI stoljeüa. Poziciju uglednih trgovaca u porodici os-
tvarili su Radoje Hrebeljanoviü (14691479) i njegov sinovac Nikola Bali-
üieviü (15001524) koji su najjaþi trgovci u Foþi svoga vremena.
Radoje Hrebeljanoviü se pojavljuje u 34 kreditna ugovora, a ukupan
iznos njegovih zaduživanja iznosi oko 3.050 dukata, tj. prosjeþno se go-
dišnje zaduživao na oko 459 dukata. Radoje se zaduživao kod 18 razliþitih
kreditora, a najviše kod vlastelina Tome Buniüa (5 puta – 568 dukata) i Jurja
Miomanoviüa (4 puta – 289 dukata), ali se zato u dva ugovora kod vlastelina
Marina Guþetiüa zadužio u iznosu od 645 dukata. U doba kreditne djelatnos-
ti Radoja Hrebeljeanoviüa (14691479) pojavljuje se još 30 trgovaca koji su
kreditno povezani za Foþu. Oni þine samo 54 zaduženja, u ukupnom iznosu
od oko 2.320,5 dukata a sa godišnjim prosjekom od oko 210 dukata.
U periodu od jula 1479. do marta 1500, petnaest trgovaca iz Foþe saþi-
nilo je 30 ugovora u ukupnom iznosu od oko 710 dukata. To je skromniji
period u kreditnom angažmanu Foþaka u Dubrovniku. Po broju ugovora i
iznosima zaduživanja istiþu se Petar Dobrovukoviü (2 zaduženja – 185,5 du-
kata), Brailo Obradoviü (5 zaduženja 110 dukata), Stjepan Kosiþiü (4 za-
duženja – 167,5 dukata) i Radiþ Vukeljiü Vukušiü (8 zaduženja 94 duka-
ta).
369
Esad Kurtoviü
U periodu 1500–1524, u toku 25 godina, Nikola Baliüieviü sklopio je 70

kreditnih ugovora sa ukupnim iznosom oko 9.500 dukata i godišnjim zaduživa-
njem od oko 380 dukata. Nikola Baliüieviü je imao pojedinaþne ugovore sa naj-
višim zaduživanjima 1511. 553 dukata, 1517. 400 dukata, 1518. 404 du-
kata i 1518. godine 370 dukata. Najviše se zaduživao u periodu 15111518.
na iznos od oko 6.356,5 dukata, što þini 70% u ukupnom njegovom zaduživa-
nju tokom þitavih 25 godina. Najviše se zadužio 1517. u osam ugovora – 1.266
dukata i 1518. u sedam ugovora – 1.362 dukata. Njegovih 70 ugovora kreditira-
la su 23 dubrovaþka vlastelina (63), jedan vlastelin iz Italije (1), te dva ugledna
dubrovaþka graÿanina (6). Najviše se zadužio kod Junija Ĉorÿiüa u 10 ugovora
na 1.673 dukata, Ivana Guþetiüa u 7 ugovora na 1.218 dukata i Mihaila Buniüa
u 6 ugovora na 1.036 dukata.
U periodu 1500–1524. godine, 27 foþanskih trgovaca zadužilo se kroz
94 kreditna ugovora na oko 6.700 dukata, a prosjeþno godišnje na 268 duka-
ta. Istaknuti trgovci su Radiþ Dobrovukoviü, koji se kroz 12 zaduženja zadu-
žuje na 1.375 dukata, Cvjetko Marinkoviü, kroz 12 zaduženja na 1.041 du-
kata i Vuk Dobrovukoviü, kroz 15 zaduživanja na 2.256,5 dukata. U odnosu
na sve ostale foþanske trgovce, u periodu 15001524. godine, Nikola Baliüi-
eviü je imao oko 43% kreditnih ugovora i oko 60% iznosa svih zaduživanja
foþanskih trgovaca.
Glavnu karakteristiku zaduživanja Foþaka 14691532. þine þetiri raz-
liþita perioda poveüanog i slabije aktivnog angažmana. Prvi period (1469-
1479) predstavlja aktivan angažman zaduživanja Foþaka, uglavnom na iz-
nose od preko 200 dukata. Drugi period (14801499) je slabije aktivan, ug-
lavnom je sa zaduživanjima ispod 100 dukata (izuzetak 1496). Treüi period
(15001525, uz izuzetak 1505) je sa najveüim zaduživanjima na iznose od
više stotina dukata i preko hiljadu dukata (u godinama 15091518. od deset
godišnjih zaduživanja njih osam je preko hiljadu dukata). Posljednji ovdje
razmatrani period (15261432) je bez zaduživanja foþanskih trgovaca.
370
Prof. Esad Kurtoviü, Ph.D.

University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Philosophy
HREBELJANOVIûI, BALIûIEVIûI AND OTHER MERCHANTS

FROM FOýA (14691524)
Summary
The analysis of loan debts made by merchants from Foþa during the second
half of the 15th and the beginning of the 16th century indicates that the members
from the family lines of Hrebeljanoviüi and Baliüieviüi were among the prominent
merchants of that time. The family has initially evolved from a certain Radohna
who lived in the first half of the 15th century. He had three sons: Baliü, Hrebeljan
and Vukša Radohniü. Hrebeljan had the sons Radoje and Radivoj Hrebeljanoviü.
Baliü’s son was Vuk Baliüieviü, and his sons were Cvjetko Vukoviü and Nikola
Baliüieviü. The latter had four heirs and their activities can be traced as far as the
middle of the 16th century. Radoje Hrebeljanoviü (14691479) and his nephew
Nikola Baliüieviü (1500–1524), were the most esteemed from their family and they
also became the most important merchants of their time in Foþa.
Radoje Hrebeljanoviü is mentioned in 34 loan contracts, and the complete
sum of his loans amounts to 3,050 ducats, which means that annually his loans
averaged at 459 ducats. His loans came from 18 different creditors, mostly from
the Ragusan nobleman Tomo Buniü (five times – 568 ducats) and Juraj Miomano-
viü (four times – 289 ducats). On two separate occasions he loaned a total sum of
645 ducats from the nobleman Marin Guþetiü. In the same time when Radoje Hre-
beljanoviü was active (14691479) another 30 merchants who can be connected to
Foþa are also mentioned in the archival sources. They make up only 54 loans with
a total sum of 2,320.5 ducats, which annually averages to 210 ducats.
From July 1479. to March 1500, fifteen merchants from Foþa concluded 30
agreements with a total amount of around 710 ducats. This was a modest period in
the loan trade of people from Foþa in Dubrovnik. According to the number of con-
tracts and the value of the loan, we can single out Petar Dobrovukoviü (two loans –
185.5 ducats), Brailo Obradoviü (five loans – 110 ducats), Stjepan Kosiþiü (four lo-
ans – 167.5 ducats) and Radiþ Vukeljiü Vukušiü (eight loans – 94 ducats).
In 25 years, from 1500. to 1524, Nikola Baliüieviü concluded 70 loan con-
tracts which amounted to 9,500 ducats, averaging 380 loaned ducats per year. He
had individual contracts with high loans in 1511. – 533 ducats, in 1517. – 400 du-
cats, in 1518. – 404 ducats and in 1518. – 370 ducats. Most of the loans were made
from 1511. to 1518, amounting to 6,356.5 ducats, which represent 70% of all of his
loans made in the 25-year period. His biggest loan contracts were concluded in
1517, when he loaned a sum of 1,266 ducats on eight separate occasions, and in
1518, when he loaned a sum of 1,362 ducats on seven separate occasions. Of his 70
contracts 63 were credited by 23 Ragusan noblemen, one by a nobleman from Ita-
371
Esad Kurtoviü
ly, and six by two esteemed Ragusan citizens. Most of his loans came from Junije
Ĉorÿiü, from whom he borrowed 1,673 ducats in ten contracts, Ivan Guþetiü, from
whom he borrowed 1,218 ducats in seven contracts, and Mihailo Buniü, from
whom he borrowed 1,036 ducats in six contracts.
From 1500. to 1524. other 27 merchants from Foþa also took loans in Ragu-
sa. In 94 credit contracts they loaned around 6,700 ducats, averaging 268 ducats
per year. The most prominent merchants of that time were Radiþ Dobrovukoviü,
who loaned 1,375 ducats on 12 separate occasions, Cvjetko Marinkoviü, who lo-
aned 1,041 ducats on 12 separate occasions, and Vuk Dobrovukoviü who loaned
2,256.5 ducats on 15 separate occasions. In that period Nikola Baliüieviü’s loans
amounted to 43% of all the concluded contracts and around 60% of the total
amount of ducats loaned by merchants from Foþa.
These loans made by Foþan merchants from 1469. to 1532. are characterized
by four distinct periods of intensive and weaker activity. The first period, from
1469. to 1479, represents an active engagement of merchants from Foþa and they
mostly do not exceed 200 ducats. The second period, from 1480. to 1499, was mar-
ked by less intensive activity, with most of the loans made being under a 100 du-
cats (1496. was an exception). The third period, from 1500. to 1524, with an excep-
tion in 1505, represents the most active stage where the loans sometimes amount to
several hundreds of ducats and even more than a thousand (from 1509. to 1518. of
ten yearly loans, as many as eight were for amounts exceeding 1,000 ducats). There
were no loans made by merchants from Foþa in the last period, from 1526. to 1532.
372
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ
ɍȾɄ 929.7:929 ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ“14“ DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15020

ȼɅȺȾɂɆɂɊɂȶɂ
Ⱦɪ ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɭɞɢʄ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɍ ɪɚɞɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɟ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ȼɥɚ-

ɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɨɻɚɰɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ.
ɑɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1411. ɢ 1466. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ⱦɟɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢ
ɩɚɞ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ 1463. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɭ Ɂɚɞɚɪ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ, ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɢ, Ȼɨɫɧɚ, XV ɜɟɤ.
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɚ-

ɬɢɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɚ ɜɟɤɚ – ɭ ɩɟɪɢ-
ɨɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1411. ɢ 1466. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɭ ɨɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɛɨ-
ɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɢɡɛɢɥɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ – ɪɭɫɚɲɤɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɟ.1 ɉɨ-
ɩɭɬ ɧɢɡɚ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɻɢ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɟɤ ɤɚ-
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ.
ɍɫɩɨɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ ɧɟɪɚɫɤɢɞɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɭɫɩɨɧ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ
ɢ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɉɤɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɪɭɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɭɡɞɢɠɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɨɦ ɪɚɧɝɭ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɭʁɟ.2 Ɉɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɭɬ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ
ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɡɚɤɥɢʃɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ.3
ɍ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɧɚ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɢ ɞɚʂɢɯ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɢɥɢ
ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ, ɜɟɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɧɨ, ɝɥɚɜɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɚɧɝ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ. ɉɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɥɢ. ɍ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1423. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ ɢɡɞɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɞɚ zaklé{é sé i
1
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɭɫɚɲɤɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚ – ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɢ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ,
Ɋɚɛɨɬɧɢɰɢ, ȼɨʁɧɢɰɢ, Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɢɰɢ (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997) 306317.
2
ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964, 220
3
ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɜɢɞɟɨ ɧɟɤɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɡɚɦɟɬɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɨɝ ɫɚɛɨɪɚ. ɋ. ȶɢɪ-
ɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ȼɭɤɱɢʄ-Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964, 39, ɧɚɩ. 108; ɋ.
ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɋɭɫɚɲɤɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚ, 311, ɧɚɩ. 17.
373
ɋɪɻɚɧ Ɋɭɞɢʄ
roti{é vlastélé na{éga pléména.4 ɂɡ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɨɞɥɨɦɤɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɢɯ

11 ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɨɜɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɋɚɞɨ-
ɫɚɜɚ; ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɡ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɟɬɨɪɢɰɟ ɩɪɜɨɧɚɜɟɞɟ-
ɧɢɯ – ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɢɦɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɭ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɭ, Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢ-
ɪɢʄɭ, Ɍɜɪɬɤɭ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɢʄɭ, ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɭ Ɇɨɡɨɥɢʄɭ ɢ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢ Ȼɨɪɨɜɢɧɢʄɭ
– ɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ bratý moi. Ɇɟɻɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɰɢɦɚ ɫe ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɢ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɢ ȼɭ-
ɤɚɲɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɢ Ɍɜɪɞɢɫɚɜ Ȼɨɪɨɜɢɧɢʄ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 11
ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ʃɢɯ ɫɟɞɦɨɪɢɰɚ,
ɞɨɤ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɭ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɢɰɭ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɨɜɢɯ ɩɟɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɤɭʄɚ (Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɢ, ȼɥɚɞɢ-
ɦɢɪɢʄɢ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɢʄɢ, Ɇɨɡɨɥɢʄɢ, Ȼɨɪɨɜɢɧɢʄɢ) ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɤɭʄɨɦ
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɥɟɦɟ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɢʁɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɢɦɟ ɨɜɢɯ
ɲɟɫɬ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɤɭʄɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ-
ɦɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ȳɚɛɥɚɧɢʄ.5 Ƚɥɚɜɧɢɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɡɟɦʂɨɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ
ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɢɡ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɢ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɱɜɪɲʄɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.6
ɉɪɜɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɢ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȼɭɤɨɫɚɥɢʄ.7 ȵɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɩɪɟ ɦɚʁɚ 1411. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɛɢɨ Ɏɪɚɧ-
ɤɨ Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɢ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ. ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɢɡʁɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɭ 6. ɦɚʁɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ,
ɉɪɢɛɢɨ ȳɭɪʁɟɜɢʄ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜ ɫɢɧ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ, ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ɭɛɢ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɢ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ Ɏɪɚɧɤɨɜɨɝ ɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȼɭɤɨʁɚ
Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ – ɢɡʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ „innocentem ab isto sanguine et morte”.
Ɉɛɨʁɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɬɭ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ, ɛɪɚʄɟ „et per totam nos-
tram progeniem et propinquitates”.8 Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɜɟ
ɢɡʁɚɜɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɢ ɉɪɢɛɢɨ ȳɭɪʁɟɜɢʄ ɛɢɥɢ
4
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɋɪ. Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ,
1929, 591.
5
ɉɚɜɥɟ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ 1397. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɬɚɰ
ɛɢɨ ɤɧɟɡ Ɋɚɞɟɧ ȳɚɛɥɚɧɢʄ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, 245; Ɇ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ
ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ – ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, 2003, 131133. Ȼɪɨʁ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ „ɛɪɚɬɢʁɢ” ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚɨ.
6
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ,133134.
7
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, 132, ɧɚɩ. 66.
8
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, ɏɭɦɫɤɨ-ɬɪɟɛɢʃɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1967, 84. ɉɪɢɫɬɚɜ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ɠɟ-
ʂɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɋɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɛɢɨ „venerabilis presbiter Bochçin de Tribigna”. Ȼɨɤɱɢɧ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ ɢɡ Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɚ. ɍ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1376. ɢ 1427. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ. Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1978, 398; ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɫɤɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998, 128, ɧɚɩ. 168.
374
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɤɪɜɧɨɦ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɭ. Ʉɧɟɡ ɉɚɜɥɟ

ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧ ɞɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ȼɭɤɨʁɚ Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɨɞ ɤɪɜɧɟ ɨɫɜɟɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɢɡ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟɜɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɚ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ ɪɨɻɚɤ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ.9
ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɢɧɚ: ɤɧɟɠɟɜɟ
Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ, ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ ɢ ȳɭɪɤɚ.10
ɍ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɤɧɟɡ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɫɩɨɦɟ-
ɧɭɬɨ, ɦɚʁɚ 1411. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚɦɨ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ, ɨɫɢɦ ɩɨɦɟ-
ɧɭɬɨɝ, ʁɟɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ 1423.11,
1427.12 ɢ 1432.13 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɟ ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɟɰɟ ɚɥɢ, ɫɭ-
ɞɟʄɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɢɡ 1411. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɉɪɢɛɢɨ ȳɭɪʁɟɜɢʄ ɢ ȼɭ-
ɤɚɲɢɧ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɢ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ
ɢ ɛɪɚʄɟ, ȼɭɤɨʁɚ Ɉɤɪɭɝɥɨɝ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɭɤɨɫɚ-
ɥɢʄɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɦɭɲɤɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɫɬɜɨ.
Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɫɚ ɫɭɻɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɦ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ 1419.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋɭɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɭ ɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɭ
Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɭ. ɍ ɞɨɤɚɡɧɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥ ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟʃɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ȭɭɪɻɟ-
ɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
1419. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ
ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɨɞ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ
ɢɫɤɚɡɭ, ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ ɉɨɞɜɢɫɨɤɨɦ,
ɞɨɲɚɨ ɢɦ ʁɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɭ ɩɪɚɬʃɢ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɭ
ɤɪɚʂɟɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɤɭʄɭ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɏɪɜɨʁɭ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɭ.
ɉɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɬɢɨɰɚ, Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ȼɥɚ-
ɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɞɪɫɤɨ ɢ ɭɡ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɧɚɞɦɟɧɨɫɬ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ
ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɏɪɜɨ-
ʁɟɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɫɭ ɨɬɢ-
ɲɥɢ.14 Ʉɧɟɡ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1419.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɭɫɬɭ-
9
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, 132, ɧɚɩ. 66.
10
Ɇɢɥɨɲ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɭɪɤɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɢ ɛɪɚɬ. Ɇ.
Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, 132, ɧɚɩ. 66.
11
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, 591.
12
13
14
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɨɫɢ ɞɚɬɭɦ 22. ɚɩɪɢɥ 1419. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ⱦɨɥɚɡɚɤ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɢɦɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ, Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ ɚ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢ ȼɥɚɬɤɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɢʄɟɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɇɟɜɟɧɭ ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɢɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɪɚʂ. ɇ. ɂɫɚɢɥɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɩɢɫɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ ɫɭɻɟʃɚ Ɇɢɯɚ-
ɢɥɭ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɭ, Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ 29 (2008), 729.
375
ɩɚʃɟ Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɚ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ

Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ.15 Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɢ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ
1423.16, 1427.17 ɢ 1432.18 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɢɧɚ: Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ, ȳɭɪʁɚ ɢ Ɋɚɞɢʄɚ. Ʉɧɟɡ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɭɩɢ-
ɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɢɡ 1439.19 ɢ 1442.20 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨ-
ɜɟʂɢ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ „Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɥɢʄɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ”, ɚ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɤɚɨ
„Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ”. Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ. ɇɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɤɪɚʂɟ-
ɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɢɰɭ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɭ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄɭ ɨɞ 18. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1461. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ
ɤɚɨ „ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜ ɨɞ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɲɟɝɚ ɞɜɨɪɧɢɤ”21, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɭ ɢɡɞɚɬɨʁ 23. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɜ ɨɞ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ.22
Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɚɧ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɢɫɚʃɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢɡ 1442. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɚ
ɫɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɟɝɚ ɡɚɤɥɟɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɛɪɚɬ ɤɧɟɡ ȳɭɪɚʁ.23 Ʉɧɟɡ ȳɭɪɚʁ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɡ 1454. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɨ „ȳɭɪɚʁ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɥɢʄ”.24 Ɍɪɟ-
ʄɢ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɨɜ ɫɢɧ Ɋɚɞɢʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ȳɭɪʁɟɦ ɢ Ɋɚ-
ɞɨʁɟɜɢɦ ɫɢɧɨɦ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɟɦ, ɦɚʁɚ 1466. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ Ɂɚɞɪɭ.25
Ɉ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ ɫɢɧɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɭɤɨɫɚɥɢʄɚ ɤɧɟɡɭ ȳɭɪɤɭ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɧɚʁɦɚ-
ʃɟ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ 1427.26,
1432.27 ɢ 1433.28 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.29
15
16
17
18
19
20
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ – ɋɪ. Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ,
1934, 102.
21
û. Truhelka, Fojniþka kronika, GZM 21 (1909), 448; J. Jeleniü, Ljetopis fra Nikole
Lašvanina, GZM 27 (1915), 275. Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɞɜɟ ɮɪɚʃɟɜɚɱɤɟ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɟ
ɢɡ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ – Ɏɨʁɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ʌɚɲɜɚɧɢɧɚ. ɇɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɧɟɡ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁ ȼɥɚ-
ɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ. Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɒɭʃɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɫɢɧɭ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁɭ. M.
Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija (odnosi u XIV. I XV. st.), Sarajevo 1996, 363. ɉɨ ɧɚɲɟɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ,
ɪɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɤɧɟɡɭ Ɋɚɞɨʁɭ ɱɢʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɱɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɯɪɨɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɥɢ.
22
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–2, 164; ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ȳɚʁɰɟ 1461, 23. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ, ȽɉȻ 2 (2009), 167.
23
ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–2, 104; Ɋ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɂɜɚɧɢɲɚ Ɋ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ Ȼɭʁɚɤɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ȼɪɨɞɚɪɭ,
1442, ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 29., ȽɉȻ 4 (2011), 146147.
24
25
M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Venecija (odnosi u XIV. I XV. st.), 318, 363.
26
27
28
29
ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɞ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɨɜɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɭ Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄɭ ɧɚʁɦɥɚɻɢ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ȳɭɪɤɨ. Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨ-
376
ɉɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟ-

ʂɚɦɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɧɟɡ ȼɭɤɚɫ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ, ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɡ
1454. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.30 ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɧɟɡɚ ȼɭɤɚɫɚ ɧɚ ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɛɥɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɨɦ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ, ɥɨɝɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɛɢ
ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɨɬɚɰ ɡɜɚɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɡɧɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɦɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɨɦ ɫɢɧɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɭ-
ɤɨɫɥɚɜɢʄɚ. ɍɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɚ ȼɭɤɨɫɚɥɢʄɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɨ-
ɜɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɭɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ. ɉɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɜɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɩ-
ɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ɭɛɢʁɟɧ ɩɪɟ ɦɚʁɚ 1411, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ȼɭɤɚɫ
ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɬɟɤ 1454. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ 43 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ.31
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ 1466. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ⱦɟɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭɫɩɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɪɚʂɟ-
ɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɭ Ɂɚɞɚɪ. Ɍɭ ɫɭ 19. ɦɚʁɚ 1466. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȳɭɪɚʁ („Georgius”),
Ɋɚɞɢʄ ɢ ɫɢɧ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ, Ɋɚɞɢɜɨʁ ɬɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɩɥɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɚ
ȼɟɧɬɭɪɭ ȿɧɝɥɟɫɤɨɝ („de Meraviglia”) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɪɨɻɚɤɭ, ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɦ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢ ɉɟɬɪɭ, ɨɫɬɚɨ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɢɡɜɨɡɢɨ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ.32 ɇɚɤɨɧ ɨɜɨɝɚ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢ-
ɪɢʄɢ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ.33
ʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬ Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, 132, ɧɚɩ. 66. ɍ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ
ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɚɠɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ.
ɍ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɡ 1423. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ. ɍ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɢɡ 1427. ɢ
1432. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɟɞɨɫɥɟɞ ɝɥɚɫɢ ȳɭɪɤɨ, Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ, ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ȳɭɪɤɨ ɡɚɩɢ-
ɫɚɧ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ. ɋ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɜɢ ʁɚɜʂɚ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ (1411), ɞɚ ʁɟ
Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ (1419), ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ȳɭɪɤɨ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ
ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ 1427, ɞɚɤɥɟ 16 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧɚ ɢ 8 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɜɚ.
30
31
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɤɧɟɡ ȼɭɤɚɫ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ,
ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɢɱɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ ɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɧɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɜɟɞɨɤ ɫɚ ɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ.
32
Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɒɭʃɢʄ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ „Ĉuraÿ (‫ތ‬Georgius‫)ތ‬, Radiü i sin njihova
brata Radoja, Radivoj (spomenut 1461. i kao pristav od dvora)”. M. Šunjiü, Bosna i Vene-
cija (odnosi u XIV. I XV. st.), 318 (ɩɨɝɪɟɲɤɨɦ ɭ ɲɬɚɦɩɢ ɩɢɲɟ 1463), 363.
33
Ɇɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ. ɍ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ
ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ȼɥɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɢ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɢ. ɇɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢɦɚ
ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ. ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɢ
ɮɪɚ Ⱦɚɧɢʁɟɥ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢʄ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɨ ɦɚʁɚ 1563. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. J. Jeleniü, Necrologium Bosnae
Argentinae, GZM 28 (1916), 357. Ɂɧɚɦɟʃɟ ȼɥɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɚ ʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɂɥɢɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɛɨɜ-
ɧɢɤ. ɉɨɝɥɟɞɚɬɢ: ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ, ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɢɥɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɛɨɜɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2006. ɍ ɫɩɢɫɤɨɜɢɦɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɟɫɧɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɂɥɢɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɛɨɜɧɢɤɨɦ, ɡɚ ȼɥɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɟ
ɫɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɞ Ɇɨɫɬɚɪɚ. Vladmiroviü, knezovi od Mostara, A. Kaþiü Miošiü, Razgovor
ugodni naroda slovinskoga, Dubrovnik 1886, 243; Vladmirovich de Usorich, apud Mostar, Ƚ.
377
ɍ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢ-

ɪɢʄɢ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɟ ɤɨɞ Ɇɟɻɟɻɟ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ
ɑɚɩʂɚ ɭ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɟʄɚɤ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɭɪɟɡɚɧ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ: † a sé
léì Õrai koŠný¹ RadoŠä¹ svoga gospodi~i}a.34 Ɇɚɪɤɨ ȼɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨ-
ɜɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɬɟʄɤɨɦ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧ ȳɭɪɚʁ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢ-
ɪɢʄ. Ɂɚ ʃɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ȳɭɪɚʁ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ, ɩɢɫɚɪ ʁɟ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ ɧɚɡɜɚɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɱɢʄɟɦ (ɜɥɚ-
ɫɬɟɥɢɧɨɦ) ɩɨɩɭɬ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɭɡ ȳɭɪʁɟɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ
ɬɢɬɭɥɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ „radili srednjovjekovni pisari u Bosni i Dubrovniku”. ɋɬɨ-
ɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ȳɭɪʁɟɜɭ ɬɢɬɭɥɭ ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɛɢɨ ɤɧɟɡ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ. Ɂɚ ȼɟɝɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ-Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɥɢʄɢ ɛɢɥɢ
ɢɡ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɟ.35 Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɢ Ɂɢʁɚɞ
ɏɚɥɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɚɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ʉɚɨ-
ɲɬɢɰɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ.36
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ ɢɡ 1604. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ
ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ, ɧɢʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ.37 ɋɬɨɝɚ ɏɚ-
ɥɢɥɨɜɢʄ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚ: „da li je granica zemlje Pavloviüa i prije ušüa rije-
ke Lim u Drinu prelazila na desnu obalu Drine i obuhvatala podruþje sela
ɑɟɜɚɩɨɜɢʄ, Synoptico-memorialis Catalogus observantis minorum provinciae S. Ioannis A.

Capistrano, olim Bosnae Argentinae a dimidio seculi XIII. usque recentem aetatem, ex archivo
et chronicis eiusdem recusus, Budae 1823, 269; Vladmirovich de Usorich apud Mostar, E.
Fermendžin, Acta Bosnae potissimum ecclesiastica cum insertis editorum documentorum rege-
stis ab anno 925 usque ad annum 1752, Zagrabie 1892, 561 (Ɏɟɪɦɟʇɢɧ ɩɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɦɟʃɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɭ Ɏɨʁɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɨɞ
ɪɚɡɚɪɚʃɚ). ȼɥɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ Ʌɭɤɚ ȼɥɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɢʄ.
Prudentio Narentio, De regno Bosniae, Venetiis 1781, 54. Ʌɭɤɚ ȼɥɚɞɦɢɪɨɜɢʄ (1718–1788) ʁɟ
ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɚɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ. J. A. Soldo, Luka Vladmiroviü i njegov
krug, HZ 36–1 (1983), 189213). ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɝɪɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬ ɢɡ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɭ Ɂɟɬɟ ɢ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ ɢɡ 1774. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋ. Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ,
Ʉɪɚɬɤɢ ɨɩɢɫ Ɂɟɬɟ ɢ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1970, 170; Ȼ. ɒɟɤɭɥɚɪɚɰ, Ʉɪɚɬɤɢ ɨɩɢɫ ɨ Ɂɟɬɢ ɢ
ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ, ɉɨɞɝɨɪɢɰɚ 1998, 162.
34
û. Truhelka, Bosanþica, prinos bosanskoj paleografiji, GZM I–4 (1889), 77; M.
Vego, Zbornik srednjevjekovnih natpisa iz Bosne i Hercegovine IV,Sarajevo 1970,19; M.
Vego, Novi i revidirani srednjovjekovni natpisi iz Bosne, Naše starine XIV–XV (1981), 55.
35
M. Vego, Novi i revidirani srednjovjekovni natpisi iz Bosne, 55.
36
Z. Haliloviü, Nekropola sa steücima na lokalitetu Mramorje u zaseoku Raoniüi,
Kaoštice, Višegrad, Radovi FF u Sarajevu XVI–2 (2012), 215216.
37
ɉɨɝɥɟɞɚɬɢ: Ɇ. Ɇɢɲɤɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ 1604. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ – ɋɪɩɫɤɨ
ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, 2003, 614. Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɚ ɫɟ 1475–1477. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɭ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɚ ɏɟɪ-
ɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. ɉɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɋɚɦɨɛɨɪɭ ɢ ɢɦɚɥɚ 30 ɞɨɦɨɜɚ ɢ 1 ɧɟɨɠɟʃɟɧɨɝ. Poimeniþni
popis sandžaka vilajeta Hercegovina, Sarajevo 1985, 321322 (priredio A. Aliþiü).
378
Kaoštice, odnosno kakav status su uživali þlanovi porodice Vladimiriü Ra-

dosaliü na dvoru Pavloviüa, ako se zna þinjenica da podruþje kojim su up-
ravljali nije bilo u sklopu zemlje Pavloviüa?”.38
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɡɟɦʂɟ
ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ? Ⱥɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ – ɧɢʁɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ, ɢɩɚɤ ʁɟ ɧɢ-
ɫɭ ɭɜɟɤ ɞɨɫɥɟɞɧɨ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ. ɋɬɨɝɚ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ɬɜɪɞɢ-
ɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ
ɫɭ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɢ.
ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɫɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ
ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɢɡ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɟ. ɇɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ȼɟɝɨ ɭɫɬɜɪ-
ɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ȳɭɪɚʁ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ, ɛɢɥɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨ-
ɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ. ɂɡ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ
ɛɪɚʄɢ, ɚ ʁɨɲ ɦɚʃɟ ɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢɦɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢ-
ɦɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɫɬɟʄɤɚ ɫɚɯɪɚʃɟɧ ȳɭɪɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɫɜɨɦɟ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɱɢʄɭ Ɋɚɞɨʁɭ. ɍ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢɦɚ ɭɤ-
ɚɡɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɚ ɩɪɢɯ-
ɜɚɬɢɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɫɥɢɤɚɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɢɡ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ
ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 1.
ʦ̡̨̱̭̌̏
ʦ̛̛̣̥̬̌̔
ʦ̡̨̛̱̭̣̌̓
ˀ̨̭̌̔̌̏ ʦ̡̛̱̹̦̌ ʵ̡̨̱̬ ʦ̡̱̭̌
ˀ̨̠̖̌̔ ʵ̱̬̠̌ ˀ̛̌̔̓
ˀ̨̛̠̌̔̏
ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. Ɋɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɚɛɥɨ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɚ
38
Z. Haliloviü, Nekropola sa steücima na lokalitetu Mramorje u zaseoku Raoniüi,
Kaoštice, Višegrad, 217.
379
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɨɝ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɬɟɨ-

ɪɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ȳɭɪɚʁ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɟʄɤɭ ɢɡ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɛɪɚʄɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄɢ. ɂɡ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚʂɟ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪɢʄ
ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɢɡ Ʉɚɨɲɬɢɰɟ.
Srÿan Rudiü, Ph.D.

The Institute of History Belgrade
VLADIMIRIûI
Summary
The East Bosnian noble family Vladimiriü has been mentioned in the known
historical sources for a little more than half a century – in the period between years
1411. till 1466. The family Vladimiriü belongs in the group of Bosnian noble fami-
lies who emerged to the forefront with the forming of the territories of independent
local rulers. The rise of family Vladimiriü is inextricably linked to the rise of their
masters and relatives, the family Pavloviü. Nine members of this family were men-
tioned in the historical sources during the exsistence of Bosnian kingdom. Usually,
they are mentioned as witnesses in the charters of family Pavloviü as well as in the
charters of Bosnian kings in whose service they were. Part of the family was able
to survive the fall of the medieval Bosnian state in 1463. and to find shelter in
Zadar.
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ȳɨɜɚɧ Ȼɭʄɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ (14–15. ɜɟɤ)
ɍȾɄ 929.7(497.16Ʉɨɬɨɪ)“13/14“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15021

ȳɈȼȺɇ ȻɍȶȺ, ɄɈɌɈɊɋɄɂ ȼɅȺɋɌȿɅɂɇ (14–15. ȼȿɄ)
Ⱦɪ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ

Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɜ-

ɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ
ɪɚɞ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɭ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭʄɟ ɨɫ-
ɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɩɨɪɨ-
ɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ 15. ɜɟɤɚ,ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ 14. ɜɟɤɚ (ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ
ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɬɟɤɭʄɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ) ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɪɭɲɬ-
ɜɟɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ȳɨɜɚɧ, Ʉɨɬɨɪ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɰɚ,
ɰɪɤɜɚ, Ɋɢɦ, ɫɨ, ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ.
Jɨɜɚɧ Ȼɭʄɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨʁ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ Ȼɭʄɚ

ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɟɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɭ 14. ɜɟɤɭ.
Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦɚɤ Ɍɪɢɩɟ Ȼɭʄɚ (ɩɪɚɞɟɞɚ), ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɞɢɩɨɥɨɦɚɬɟ
ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɚɞɟɞɚ
Ɍɪɢɩɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɪɨɞɨɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢɯ ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ Ɍɪɢɩɟ ɉɟɬɪɚ (Ɍɪɢɩɟ) Ȼɭʄɟ, (ɛɪɚɬ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɞɟ ȹɢɜɚ) ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬɢʁɚɪ ɤɨɞ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɍɜɪ-
ɬɤɚ I Ʉɨɬɪɨɦɚɧɢʄɚ. ɋɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɢɯɨ Ȼɭʄɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɤɪɚʂɚ ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɰɚɪɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢ
ɨɜɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɂɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɨ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɢ Ȼɭʄɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɨɦ ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɭ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɞɚ ɨɛɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨ-
ɞɢɰɟ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɛɪɚɬɚ. Ɉɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɫɭ Ɍɪɢɩɟ Ȼɭʄɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɨ-
ɬɨɦɰɢ, ɚ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ Ɇɢɯɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ. ɂɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ. Ȼɭʄɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɯɜɚ-
ʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɭɱɟɲʄɭ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨ-ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɩɥɟɦɫɬɜɨ. ɂɫɬɢɧɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɨɞɪɟ-
ɻɟɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ – ɪɚɬɨɜɚ, ɧɟɤɢɦɚ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚɧɨ ɡɚ
ɧɟɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɩɥɟɦɫɬɜɨ, ɚɥɢ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɨ. ɋɜɟ ɜɪɟ-
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Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ
ɦɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɟ, ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ

ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɫɚ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɨɦ.1
ȳɨɜɚɧ Ȼɭʄɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɧ Ɍɪɢɩɚ Ȼɭʄɟ, ɚ ɭɧɭɤ ȹɢɜɚ Ȼɭʄɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɭɧɭɤ Ɍɪɢɩɚ
Ȼɭʄɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ, ɩɨ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ
ɨɝɪɚɧɚɤ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɪɨɞɢɨ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ȼɭʄɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢ ɪɨ-
ɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ. Ɉɬɚɰ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɡɜɚɨ Ɍɪɢɩɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɨ ɪɟɤɥɢ. Ɇɚʁɤɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɤɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄ. ɂɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɫɟɫɬɪɭ Ʉɚɬɚɪɢɧɭ 2 ɍ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ
ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɇɢɮɤɨɱɚ (ɇɢʄɢɮɨɪ – Nificho, Nifcoç).3
Ɉ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨɦ ɪɨɻɟʃɭ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭʄɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɡɧɚɬɢ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɨɬɚɰ Ɍɪɢɩɟ ɭɦɪɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ 25. ɇɨɜɟɦ-
ɛɪɚ 1382. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ Ɇɚɥɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɨɞɪɟ-
ɞɢɥɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ (ɛɪɚɬ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɟ) ɢ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ Ȼɭʄɭ
(ɛɪɚɬ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ Ɍɪɢɩɚ) ɡɚ ɬɭɬɨɪɟ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ – ɞɟɰɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ Ɍɪɢɩɟ.4
1
ɍɩ. Ɇ. ɇɚɤɢʄ, Ɍɪɢɩɟ Ȼɭʄɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ 4 (1954) 333; Ʉ. ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ I–II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1952/19782 22, 27, 86, 111, 185, 206, 309, II, 214, 227, 233, 293; ɂ. Ɇɚɧɤɟɧ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ
ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬ ɭ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1960, 162165, Ƚɟɧɚɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ XIV Buchia; J. Mar-
tinoviü, Prilozi prouþavanju genealogije i heraldike znamenitih vlasteoskih rodova u Kot-
oru prve polovine XIV vijeka, Godišnjak Pomorskog muzeja u Kotoru XII (1964) 4648;
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ 2–1, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ 19070, 38, 39, 70, 81–82, 219 (ɋ.ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ); Ĉ.
Tošiü, Tripe Buüa, dubrovaþki trgovac i protovestijar bosanskog kralja Tvrtka I Kotroma-
niüa, Godišnjak Društva istoriþara BiH XX, Sarajevo 1974, 25–39; Ɋ. Ʉɨɜɢʁɚɧɢʄ, Ʉɨɬɨɪ-
ɫɤɢ ɦɟɞɚʂɨɧɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1976, 35–38; Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɭ XIII ɢ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1986, 45, 53, 63, 69, 71, 122, 136, 140, 144, 154; Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, Ɇɢɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɇɨɜɢ
ɋɚɞ 1995, 153, 184–187; Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ
ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, 48, 66, 118–121, 188–191, 196–197,199; L. Blehova ûelebiü,
Žene srednjovjekovnog Kotora, Podgorica 2002, 88–89; Ɇ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞ ɢ ɠɭɩɚ ɭ
Ɂɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪʁɭ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɢ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2003, 41, 82–83, 89,
91–94, 96, 110, 116, 168, 206, 250, 299; Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ɍɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ Ȼɭʄɟ, Miscellanea
Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ XXII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 106–108; Ɋ. Ɇɢɯɚɱɢʄ, Ɇʂɟɬ ɤɚɨ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ
ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɁɊȼɂ 41 (2004); ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ. Ɏɟɪʁɚɧɱɢʄ, ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ ɤɪɚʂ
ɢ ɰɚɪ 13311355, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 79, 96, 99, 192, 196, 229, 260, 297; ȳ. Ʉɚɥɢʄ,
Ⱦɨɞɟʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2006, 331335; L. Blehova ýelebiü, Hrišüanstvo u Boki 12001500, Podgorica
2006, 111, 250, 289 ɢ ɞɚʂɟ; ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɉɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɨ Ɍɜɪɬɤɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬɢʁɚɪɭ
Ɍɪɢɩɢ Ȼɭʄɢ, ɂɑ 55 (2007) 83–98 Ɇ. Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɬɢɬɭɥɢ „dominus” ɭ Ʉɨ-
ɬɨɪɭ (1415 ɜɟɤ), Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ Miscellanea XXXIIII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2012, 9–16.
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ɂ. Ɇɚɧɤɟɧ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬ, Ƚɟɧɚɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɬɚɛɥɟ XIV, Buchia.
3
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ (=ɂȺɄ), Sudsko notarski spisi (=SN) V fol. 379, 18.
VII 1431 (Testamentum quondam ser Johanus ser Tripe de Buchia = Testamentum).
4
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉɞɥɭɤɟ ɜɟʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1951, 272.
382
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɛɢɨ ɩɭɧɨɥɚɬɟɧ, ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ 14 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ

(ɧɢɫɦɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ), ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɨɲ 18 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ
ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ. Ɂɚ ɬɭɬɨɪɟ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢ
ɫɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɚ ɦɚʁɱɢɧɟ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɚ ɨɱɟɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. ɂɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱ-
ɤɨɝ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚʂɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɨɜɨɝ (ɦɨɠɞɚ ɦɚɥɨ-
ɥɟɬɧɨɝ) ɞɟɱɚɤɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ
(ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɧɨɦ) ɞɟɰɨɦ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɭɞɚɥɚ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɦɚʁ-
ɤɚ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ʁɟ 22. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1384. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɡ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ
ɬɭɬɨɪɚ Ɍɪɢɩɢɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɦɢɪɚɡ ɛɪɚɬɭ ɇɢ-
ɤɨɥɢ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɭ, (ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɬɭɬɨɪɚ ɞɟɰɟ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ Ɍɪɢɩɟ). ȼɟʄ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ, 1385. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɦɚɥɨ-
ɥɟɬɧɭ ɞɟɰɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɭɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɉɟɪɤɚ ɋɚɪɚɤɭ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ
ɨɞ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɦɢɪɚɡ.5 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɦɭɠɚ Ɍɪɢɩɟ, Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɨɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɥɚ ɭɡ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɞɟɰɭ.
ɋɬɪɢɰ Ɇɚɪɨʁɟ, ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɭɬɨɪ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɬɚɞɚ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɛɨɝɚɬ, ʁɟɪ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɫ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ – Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɢɦɚ, Ɇɟɧɱɟɬɢʄɢɦɚ ɢ Ȼɭɧɢʄɢɦɚ. ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ʁɟ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɭɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɢ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɞɭɠɧɢɤ. ȳɟ-
ɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɪɟɱɢɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ Ɇɚɪɨʁɟ Ȼɭʄɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɜɚɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɭ. ɋɚɦɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1383. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɜ-
ɪɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɤɨɞ ɬɪɨʁɢɰɟ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ (ȳɚɤɨɜɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ, Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ
Ȼɭɧɢʄɚ ɢ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɇɟɧɱɟɬɢʄɚ) ɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 995,5 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.6 Ⱦɭɝ ʄɟ ɢɦ ɜɪɚ-
ɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɨ-
ɜɚɰ ɢɦ ɞɨɜɟɡɟ ɫɪɟɛɪɨ. Ɂɚ ɫɬɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɛɚɜʂɚɨ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ Ȼɪɞɭ, ɢɡɜɨɡɢɨ ɝɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɞɚʂɟ ɭ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ.7
Ɉ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɦ ɨɰɭ Ɍɪɢɩɢ ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɞ
ɋɜɟɬɢɦ ɋɪɻɟɦ ɫɤɨɧɱɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɩɪɟ 25 ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1382 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ
ɫɭɞɫɤɨ ɧɨɬɚɪɫɤɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɡɚ ɰɟɥɢ 14. ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ 15.
ɜɟɤɚ (ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ 13261337. ɢ 13951400. ɝɨɞɢɧɭ). Ɍɪɢɩɢɧɨ
ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɪɚʁ ʃɟɝɨ-
5
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉɞɥɭɤɟ ɜɟʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964, 9293; Ⱦ.
Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɠɟɧɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ XIII ɢ XIV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974, 117.
6
Historijski arhiv u Dubrovniku (HAD), Debita Notariae (Deb. Not.) IX fol. 213, 6.
VIII 1383.
7
Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ɍɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ Ȼɭʄɟ, Miscellanea Ɇɟɲɨɜɢɬɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ XXII, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2004, 106108.
383
ɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɢɦɚ,

ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ɇɢɤɨɥɨɦ ɢ Ɇɚɪɤɨɦ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧ. ȵɟɝɨ-
ɜɚ ɠɟɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢ Ɇɚɪɤɚ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɚ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ
ʃɢɯ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1380. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɭ ɫɜɨ-
ɬɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɨɞ 1.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. Ⱦɭɝ ʄɟ ɢɦ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɞɚɧɚ.8
Ɍɪɢɩɭ ʁɟ ɫɦɪɬ ɩɪɟɬɟɤɥɚ ɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ. ɉɨ-
ɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɬ-
ɧɟɪɢɦɚ (ɤɨɦɩɚʃɨɧɢɦɚ). ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ Ɇɚɪɢɧ
Ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄ (ɛɢɥɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ Ɍɪɢɩɢɧɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɦɚɪ-
ɬɚ 1386. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɨɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɚ ɞɟɨ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ
Ɍɪɢɩɢɧɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɢɪɢɥɢ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢ.9
ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɛɢɨ ɩɭɧɨɥɟɬɚɧ, ɤɚɤɨ ɨɧ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ʃ-
ɟɝɨɜɢ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢ (ɛɪɚɬ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ), ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɨɞɪɟ-
ɻɟɧɢ ɬɭɬɨɪɢ (1382). ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ Ɇɚɥɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥɨ ʁɟ 29. ɦɚʁɚ
1392. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɭɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɞɟɰɟ (ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ) ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ Ɍɪɢɩɟ ȹɢɜɟ Ȼɭʄɟ ɞɚ
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɭʁɭ ɤɨɞ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɟ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ Ɍɪɢɩɟ.10 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɜɟɫɬ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɚ Ɍɪɢɩɢɧɚ ɞɟɰɚ
(ȳɨɜɚɧ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɢ ɛɪɚɬ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ) 1392. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɩɭɧɨ-
ɥɟɬɧɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɨɞ 14 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɨ („de iure”) ʁɨɲ
ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɭɧɨɥɟɬɧɢ ʁɟɪ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ʁɨɲ 18 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɍɨ ɧɚɦ ɩɨʁɚɲʃɚ-
ɜɚʁɭ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ.11 ɉɭɧɨɥɟɬ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɧɢɤɭ ɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɪɲɟɧɨɦ 14 ɝɨɞɢɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɬɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɨɧɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɬɭɬɨɪɢɦɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɨɱɟɜɨɦ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ. ɋɚ 18 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɞɨɡ-
ɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʃɨɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʁɭ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ Ɇɚɥɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɤɧɟɡ, ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɢ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ʂɚʁɭ ɞɨɛɪɢɦɚ (ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ), ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɨ ɬɭɬɨɪɟ ɞɚ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɬɚʁ ɩɨ-
ɫɚɨ.12 ɋɜɟ ɫɭ ɨɜɨ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɞɚ ɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɦɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ
ɪɨɞɢɨ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɛɪɚɬ Nifcoç (ɇɢɮɤɨɱ – ɇɢɮɢɤɨ) ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɩɭɧɨ-
ɥɟɬɚɧ ɩɪɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1395, ʁɟɪ ɨ ʃɟɦɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɚɪɯɢɜ-
ɫɤɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ. Ɍɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɧ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɭɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟ-
8
HAD, Deb. Not. IX fol. 37, 26. X 1380.
9
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɉɞɥɭɤɟ ɜɟʄɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ II, 258.
10
HAD, Reformationes XXIX fol. 44, 29. V 1392.
11
Statuta civitatis Cathari I, Kotor 2009, cap XXXV, 20, cap XC, 60. ɍ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ʁɟ
ɫɚ 14 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ,
ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɡɪɟɥɨɫɬ, ɤɨʁɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɬɟɤ ɫɚ 18 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɬɢ. (M. Miloševiü,
Vijeüa, Statuta civitatis Cathari Statut grada Kotora, prevod orginala iz 1616. sa nauþnim
aparatom II, Kotor 2009, 68).
12
V. Bogišiü et C. Jireþek, Liber statutorum civitatis Ragusi compositus anno 1272 =
Statut grada Dubrovnika, (preveli Mate Kožman i Josip Kolanoviü), Dubrovnik 1990, 451.
384
ɥɨɦ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɤɚɨ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɞɟɛɢɬɨɪ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1395. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɞɭ-
ɠɢɨ ɫɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɞ ɀɨɪɚ ɉɚɥɦɨɬɢʄɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɦɭ ɨɞ 400 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ
ɦɭ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚɧɚ.13 Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɚɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɞɟ (ɨɤɨ 1427) ɤɚɨ ɯɨɞɨɱɚɫɧɢɤ ɭ Ȼɚɪɢ, ɞɚ ɩɨɫɟɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢ-
ɤɨɥɟ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɬ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɡɚ
ɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ.14
Ɂɚ ɫɟɫɬɪɭ Ʉɚɬɚɪɢɧɭ ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ 1392. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɟʄ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɰɚ
(ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ) ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ʉɥɚɪɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɭɝ-
ɥɚɜɧɨɦ ʄɟɪɤɟ ɢɡ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ʉɥɚɪɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ 21. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1392. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɨɞ ɥɟɝɚɬɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɻɟ ɉɟɬɪɟ
ɩɪɢɦɢɥɚ ɭ ɚɩɪɢɥɭ 40, ɚ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ 1392. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 60 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ.15
Ɉ ȳɨɜɚɧɭ Ȼɭʄɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɞɭɛɪɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ, ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ
ɨɞ 1337. ɞɨ 1395. ɢ ɨɞ 1400. ɞɨ 1418. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɧɚɜɟ-
ɥɢ. ɂɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɨɬɚɰ Ɍɪɢɩɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ,
ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɭɦɪɨ. Ɂɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɚɥɨɥɟɬɚɧ ɢɡɜɟɫ-
ɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɤɚɨ ɩɭɧɨ-
ɥɟɬɚɧ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɢ ɭɦɪɨ, ɚ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɭ ɜɨ-
ʂɭ – ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ. ȼɟɨɦɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɬɤɢ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɢɡ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ ɭ 14. ɢ 15. ɜɟɤɭ,16 ɩɚ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɪɚ-
ɝɨɰɟɧ. Ⱦɪɚɝɨɰɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɫ-
ɥɨɜɚʃɭ, ɢɦɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɢ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɦɚ.
ɂɡ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɨ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɨʁ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɥɚɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ
ɫɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɚ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɩɚɬɪɢɰɢʁɚɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɦ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ. ɂɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɚ Ɇɚɪɝɭɫɤɨɦ Ȼɟɧɟɲɢʄɟɦ ɢɡ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɢɡ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ Ɇɚɪɝɭɫɤɚ Ȼɟɧɟɲɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ
ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ,
ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɚɤ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ.17
13
HAD, Deb. Not.XI fol. 151, 7. VIII 1395.
14
Testamentum, 379.
15
HAD, Distributionis Testamentorum (=Distr. Testam.) V fol. 69', 21. V 1392; fol.
69', 25. X 1392.
16
Ɋ. ȶɭɤ, Ɍɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ Ȼɭʄɟ, 105 ɧɚɩ. 2. Ɋɭɠɚ ȶɭɤ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɫɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɥɚ
ɤɨɥɢɤɢ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɟɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɨɫɥɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧ ɭ 14. ɢ 15.
ɜɟɤɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɥɚ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭʄɟ.
17
ɂȺɄ, SN V fol. 378379, 18. VII 1431.
385
ɇɚʁɜɟʄɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ-

ɦɚ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɩɥɟ-
ɦɢʄɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ (Ⱦɪɚɝɨɧɢɫ), ȳɚɤɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɧɨɬɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɢɫ-
ɩɪɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɨɫɬɚɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ Ʌɭɤɚ
Ⱦɪɚɝɨ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɠɟɧɭ Ɏɪɚɧɭ-
ɲɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɚɱɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ (ɤɨɦɢɫɚɪ ɢ ɟɩɢɬɪɨɩ), ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ
ɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɨɦ Ʌɭɤɨɦ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ, ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟ-
ɠɟɧɨ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɚ Ɍɪɢɩɤɨɦ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜɢʄɟɦ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɟɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ.
Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɞɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɞɭɝ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢɦɚ, ɭɜɟɤ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɟ (ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟʄɢ
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ). ȼɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪ
ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɞ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ. ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɢ ɢ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɝɪɨɲɟ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɀɢɜɤɨɦ ȳɚɤɨɦ,
ɤɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɟɪɩɟɪ ɢ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɪɨɲɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɟ, ɡɚ
ɞɭɲɭ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ȳɚɤɨ (Ʌɭɤɢ ȳɚɤɨɜɨɦ) ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɟɡɚ, ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɢ-
ɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ Ɍɪɢɩɟ ȳɚɤɨ (ȳɚɤɨɜ) ɜɟɪɨ-
ɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɥɢɫɤɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤ ɀɢɜɤɚ ɢ Ʌɭɤɟ ȳɚɤɚ (ȳɚɤɨɜɚ).
Ɉɫɢɦ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭ
ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɱɭ: Ɇɢɤɟɧɚ Ɇɚɪɨɜ, Ȼɭʄɚ ɉɚɤɨɜ, Ⱦɪɚɝɨʁɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɨɜ, Ɇɚɬɤɨ
Ɋɚɞɦɢɥ, ɍɪɛɚɧ Ʉɨɦɟɬɚ, Ɋɚɞɢɱ Ⱦɪɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɡɧɚɧɢ ɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɧɚɧɢ.
ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɨɜɟɪɢɨɰɢ, ɬɚɱɧɨ ʁɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɢɦ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ. Ɉɫɬɚʁɟ
ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɢ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ
ɡɧɚɤ ɩɚɠʃɟ (ɧɟɤɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ) ɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɫɤɚ ɜɟɡɚ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɛɢɨ
ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢɢ ɢ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɨ-
ɞɢɨ ɬɚɤɫɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ. ɋɤɨɪɨ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɠɟɧɭ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɭ, ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɰɭ, ɞɚ ɬɚ ɫɜɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɢ, ɢ ɞɚ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɚ Ʉɚɬɚɪɢɧɨɦ ɋɬɢʁɟɩɨ ɢ
ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɭɝɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɜɟʄ ɢ
ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɚ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ʄɟ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɞɭɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ ɞɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɠɟɧɚ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ
ɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɦɚʁɤɨɦ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɨɦ. Ɇɨɠɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɢɧɨɦ
ɦɢɪɚɡɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɦɭɠɭ ȳɨɜɚɧɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɯɪɨɧɢɱɧɟ ɧɟɫɬɚ-
ɲɢɰɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ. ɂɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɚɤ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ
ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɟ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɢɧɟ ɪɨɞɛɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɧɚ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɢ ɤɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɤɨɦɢɫɚɪ ɢ
386
ɟɩɢɬɪɨɩ. ɑɟɫɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ

ɦɢɪɚɡɭ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɦɢɪɚɡɭ ɚ
ɧɟ ɨ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɭ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɨɧ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ
ʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɢɫɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɞɭɲɭ.
ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ, ɢ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɨɻɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ. Ȼɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ Ɏɪɚɧɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ ɋɢɦɤɨ. Ɉ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɡɚʁɟɞ-
ɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɧɨɬɚɪɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɫ-
ɧɨɜɚɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ (ɧɟ ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɞɚ) ɫɚ ɪɨɻɚɤɨɦ Ɏɪɚ-
ɧɨɦ Ȼɭʄɨɦ, Ɍɪɢɩɤɨɦ ɢ ɀɢɜɤɨɦ Ʌɚɭɪɢɰɨɦ. ɂɡ ɬɨɝ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ Ɏɪɚɧɨ Ȼɭʄɚ Ɍɪɢɩɤɭ ɢ ɀɢɜɤɭ Ʌɚɭɪɢɰɢ ɩɨ 11 ɩɟɪɩɟ-
ɪɚ, ɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɭ 70 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ. Ɏɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɬɢɯ 70 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ȳɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ɋɢɦɤɨ, Ɏɪɚɧɨɜ
ɫɢɧ, ɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɭ 40,5 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɢɡ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɤɨɝ ɬɪɝ-
ɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ Ɏɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɋɢɦɤɨ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɨɞ Ɏɪɚɧɨɜɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ.
ɂɡ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɨ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɭ ɢɫɬɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɪ ɢ ɞɭɠɧɢɤ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɚ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɞɚ
ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɚʁɭ ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɟ ɤɚɞ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɧɨɜɚɰ
ɞɚ ɛɢ ɝɚ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɭ ɪɨɛɭ.
ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɨɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɲɬɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɛɚ-
ɜɢɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɫɨʂɭ. Ɇɨɠɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɚɰ ɞɟɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɚ ɫɨɥɢ
ɢɚɤɨ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ.
ɂɡ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɫɦɨ ɫɚɡɧɚɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨ ɞɟɥɭ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ-
ɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɢɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɨɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɤʃɢɝɚɧɢɫɦɨ ɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɦɨ ɬɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ
ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɪɚʁɚɥɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɢɡɧɨɫ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɭ. Ʉɚɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɧ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɭɥɚɝɚɨ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ.
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɜɚɠɧɟ ɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɨ ɢɦɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚʃɭ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɚ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ ɡɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ Ɏɪɚ-
ɧɭɲɚ (ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ) ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɟ ɧɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɤɨɝ ɪɨɞɚ ʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ. ɋɚ ʃɨɦ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɬɪɨʁɟ ɞɟɰɟ: ɞɜɟ ʄɟɪɤɟ – Ⱥɧɤɭ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɭɲɭ ɢ ɫɢɧɚ
ɇɢɤɨɥɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ, ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɞɟɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɠɟʃɟɧ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɢ ʄɟɪɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɭɲɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɞɚɬɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ʄɟɪɤɚ Ⱥɧɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ.
ɍ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ. ɉɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɜɟ
ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɪɚɞʃɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɢ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ. Ɇɨ-
ɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ʃɟɝɨ-
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ɜɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ. ɂ ɫɚɦ ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ʃɟ-

ɝɨɜ ɨɬɚɰ Ɍɪɢɩɟ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɭɦɪɨ. ɂ ɦɚʁɤɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɤɢʃɚ. ɍ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ
ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɞɟɨɛɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɇɢɮɤɨɱɚ
(ɇɢʄɢɮɤɚ) ɤɭʄɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. ɇɢɮɤɨɱ ʁɟ ɠɢɜɟɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɚ ɞɟɨɛɭ ɫɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɰɢ
ɛɪɚʄɚ ɉɚɥɦɨɬɢʄɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ.18 ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɜɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɭ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤ-
ɪɟɬɧɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɫɢɧɭ ɇɢɤɨɥɢ, ɠɟɧɢ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɢ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɜɟɦɚ
ʄɟɪɤɚɦɚ. Ɉɞɪɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɦɢɪɚɡ ʄɟɪ-
ɤɚɦɚ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɞɚʁɭ (ɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ɞɟɨ ɢɦɟɬɤɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɭɞɚʁɭ). Ɇɢɪɚɡ ʁɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɢɦ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢ ɫɢɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ. ɀɟɧɢ Ɏɪɚɧɭɲɢ
ɩɪɢɩɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɢ. ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɛɢɨ
ʁɟ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɦɭɠɚ, ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɫɬɚɬɢ
ɭ ɦɭɠɟɜʂɟɜɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɚʃɟ.19 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɭɞɚ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ʃɟɧ ɦɢɪɚɡ. ɀɟɥɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ʄɟɪɤɢ – Ⱥɧɤɚ ɢɞɟ ɭ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ʉɥɚɪɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɞɚ ɥɢ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ʉɥɚɪɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɭ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɰɢɲɬɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɩɥɟɦɤɢʃɚ ɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɯ
ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɜ. Ʉɥɚɪɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ 1364. ɝɨ-
ɞɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɦɟʃɚɨ ɢɦɟ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɭ. Ɉɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɛɢɥɨ
ɨɤɨ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ, ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɢɯ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɟ
ɢɡ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ.20 Ȼɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɤɭɩɟ
ɦɢɪɚɡ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɜɢɫɨɤ ɡɚ ɩɥɟɦɤɢʃɟ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɤɭɩɟ ɝɨɬɨɜ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɧɟɫɬɚɲɢɰɭ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 14. ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ. ɉɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ.
Ʉɨɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɨ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧ, ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚɧ
ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ, Ȼɚɥɲɢʄɚ, ɐɪɧɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ, ɩɨɬɪɟɫɚɧ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɧɟɦɢɪɢɦɚ,
ɬɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɩɨɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɫɩɚɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 15. ɜɟɤɚ (1420) ɭ „ɡɚɝɪʂɚʁɭ” Ɇɥɟ-
ɱɚɧɚ.
Ɉɫɬɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɦɢɪɚɡ ʄɟɪɤɢ Ⱥɧɤɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɧɟɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɭ ɦɚ-
ɧɚɫɬɢɪ. ɂ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɤɟ ɞɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɢɞɭ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɦɢɪɚɡɚ ɢɡɧɨ-
ɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ 50 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɭɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ (ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢ ɜɢ-
ɧɨɝɪɚɞ) ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɰɢ (ɩɪɨɤɭɪɚɬɨɪɢ) ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚ-
ɧɚ.21
18
ɂȺɄ, SN II, fol. 294, 5. IV 1396.
19
Statuta civitatis Cathari I, cap. CXCIV, 115–116.
20
L. Blehova ýelebiü, Žene srednjovjekovnog Kotora, 242–245; Ista, Hrišüanstvo u
Boki 12001500, 111113.
21
Statuta civitatis Cathari, Venetiis 1616, 309; L. Blehova ýelebiü, Žene srednjovje-
388
Ⱦɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ. ɂ

ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɞɟɨ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɦ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɜɚɧ ɝɪɚɞɚ
(ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ). ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ
ɞɚɪɨɜɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɢɫɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɞɭɲɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ
ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɟɞɭ ȹɢɜɢ, ɤɨɝɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ je 10
ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɞɭɲɭ. Ɉɫɬɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ (ɨɤɨ 100 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ) Ɏɪɚ-
ʃɟɜɰɢɦɚ – Ɇɚɥɨʁ ɛɪɚʄɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɟ „ɡɚ ɫɩɚɫ ɞɭɲɟ”.22 Ɂɚɜɟɲɬɚʃɟ
ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɩɨɩɪɢɦɢɥɚ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚʃɚ ɦɢɫɚ ɭɡ ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɬɨ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟ ɦɢɫɟ ɡɚ ɦɪɬɜɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɧ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɨɞɪ-
ɠɟ ɦɢɫɭ ɋɜ. Ƚɪɝɭɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɚ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɟ 30 ɦɢɫɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɫ
ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɚ ɞɭɲɟ ɢɡ ɱɢɫɬɢɥɢɲɬɚ.23 ɂ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ
60 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɟ „ɞa ɦɭ ɨɞɪɠɟ ɬɪɢ ɦɢɫɟ”. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ (60 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ)
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɛɪɚɬɨɜɲɬɢɧɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ.24
ɍ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ 30 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɯɨɞɨɱɚɫɧɢɰɢ-
ɦɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɞɭ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɯɨɞɨɱɚɲʄɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ
ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɭ Ȼɚɪɢʁɭ, Ɋɢɦ, ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɇɚɪɢʁɟ Ɋɚɬɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɟ.25 Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɨɫɟʄɢɜɚɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɯɨɞɨɱɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ (ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ).26
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɬ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɭ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɩɭɧɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɜʂɚ 30 ɩɟɪ-
ɩɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɨɩɪɨɫɬ ɞɭɲɟ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɡɚ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɢɥɢ
ɧɟɧɚɦɟɪɧɨ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ („per male ablato, maltolleto”).27
Ƚɨɞɢɧɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ – ɫɦɪɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ. ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɬɪɟʄɟɝ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1427. ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ 18. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ
1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɭɦɪɨ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ
Ɍɪɢɩɚ Ȼɭʄɟ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ – ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɰɢ: Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ ɉɟɥɟɝɪɢɧɚ, Ɍɪɢɩɭɧ ȳɚɤɨ (ȳɚɤɨɜ), Ʌɭɤɚ ɉɚ-
ɭɬɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɇɢɝɪɨ. Ɍɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ Ⱦɪɚ-
ɝɨ Ʌɭɤɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɚ (Ⱦɪɚɝɨɧɢɫɚ). ɋɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɨɰɟɦ, Ʌɭɤɨɦ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ, ȳɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɨ ɢ ɨɜɚʁ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɠɢɜ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬ. ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ
Ʌɭɤɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɭɦɪɨ ɬɟ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɦɟɧɢɨ ɫɢɧ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ.
kovnog Kotora, 248.

22
ɂȺɄ, SN V fol. 379, 18 VII 1431.
23
L. ýelebiü Blehova, Žene srednjovekovnog Kotora, 270.
24
ɂȺɄ, SN V fol. 378–379, 18. VII 1431.
25
ɂȺɄ, SN V fol. 378–379, 18. VII 1431.
26
ɂȺɄ, SN V fol. 378–379, 18. VII 1431.
27
ɂȺɄ, SN V fol. 378, 18. VII 1431.
389
Ɉɫɢɦ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ, ʁɨɲ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɢ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɱɭɜɚɪɚ – ɪɢɡ-

ɧɢɱɚɪɚ („theausarii”) ɪɢɡɧɢɰɟ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɍɪɢɩɭɧɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɯɪɚʃɟɧɢ
ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪ ɂɜɚɧ Ʌɭɤɲɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɢɡɧɢɱɚɪɚ
(„theausarius”) ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ – Ɇɚɪɢɧ, ɫɢɧ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ
ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɨɜɟɫɬɢʁɚɪɚ, ɚ ɭɧɭɤ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ȼɭʄɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ
ɪɢɡɧɢɱɚɪ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬ ʁɟ ɧɟʄɚɤ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ.
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɟ
ɝɪɚɻɟ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ-
ʃɟ, ɩɨɪɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɢɦɨɜɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ,
ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢɯ
ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ (ɨɰɚ Ɍɪɢɩɚ, ɫɬɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɨʁɚ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɇɢɮɤɨɱɚ). Ɉɫɢɦ
ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ, ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ (ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɫɪɨɞɧɢɤɚ) ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 14. ɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ (ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡ) ɨ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨɦ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɚɞɚʃɭ ɢ
ɫɥɚɛʂɟʃɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɭʄɚ (ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɝɪɚɧɟ
Ɍɪɢɩɟ Ȼɭʄɟ) ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ 14. ɜɟɤ.
Marica Maloviü Djukiü

Institute of History in Belgrade
JOVAN BUCA, THE LORD OF KOTOR (14TH – 15TH CENTURY)
Summary
Based on both the published and non-published archive material from the
Archives of Kotor and Dubrovnik, and from literature, presented are Jovan’s
business affairs, family circumstances and financial status. Besides Jovan’s
business activities, trading and lending operations of his close relatives were also
portrayed, of his father Tripo, uncle Maroje and brother Nifkoc. It was shown that
Jovan’s financial situation and the volume of trading and lending operations
significantly lagged behind that of his close relatives from 14th century. Another
testimony of this is frequent departure of the girls from his immediate surroundings
to the monastery (sending the sister and daughter to the monastery), perhaps out of
religious reasons, but probably due to financial difficulties around collecting the
dowry. All this is a proof of unfavourable economic situation of the individuals
from the Buca family at the end of 14th and in the first three decades of 15th
century, all of which testifies of economic lagging behind and hence weakening of
the political influence of the Buca family, especially the descendents of Tripo Buca
compared to the previous century.
390
ɉɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɟ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ
ɍȾɄ 338.47(497.16 Ʉɨɬɨɪ)“14“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15022

ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺȵȿ ȽɊȻȴȺɇȺ ɍ ɄɈɌɈɊɍ ɄɊȺȳȿɆ XIV

ɂ ɌɈɄɈɆ XV ȼȿɄȺ
ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɉɪɢɲɬɢɧɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɋɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ ɫɚ ɤɨ-

ɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ
ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɢ ɨɞ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɞɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ, ɱɢɬɚɜɢɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɢɦ
ɜɟɤɨɦ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɭ ɞɨɛɪɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ
ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɞɥɚɡɢ-
ɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨ, ɞɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɦɨ ɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ. Ɍɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜ-
ɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɟ ɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɚ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚ ɥɢ-
ɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɩɚ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟɦɨ ɧɟ-
ɲɬɨ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁ ɢ ɲɢɪɨʁ ɱɢɬɚɥɚɱɤɨʁ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: Ʉɨɬɨɪ, Ƚɪɛɚʂ, Ⱦɨʃɢ Ƚɪɛɚʂ, Ƚɨɪʃɢ Ƚɪɛɚʂ, Ʌɚɫɬɜɚ,
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢ, Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ.
Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɨɤɨ

ɩɪɟɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɚ ɢ Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ, ɩɪɢ-
ɜɪɟɞɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɨ ʁɚɱɚɥɚ. Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɢɫ-
ɬɢɦ ɨɧɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɢɞɚɧ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬɨɝ ɢ ɱɟɬɪɧɚɟɫɬɨɝ
ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɤɚɪɚɜɚɧɢ ɢɡ Ȼɪɫɤɨɜɚ, Ɂɜɟɱɚɧɚ, Ɋɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ Ɍɪɟɩ-
ɱɟ, ɫɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɝɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɛɚɤɪɚ ɢ ɡɥɚɬɚ ɫɬɢɡɚɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ. Ʉɨ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɢ ʁɟɞɪɟʃɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɞɚʂɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɨɜɭ ɪɨɛɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɟ ɥɭɤɟ ɋɪɟɞɨ-
ɡɟɦʂɚ. ɍ ɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɫɭ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɛɪɨɞɨɝɪɚɞɢɥɢɲɬɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɞɚɧɨɧɨʄɧɨ
ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢɡɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ ʁɟɞɪɟʃɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɭɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɜɟɥɚ. ɍ
ɢɫɬɨɦ ɛɪɨɞɨɝɪɚɞɢɥɢɲɬɭ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩɥɨɜɢɥɚ, ɮɭɫ-
ɬɟ, ɝɪɢɩɨɜɢ, ɫɤɚɛɟ, ɦɚɪɰɢɥɢʁɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɟ.1
ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɩɭɧɢ ɬɪɡɚɜɢɰɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ. ɋɭɤɨɛɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ
1420. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɨ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ ɠɚɥɢɥɢ ɞɭɠɞɭ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚɥɢ ɦɟɪɟ ɬɟ-
ɠɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ. ɇɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɨ ɜɟʄɟ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɨ ɬɭɠɛɭ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɀɭɩʂɚɧɢ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɟ,
1
Ɇ. Ɂɥɨɤɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɪɨɞɨɝɪɚɞɢɥɢɲɬɚ ɭ Ȼɨɤɢ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɉɆɄ VIII (1959), 723.
391
Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ
„ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɜɟɤ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɡɪɨɤ ɡɚɥɚ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤɚ”. Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɢ ɞɭɠɞ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɜɟɤ
ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ, ɬɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ „ɞɚ ɧɟ-
ʄɟ ɫɟʂɚɤɟ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɥɢɲɚɜɚɬɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɮɢɫɤɚɥɧɟ
ɫɜɪɯɟ”, ɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɢɦ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɱɟɬɢ-
ɪɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ. ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟɦ ɞɭɠɞɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ
ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ Ɋɚɞɢɱ Ⱦɪɭɲɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ Ȼɚɬɭɬ, ɢ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɭ
28. ʁɭɧɚ 1432. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ „secundum privilegium illorum de
Zuppa”. Ɉɞ ɞɭɠɞɚ ɫɭ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɟɦɢɫɚɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɢ ʃɟɦɭ ɜɟʄ ɠɚɥɢɥɢ ɧɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɟ, ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɭɜɟ-
ʄɚɜɚɥɢ „ɭɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɥɚɤɟ ɦɟɪɟ”, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɀɭɩʂɚɧɢɦɚ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɢ
ɬɟɪɚʁɭ ɢɯ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɞɟɞɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ. ɍ ɬɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɢ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ Ʌɭɤɚ ɞɟ ɉɚɫɤɜɚɥɢɫ, ɩɭɧ ɠɚɥɛɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɥɚʄɚɥɢ „ɞɭɠɧɟ ɞɚɧɤɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨ ɫɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ
ɡɛɨɪɨɜɟ”.2
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɠɢɜɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ „ɬɪɨjɢɰɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɚ ɦɨ-
ɪɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɝɧɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ” ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ
ɫɦɪɬɧɟ ɤɚɡɧɟ. ɇɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ 25. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1433. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 220 ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢɯ ɞɨ-
ɦɚʄɢɧɚ ɡɚɤɥɟɥɢ „ɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɬɢ” ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ „ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɤɧɟɡɭ
ɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ”. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɫɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɞ Ƚɪɛɚʂ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɠɭɩɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɫɦɟɬɚɧɨ ɭɛɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɟ ɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɨɞ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɯ
ɫɟʂɚɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ 1440. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ ɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɚɪ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɨɤɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɛɢɨ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɫɭɞ ɞɨɛɪɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ („arbitri arbitra-
tores et compositores”) ɨɞ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ ɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, ɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɞɭɠɞɨɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ
ɠɞɪɟɛɨɜɚ ɡɟɦɟʂɟ ɭ Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ ɢ „ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ”3.
2
ɍ ɞɭɤɚɥɢ ɨɞ 10. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1432. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɧɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɪɛɚʂ-
ɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢ ɫɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ, „ɢɧɚɱɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ
ɛɭɧɬɨɜɧɢɰɢ”. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɧɚɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ
ɞɭɤɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɞ 25. ɦɚʁɚ 1433. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɧɟɡ ɩɨɦɨʄɭ ɜɟɪɧɢɯ ɉɚɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɯɚɩɫɢ ɝɪɛʂɚɧ-
ɫɤɟ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɢɰɟ. Ⱥ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɩɟɬɨɪɢɰɟ ɜɟʄ ɭɯɚɩɲɟɧɢɯ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɚ, ɞɭɠɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɩɭɫɬɟ, „ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɯɚɩɲɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɭ”. Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢɨ ɉɢ-
ɡɚɪɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɡɞɚ ɢɦ ɬɪɟʄɭ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɭ. ɉɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɭɠɞɨɜɨ
ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ, ɩɭɫɬɢ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɢɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ ɞɚɧɚɤ ɢ
ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɨɜɢɦɚ ɛɟɡ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɟ
ɤɧɟɠɟɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɩɥɟɦɢʄɚ. (J. Gelcich, Monumenta Ragusina, Liber Reformationum
I–V, Zagreb 18791897 (ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ: Mon. Rag.), 67; G. ýremošnik, Kotorski dukali i
druge listine, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɡɟɦɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ XXXII–XXXIV, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1922, 138–40; Ⱥ.
ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɚ ɠɭɩɚ ɢ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɑɭɩɢʄɚ 40
(1931), 113.
3
Mon. Rag. I, 7O–3; G. ýremošnik, Kotorski dukali, 14245; A. ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, Ƚɪɛɚʂ-
ɫɤɚ ɠɭɩɚ, 11–3; Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨʁ ɠɭɩɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ
XV ɜɟɤɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɫɤɭɩɚ „Ƚɪɛɚʂ ɤɪɨɡ ɜʁɟɤɨɜɟ”, Ƚɪɛɚʂ–Ʉɨɬɨɪ, 2001,
392
1. ɍȽɈȼȺɊȺȵȿ ɋȼȺɄɈȾɇȿȼɇɂɏ ɉɈɋɅɈȼȺ
ɍ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜ-

ɧɨɫɬ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ.
ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɜ. Ɍɪɢɩɭɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚʁɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɠɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɨɝ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɝ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɚ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɲɬɚɜ-
ʂɟʃɟɦ ɤɨɠɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɨɡ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɭ ʂɭɞɢ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɉɚɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɉɨɞɝɨ-
ɪɢɰɟ, ɨɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱɢʁɚ, ɢɡ Ɋɢɻɚɧɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢ ɢɡ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɯ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɢɡɭɱɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ-
ɥɢɦɚ, ɭɡ ɡɟɬɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɢ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɢ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɟɨ
ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ.4
ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ 17. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1334. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɤɚ Ȼɟɥɨɫɥɚɜɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ
ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ɧɟɤɨɝ Ɇɢɥɨɫɥɚɜɚ, ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨj ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɭɝɨ-
ɜɨɪ ɨ ɭɞɚʁɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ʄɟɪɤɟ Ɇɚɪɟ ɡɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ Ɇɢɥɚɬɢɤɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ
ɭ ɦɢɪɚɡ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɞɟɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɭ ɠɞɪɢʁɟɛɭ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ȼɚɡɢɥɢʁɟɜɨɝ,
ɤoʁɢ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɫɢɧ ȳɚɤɨɜ. ɋɚɦɚ Ȼɟɥɨɫɥɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɟɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ
ɭ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨʁ ɠɭɩɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ „ɞɨɤ ɠɢɜɢ”4-ɚ.
ɍ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ʁɟ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1335. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɫɥɚɜ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ
ɩɨɫɚɞɧɢɤ ɧɭɧɰɢʁɚ Ƚɢɥɟ, ɞɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ Ɋɨɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɚ ɭɱɢ ɨɛɭʄɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɚɧɚɬ
ɤɨɞ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɚ Ɋɚɞɭɧɚ. Ɏɚɦɭɥ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ʁɟ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɧɚ-
ɪɟɞɧɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɫɚɦ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ. ɋɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪ Ɋɚɞɭɧ ɫɟ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɟɜɚ, ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɜ
ɨɛɭʄɚɪɫɤɢ ɚɥɚɬ, „ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ”. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɚɦ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ, ɞɚɤɥɟ 26. ɦɚʁɚ
1336. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪ Ɋɚɞɭɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɭɱɟɧɢɤɚ, ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ. ɋɬɚɧɢɫɥɚɜɚ, ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɝɪɨɠɻɚɪɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨ-
ɧɚɜɚɥɚ, ɧɚɦɟɫɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɚ Ɋɚɞɭɧɚ (ɨɛɭʄɚɪɚ) ɫɜɨɝɚ ɫɢɧɚ Ƚɨʁɲɭ,
ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ 15 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɭʄɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɧɚɬɭ, ɚ
ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɟɜɚ, ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢ
ɨɛɭʄɚɪɫɤɢ ɚɥɚɬ.5
Ɇɧɨɝɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɚɪɯɢɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɦ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ.
ɇɨɜɟʂɚ („Novellus”) Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ ɫɟ 2. ɦɚɪɬɚ
1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɤɨɞ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ɩɨɤ. ɂɜɚɧɚ Ȼɢɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢ
177–92; Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɢ Ƚɪɛɚʂ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɏɢɥ. ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ XXXIV, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɚ Ɇɢɬɪɨɜɢɰɚ 2006,
646.
4
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ 2, Ɍɢɬɨɝɪɚɞ 1970, 275.
4-ɚ
A. Mayer, Kotorski spomenici, Druga knjiga kotorskih notara od 13351337, Za-
greb 1981, 497.
5
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ (ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ: ɂȺɄ), ɋɭɞɫɤɨ-ɧɨɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ
(ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ: ɋɇ) II, 165, 378; Ɋ. Ʉɨɜɢʁɚɧɢʄ, Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɭʄɚɪɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIV
ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɟɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɧɚ ɐɟɬɢʃɭ, ɐɟɬɢʃɟ 1962, 59.
393
ɨɫɚɦ ɝɪɨɲɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ. Ɂɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɇɨɜɟʂɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɤɭɩɢɨ

ɫɢɪɨɜɢɯ ɫɦɨɤɚɜɚ („ficulus”).6
Ⱦɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɢɦɟʃɚɤ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɇɨɜɟʂɟ, ɉɪɢɛɢʄɟɜɢʄ, ɢɫɬɨ ɢɡ
Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ, ɩɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ Ȼɚɬɭɬɢʄɚ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨʃɟ
Ɇɢɬɟɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ 20 ɝɪɨɲɚ, ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɨʂɨɦ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɨ ʁɟ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɚ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ ɢ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɇɢɤɨɥɨɦ ɉɢɡɚɧɢʁɟɦ, ɞɚ ɝɚ
ɩɪɚɬɢ ɡɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɨ ɤɧɟɠɟɜɨɦ ɬɪɨɲɤɭ. ɇɨɜɟʂɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɚɦɨ
(ɭ Ɇɥɟɬɰɢɦɚ) ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɲɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɚ Ʌɨɞɨɜɢɤɭ ȼɟɧɟɪɢʁɭ
(Lodovicu Venerio), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɦɚʁɰɢ Ɋɢɩɭɤʃɟɥɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɨɞɟɜɚ. ɋɜɟɞɨɰɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ
ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ Ȼɭʄɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ƚɥɚɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɟ Ȼɭʄɚ, ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɭ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɚ.7
ɂ Ɋɚɞɨʃɚɰ Ȼɚɪɞɢɬɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ʁɟ 6. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚɨ ȼɢɬɭ
Ʉɨɧɬɚɧɢ (Kontani) ɫɚ ɏɜɚɪɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɭ ɛɪɨɞɚ, ɫɜɨɝɚ ɫɢɧɨɜɰɚ Ɋɚɞɚ
(Alegreta), ɫɢɧɚ ɩɨɤ. ɦɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɇɨɜɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɚɨ 12 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɞɚ ɝɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ
ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɫɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɋɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ ȼɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧ
„ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ” ɞɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧɚ Ɋɚɞɚ ɭɱɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɧɚɬɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ
ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɨɜɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɲɟɫɬ ɡɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɋɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɚɤ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɮɚɦɭɥ Ɋɚɞɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧ ɞɚ ɏɜɚɪɚɧɢɧɚ ȼɢɬɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɧɚ
ɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɜɭɞɚ „ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ ɛɭɞɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ, ɤɚɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɫɥɭ-
ɝɚ”.8
Ɇɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ (6. ɦɚʁɚ) 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɉɪɢɛɢɥ ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɬɟ
Ɇɟɞɭɧ, ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɢ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ, ɛɪɚʄɚ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɉɪɢɛɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɀɭɩɟ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ, ɢ
Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ Ɋɨɫɝɨɜɚɰ (Rosgovac) ɢɡ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ, ɫɭɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɦɥɢɧɚ ɭ
Ƚɪɛʂɭ („socius in uno molenalino”) ɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɡɜɚɧɨɦ ȼɭɱɤɨ (Vuccho),
ɭɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢ, ɡɟɬɭ Ⱦɨɛɪɟ ɢ ɋɬɨʁɤɚ Ȼɪɚɬɢɫɥɚɜɨɜɨɝ (de Bratislavo),
ɢɧɚɱɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɪɬɚɰɢɦɚ, ɩɨ ɲɟɫɧɭ ɦɥɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɢɡ-
ɧɨɫɭ (ɲɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɨ) ɡɚ ɫɭɦɭ ɨɞ ɨɫɚɦ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ
ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɞɟɨ ɛɟɡ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɨɪɬɚɤɚ (ɞɟɨɧɢɱɚɪɚ).9
ɇɨɜɚɤ Ʌɢʁɟɫɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ (ɭ ɉɚɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɢɦɚ) ɢ ɉɟɬɚɪ ɇɢɝɪɨ (Nig-
ro) ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ, ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ 20. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ
ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ, ɞɚ ɇɨɜɚɤ, ɩɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɭ ɩɚɲɬɪɨɜɢʄɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ Ƚɪɭ-
ɛɚɱɟɜɢʄɚ, ɞâ ɭ ɮɚɦɭɥɫɤɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ʄɟɪɤɭ ȴɭɛɭ. ɂɫɬɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟ-
ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ 15 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɨɞ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɇɢɝɪɟ,
6
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 416 ɨɞ 2. III 1431.
7
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 43a ɨɞ 4. III 1431.
8
ɍɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɞɢʁɨɦ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦ Ɇɚɤo. Ⱦɪɚɝɨ ɢ Ɇɚɬɢʁɨɦ
Ɇɢɯɨɜɢɦ Ȼɭɰɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɚɭɞɢɬɨɪɨɦ (ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ, V, 75 ɨɞ 6. IV 1431.).
9
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 146 ɨɞ 6. V 1431.
394
„ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɨɧ ɡɚ ʃɨɦɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ”, ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɝɚɡɞɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɯɪɚɧɢ,

ɨɞɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɡɚ ɭɞɚʁɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ.10
ɍ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɫɭ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɚ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɢ
ɞɭɠɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ. ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ 1. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧ ɂɜɚɧ Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɨɞ Ʉɨ-
ɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ ɋɢɦɢɤɚ Ȼɪɚʁɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɨ 50 ɡɥɚɬɧɢɯ ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɋɚ ɬɢɦ ɧɨɜ-
ɰɟɦ ɂɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɬɩɥɨɜɢ ɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɚ ɬɚɦɨ ɤɭɩɢ ɭʂɚ ɑɥɚ-
ɧɨɜɢ ɭɞɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɞɟɥɟ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɤɨɧ-
ɱɚʃɚ ɨɜɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɚɤɰɢʁɟ.11 ɂ ɇɨɜɚɤ Ɋɚɬɤɨɜ Ⱦɪɚɝɭɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ
Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, 10. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɢɫɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚɞɭɠɢɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ Ʌɭɞɨɜɢɤɚ, ɫɢɧɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɚ Ʌɭɤɢɧɨɝ
Ⱦɪɚɝɨ, ɡɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 106 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɯ. Ɂɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɇɨɜɚɤ ʁɟ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɛɚɜɢ ɜɭɧɟɧɢɯ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚ ɢɡ Ɏɢɪɟɧɰɟ.12
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1432. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (1. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ) Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ ɢɡ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ
ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɚɤɚ Ƚɨʁɤɚ ɀɢɝɭɥoɪɢ („Zigulori”) 40 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɬɚɤ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɞɭɝɚ ɨɞ 200 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ. ɋɚɦ Ƚɨʁɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɝɨɪɟ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɬɪɝɚɜɰɚ ɋɢɦɢɤɚ Ȼɪɚʁɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɨ ɢɫɬɨ 40 ɩɟɪ-
ɩɟɪɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ, ʁɟɦɱɟʄɢ ɦɭ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɞɭɝɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ
1432. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɨ ʁɟɦɫɬɜɨ ɡɚɥɨɠɢɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ ɭ Ʌɚɫɬɜɢ, ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɨ ɫɚ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɨɦ Ⱦɨɦɚʃɟ Ȼɪɚɬɢɦɢɨɧɨɜɨɝ (Brathomione).12-a
ɉɨɞ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɫɜɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ
ʁɟɡɢɤ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɜɚɥɢ „interpres et cancellarius sclavus”. Ɂɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɭ ɚɞ-
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɫɭɞɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ 1432. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɠɚɥɢɥɢ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɭɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧ-
ɫɤɨɦ, ɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚʁɭ ɬɚʁ ʁɟɡɢɤ. Ⱦɭɠɞ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɭɜɚɠɢɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɟ-
ɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɪɚɞɟ, ɞɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɟ
ɧɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɫ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɩɨ-
ɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ. Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɛɟ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ.13
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɉɪɢɛɢɥ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ ɀɭɩɟ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɢɫɚɧɭ
ɨɛʁɚɜɭ ɨɞ 20. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1435. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ
ɨɛɟɥɨɞɚɧɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɟ, ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ
Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ, ɚ
ɫɟɫɬɪɟ Ɋɚʁɧɟ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɉɪɢɛɢɥɨɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɫɚɫɬaɜɢɨ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɩɢɫɦɨɦ. ɇɚ
10
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 257 ɨɞ 30. IX 1431.
11
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 327 ɨɞ 1. XII 1431.
12
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 332 ɨɞ 10. XII 1431.
12-a
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ, V, 358 ɨɞ 1. I 1432.
13
G. ýremonik, Kotorski dukali, 145; ɂ. ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ, Ʉɨɦɭɧɚɥɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɫɚɪɨɝ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1950, 1078.
395
ɬɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɜɭ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɞɚɨ ɇɨɜɚɤ Ƚɥɚɜɢɰɢʄ ɫɚ ɫɢɧɨɦ Ⱦɚɛɢɲɨɦ. Ɂɚ

ɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɬɜɪɞʃɢ, ɉɪɢɛɢɥ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɝɪɛʂɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢ-
ɤɚ Ȼɨɲɤɚ ɉɚɩɨɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɚ.14
ɂ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧ ɉɪɢɦɨ Ƚɪɭɛɨʁɟɜɢʄ ɫɟ 12. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1436. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ ɦɭ ɛɪɚɬɚ
Ʌɭɤɟ, ɚ ɫɢɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ Ɋɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɲɬɢɧɭ ʃɢ-
ɯɨɜɟ ɦɚʁɤɟ ɀɢɜɚɧɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɭɦɪɥɚ ɛɟɡ ɬɟɫɬɚɦɟɧɬɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ,
ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɞɧɟɨ ɉɪɢɛɢɥ Ƚɢɡɞɚɜɚɰ ɢɡ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱ ɢ Ʌɭɤɚ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜɢʄɢ.15
ɂɡʁɚɜɭ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɢɱɚɪɭ ɫɚɨɩ-
ɲɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ 17. jɭɧɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɋɚɬɤɨ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɦɭ Ɇɢɥɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ɂɭɞɟɜɢʄ,
ɩɨɬɨɦɰɢ ɭɦɪɥɨɝ ɨɰɚ ɢɦ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɭɲɬɢɰɟ, ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɟɧɢ ɭ ɀɭɩɢ
ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɨʁ. ɉɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɢɡʁɚɜɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ ɢ
ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ɛɪɚɬɚ ɢɦ ɩɨ ɨɰɭ ɉɪɢɛɨʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɭɦɪɨ ɛɟɡ ɨɩɨɪɭɤɟ.16
ɍ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ, ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɭɞɪɭɠɟɧɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ
Ȼɚɝɨɧɚɰ ɉɭɤɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɇɟɞɨɲ Ȼɪɚɰɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ɉɛɪɚɞ ɉɭɤɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ȶɭɩɚ („de Copo”), ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ 22. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1436.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɭ ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬɭ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɨɦ Ɇɟɤɲɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦɥɢɧɫɤɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ,
ɞɨɛɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɥɢ 32 ɛɚɥɲɢɧɚ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ. Ɉɜɢɦ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɢɤɨɦɟ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɱɟ
ɦɥɢɧɫɤɢ ɤɚɦɟɧ „ɞɨɤ ɧɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɭ ɨɜɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ”. ɂɫɬɢɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɦ ɨɛɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɞɟɛʂɢɧɚ ɦɥɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚ
ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɥɚɤɬɢɰɨɦ.17
Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ, ɩɪɨɞɚɨ ʁɟ
22. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɨɪɬɚɰɢɦɚ ɇɨɜɚɤɭ Ɋɚʁɤɨɜɢʄɭ ɢ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɟɜɢ-
ʄɭ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɥɚɻɭ („barcham”) ɫɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɦɨɦ ɡɚ 24
ɞɭɤɚɬɚ.18
ɂ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1437. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɢɥɢ
ɲɢɪɟ ɢɡ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɨʁ ɀɭɩɢ.
ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɟ 20. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɉɚɜɥɟ ɉɭɤɨʁɟɜɢʄ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɥɨɠɢɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɭɫɟɞɭ Ⱦɚɛɢɲɢɧɭ Ɋɚɞɢɱɟɜɢʄɭ „ɡɚ ɤɪɜ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɥɚ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ” 60 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ. ɂɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɞɭɝ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ
14
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 686 ɨɞ 20. XI 1435.
15
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 712 ɨɞ 12. II 1436.
16
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 755 ɨɞ 17. VI 1436.
17
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 33 ɨɞ 22. X 1436.
18
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 63 ɨɞ 22. XI 1436.
396
ɩɥɚʄɚɬɢ ɩɨ 10 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜ. Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ

ɧɟ ɩɨɞɦɢɪɢ ɰɟɨ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɤɪɜɧɢɧɟ.19
ɉɪɢɛɢɥ, ɧɟʄɚɤ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ Ɂɢɛɭɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ (ɐɢɛɭɞɢɧɨɜɢʄɚ) ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ,
ɞɚɨ ʁɟ 15. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1437. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɭ Ʌɭɤɪɟɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɤ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ȼɭ-
ɰɢʁɟ ɫɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɫɟɧɬɟɧɰɢʁɭ (ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɰɭ) ɍɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ
ɢɡ 1436. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 27 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɢɥɚ ɧɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ Ⱦɢ-
ɦɢɬɪɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ Ʌɭɤɭ.20
ɂɫɬɨ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧ, Ɋɚɞɢɱ ɉɪɢɛɢɥɨɜɢʄ ɫɟ 20. ʁɭɧɚ 1437. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɝ-
ɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɦɟɫɚɪɭ ȳɚɤɨɜɭ Ƚɨɧɟɥɢ 67 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɩɨɡɚʁɦɢɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɨɥɚ.21 Ⱦɨɛɪɚɲɢɧ Ɋɟɫɟɜɢʄ ɢ ɫɢɧ ɦɭ
Ȼɨɠɢɤ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɡɚɞɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɨɝ ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ
ɧɚ 12 ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ. Ⱦɭɝ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɟ ɨɫɚɦ ɥɚɤɚɬɚ
ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɞɚɨ ɤɭɩɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ.22
Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɫɭɞɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɢ ɛɟɥɟɠɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1438. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɫɩɥɨɩʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɜ. Ɍɪɢɩɭɧɚ.
ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɭ ȭɨɪɻɟ ȭɢɦɨ (de Gimo) ɢ ɍɪɛɚɧ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜ Ȼɨɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɰɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜ. Ɏɪɚʃɨ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɪɟɞɚ Ɇɚɥɟ Ȼɪɚʄɟ, ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɮɪɚ ɋɢɦɨɧɚ ɢɡ Ɂɚɞɪɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɝɜɚɪɞɢʁɚɧɚ, ɮɪɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ɢɡ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, ɮɪɚ Ɏɪɚʃɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɮɪɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɪɚ
Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ɢɡ Ɂɚɞɪɚ, ɩɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɭ ɩɪɨɜɢɞɭɪɚ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ 2. ɮɟɛɪɭ-
ɚɪɚ 1438. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢ Ȼɚɪɚɰɢʄɭ, ɢɡ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɢ, ɧɟɤɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ. ɉɨɫɟɞ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɢɫ-
ɩɨɞ Ƚɥɚɜɢɧɚ ɛɪɞɚ, ɫɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢɧɨɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɞɚ ɩɥɚʄɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɧɭ
ɭ ɢɡɧɨɫɭ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɚ ɫɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɟɝɡɚɝɢʁɚ (ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ).23
Ⱦɚɛɢɲɢɧ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜ Ƚɨɪɞɨɧ ɢɡ Ɋɢɦɚ, ɭɡɟɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ 13. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɨɞ
Ɇɢɤɰɚ ȼɥɚɬɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ ɐɪɧɢɩɥɚɬɚ 10 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɡɚʁɚɦ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ
ɧɚɪɟɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɥɚʄɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɫɚ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ
Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ ɭ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɡɜɚɧɨɦ Ʌɨɜɚʃɚ ɝɥɚɜɢɰɚ.24
ɂ ɭɞɪɭɠɟɧɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɟ ɋɬɨʁɨɜɢʄ (ɢɥɢ ɋɤɨɪɨɜɢʄ), Ⱦɨɛɪɨɫɚɜ Ʉɪɨɧɨʁɟ-
ɜɢʄ, Ɋɚɞɢɱ ɋɬɨʁɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ȼɭɤɨɫɥɚɜ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɤɨɜɚɱ, ɫɜɢ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ („de
Zupa”), ɫɚɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ 26. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1438. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɭɠɧɢ Ʉɨɬɨ-
ɪɚɧɢɧɭ Ʌɭɤɢ ɉɚɭɬɢɧɨ 12 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɨɞ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɞɭɝɚ ɧɚ 24
ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɜʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɭ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɞɭɠɧɢɰɢ
ɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɨɝ, ɦɚɱɚɪɚ.25
19
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 114 ɨɞ 20. II 1437.
20
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 126 ɨɞ 15. III 1437.
21
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 190 ɨɞ 29. VI 1437.
22
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 218 ɨɞ 9. IX 1437.
23
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 415 ɨɞ 2. II 1438.
24
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 427 ɨɞ 13. II 1438.
25
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 426 ɨɞ 26. II 1438
397
ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (12. ɦɚɪɬɚ), Ⱦɚɛɢɲɢɧ Ƚɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ (ɢɥɢ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ) ɢɡ

Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤɚ
Ȼɨɝɨʁɚ ɏɢɫɩɚɧɢ („Hispani”), ɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢ-
ɤɭ, ɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɟ 16 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢ 10 ɝɪɨɲɚ ɨɞ ɇɨɜɚɤɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ
ɉɟɪɚɫɬɚ. Ⱦɭɝ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɚ ʄɟɪɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɜɢɥɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɨɞɟɥɚ (ɯɚʂɢɧɚ) ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɞ ɋɪɻɟɦ.26
Ƚɨʁɤɨ Ɇɢɥɚɬɤɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɩɪɨɞɚɨ ʁɟ 24. ɦɚʁɚ 1440. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ Ʉɨ-
ɬɨɪɭ Ⱦɨɛɪɟʂɢ ɉɪɢɛɨʁɟɜɢʄɭ ɢ Ɋɚɬɤɭ Ⱦɚɛɢɫɢɧɨɜɢʄɭ ɢɡ Ʌɨɜɪɢɧɱɚ (de Lov-
ricano) ɫɜɨʁ ɲɟɫɬɢ ɞɟɨ ɦɥɢɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɜɚɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɦ Ɋɚɬ-
ɤɨɰɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ ɋɬɨʁɤɨɦ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɲɤɨɜɢɦ ɢ ɋɬɨʁɤɨɦ Ⱦɪɭɲɤɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ɢɫɬɨ ɢɡ
Ƚɪɛʂɚ. Ɇɥɢɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɦɥɢɧɚ Ʌɚɭɪɟɧɰʁɚ Ȼɭɰɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɭ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ɍɪɭɮɭɧɨɜɨɝ Ȼɭɰɢɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɨ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢ
ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɧɨɬɚɪ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɋɚɧɬɨɝɟɧɟɡɢʁɚ (Antonije
de Santogenesio) 1440. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 25 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ.27
ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (3. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ), Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧ ɂɜɚɧ Ʉɨɩɨ, ɩɪɨɞɚɨ ʁɟ Ɇɚɬɢ-
ʁɢ Ȼɚɥɛɭ ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ, ɬɪɝɨɜɰɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧaɫɬɚʃɟɧɨɦ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɫɜɨʁɭ ɛɚɪ-
ɤɭɡɢʁɭ ɫɚ ɛɪɨɞɫɤɨɦ ɨɩɪɟɦɨɦ ɡɚ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 183 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ.28
ɉɨɥɨɜɢɧɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɜɚɱ Ȼjɟɥɲɚ Ɋɚɞɨ-
ɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ.29
ɋɭɞ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ 5. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1468. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɩ
Ȼɪɚɬɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɨɛɭʄɚɪ, ɡɟɬ Ȼɚɥɲɟ, ɫɬɚɪɚɬɟʂɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ
ɩɨɤ. Ɋɚɞɨʃɟ Ʉɥɢɧɰɚ, ɦɨɪɧɚɪɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɞɚʁɭ ɞɟɨ ɨɞ Ɋɚɞɨʃɢɧɟ ɢɦɨɜɢ-
ɧɟ Ɋɭɠɢ ɢ Ʉɚɬɢ, ɤʄɟɪɢɦɚ Ɋɚɞɨʃɢɧɢɦ. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ
ɦɚʁɤɟ, ɩɨɤ. ȳɟɥɟ, ɠɟɧɟ Ɋɚɞɨʃɢɧɟ. ɋɭɞ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɛɪɚɱɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɋɚ-
ɞɨʃɟ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ʉɥɢɧɰɚ ɢ ȳɟɥɟ, ʄɟɪɤɟ ȭɭɪɤɚ Ʉɪɤɲɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ʌɭɲɬɢɰɟ, ɩɢ-
ɫɚɧ 1445. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɟɥɚ ɞɨɧɟɥɚ Ɋɚɞɨʃɢ ɭ ɦɢɪɚɡ 100
ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɢɦɚ, ɤɭʄɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɢ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɇɨɜɚɤɚ „portolana” ɢ ɤɭʄɟ Ɋɚɞɢɱɚ ȼɥɚɯɨɜɢʄɚ.30
2. ɁȺɄȴɍɑɂȼȺȵȿ ɁȺɄɍɉɇɂɑɄɂɏ ɂ ȾɊɍȽɂɏ

ɉɈɋɅɈȼɇɂɏ ɋɉɈɊȺɁɍɆȺ
Ⱦɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɛɪɚɞɢɜɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɭɩ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɭ

ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɢɫɬɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɭɡɢɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ
26
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 442 ɨɞ 12. III 1438.
27
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 991 oɞ 24. V 1440.
28
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VII, 39 ɨɞ 3. XI 1440
29
N. Božaniü Beziü, Majstori oružari, štitari, kovaþi i ljevaþi topova od XIII do
XVIII stoleüa u Dalmaciji, Vojno-pomorski ogledi 1(1966), 64.
30
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ XIII, 670 ɨɞ 5. XII 1468; Ɋ. Ʉɨɜɨʁɚɧɢʄ, ȳɟɞɪɟʃɚɰɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɥɭɤɟ,
Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɉɆɄ XV (1967), 39.
398
ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɰɟɥɟ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɬɚʁ

ɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɢ ɡɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɉɪɢɦɨɪʁɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɚ ɋɤɚɞɚɪ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ.31
ɍ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭ 1326. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɜɥɚ-
ɫɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɤɚɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɤɚ. ɂɧɚɱɟ,
ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ
ɞɢɫɬɪɢɤɬɭ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ (Ƚɪɛɚʂ,
Ȼɢʁɟɥɚ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɢɰɚ ɢ Ʌɟɞɟɧɢɰɚ) ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɭɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɤɦɟɬɨɜɢ.32
ɉɪɜɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ 8. aɩ-
ɪɢɥɚ 1326. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟɝ ɻɚɤɨɧɚ (ɢɦɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ), ɫɢɧɚ ɩɨɤ.
Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɚ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ (ɡɟɦʂɟ) ɰɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɚɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢɯ ɫɟ-
ʂɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɇɭɧɞɢɧɚ. Ɉɜɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɻɚɤɨɧ ʁɟ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧɭ ɇɢɤɨ-
ɥɢ, ɫɢɧɭ Ɍɪɢɩɚ ɇɭɧɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢɰɢɦɚ „ɡɚ ɜɚɡɞɚ” ɢɡɧɚʁɦɢɨ
ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɻɚɤɨɧɚ ɞɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ
ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɩɥɚɬɢ 12 ɝɪɨɲɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɤɚɪɚɬ ɢɡɧɚʁɦʂɟɧɟ
ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɪɚɞɢ „ɧɟɤɚ ɫɟ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɰɪɤɜɢ”.33
ɍ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ, ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ 2. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (1326)
ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɦɟɻɭ ɉɟɬɪɚ, ɚɪɯɢɻɚɤɨɧɚ ɐɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɍɪɢɩɭɧɚ (ɡɚ-
ʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Ʉɚɩɬɨɥɨɦ) ɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞɚ ɐɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚʃɭ ɨɜɨɦ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɛɪɞɭ ɡɜɚɧɨɦ ɋɜ. Ⱥɧɻɟ-
ɥɨ, ɩɨɤɪɚʁ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɪɢɛɚɪɚ Ʌɨɜɪɚ ɢ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɋɥɚɧɨɧɟ ɢ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɱɢʁɢ
ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧ Ȼɥɚɠɨ. Ɉɞ ɧɚɫɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɚ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɜɢ-
ɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧ ɞɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɥɚʄɚ ɞɟ-
ɫɟɬɢ ɞɟɨ „ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ”.34 ɋɚɦɨ ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
Ɏɪɚɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɚ ɐɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɢ Ƚɪɚɞɚ, ɫɢɧɚ Ȼɨɝɞɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɚ
Ɇɟɫɚɥɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ʄɟɪɤɟ Ⱦɨɦɟ. ɉɨ ɬɨɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɡɚɤɭɩʂɢɜɚɱɢ ɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ
ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɢɡɚ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɐɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɚ ɛɥɢɡɭ
ɩɨɫɟɞɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɟɤɚ ɢ Ɇɢɤɟɞɚ ɤɨɜɚɱɚ, ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨ ɩɚɪɱɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɢɥɢ
ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɞɚ ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ ɩɨ 18 ɝɪɨɲɚ ɫɜɚ-
31
Ɇ. Ȼɥɚɝɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɂɟɦʂɨɪɚɞʃɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɚɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1989, 229. Ɉ
ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɤɨɞ: Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ,
Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨʁ ɠɭɩɢ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ: Ƚɪɛɚʂ
ɤɪɨɡ ɜʁɟɤɨɜɟ, Ʉɨɬɨɪ–Ƚɪɛɚʂ, 2001, 177–93.
32
ɂ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤ, Ʉɨɦɭɧɚɥɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɫɬɚɪɨɝ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1950, 57.
33
I. Stjepþeviü, Grbalj i Kotor, Split 1941, 31-2.
34
ɂɫɬɨ.
399
ɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ ɤɚɡɧɟ „ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ
ɡɟɦʂɟ”.35
ɍ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ 24. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1327. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɪɟɝɢ-
ɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɢɻɚɤɨɧɚ (ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɬɚ-
ɦɨɲʃɢɦ Ʉɚɩɬɨɥɨɦ) ɢ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ, ɫɢɧɚ Ɉɛɪɚɬɚ ɉɢɫɦɟ, ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢ-
ɤɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ „ɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ” ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɛɢɨ ɭ
ɩɨɫɟɞɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ ɇɭɥɤɚ Ȼɭɝɚɧɨɜɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ
ɉɟɬɪɚ ȼɢɞɨɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ɂɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɡɧɨɫ ʁɟ ɝɥɚ-
ɫɢɨ ɧɚ 32 ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɧɚɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɭɠɧɢ ɞɚ
ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ
ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɝ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɢ „ɡɚɩɥɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɢɡɧɨ-
ɫɚ”. ɍ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ „ɞɚ ɚɤɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɧɟʄɟ
ɩɨɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɚɞɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɟ-
ɬɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ”.36
Ⱦɚɜɚɨɰɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɧɚ
ɬɟɪɟɬ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɨɰɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ, ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɨ-
ɝɚɬɢɬɢ. Ɍɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɚɫɤɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ
12. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1335. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɉɚɲɚ ɇɚɥɢʄ ɢɡɧɚʁɦɢɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɢɧɭ ȼɨɞɨɩɢɜɰɭ
ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɪɚɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɧɟɤɚɞ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ Ʉɢɰɢ ȼɢɬɨɦɢɪɨɜɨɦ, ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɂɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɦɭ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɢɧ ɩɥɚʄɚ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɢ ɠɢɬɚ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ.37
ɍ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ 21. ɦɚʁɚ 1335. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɇɚɪɤɭɥɟ, ʄɟɪɤɟ ɩɨɤ. Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ Ⱥɪɛɚɧɚɫɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɢɰɟ
ɤɨɞ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ Ȼɚɡɢɥɢʁɟɜɨɝ, ɢ Ɇɟɞɨɫɢʁɟ Ⱦɪɚɝɚɧɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁ
ɟɨɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɡɥɚɬɚɪɭ ɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɡɚ ɮɚɦɭɥɚ, ɫɚ
ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɜɟɪɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢ.
Ɂɚ ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɡɥɚɬɚɪ ʁɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɭɱɢ ɬɚʁɧɚɦɚ ɡɥɚɬɚɪɫɤɨɝ
ɡɚɧɚɬɚ „ɞɚ ɝɚ ɞɨɥɢɱɧɨ ɯɪɚɧɢ, ɨɞɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɭɜɚ”, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɪɟɱɟ-
ɧɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ „ɞâ ɚɥɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ”. ɇɚʁɚɦɧɢɤɭ Ɇɟɞɨɫɢʁɭ, ɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ
ɞɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɩɨɛɟɝɧɟ ɩɪɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ Ȼɪɚɬɢɫɚɧ Ɇɢɥ-
ɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ, ɫɢɧ ɂɥɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɋɬɨɥɢɜɚ, ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ „ɞɚ ɦɭ ɝɚ ɥɢɱɧɨ
ɞɨɜɟɞɭ”. ɍ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɢɥɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɧɢɤɚ
ɢɡɧɚʁɦʂɟɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. Ɇɨɠɟ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɝɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɫɟʂɚɤ ɭ
Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɞɨɦ, ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɪɨɞɚ
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɧɟɤɨɝɚ, ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ʃɢɯ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɢ ɨɱɟɜɭ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɭ ɫɚ
35
ɂɫɬɨ.
36
ɂɫɬɨ.
37
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ I, 318 ɨɞ 12. III 1335.
400
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɢɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚ? ȼɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭ

ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɦɪʄɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɤɢɞɚɥɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟɦ, ɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢɰɢ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɥɢɲɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɨɰɚ ɧɚ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɟɞɭ.38
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɟ ʁɟ, ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ, ɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧ 28. ʁɭɥɚ 1336. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɱɢʁɟɦ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɩɚ ɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ. ɉɨ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɋɨɛɪɚ, ɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɤɨʁɧɨɝ
ɤɪɨʁɚɱɚ ȼɢɥɢɧɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɞɚɥɚ „ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ” Ʌɚɦɩɪɭ Ȼɨɥɢɰɢ
ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɚɪɭɛɚ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɡɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɠɢɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪ ʁɟɱɦɚ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɲʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤ ɢɦɚɨ ɞɚɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɟ,
„ɩɨ ɦɟɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ”.39
ȼɪɥɨ ɫɭ ɪɟɬɤɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɫɟʂɚɤ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ
ɠɭɩɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɭ ɧɚ ɥɢɱɧɢ ɪɚɞ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɬɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɬɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, 1439. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧ Ɍɪɢɩɨ Ȼɨɥɢɰɚ, ɨɩɚɬ ɐɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ.
ȳɭɪɚʁɚ ɩɨɞ ɉɟɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɞɚɨ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ „ɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ” Ɋɚɞɟʂɢ ɫɚ Ȼɪɞɚ,
Ȼɨɲɤɭ Ɇɚɪɨʁɟɜɢʄɭ ɢɡ Ȼɨɝɞɚɲɢʄɚ, ɉɟʂɢ ɫɚ Ȼɪɞɚ ɢ ɇɨɜɚɤɭ Ɇɢɤɭɥɢʄɭ ɢɡ
Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɡɟɦʂɭ ɡɜɚɧɭ ɀɢɥɤɨɜɨ, ɡɚ 24 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɢ 12 ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ, 3
ɩɨ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɫɚɦ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɨ 2 ɞɚɧɚ
ɩɨ ɤɭʄɢ.40
Ʌɢɱɧɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ, ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ
ɠɭɩɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɞ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɢɬɢ ɬɭɻɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ. Ⱦɨɡɜɨɥɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɭ
ɬɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɢ ɩɨɬ-
ɪɟɛɧɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɚɤɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ, ɩɚ ɢ
ɨɧɢ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɫɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɭ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚ-
ɥɢ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ 12.
ɦɚɪɬɚ 1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɉɚɜɥɟ Ȼɚɬɪɚɬɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɱɨɜɟɤ ɀɢɜɚ
Ȼɭɰɢʁɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɡɚɥɨɠɢɨ Ɇɢɥɨʁɭ ɉɚɥɬɚɲɢʄɭ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɤɭʄɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɒɭɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɩɨʁɟɧɚ ɫɚ
ɤɭʄɨɦ ɲɧɚʁɞɟɪɚ Ɇɢɥɚɝɨɫɬɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɭɬɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɭ Ʉɪɟ-
ɩɢɫ.41
Ʉɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɧɨɬɚɪɚ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɫɭ 14. ɦɚʁɚ 1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ɍɪɢɩɭɧ, ɫɢɧ ɩɨɤ. Ƚɪɭɩɲɟ ɢɡ ɋɬɨɥɢɜɚ (ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɞɢɫɬɪɢɤɬ), ɢɧɚɱɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ
ɀɢɜɚ Ȼɢɫɬɟ, ɢ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɢ Ȼɨʁɤɨ, ɛɪɚʄɚ Ɋɨɞɨɫɬɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɪɚɞɢ ɫɤɥɚ-
38
I. Stjepþeviü, Kotor i Grbalj, 434.
39
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ II, 337; !, 25, II, 238, 485, 532,579, 667; VI, 375,1068; X, 456, XI, 127
ɨɞ 15. I 1431.
40
...et octo operas laboriorum in annos scilicet duos pro singulo domo... (I.
Stjepþeviü, Kotor i Grbalj, 35.).
41
Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 186.
401
ɩɚʃɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɋɬɨ-

ɥɢɜɚ.42
Ɂɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ „ɧɚ ɜɟɱɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ” („ad affictum perpetum”),
ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɫɟʂɚɤ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟ-
ɧɨɝ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ, ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ 20. ʁɭɧɚ 1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧ Ȼɨɥɢɰɚ, Ȼɥɚ-
ɠɨ Ƚɚɥɢʁɚ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ Ȼɨɥɢɰɚ, ɤɚɨ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚɱɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɇɚɥɟ Ȼɪɚʄɟ ɭ
Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɫɚ Ɇɢɥɨɞɪɚɝɨɦ Ȼɢɧɞɨɦ, ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɧɟʄɚɤɨɦ Ʉɚɧɢʁɨɦ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ
ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɥɟɠɚɥɨ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɒɭɪɚʃɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɜɨɪɢ-
ɲɬɟ ȳɭɪɚʁɚ ɐɟɪɧɟɥɢʁɚ, ɡɚ ɨɫɚɦ ɝɪɨɲɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ, ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɚɨɰɚ
ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɡɧɨɫ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜ. ɉɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɉɚɜɥɚ.43
ɂ Ⱦɨɛɪɚ, ɠɟɧɚ ɩɨɤ. ɤɪɨʁɚɱɚ ȼɢɥɢɧɚ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ 28. ʁɭɥɚ
1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ʌɚɦɩɪɭ Ȼɨɥɢɰɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɚɪɭɛɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ
Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨʁ ɠɭɩɢ, ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ Ʌɭɤɟ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɫɭɻɟɧɚ ɨɞɥɭ-
ɤɨɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ. Ɂɚɤɭɩ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɠɢɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪ ʁɟɱɦɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɭɠɧɢ ɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨʁ Ⱦɨɛ-
ɪɢ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɟ, „ɩɨ ɦɟɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ”.44ɋɥɢɱɚɧ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ 13. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ
1396. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɉɚɥɦɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɜ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɢ Ɋɨɞɢʄ, ɫɢɧ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɢɡ ɋɬɨɥɢɜɚ.
Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɚɪɰɟɥɟ ɭ ɋɬɨɥɢɜɭ, ɭɡ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ Ɋɨɞɢʄ
ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɨɪɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ ɩɨɫɚɞɢ ɜɢɧɨɜɭ ɥɨɡɭ ɢ
ɫɦɨɤɜɟ. Ʉɚɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɭɡɨɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɻɟɧɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭ-
ɪɟ, ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤ Ɋɨɞɢʄ ʁɟ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ɉɚɥɦɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨ-
ɞɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɚɻɟɧɨɝ ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɜɟɧɢɯ ɫɦɨɤɚɜɚ. ɋɜɟ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɚɥɚɰ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ „ɫɜɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ
ɢɦɨɜɢɧɨɦ.”45
Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢɯ ɫɟʂɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɚɥɚ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɦɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ, ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɧɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ɬɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɭɨɛɢ-
ɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɭ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ, ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɫɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɫɤɥɚɩɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɢɫɢɧɭ ɫɟ-
ʂɚɤɨɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧ ʁɟ 8. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1397.
42
Ego Trifun filius quondam Grupsɟ de Stolivio de districtus Cathari homo Ivan
Biste do et dono...Radoslavo de Catharo unam peciam terre positam de dicta contrata
Stolivio... (ɋɭɞɫɤɢ Ⱥɪɯɢɜ ɤɨɞ ɨɤɪɭɠɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ (ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ: S.A.) II, 304; I.
Stjepþeviü, Kotor i Grbalj, 42.).
43
44
S.A. II, 337, 338, 409, 485,572,579, 667; I. Stjepþeviü, Kotor i Grbalj, 52.
45
402
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɜɨɞɟʂɰɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɫɥɚɜɚ Ɇɚɬɚɪɭɝɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɝ

Ȼɨɥɢɧɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ɂɚɝɭɪɢʁɚ, ɱɢʁɟɦ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɭ-
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɚ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɢɡɧɚʁɦʂɢɜɚʃɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ
ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɨʁ ɠɭɩɢ ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ ɇɭɰɟ ɀɢɥɟ. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɤɚɪɚɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɚɜɚɥɚɰ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɚʁɦɢɨ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɨɦ ɫɟʂɚɤɭ ɡɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɫɬɚɪɢ
„ɞɨɛɪɨɝ ɢ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɠɢɬɚ”, ɦɟɪɟɧɨɝ ɩɨ ɦɟɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɧɟ, ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɭ
ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɤɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢ-
ʁɟ.46
ɇɟɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨj ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɭ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɭ ɨɞ 1430. ɞɨ 1440. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɧɚʁɚɦ ɭ
ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ Ʌɚɫɬɜɢ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɚ ɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ
ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɫɭ ɞɭɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚʄɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɦ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ. ɉɪɜɢ
ɬɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ 29. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1430. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ȼɨɥɢɰɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ Ⱥɥɨɜɢɡɢʁɚ, ɤɚɨ ɞɚɜɚɨɰɚ, ɢ Ɍɪɢɩ-
ɤɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜɨɝ Ȼɭɰɢɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɢɧɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ, ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɨɰɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚ-
ɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ʌɚɫɬɜɢ, ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɚ Ȼɭɰɢɟ. Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤɚ ɢɡɧɨ-
ɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɠɢɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ.47
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ
ɫɭɞɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ 7. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ
Ɇɚɬɤɚ Ƚɨɤɱɟɥɢ. ȵɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ „ɡɚ ɜɚɡɞɚ” Ɇɚɪɨʁɭ
Ƚɨʁɤɨɜɢʄɭ ɢɡ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ
ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɲʃɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ.48
ɍ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɫɭ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɞɜɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ
ɨ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ʌɚɫɬɜɢ. ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ 30. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ-
ɧɢɧ Ɇɚɪɢɧ Ȼɭɰɢɚ ɞɚɨ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɇɢɤɨɥɢ ɋɬɨɢɰɢʄɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɛɪɚɬɭ Ɇɢ-
ɥɢɜɨʁɭ ɢɡ ɉɟɪɚɫɬɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɨɫɟɞ („villam”) ɭ Ʌɚɫɬɜɢ ɡɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ.49
ɍɞɪɭɠɟɧɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɫɥɚɜ Ʉɪɚʁɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɪɚʁɤɨ Ɇɢɥɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ɇɨɜɚɤ Ȼɨ-
ɝɢʄɟɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ (de Zuppa), ɜɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ 18. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1436. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɜɚ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɪɚʄɢ Ɇɚɪɢɧɭ ɢ Ɇɚɬɤɭ ɋɢɬɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɥɚ, ɚ ɇɚɥɭ Ȼɚɤɨʁɭ ɧɚ
ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɞɟɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ Ƚɪɛʂɭ, ɭ ɠɞɟɛɭ Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɋɢ-
ɦɨɧɢɫɚ.50
ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ (ɤɚɨ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ) ɢ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɡɧɚ-
46
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ II, 456 ɨɞ 8. VIII 1397; Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 180.
47
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 111 ɨɞ 29. XI 1397.
48
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ II, 320 ɨɞ 7. XI 1431.
49
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 113 ɨɞ 30. XII 1431.
50
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 39 ɨɞ 18. X 1436.
403
ɱɟɧɚ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ-

ɧɚ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɚ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚ „ɩɨ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ”. ɂɩɚɤ ɫɦɨ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɥɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɞɭɠɚɧ
ɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ ɋɜ. ɂɥɢʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ, ɭ ɬɪɢ
ɫɥɭɱʁɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ, ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɲɟɫɬ
ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ. ɂɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɞ 21. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ
1436. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧ, ɭɡ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɜɢɯ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
Ɇɚɪɢɧɚ ȳɚɤɨɛɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɫɤɜɚɥɢɛɭɫɚ ɢ Ɇɟɞɨʁɚ Ɇɢɥɢɱɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɩɨ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤ Ɇɟɞɨʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ „ɟɤɫɟɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ
ɭ ɧɚɬɭɪɢ”, ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɝ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ.51
ɇɟɤɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ
ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɢɱɭ Ⱦɨʃɢ Ƚɪɛɚʂ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ 24.
ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1436. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȵɢɦɟ ɫɭ Ɍɪɢɩɤɨ, ɂɥɢʁɚ, ȳɚɤɨɜ ɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ, ɫɢɧɨɜɢ
ɩɨɤ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɂɚɝɭɪɚ, ɞɚɥɢ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ Ɋɚɲɤɭ Ɇɚɪɨʁɟɜɢʄɭ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɞɜɚ
ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ Ƚɪɛʂɭ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɟɫɚɧɬɢɫ, ɚ
ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ ɮɚɦɢɥɢʁɟ Ȼɚɤɨɟ (Bachoe). Ɉɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ-
ɥɚ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɠɢɬɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɦɟɪɟ, ɩɥɭɫ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ, ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ
ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɭ ɧɚɬɭɪɢ.52 ɋɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɬɨɝɚ (29.ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ), Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧ ɉɚɫɤɨʁɟ Ɍɨɧɤɨ ȼɪɚʄɟɧ ɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɝɨɪɟ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ Ɋɭɲɤɭ Ɇɚɪɨʁɜɢʄɭ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɤɚɪɚɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ Ƚɪɛʂɭ
(„in Zuppa de Gerbli inferior”) ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ȼɟɫɚɧɬɢɫ, ɫɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ
ɞɚ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤ ɞɚ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɚɪɚ ɠɢɬɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ.53
ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ʁɭɧɚ (22. ʁɭɧɚ) 1436. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧ
Ɍɪɢɮɤɨ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜ Ɂɚɝɭɪɢ ɢɡɧɚʁɦɢɨ ʁɟ „ɡɚ ɜɚɡɞɚ” ȳɭɪɚʁɭ Ȼɨɝɢɲɢʄɭ ɢɡ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɉɚɫɢɝɥɚɜɟ ɞɜɚ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ʌɚɫɬɜɢ, ɭɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ
ɩɥɚʄɚ ɬɪɢ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɨɤɥɨɧ.54 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ ɨɬɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɟ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɨ Ȼɪɚʁɟɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ʌɚɫɬɜɟ ɢɫɬɨ
22. ʁɭɧɚ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɨ Ɍɪɚʁɚɧɭ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɨɦ Ɂɚɝɭɪɢ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɡɚ ɤɨɦɚɞ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɡɜɚ-
ɧɟ Ⱦɨɥɚɰ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩɭ ɡɚ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢ ɨɫɚɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ
ɝɪɨɲɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɩɭɫɬɢ ɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭ-
ɬɨɦ ȳɭɪɚʁɭ Ȼɨɝɢɲɢʄɭ ɢɡ ɉɚɫɢɝɥɚɜɟ.55
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ, ɭ Ƚɪɛɚʂɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ
ɜɢɞɧɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɯ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɟ-
ɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɪɟɬɤɨ ɛɭɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ 6. jɭɧɚ 1439.
51
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ V, 40 ɨɞ 21. X 1436.
52
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 44 ɨɞ 24. X 1436.
53
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 48-9 oɞ 29. XI 1436.
54
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 439 ɨɞ 22. VI 1438; Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 184.
55
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 489 ɨɞ 22. VI 1438.
404
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄ Ɍɪɢɩɨ Ȼɭɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɬɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ⱦɨɛɪɟʂɟ

ɉɪɢɛɨʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɠɚɥɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɟʂɚ ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɻɭʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ
ɡɟɦʂɭ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨ
ɦɨɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɞɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ. Ɍɭɠɢɥɚɰ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɨ ɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɞɚ
ɧɚɬɟɪɚ ɪɟɱɟɧɨɝ Ⱦɨɛɪɟʂɭ ɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɞ, ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧ
ɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɉɟɥɟɝɪɢɧɚ. ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɭɠɛɨɦ
ɭɛɪɡɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭɠɟɧɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɟʂɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ɨɞ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ
ɬɭɠɛɟ, ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɬɭɠɢɨɰɚ
Ɍɪɢɩɟ.56
ɉɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɚɦɨɜɨʂɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɦɟɪɨɩɯɟ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɨ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ, ɲɬɢɬɢɨ ɡɚɤɨɧ. ɑɥɚɧ 139. Ⱦɭɲɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɤɚ ɫ
ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɝɥɚɫɢ: „ɇɚɫɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɦɨɦɟ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɧɢɲɬɚ
ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɞɭɠɧɢ ɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦ
ʁɚ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɨ. Ⱦɨɝɨɞɢ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɤɭ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɲɬɨ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɫɬ, ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɦɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɤɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ
ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟɦ, ɩɚ ɛɢɨ ɬɚʁ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɰɚɪ, ɛɢɥɚ ɬɨ ɰɚɪɢ-
ɰɚ, ɢɥɢ ɦɚ ɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɢ.”57 Ɂɚɬɨ, ɤɚɞ ɫɭ 20. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1439. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɇɢɯɟɧɚ
Ƚɥɚɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢ ȳɚɧɤɭ Ɋɚɞɨɫɚɥɢʄɭ ɭɧɚʁɦɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ
Ƚɪɛʂɭ, Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢɧ ȳɚɧɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɫɥɭɬɢɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɬɨɝ ɡɚ-
ɤɭɩɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ. Ɉɜɨ
ɡɚɬɨ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɜɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɰɢ, Ɇɟɞɨʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨ-
ɜɢ. Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɫɭɞɢʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɭɠɛɨɦ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɲɟ „...ɞɚ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ
Ɇɟɞɨʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢ...ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɤɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɻɢɜɚɬɢ ɪɟɱɟɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ”.58
Ʉɚɞ ʁɟ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɫɟʂɚɤ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɧɚ ʃɭ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɨɝɚ.
ɇɢ ɫɭɞ ɝɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ. ɇɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɨɞɛɨʁɧɨ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ 22. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1440. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨ ʃɨʁ ʁɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ Ⱥɥ-
ɛɚɧ ɋɚɝɟɞɨ, ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɚ Ʌɭɤɢɧɨɝ ɢ Ʌɭɤɟ ȳɚɤɨ-
ɜʂɟɜɨɝ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɨɞ 25 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ, ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ Ȼɨɝɨʁɭ
Ɇɪɤɲɢʄɭ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ, ɞɚ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɩɚ ɞɨ ʁɭɧɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɚ-
ɩɭɫɬɢ ɤɭʄɭ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚɧɢɧɚ ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬɚ Ɇɟɤɫɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɢɫ-
ɬɨʁ ɠɭɩɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ȴɭɞɟɜɢɬ ɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɨʂɧɨ ɨɬɤɚɡɚɨ ɩɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨɦ Ȼɨɝɨʁɭ, ɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɚɧɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɋɜ. Ɍɪɢɩɭɧɚ, ɧɚɦɟ-
ɪɚɧ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ʁɚɜɧɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ʁɨɲ 11. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ
56
57
St. Novakoviü, Zakonski spomenici srp. drž. srednjega veka, Srp. Kralj. Akademi-
ja, Beograd 1912, 226.
58
I. Stjepþeviü, Kotor i Grbalj, 41- 2.
405
1437. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.59 ɂ Ʌɚɫɬɜʂɚɧɢɧ Ɋɚɬɤɨ Ȼɪɚɬɭɧɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɨɞ 3. ʁɭɥɚ 1440. ɝɨ-

ɞɢɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɧ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ
ʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɚ Ⱥɫɬɭɧɚ Ɇɚɪɢɧɨɜɨɝ Ⱦɪɭɲɤɚ ɢɡɧɚʁɦɢɨ ɤɜɚ-
ɞɪɚʃɨɥ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ȳɚɫɢɧɞɨɥɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ „ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɐɪɤɜɟ ɋɜ. Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ”.60
ɋɜɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢɯ ɫɟʂɚɤɚ ɪɟɲɚɜɚɨ
ʁɟ ɫɭɞ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞ ɫɚ ɱɢʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɬɨɤɨɦ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɲɟɧɢɯ
ɩɢɬɚʃɚ. Ⱥɥɢ ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɩɨɪ ɪɟɲɢɥɨ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɭɞɫɤɨ ɜɟʄɟ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ɪɟɲɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɢ, ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɚ ɫɭɞɫɤɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɭɝɥɟɞ-
ɧɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɜɚɤɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭ ȭɭɪɚɲɚ ɋɭɫɟɞɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɉɟɬɪɚ, ȼɭɤɲɟ ɢ ɀɢɜɤɚ ȼɭɤɨɬɢʄɚ, 30. ʁɭɥɚ 1440. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚ
ɚɪɛɢɬɪɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ: Ɍɨɦɚ ɢ ɇɚɥ Ȼɭɰɢɚ, ɛɪɚʄɚ Ɋɚɞɨʁɚ Ȼɚɬɭɬɢɫɚ, ɢ
Ȼɨɝɨɜɚɰ ɉɭɤɨʁɟɜɢʄ, ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȭɭɪɚɲɚ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɦɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ Ȼɟɧ-
ɤɨ Ɇɟɤɫɚ, Ɍɪɢɮɭɧ ȳɚɤɨɛɨɜ, Ⱦɨɛɪɚɲɢɧ ɀɟɪɧɚɰɢʁɭɦ ɢ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʁɚ ɇɨɜɚɤɨ-
ɜɢʄ, ɢɫɬɨ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ, ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɀɢɜɤɚ ɢ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɦɭ. ɂɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ
ɚɪɛɢɬɪɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɪɟɲɟ ɫɩɨɪ ɨɤɨ ɡɟɦʂɟ Ɂɟɧɤɚ Ɇɟɤɫɟ.61 ɇɚɥ ɢ
Ȼɚɤɨʁɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚ Ɋɚɞɢɲɨɦ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢɧɢɦ Ɇɢʇɟɜɢʄɟɦ ɢɡ Ƚɪɛʂɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɨ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɞɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢ ɫɩɨɪ ɪɟɲɟ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ
ɚɪɛɢɬɪɢ: Ɇɚɪɢɧ ɇɚɥɨɜ ɋɢɬɢ ɢ Ȼɨɝɨʁɟ ɋɢɬɨʁɟɜɢʄ. ɉɪɟɫɭɞɚ ɚɪɛɢɬɚɪɚ ʁɟ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ
ɫɩɨɪɭ, ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɨɞ 50 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ
ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ.62
ɋɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɝɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɨɞɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɫɟʂɚɰɢɦɚ ɡɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ. ɂ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ Ƚɪɛʂɚɧɢ
ɫɭ ɧɟɪɟɬɤɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢ ɢɦ Ʉɨɬɨɪ. Ɍɚɤɜɭ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ
ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ 4. ɦɚɪɬɚ 1442. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɑɭɞɚɧ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ
Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɟ ɠɭɩɟ ɬɟ Ɍɪɢɩɤɨ ɢ ɉɟɬɚɪ, ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɤ. Ɇɚɪɤɭɥɢɧɚ Ⱦɪɚɝɟ. Ɉɧɢ
ɫɭ ɫɚ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɨɦ Ⱦɪɚɝɨ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧ ɡɚ-
ɤɭɩ ɧɚ „ɜɟɱɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ” ɡɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɪɚɬ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ Ⱦɨʃɟɦ Ƚɪɛʂɭ ɭ ɠɞɪɟɛɭ
Ɍɨɦɟ ɋɚɥɜɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɨ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜɭ ȼɪɢʁɚɲɢʄɭ ɡɚ ɨɫɚɦ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɠɢɬɚ ɢ
ɬɪɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ „ɫ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɭɠɟɧɢɯ
ɭɧɚʁɦɢɬɟʂɚ”. ɇɨɜɢ ɡɚɤɭɩɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɥɚʄɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ
59
Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 188.
60
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VI, 100 ɨɞ 3. VII 1440.
61
ɂȺɄ, ɋɇ VII, 4 ɨɞ 30. VII 1440.
62
I. Stjepþeviü, Kotor i Grbalj, 58; Ⱦ. Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɭɩ ɡɟɦʂɟ, 189.
406
ɛɭɤɟɥɭ ɠɢɬɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ

ɑɭɞɚɧɚ.63
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ Ƚɪɛʂɚ ɫɭ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XIV ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɞɨɥɚ-
ɡɢɥɢ ɢ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɞɭɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɚʄɟ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ. Ɇɧɨɝɟ
ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤɚ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɚ Ʉɨɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ Ⱥɪɯɢɜɚ,
ɚɥɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ.
Prof. Malikoviü Dragi, Ph.D.

University of Prishtina, Faculty of Philosophy, Kosovska Mitrovica
BUSINESS DEALINGS OF INHABITANTS OF GRBALJ AT THE END OF

14TH AND DURING 15TH CENTURY
Summary
At the end of 14th and during 15th century, the inhabitants of Grbalj county
went to Kotor most frequently on business. There they made different deals, had
their business documents certified or registered contracts on lease of certain land in
Grbalj, the owners of which were members of some of the Kotor noblemen’s fami-
lies. The people of Grbalj spent time in the Middle-Age Kotor also to solve person-
al or business disputes that were tried by informal arbiters or chosen judges of the
Kotor Court, in the business registers of which almost all business contacts of
Grbalj villagers and Kotor noblemen were recorded.
The villagers of Grbalj and members of their families went to Kotor for oth-
er, primarily personal reasons too, but there is very little mention of such contacts
with the Kotor area during 14th and 15th centuries either in the archives material or
in available literature.
63
407
408
L'espace impérial, l'espace contesté:Le sud–est de la Ɇacédoine entre ...
UDK 930.85:94(495.02) DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15023

L'ESPACE IMPÉRIAL, L'ESPACE CONTESTÉ:

LE SUD–EST DE LA MACÉDOINE ENTRE BYZANCE
ET L'EMPIRE SERBE1
Prof. dr Mihailo St. Popoviü

Institut für Mittelalterforschung/Abteilung Byzanzforschung
Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Cet ouvrage montre la valeur de la „théorie des lieux centra-

ux” pour les études byzantines. Cette méthode régressive permet la reconstruc-
tion des structures d'habitat non seulement dans l'Empire byzantin et l'Empire
serbe mais encore dans l'Empire ottoman. L'analyse des sources écrites – en
particulier les actes des monastères du Mont Athos à partir de la période de
1259 à 1395 sur une étude de cas (la vallée de Strumica) a produit les résultats
suivants concernant la „théorie des lieux centraux”: dans la vallée de Strumica
il y avait trente habitats avec une continuité de peuplement à l'époque byzan-
tine. L'analyse des données est fondée sur ces schémas que Koder a développé
basée sur la „théorie des lieux centraux” de Christaller. On reconnait que 24 ha-
bitats sont attestés aussi à l'époque ottomane, 6 habitats sont disparus. En outre,
les registres ottomans confirment l'impression que les sources byzantines et
vieux–slaves ne sont pas transmises complètement, parce que le defter de 1519
consigne 94 villages de plus, le defter de 1570/73 86 villages de plus que les
sources médiévales dans la vallée de Strumica.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: Byzance, Empire serbe, Macédoine byzantine, théorie
des lieux centraux, continuité des habitats.
Déjà les Byzantins et les Vénitiens ont eu de la conscience pour la va-

leur de la Macédoine – une valeur, laquelle on peut comprendre, par exem-
ple, à travers un acte byzantin de 1198. En cette année, l'empereur byzantin
Alexis III Ange a donné des privilèges commerciaux à Venise dans les terri-
toires de l'Empire byzantin. Des grandes parties de la Macédoine byzantine
sont mentionnés dans l'acte, y comprise aussi la province de Strumica („Pro-
uincia Strumice / ਫʌĮȡȤ઀Į ȈĲȡȠȣȝ઀ĲȗȘȢ”)2.
1
Les résultats présentés ici sont tirés de mon habilitation : M. St. Popoviü, Historis-
che Geographie und Digital Humanities. Eine Fallstudie zum spätbyzantinischen und os-
manischen Makedonien, Mainz – Ruhpolding, 2014 [Peleus, Studien zur Archäologie und
Geschichte Griechenlands und Zyperns 61].
2
Urkunden zur älteren Handels– und Staatsgeschichte der Republik Venedig mit be-
sonderer Beziehung auf Byzanz und die Levante. Vom neunten bis zum Ausgang des fünf-
409
Mihailo St. Popoviü
„C'est le mérite de Johannes Koder d'avoir combiné la „théorie des

lieux centraux”, formulée par Walter Christaller dans la première moitié du
20e siècle, avec les sources byzantines. La combination des informations de
l'acte du 1198 avec ladite théorie par Koder permet l'identification des lieux
centraux de la Macédoine à l'époque byzantine et de leurs zones attenantes3.
En se fondant sur les résultats de cet ouvrage de Koder, j'ai analysé les
structures d'habitat de ladite „Prouincia Strumice” de 1259 jusqu'à 1600. En
1259, l'armée de Nicée a vaincu celle de l'Épire dans la bataille de Pélagonia
(aujourd'hui Bitola en Ancienne République yougoslave de Macédoine /
ARYM). Cet événement marque le début de la domination de la dynastie
des Paléologues dans l'Empire byzantin4. La limite chronologique de 1600
s'oriente au registre fiscal ottoman (defter) pour la province (nahiye) de Üs-
trümce (Strumica), lequel était établi entre 1570 et 15735.
Tournons maintenant à la géographie physique de la vallée de Strumica
(Strumešnica). Le fleuve de Strumica se trouve au sud–est de l'Ancienne
République yougoslave de Macédoine respectivement au sud–ouest de la
Bulgarie. En ARYM il est appelé „Stara reka”, c'est–à–dire „fleuve vieux”, ou
„Strumica”, en Bulgarie on le nomme „Strumešnica”. Étant un affluent droit du
fleuve Struma (Strymon), le fleuve de Strumica a une longueur totale de 114
zehnten Jahrhunderts. I. Theil. (814–1205.), (ed. G. L. F. Tafel, G. M. Thomas), Wien 1856

(réimpression Amsterdam 1964), p. 262, 278 (nr. 85).
3
W. Christaller, Die zentralen Orte in Süddeutschland. Eine ökonomisch–geograp-
hische Untersuchung über die Gesetzmäßigkeit der Verbreitung und Entwicklung der Siedl-
ungen mit städtischen Funktionen, Jena 1933 (réimpression Darmstadt 1968), p. 11–136;
ID., Das Grundgerüst der räumlichen Ordnung in Europa. Die Systeme der europäischen
zentralen Orte, Frankfurt / M. 1950 [Frankfurter Geographische Hefte 24 / 1], p. 5–18 et p.
51–67; J. Koder, The Urban Character of the Early Byzantine Empire : Some Reflections
on a Settlement Geographical Approach to the Topic, in “The 17th International Byzantine
Congress“. Major Papers, Dumbarton Oaks / Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.,
August 3–8, 1986, New Rochelle / NY 1986, 155–187, p. 176–179; ID., īȚĮ ȝȚĮ İț Ȟ‫ޢ‬Ƞȣ
ĲȠʌȠș‫ޢ‬ĲȘıȘ ĲȘȢ İĳĮȡȝȠȖ‫ޤ‬Ȣ ĲȘȢ „șİȦȡަĮȢ ĲȦȞ țİȞĲȡȚțެȞ ĲިʌȦȞ: ȉȠ ʌĮȡ੺įİȚȖȝĮ ĲȘȢ
ȝİıȠȕȣȗĮȞĲȚȞ੾Ȣ ȂĮțİįȠȞ઀ĮȢ”, in E.P. (Dimitriadis, A.Ph. Lagopoulos, G. Tsotsos éd.),
Historical Geography. Roads and Crossroads of the Balkans from Antiquity to the
European Union, Thessaloniki 1998, 33–49, p. 47–49; ID., „Land Use and Settlement:
Theoretical Approaches”, in (J. F. Haldon éd.), General Issues in the Study of Medieval
Logistics: Sources, Problems and Methodologies, Leiden – Boston, 2006 [History of
Warfare 36], 159–183, p. 182–183; M. St. Popoviü, Siedlungsstrukturen im Wandel: Das
Tal der Strumica bzw. Strumešnica in spätbyzantinischer und osmanischer Zeit (1259–
1600), Südost–Forschungen 68 (2009) 1–62.
4
Voir la note nr. 13.
5
Traduit par: Turski dokumenti za istorƋata na Makedonskiot narod. Opširen popi-
sen defter za Kjustendilskiot sandžak od 1570 godina. V– 3, (ed. A. Stojanovski), Skopje
1982. Pour la datation : ibid., p. 7, 15.
410
kilomètres. Sa vallée est divisée en trois parties : le bassin de Radoviš, le bassin

de Strumica et le bassin de Petriþ. Le fleuve prend sa source à la pente sud de la
montagne de Plaþkovica et affloue tout d'abord vers le sud, ensuite vers le sud-
est. Dans le bassin de Radoviš le fleuve porte le nom „Stara reka”. Dans celui
de Strumica on le nomme „Strumica” et il coule vers l'est jusqu'au fleuve de
Struma (Strymon). Toute la vallée est entourée des montagnes, au nord-ouest
respectivement au nord des montagnes de Plaþkovica et d'Ogražden, à l'ouest
des montagnes de Smrdeš et de Plauš et au sud de la montagne de Belasica.
Seulement à l'est la vallée est ouverte vers le fleuve de Struma, lequel permet
l'accès à la plaine de Serres et par conséquent à la mer Égée6.
„Avant qu'on tourne vers l'histoire de la vallée de Strumica (Strumeš-
nica) à l'époque byzantine et ottomane, on doit accentuer deux aspects de
l'histoire de la ville de Strumica. Premièrement, il y a trois noms attestés po-
ur cette ville dans les sources médiévales: ce sont les noms „Strumica”,
„ȈĲȡȠ઄ȝȕȚĲȗĮ” et „ȉȚȕİȡȚȠ઄ʌȠȜȚȢ”. Le nom slave de „Strumica” figure pour
la première fois dans les sources au codex glagolitique Assemanianus du
10e ou 11e siècle, le nom grec de „ȈĲȡȠ઄ȝȕȚĲȗĮ” est attesté pour la première
fois dans l'oeuvre de Jean Skylitzès au 11e siècle. Enfin, on trouve le nom de
„ȉȚȕİȡȚȠ઄ʌȠȜȚȢ”, lequel est utilisé par Theophylacte d'Achrida dans son
récit du martyre de quinze martyrs de Tiberiupolis au 11e / 12e siècle. Mais
ici, on doit accentuer que l'identification de Tiberiupolis avec la ville de
Strumica est contestée dans la littérature secondaire7.
6
Vl. Georgiev et al. (éd.), EnciklopedƋa BălgarƋa 6, SofƋa 1988, p. 520 (Strumeš-
nica); P. Jankoviü, Plauš i Strumica, in (J. Cvijiü éd.), Osnove za geografƋu i geologiju
MakedonƋe i Stare SrbƋe s promatranjima u južnoj Bugarskoj, TrakƋi, susednim delovima
Male AzƋe, TesalƋi, Epiru i severnoj ArbanƋi. Knjiga prva, Beograd 1906, p. 251–255;
Militär–Geographie. Macedonisches Becken mit dem albanesischen Küstengebiete. Mit 7
Tafeln und 6 Beilagen, Wien 1886, p. 1–11; M. Ristiü, Strumica. Geografsko–istoriska ras-
prava, Beograd 1925, p. 1–8; A. Stojmilov, Grundzüge der Raumstruktur der Republik Ma-
kedonien”, in (W. Lukan, P. Jordan éd.), Makedonien. Geographie – Ethnische Struktur –
Geschichte – Sprache und Kultur – Politik – Wirtschaft – Recht, Wien 1998 [Österr-
eichische Osthefte, Jahrgang 40, Heft 1/2], p. 9–37.
7
Dans le détail: I. Stefoska, Dva imena jednog grada: Strumica – ȉȚȕİȡȚȠުʌȠȜȚȢ,
ZRVI 45 (2008) 77–87. Sur les sources écrites : EvangeliáĜ AssemanĤv. Kodex Vatikánský
3. slovanský. Díl II Úvod, text v pĜepise cyrilském, poznámky textové, seznamy þtení,( ed. J.
Kurz), Praha 1955, p. 309; Patrologia Graeca tomus 126, (ed. J.–P. Migne), Paris s. a., p.
151222; (G. Ostrogorski, Fr. Barišiü éd.), VizantƋski izvori za istorƋu naroda JugoslavƋe
III, Beograd 1966 (réimpression Beograd 2007) [Vizantološki institut, Posebna izdanja 10],
p. 79, 105–106, 110–111, 119, 124–125, 243, 313, 390; Id., VizantƋski izvori za istorƋu na-
roda JugoslavƋe IV, Beograd 1971 (réimpression Beograd 2007) [Vizantološki institut, Po-
sebna izdanja 12], p. 158–159, 163, 169, 232–236, 241–242; Lj. Stankovska, Makedonska
ojkonimƋa. Kniga vtora, Skopje 1997, p. 298–300; L. Taseva, Bălgarska toponimƋa ot
grăcki i srăbski srednovekovni dokumenti, SofƋa 1998, p. 265–266; Ioannis Scylitzae
411
Deuxièmement, la question du développement du toponyme de „Stru-

mica” se pose dans ce contexte. Selon Ljubica Stankovska le fleuve de Stru-
mica serait éponyme de la ville. Le nom du fleuve, par contre, serait un di-
minutif du fleuve Struma (Strymon) avec le suffixe „– ica”. La dénomina-
tion „Strumešnica” dériverait à l'origine de „Strumeštica” ou „Strumištica”,
lesquels on pourrait déduire du nom „Strumiþka Reka”8.
Tournons maintenant vers l'histoire de la vallée de Strumica (Strumeš-
nica) à l'époque byzantine et ottomane. Depuis le début du 13e siècle la ville
de Strumica a été contrôlée de nouveau par l'Empire byzantin après un inter-
mezzo de la domination brève du Dobromir Hrs, un souverain local en Ma-
cédoine9. Dans cette période a commencé, selon Ljubomir Maksimoviü, la
première phase de quatre en tout de la politique de l'état serbe médiéval en-
vers la Macédoine. Alors, le premier roi de Serbie, Étienne (1197–ca. 1228),
et son frère, le Saint-Sava (1219–1233), ont noué des contacts diploma-
tiques avec la région10.
En 1255, Théodore II Lascaris a défait le mutin Dragǀtas près de la ville
de Melnik11. Puis, il a conduit son armée à Thessalonique pour traverser le
fleuve de Vardar (Axios) (ĲઁȞ ǺĮȡį੺ȡİȚȠȞ įȚĮʌİȡ੺ıĮȢ) et pour aller à Edessa
(Ĳ੹ ǺȠįȘȞ੹). Fig. 1. La prochaine station de l'empereur était la ville de Prilep
(ʌİȡ੿ ĲઁȞ Ȇȡ઀ȜĮʌȠȞ ੮ȡȝȘıİȞ), où il a regroupé son armée. Après, Théodore II
a conquis la ville bulgare de Veles (ĲઁȞ ǺİȜİıઁȞ) et il a passé une région aride
et sans maisons (c'est–à–dire sans population) nommée Neustapolis [įȚ੹ ĲોȢ
ȃİȣıĲĮʌંȜİȦȢ (...) ਙȞȣįȡȠȢ į੼ ਥıĲȚȞ ੒ ĲંʌȠȢ țĮ੿ ਙȠȚțȠȢ]. Puis, il a defilé
devant la ville de Strumica (ĲોȢ ȈĲȡȠȣȝȝ઀ĲȗȘȢ ʌĮȡĮȝİ઀ȥĮȞĲİȢ ਙıĲȣ), a traversé
la région de Melnik (įȚ੹ Ĳ૵Ȟ ĲȠ૨ ȂİȜİȞ઀țȠȣ ȤઆȡȦȞ ȕĮį઀ıĮȞĲİȢ) et enfin il est
arrivé à Serres (İੁȢ Ĳ੹Ȣ Ȉ੼ȡȡĮȢ)12.
Ce récit de l'historien byzantin George Acropolite permet la recon-
struction suivante de l'itinéraire de l'empereur byzantin. Il a utilisé sans
doute la Via Egnatia pour aller de Thessalonique à Edessa. Ce n'est pas en-
Synopsis Historiarum, ed. H. Thurn, Berlin–New York 1973 [Corpus Fontium Historiae
Byzantinae 5], p. 350, 354, 357.
8
Stankovska, Makedonska ojkonimƋa'..., op. cit., p. 300–301; Ead., Toponimite so
sufiksot –ica vo MakedonƋa, Skopje–Prilep, 2001, p. 393.
9
R. Radiü, Oblasni gospodari u VizantƋi krajem XII i u prvim decenƋama XIII veka,
ZRVI 24–25 (1986) 151–289, p. 193–205.
10
Lj. Maksimoviü, MakedonƋa u politici srednjovekovne SrbƋe, Glas 404 Srpske
AkademƋe Nauka i Umetnosti, Odeljenje istorƋskih nauka 13 (2006) 29–50, p. 31–33.
11
M. Popoviü, Did Dragǀtas conquer Melnik in 1255?, Glasnik Institut za Nacional-
na Istorija 51–1 (2007) 15–24.
12
Georgii Acropolitae opera. Volumen I, (ed. A. Heisenberg, P. Wirth), Stuttgart
1978, p. 117118.
412
core clair, quel chemin il a choisi pour arriver à Prilep. On peut présumer
que Théodore II a utilisé la route, laquelle traverse la plaine de Pélagonia
(aujourd'hui Bitola). Puis, son armée a continué à marcher avec lui au nord–
est, le long des fleuves Izvorþica et Babuna, jusqu'à Veles. Après la conqu-
ête de cette ville l'empereur a traversé la plaine nommée Ovþe Pole au nord–
est, laquelle se trouve au nord du fleuve Bregalnica, il a passé la vallée du
fleuve Kriva Lakavica pour arriver à la vallée du fleuve Strumica. Puis,
Théodore II et son armée sont marchés vers l'est jusqu'à la région de Melnik,
où ils ont suivi le fleuve Struma (Strymon) pour arriver finalement à la ville
de Serres. Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 La campagne de Théodore II Lascaris en 1255
C'est exactement dans cette période que nous pouvons dater la de-
uxième phase de la politique serbe envers la Macédoine. Depuis 1257 le roi
serbe Étienne Uroš I (1243–1276) a commencé avec les attaques ponctuelles
vers le sud contre l'Empire byzantin et il a conquis entre–temps les villes de
Skopje, Kiþevo et Prilep. Mais, en raison de la victoire de Nicée à Pélagonia
en 1259, le roi serbe a perdu ces gains territoriaux13.
13
Ɇaksimoviü, MakedonƋa u politici… cit., p. 33–35. Sur la bataille de Pélagonia en
1259 : Sp. AsǀnitƝs, ȆİȜĮȖȠȞަĮ 1259: ȝަĮ Ȟ‫ޢ‬Į șİެȡȘıȘ, Byzantiaka 11 (1991) 131165;
D.J. Geanakoplos, Greco-Latin Relations on the Eve of the Byzantine Restoration: The
Battle of Pelagonia 1259, DOP 7 (1953) 101–141; Id., Emperor Michael Palaeologus
413
Quelles sont les sources les plus importantes pour reconstruire les
structures d'habitat dans la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica)? La première
source et en même temps la plus importante ce sont les actes byzantins et vi-
eux–slaves du 13e et du 14e siècle. Ici, on trouve un horizon très riche des
toponymes de toute la région analysée. Le premier acte de la période analy-
sée date de 1259 et le dernier de 1381. Après 1395 la force ottomane a con-
quis toute la région définitivement.
En outre, il y a une source, qui est unique dans ce contexte, c'est le récit
de Nicéphore Grégoras, ambassadeur byzantin à la cour serbe en 1326/2714.
La deuxième groupe des sources vitales se compose du susmentionné
registre fiscal ottoman pour la province de Strumica de 1570/1573 et un aut-
re de 151915, lesquels permettent la constatation s'il existe une continuité en-
tre les structures d’habitat byzantines et ottomanes.
Tournons en premier au récit de Nicéphore Grégoras, lequel est bien
connu dans la littérature secondaire16. Grégoras ne nomme pas toutes les sta-
tions de son voyage en 1326/27. C'est pourquoi il y a beaucoup de di-
fficultés d'identifier sa route à travers les Balkans. On suppose qu'il a utilisé
la Via Egnatia de Constantinople jusqu'à la ville d'Amphipolis. Ici, il a tra-
versé le fleuve de Strymon (Struma). Grégoras raconte que la légation a vo-
yagé à travers les gorges et les forêts et enfin elle est arrivée à un village
(țઆȝȘ). Selon Peter Schreiner c'était probablement la ville actuelle de
Petriþ17. Par contre, on sait que Nicéphore Grégoras a vu avec certitude la
and the West 1258–1282. A Study in Byzantine–Latin Relations, Hamden, CT 1973, p.

4774; V. Kravari, Villes et villages de Macédoine occidentale, Paris 1989, p. 311313; R.
Mihajlovski, The Battle of Pelagonia, 1259: a New Look through the March Routes and
Topography, in F.K.( Haarer , E. Jeffreys, J. Gilliland éd.), “Proceedings of the 21st Inter-
national Congress of Byzantine Studies”. London, 21–26 August 2006. Volume III Ab-
stracts of Communications, Aldershot 2006, p. 370371; Id., The Battle of Pelagonia,
1259: a New Look at the March Routes and Topography, BSl 64 (2006) 275284; D.M. Ni-
col, The Date of the Battle of Pelagonia, BZ 49 (1956) 6871; Phr. RochontzƝs, Ǿ
ĮȞĮȕަȦıȘ ĲȠȣ ǼȜȜȘȞȚıȝȠު țĮȚ Ș ʌĮȡĮțȝ‫ ޤ‬ĲȘȢ ĭȡĮȖțȠțȡĮĲަĮȢ. Ȃ‫ޠ‬ȤȘ ĲȘȢ ȀĮıĲȠȡȚ‫ޠ‬Ȣ (1259
ȝ.ȋ.), Maked 22 (1982) 340355; P. Wirth, Von der Schlacht von Pelagonia bis zur Wie-
dereroberung Konstantinopels, BZ 55 (1962) 3037.
14
Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia. Volumen I, (ed. L. Schopen), Bonn 1829
[Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae 19/1], p. 379; voir aussi : P. Schreiner, Die Ge-
sandtschaftsreise des Nikephoros Gregoras nach Serbien (1326/27), ZRVI 38 (1999–2000)
331341; G. Škrivaniü, Putevi u srednjovekovnoj SrbƋi, Beograd 1974, p. 100.
15
Dr. Gjorgiev, Naselenieto vo Strumiþkata nahƋa (XVI–XIX vek), in (Sl. Taseva éd.),
HristƋanstvoto vo kulturata i umetnosta na Strumiþkata eparhƋa, Strumica 2002, 115130.
16
E. Trapp (éd.), Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit, Fasz. 1–12,
Wien 1976–1996, nr. 4443.
17
Schreiner, Die Gesandtschaftsreise… cit., p. 337.
414
ville de Strumica, laquelle est décrite par lui de la manière suivante: comme
une petite ville dans les nuages, appelée „Strummitza” par les indigènes, si-
tuée dans un rocher escarpé et grand. C'était ici, où la légation a célébré Pâ-
ques. Voici le texte original de la description :
[…] ȉૌ į ૅȠ੣Ȟ ਫ਼ıĲİȡĮ઀઺ ʌĮȞȘȝ੼ȡȚȠȞ ਕȞ઄ıĮȞĲİȢ ʌȠȡİ઀ĮȞ ਩Ȣ ĲȚ ȖȚȖȞંȝİșĮ
ʌȠȜ઀ȤȞȚȠȞ, ੪Ȣ İੁʌİ૙Ȟ, ਫ਼ʌİȡȞ੼ĳİȜȠȞ, ȈĲȡȠ઄ȝȝȚĲȗĮȞ Ƞ੠ĲȦ ʌȦȢ ਥȖȤȦȡ઀ȦȢ
țĮȜȠ઄ȝİȞȠȞ, ਫ਼ȥȘȜ૶ Ĳ૶ ੕ȡİȚ ਕʌİȚȜȘȝȝ੼ȞȠȞ, ੬ıĲİ ĲȠઃȢ ਥʌ੿ Ĳ૵Ȟ ਥʌ੺ȜȟİȦȞ
țĮșȘȝ੼ȞȠȣȢ ਕȞșȡઆʌȠȣȢ ੑȡȞ઀șȦȞ ĲȚı੿Ȟ ਥȠȚț੼ȞĮȚ, İ੅ ĲȚȢ ț੺ĲȦșİȞ ਥț ĲોȢ
ʌİįȚ੺įȠȢ ੒ȡ૴Ș. ਥȞĲĮ૨ș੺ Ȗİ ȝ੽Ȟ țĮ੿ Ĳઁ șİ૙ȠȞ ਥĲİĲİȜ੼țİȚȝİȞ Ȇ੺ıȤĮǜ […]18
À l'époque Demetre Metochite19, le fils de Theodore Metochite, était
le gouverneur de la ville. Puis, la légation a continué son voyage et après
trois jours elle est arrivée à la petite ville de Skopje (ਥȢ Ĳઁ Ĳ૵Ȟ ȈțȠʌ઀ȦȞ
ʌȠȜ઀ȤȞȚȠȞ) dans le territoire serbe20.
Il y a deux aspects importants, lesquels doivent être accentués. Premi-
èrement, on peut constater que la ville de Strumica était le centre régional de
la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica) à cette époque, parce que des autres
centres ne sont pas du tout mentionnés par Nicéphore Grégoras et on peut
supposer que la légation a préféré de visiter en particulier de stations proté-
gées. En outre, Strumica était sans aucun doute un centre administratif ayant
un gouverneur byzantin.
Deuxièmement, on peut distinguer que la frontière entre Byzance et la
Serbie à l'époque s'est déroulée entre Strumica, ville byzantine, et Skopje,
ville serbe. Ça correspond à la situation militaire sous le règne du roi serbe
Étienne Uroš II Milutin (1282–1321), laquelle représente en même temps la
troisième phase de la politique de l'état serbe médiéval envers la Macédoine.
Entre 1282/83 et 1298 on reconnait la conquête serbe de la grande partie de
la Macédoine définissant la ligne Kruja–Ohrid–Prilep–Prosek–Štip comme
frontière entre les deux états21.
En me fondant sur les actes byzantins et vieux–slaves entre 1259 et
1381 j'ai identifié une ville (c'est–à–dire Strumica) et 29 villages dans la va-
18
Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia…, (ed. Schopen) cit., p. 379.
19
PLP, nr. 17980.
20
Nicephori Gregorae Byzantina Historia…, (ed. Schopen) cit., p. 380.
21
Maksimoviü, MakedonƋa u politici… cit., p. 36–39; voir aussi : E.P. Naumov, K
istorii serbo–vizantƋskoj granicy vo vtoroj polovine XIV v., VV 25 (1964) 231–234; G.A.
Škrivaniü, O južnim i jugoistoþnim granicama srpske države za vreme cara Dušana i posle
njegove smrti, Istorijski þasopis 11 (1960) 1–15; T. Tomoski, Ispravki i dopolnenƋa na
nekoi karti od srednovekovnata istorƋa na MakedonƋa, Godišen Zbornik Filozofski Fa-
kultet na Univerzitetot , Skopje 7 (1954) 111–122; M. Živojinoviü, La frontière serboby-
zantine dans les premières décennies du XIVe siècle, in Byzantium and Serbia in the 14th
Century, Athens 1996 [International Symposium 3], 57–66.
415
llée de Strumica (Strumešnica) (fig. 2.). En conséquence, je voudrais présen-

ter trois exemples d'habitat byzantin ou slave pour illustrer la valeur d'analy-
se des sources topographiques dans le contexte historique de toute la région.
1. Le premier exemple concerne le toponyme de „Mostenitza”, lequel
est attesté pour la première fois en 1152. Il existe un praktikon du monastère
Theotokos Eleusa (aujourd'hui nommé Veljusa; fig. 3.), qui mentionne „le
metoche de Mostenitza” [ȝİĲંȤ(ȚȠȞ) Ĳ(ોȢ) ȝȠȞ(ોȢ) ıȣȞ઀ıĲĮĲ(ĮȚ) Ĳઁ ਥʌȠȞȠ-
ȝĮȗંȝ(İȞȠȞ) ȂȠıĲİȞ઀Ĳȗ(Į)].22 Le monastère de Theotokos Eleusa se trouve
environ 7 kilomètres au nord–ouest de la ville de Strumica (fig. 2. nr. 27), le
metoche susmentionné n'est pas localisé exactement, mais, d’après le
contexte de l'acte, on peut positionner ce toponyme au nord–est du village
Vladevci respectivement environ 10 kilomètres nord–nord–ouest de la ville
de Strumica (fig. 2. nr. 16)23.
En 1283, un acte de l'empereur byzantin Andronic II Paléologue
(1282–1328) pour le monastère athonite d'Iviron atteste „le village de Mu-
stanitza” (İੁȢ Ĳઁ ȤȦȡ઀ȠȞ Ĳ੽Ȟ ȂȠȣıĲ੺ȞȚĲȗĮȞ)24. Mostenitza est encore nommé
„village” (İੁȢ Ĳઁ ȤȦȡ઀ȠȞ Ĳ੽Ȟ ȂȠȞıĲ੺ȞȚĲȗĮȞ) en 1310 dans un acte de Michel
IX Paléologue (1294/95–1320)25, mais en 1320 on reconnait une transfor-
mation profonde, car un praktikon pour le monastère d'Iviron fait mention
de „la campagne de Mostheanitza” [Ȗો ਲ țĮȜȠȣȝ(੼Ȟ)Ș ȂȠıșİĮȞ઀ĲȗĮ]26. Mo-
stenitza ne s'a pas rétabli jamais et est resté campagne, non seulement en
1346 (țĮ੿ Ĳ૵Ȟ İੁȢ Ĳ੽Ȟ ȂȠıĲİȞ઀ĲȗĮȞ ȤȦȡĮĳ઀ȦȞ)27, mais encore en 1357 (Ĳ૵Ȟ
İੁȢ Ĳ੽Ȟ ȂȠıĲİȞ઀ĲȗĮȞ ȤȦȡĮĳ઀ȦȞ)28.
Est-ce qu'il serait possible d'expliquer cette transformation profonde
entre 1310 et 1320, c'est– à–dire la disparition d'un village entier ? On re-
connait les conséquences de l'expansion serbe dans l'histoire de Mostenitza,
car en 1332 le roi Étienne Uroš IV Dušan (1331–1355) a continué la quatri-
ème phase de la politique de l'état serbe médiéval envers la Macédoine sui-
vant les rois Étienne Uroš II Milutin et Étienne Uroš III Deþanski (1321–
1331) en conquérant la vallée de Strumica de la ville de Štip jusqu'à la ville
22
Actes d’Iviron III. De 1204 à 1328. Texte, (ed. J. Lefort, N. Oikonomidès, D.
Papachryssanthou , V. Kravari , H. Métrévéli), Paris 1994 [Archives de l’Athos 18], p. 79.
23
Actes d’Iviron III…, ed. Lefort cit., p. 45, 74–75.
24
Actes d’Iviron III…, ed. Lefort cit., p. 115.
25
26
27
Actes d’Iviron IV. De 1328 au début du XVIe siècle. Texte, (ed. J. Lefort, N.
Oikonomidès, D. Papachryssanthou, V. Kravari, H. Métrévéli), Paris 1995 [Archives de
l’Athos 19], p. 121.
28
Actes d’Iviron IV…, (ed. Lefort) cit., p. 144.
416
de Melnik29. On peut supposer que les habitants de Mostenitza se sont en-

fuis en face de l'armée du roi serbe entre 1310 et 1320, parce que leur villa-
ge était situé dans la plaine de la vallée près de la voie centrale entre Štip et
Strumica et en même temps à la frontière byzantino–serbe30. Cet exemple
illustre très bien le développement d'un metoche au village et après le déclin
du village à la catégorie d'une campagne en raison d'une expansion militaire.
2. Il y a un autre (deuxième) exemple, lequel montre clairement le dévelo-
ppement d'un habitat dans la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica). Il s'agit du
toponyme de „Breznica” provenant du mot slave „breza” pour „bouleau”31.
Breznica est attesté pour la première fois au susmentionné praktikon du
monastère Theotokos Eleusa en 1152 [ĲોȢ ĲȠʌȠș(İ)ı(઀ĮȢ) ǺȡȠȣıȞ઀Ĳȗ(ȘȢ)]. Ici on
utilise l'attribut „ĲȠʌȠșİı઀Į” pour „campagne”32. Ce toponyme de Brusnitza est
fort probablement identique avec Preasnitza, lequel est mentionné en 1293. Dans
cette année, l'empereur byzantin Andronic II Paléologue a confirmé la propriété
foncière de Leǀn Koteanitzis dans la campagne de Preasnitza [Ĳ੽Ȟ İੁȢ Ĳ੽Ȟ
Ȇȡİ੺ıȞȚĲȗĮȞ İਫ਼ȡȚıțȠȝ(੼Ȟ)ȘȞ ȖોȞ ou Ĳ੽Ȟ ੖ȜȘȞ ȖોȞ țĮ੿ ʌİȡȚȠȤ੽Ȟ ĲોȢ
Ȇȡİ੺ıȞȚĲȗĮȢ]33. En 1340/41 l'empereur byzantin Andronic III Paléologue (1328–
1341) a donné des terres près du village de Prasnitza (ȝ੼ȤȡȚ ĲȠ૨ ıȣȞંȡȠȣ ĲોȢ
Ȇȡ੺ıȞȚĲȗĮȢ) au monastère athonite de Chilandar. À mon avis le mot „ı઄ȞȠȡȠȢ”,
c'est–à–dire „limite”, indique l'existence d'un village propre34.
Le juge Michel Ioskulis, qui a décrit les limites des terres du monastère de
Chilandar dans la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica) en 1371, fait mention de la
vieille voie de Presnitza [İੁȢ Ĳ(੽Ȟ) ʌ(ĮȜĮȚ੹)Ȟ ੒įઁȞ (ĲોȢ) Ȇȡ੼ıȞȚĲȗĮȢ]35. Cela
permet la conclusion de l'existence d'un village du même nom, lequel ait été
connecté avec la voie. Sans aucun doute on a une preuve de l'existence du village
de Mpresnitza en 1374. Alors, Constantin Laskaris a offert le village de
29
J. V. A. Fine Jr., The Late Medieval Balkans. A Critical Survey from the Late
Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, Ann Arbor 1994, p. 286; Maksimoviü, Makedo-
nƋa u politici… cit., p. 38–39; M. Živojinoviü, Strumiþki metoh Hilandara, ZRVI 45 (2008)
205–221, p. 207.
30
M. St. Popoviü, Altstraßenforschung am Beispiel des Tales der Strumica bzw.
Strumešnica in spätbyzantinischer Zeit (1259–1375/76), in (M. Rakocija éd.), Niš i Vizan-
tija. Osmi nauþni skup, Niš, 3–5. jun 2009. Zbornik radova VIII, Niš 2010, 417–432.
31
V. Šmilauer, Handbuch der slawischen Toponomastik, Praha 1970, p. 38.
32
Actes d’Iviron III…,( ed. Lefort) cit., p. 80.
33
Actes de Chilandar I. Des origines à 1319. Texte, (ed. M. Živojinoviü, V. Kravari,
Chr. Giros), Paris 1998 [Archives de l’Athos 20], p. 147.
34
Actes de Chilandar. Première partie. Actes grecs (Actes de l’Athos),( ed. L. Petit,
B. Korablev), St. Petersbourg 1911 (réimpression Amsterdam 1975) [VV 17–1], p. 276.
35
Dodatki h grškim listinam Hilandarja. Supplementa ad acta graeca Chilandarii,
(ed. V. Mošin, A. Sovre), Ljubljana 1948, p. 32.
417
Mpresnitza près de la ville de Strumica au monastère athonite de Saint–

Pantéléèmôn (ȤȦȡ઀ȠȞ ʌİȡ੿ Ĳ੽Ȟ ȈĲȡȠ઄ȝʌȚĲȗĮȞ ȝ੻Ȟ İਫ਼ȡȚıțંȝİȞȠȞ, Ȃʌȡ੼ıȞȚĲȗĮȞ į੻
ਥʌȠȞȠȝĮȗંȝİȞȠȞ)36.
Breznica est resté village, parce qu'on trouve le toponyme „Stara BrČ-
znica”, c'est–à–dire „Vieille Breznica”, dans un acte slave de 1376/7737. Su-
ivant Vassiliki Kravari on pourrait supposer aussi l'existence d'un village
„Nova BrČznica” – „Nouvelle Breznica” – à proximité38. Ici se termine l'hi-
stoire de Breznica étant sans trace à l'époque ottomane. Mirjana Živojinoviü
a localisé le toponyme de Breznica environ 10 kilomètres nord–nord–est de
la ville de Strumica (fig. 2, nr. 6)39. Ce deuxième exemple montre le dévelo-
ppement d'une campagne au village et peut–être l'agrandissement d'habitat
jusqu'au point de la fondation d'un nouveau village („Nouvelle Breznica”).
3. Le troisième et dernier exemple est le toponyme de „Pod”. Ce mot
slave signifie „sous, au–dessous” ou „champ, plaine”40. En 1349, le roi ser-
be Étienne Uroš IV Dušan a offert une campagne nommée „pod” (u podu
niva), située à la montagne de Belasica, au diacre Dragoe avec le privilège
d'établir là des colons libres. Par conséquent, Dragoe a défriché les forêts et
a édifié une église de la mère de Dieu (tai crƱkva domƱ Bogorodice)41.
Après 1376/77 on trouve dans un acte slave des frères Jean et Con-
stantin Dragaš le village de Napodu (selo Napodu), lequel était donné au
monastère athonite de Saint–Pantéléèmôn42. Le même village est attesté à
l'époque ottomane, primo dans un registre fiscal ottoman de 151943, secundo
36
Actes de Chilandar…, Petit cit., p. 327.
37
Odabrani spomenici srpskog prava (od XII do kraja XV veka), (ed. A.V. Solov-
jev), Beograd 1926, p. 170.
38
V. Kravari, L’habitat rural en Macédoine occidentale (XIIIe–XIVe siècles), in (K.
Belke , F. Hild , J. Koder, P. Soustal éd.), Byzanz als Raum. Zu Methoden und Inhalten der
historischen Geographie des östlichen Mittelmeerraumes, Wien 2000 [Veröffentlichungen
der Kommission für die Tabula Imperii Byzantini 7], 83–94, p. 91.
39
M. Živojinoviü, Le conflit entre Chilandar et Saint–Pantéléèmôn au sujet du
village de Breznica, BSl 56 (1995) 237–244, p. 239. Voir aussi: H. Matanov, Jugozapadnit-
e bălgarski zemi prez XIV vek, SofƋa 1986, p. 118.
40
M. Popoviü, Continuity and Change of Byzantine and Old Slavonic Toponyms in
the Valley of the River Strumica (FYROM), in (P. Jordan , H. Bergmann, C. Cheetham, I.
Hausner éd.), Geographical Names as a Part of the Cultural Heritage, Wien 2009 [Wiener
Schriften zur Geographie und Kartographie 18], 173–175, p. 175.
41
Zakonski spomenici srpskih država srednjega veka. Peta knjiga nagradjena iz
zadužbine d–ra Nikole Krstiüa,( ed. S. Novakoviü), Beograd 1912, p. 758–759.
42
Zakonski spomenici…, Novakoviü cit., p. 513.
43
A. Stojanovski, D. Gjorgiev, Naselbi i naselenie vo MakedonƋa – XV i XVI vek,
Skopje 2001, p. 171.
418
aussi dans le susmentionné registre de 1570/73, mais en 1570/73 le village

était déjà désert44.
Aujourd'hui on peut localiser le toponyme de Pod environ 15 kilomèt-
res est–sud–est de la ville de Strumica à la montagne de Belasica (fig. 2, nr.
18). Pod est un exemple instructif pour le défrichage et pour la colonisation
dans la montagne et finalement pour la fondation d'un village nouveau.
Néanmoins il était désert au seizième siècle, 200 ans après sa fondation.
Fig. 2 Les villages dans la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica) entre 1259 et 1381
Fig. 3 Le monastère Theotokos Eleusa (aujourd'hui Veljusa)
44
Turski dokumenti…, Stojanovski cit., p. 98.
419
L'analyse des sources écrites – en particulier les actes des monastères

du Mont Athos – à partir de la période de 1259 à 1395 a produit les résultats
suivants concernant la „théorie des lieux centraux”: il y avait trente habitats
avec une continuité de peuplement dans la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica)
à l'époque byzantine. L'analyse des données ci–dessous est fondée sur ces
schémas que Koder a développé basée sur la „théorie des lieux centraux” de
Christaller.
A l'origine, la théorie de Christaller a supposé trois niveaux d'habitation,
qu'il a inséré dans une grille hexagonale. Comme le plus haut niveau il existe le
„Central Market Town (CMT)”, suivi par le „Intermediate Market Town
(IMT)” et le plus bas niveau est le „Standard Market Town (SMT)”. Koder
pouvait montrer quelques exemples qui indiquent un schéma de deux niveaux
d'habitation pour l'Empire byzantin45. Il écrit ce qui suit:
„[…] But, for the Byzantine empire it will not be possible (and even
not necessary) to rely on a model of three levels of centres after the sixth
century, and one should apply instead for many regions of medieval Byzan-
tium a two–level–system, by replacing the intermediate and the central mar-
ket level (IMT and CMT) by only one higher central category. This might
often be a provincial capital or the residence of a thematic governor or mili-
tary commander in administrative terms, and a harbour or any nodal point
for communications in economic terms […]”46
Sur la base de calculs on voit que les centres administratifs (CMT et
IMT) dans l'Empire byzantin médiéval peuvent être situés de 39 à 46 kilomèt-
res d'intervalle, tandis que la distance d'un „Standard Market Town (SMT)”
jusqu'au centre administratif (CMT et IMT) peut être entre 13 et 15 kilo-
mètres47.
L'hypothèse, qu'on doit faire maintenant, implique la question de sa-
voir, si on peut appliquer la „théorie des lieux centraux” , adaptée par Ko-
der, de cette façon pour la vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica) ? Basant sur les
sources, on peut constater que la ville de Strumica était le centre admi-
nistratif de la région, c'est–à–dire une jonction du „Central Market Town
(CMT)” et du „Intermediate Market Town (IMT)”.
Alors quelques–uns des facteurs pour expliquer ce fait : La ville de
Strumica avait non seulement un gouverneur byzantin, mais aussi un gouv-
erneur serbe après la conquête. Elle avait une ville haute (la fortification no-
mée „Carevi Kuli”) et une ville basse avec un marché (en grec „ਥȝʌંȡȚȠȞ”).
Enfin, la famille aristocratique de Dragaš a exécuté ses actes à Strumica. Ce
45
Koder, Land Use and Settlement… cit., p. 169–181.
46
Koder, Land Use and Settlement… cit., p. 175–176.
47
Koder, Land Use and Settlement… cit., p. 174, 176.
420
sont des facteurs pour définir la ville de Strumica comme unique centre mi-
litaire, économique et administratif de toute la région48.
Suivant la „théorie des lieux centraux” j'ai mis les 29 habitats restants
en relation avec la ville centrale de la région. Cinq habitats se trouvent entre
13 et 15 kilomètres de la ville de Strumica. Ce sont les villages de Gabrovo,
Manastir, Pod, Sekirnik et Štuka. Il y a treize villages avec une distance de
11 à 17 kilomètres de Strumica, lesquels sont les suivants : Bansko, Belina,
Borievo, Borisovo, Breznica, ýanaklƋa, Kalugjerica, Kolešino, Mokrievo,
Mustanitza, Sušica, Turnovo et Zubovo. Dans ce cas, je voudrais proposer
un seuil de tolérance de plus–moins 1 ou 2 kilomètres, parce qu'on doit en-
visager que l'entrée d'un habitat sur un plan de la seconde moitié du 19e
siècle ou de la première moitié du 20ème siècle reflète une représentation de
cette période, mais pas un positionnement exact de peuplement médiéval.
Pour cette raison, on doit s'attendre à toutes les distances écarts mineurs.
Douze habitats échappent à cette formule. Six se trouvent dans un
rayon de 2,5 jusqu'à 7,5 kilomètres. Ce sont les villages de Banica, Kukliš,
Prosenikovo, Robovo, Veljusa et Vodoþa. Il pourrait y avoir l'explication
suivante : selon les recherches de Sima ûirkoviü la ville de Štip, près de la
vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica), avait un „metoche urbain”. Ce metoche
avait la fonction d'alimenter la ville de Štip et il contenait un radius d'envi-
ron 7 kilomètres49. En anglais, on utilise le terme „surrounding district”, leq-
uel est défini par Jelena Mrgiü comme suit:
„[…] land parcels (orchards, vineyards, pastures) of its citizens positi-
oned in the immediate vicinity of the urban settlement and of the villages
pertaining to the town. The size of a town district, its economic structure
and the pattern of the nestled villages, varied greatly through space and ti-
me, but no town could exist without a district and therefore its borders were
known, visibly marked, respected and defended. [...]”50
Dans les sources sur la ville de Strumica il n'y a pas des preuves pour
l'existence d'un „metoche urbain”. Néanmoins, je voudrais présumer que la
fonction des six villages susmentionnés était l'alimentation de la ville.
Les six habitats restants ne peuvent pas être incorporés dans la „théo-
rie des lieux centraux”. Ce sont les villages de Novo Konjarevo, Staro Ko-
48
M. Popoviü, Siedlungsstrukturen… cit., p. 43.
49
S. ûirkoviü, Štip u XIV veku, in Makedonska AkademƋa na Naukite i Umetnostite
(éd.), Zbornik na trudovi posveteni na akademikot Mihailo Apostolski po povod 75–
godišninata od životot, Skopje 1986, 25–37, p. 31–32.
50
J. Mrgiü, Transition from Late Medieval to Early Ottoman Settlement Pattern. A
Case Study on Northern Bosnia, Südost–Forschungen 65–66 (2006–2007) 50–86, p. 62–63.
421
njarevo, Mokrino, Petriþ, Radoviš et Volno avec une distance de 18 jusqu'à

33 kilomètres de la ville de Strumica.
On constate que la plupart des habitats est attestée dans le bassin de
Strumica, seulement deux se trouvent dans le bassin de Radoviš et un habi-
tat se trouve dans le bassin de Petriþ. Les raisons de ce fait ne sont pas clair-
es. Peut–être les sources byzantines et vieux-slaves sur les deux bassins der-
niers n'étaient pas transmises complètement.
Selon Kravari la moyenne extension spatiale des territoires des villa-
ges médiévaux en Macédoine s'est montée à 15 kilomètres carrés51. Si on
prend cette valeur pour construire un plan, on obtient le résultat illustré sur
la fig. 4. Chaque village attesté à l'époque byzantine dans la vallée de Stru-
mica (Strumešnica) couvre une zone de 15 kilomètres carrés ou un radius de
2 kilomètres. Les limites sont dessinées circulaire. Cette simplification sert
d'une meilleure représentation visuelle. En réalité, les limites des villages
n'étaient pas du tout circulaire, mais je voulais essayer d'illustrer que les
sources byzantines et vieux-slaves utilisées dans mes recherches sont com-
plètes pour le bassin de Strumica, parce qu'on peut distinguer que les villa-
ges susmentionnés couvrent quasi tous les territoires dans cette partie de la
vallée. En outre, le radius turquoise illustre le „metoche urbain” présumé de
la ville de Strumica comprenant les six villages susmentionnés.
La dernière question, que je voudrais poser à la fin de mon ouvrage,
est: Est–ce qu'on pourrait constater une continuité des habitats susmentio-
nnés à l'époque ottomane après 1395 ?
Le tableau (fig. 5) montre les données contenues dans les registres fis-
caux ottomans (defter) pour la province de Strumica de 1519 et de 1570-
/1573. Le „plus” marque l'existence, le „x” la disparition d'un habitat. Alors,
on reconnait que 24 habitats sont attestés aussi à l'époque ottomane, 6 habi-
tats sont disparus. En outre, les registres ottomans confirment l'impression
déjà indiquée que les sources byzantines et vieux-slaves ne sont pas transmi-
ses complètement, parce que le defter de 1519 consigne 94 villages de plus,
le defter de 1570/73 86 villages de plus que les sources médiévales dans la
vallée de Strumica (Strumešnica). À mon avis, il y a aussi une autre ex-
plication pour ce fait: fort probablement on peut percevoir le développement
économique et par conséquent démographique dans la vallée au 16e siècle,
lequel est attesté dans autres données ottomanes52.
51
V. Kravari, L’habitat rural… cit., p. 88–89.
52
A. Stojanovski, Gradot Strumica vo XVI vek, in( A. Cicimov éd.), Zbornik na
trudovi, Strumica 1989, 131–145.
422
Fig. 4 La moyenne extension spatiale des territoires des villages dans la vallée de Strumica
423
1519 1570/73
1. Banica + +
2. Bansko x +
3. Belina x x
4. Borievo + +
5. Borisovo + +
6. Breznica x x
7. ýanaklƋa x x
8. Gabrovo + +
9. Kalugjerica + +
10. Kolešino + +
11. Konjarevo, Staro/Novo + +
12. Kukliš + +
13. Manastir x x
14. Mokrievo + +
15. Mokrino + +
16. Mustanitza x x
17. Petriþ – +
18. Pod + +
19. Prosenikovo + +
20. Radoviš + +
21. Robovo + +
22. Sekirnik + +
23. Strumica + +
24. Štuka + +
25. Sušica + +
26. Turnovo + +
27. Veljusa + +
28. Vodoþa + +
29. Volno – x
30. Zubovo + +
Fig. 5 Les habitats attestés à l'époque ottomane (1519; 1570/73)
424
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ ɋɬ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ

ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɨɞɫɟɤ, Ȼɟɱ
ɐȺɊɋɄɂ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊ, ɈɋɉɈɊȺȼɇɂ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊ:

ȳɍȽɈɂɋɌɈɄ ɆȺɄȿȾɈɇɂȳȿ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ȼɂɁȺɇɌɂȳȿ
ɂ ɋɊɉɋɄɈȽ ɐȺɊɋɌȼȺ
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ
Ɇɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɭ ɨɜɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ „ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥ-

ɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ” ɡɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɪɟ-
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɭ Ɉɫ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. Ɉɧɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɪɟɝɢʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɞɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ
ɧɚɞɚɦ ɞɚ ʄɭ ɩɪɨɧɚʄɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ
ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɨɥɢɧɟ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟ.
425
426
Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɭ Kɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɤɨɞ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ
ɍȾɄ 271.222(497.11)-772-523.4/.6(497.11 Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ) DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15024

ɆȺɇȺɋɌɂɊɋɄɂ ɄɈɆɉɅȿɄɋ ɍ KȺɅɍȾɊɂ ɄɈȾ ȻȿɊȺɇȺ

Ɍɪɚɝɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɫɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɞɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ

Aɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɉɫɚɰɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɤɨɞ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ

(Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɟ) ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɜɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɨɜɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞ-
ɧɢɰɟ. ɂɡ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɝ, ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɦɥɚɻɨʁ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɞɨɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɚɧɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭɫ-
ɩɨɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ. Ɉ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɤɢɧɨɜɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɨ-
ɪɟɬɤɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɚ.
Kʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ, ɤɢɧɨɜɢʁɚ, ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɚ, ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬ-
ɩɢɫ, Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɟ, Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ.
ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɚ ɨɛ-

ɢɬɟʂ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɫɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ ɭ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɢ Ʉɚɥɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɢ-
ɬɢɦ ɩɚɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ Ɇɨɤɪɟ. ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɨɛɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɥɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɨɡ-
ɧɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ.1 Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ, ɪɟɝɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ, Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɢ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ. ɇɚ-
ɲɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɭɤɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɠ-
ɛɢɧɟ, ɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɤɚɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ, ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɟʃɚɥɚ
ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ.
ɇɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɚ, ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɭɦɟɬɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɚɫ-
ɥɟɻɚ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ, ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɭɛɟɞʂɢɜɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱ-
ʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ʃɟɧɢɯ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ. ɐɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ, ɚ ɧɟɪɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱ-
ɤɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ
ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɤɨɞ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɦɚʃɢʄɤɚ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ 12. ɜɟɤɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞ 1219/20. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɢɫɤɨ-
ɩɢʁɟ, ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢʁɟ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɢ ɧɨɫɢ-
1
ɇɚʁɡɚɫɥɭɠɧɢʁɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱ ʁɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɝ ɉɪɟɞɪɚɝ Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ, ɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɞ: ɉ.
Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ȶɟɥɢʁɟ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ 7 (2007) 7587.
427
Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ
ɥɚɰ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ.2 Ɍɚɤɜɚ ʃɟɧɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɞɨɲɥɚ ʁɟ

ɞɨ ɩɭɧɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɉɩɫɟɠɧɚ
ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ, ɩɨɞɭɩɪɬɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ, ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɫɭ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞɢɥɢ ɧɚɲɚ
ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɬɢɩɨɜɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ.3
Ɇɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɨ, ɨɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɫɤɨɝ, ɤɟɥɢɨɬɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɚ.4 ȵɟɝɨɜ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɢɪɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɩɟʄɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɚ
ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ „ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɢ” ɜɟʄ ɫɦɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢ, ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜ-
ɪɚɬɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɢɪɢʁɟ, ɭɫ-
ɬɪɨʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɥɢɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ „ɉɚɤɥɟɧɟ” , ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛ-
ʂɭ ɨɞ 12. ɞɨ 15. ɜɟɤɚ.5 ɋɚɫɜɢɦ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɧ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɩ-
ɥɟɤɫ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɒɭɞɢɤɨɜɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɭ ɢɡ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ, ɭ ɜɪɥɟɬ-
ɧɢɦ ɩɚɞɢɧɚɦɚ Ɍɢɜɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɨɦɚʃɟ ɤɢɧɨɜɢʁɟ, ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛ-
ɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɟʄɢɧɫɤɟ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ, ɢɡɜɨɪ „ɱɭɞɨɬɜɨɪɧɟ”, ɥɟɤɨɜɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɲɬɨ ɢɡɜɢɪɟ
ɢɡ ɫɬɟɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ɩɟʄɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɤɢɬ
ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ ɍɪɨɲɟɜɢɰɚ.6
ɍ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɪɟɱ ʁɟ o ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɨ-
ɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɚ, ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɛɪɨʁ-
ɧɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɢɦ ɝɨɪɚɦɚ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ. Ɉɧ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɡɚ-
ʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɜɢɲɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɢɧɨɱɤɨɝ ɠɢɜʂɟʃɚ, ɚ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ
ɬɢɩɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ, ɢ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɲɬɜɨ, ɭɩɪɚɠ-
ʃɚɜɚɧɨ ɭ ɤɟɥɢʁɚɦɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɦ ɩɟʄɢɧɚɦɚ. Ɍɚ-
ɤɚɜ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧ ɧɚ Ⱥɬɨɫɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ 10. ȼɟ-
2
Ɂɚ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ Ȼɭɞɢɦ-
ʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ, v. ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ed.
Ɇ. Ɋɚɞɭʁɤɨ, Ȼɟɪɚɧɟ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011.
3
Ibidem, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ Ȼ. Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɚɪ-
ɯɢʁɟ, 249275; ɉ. Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ, Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ
Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ, 277311; ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ȿ. Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɟ
ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ (ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 16. ɜɟɤɚ), 475463.
4
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɟɲɬɟɪɧɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ, ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ 2005. ɢ
2006. ɝɨɞɢɧɢ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ 7 (2007) 135138.
5
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɢɯɚɫɬɢɪɢʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɭ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɢ, in: ȭɭɪ-
ɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ, 2012, 323338.
6
Ead., Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɒɭɞɢɤɨɜɟ, ɭ: ɇɚ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢɦɚ ȼɨʁɢɫɥɚɜɚ ȳ. ȭɭɪɢʄɚ,
Ed. Ⱦ. Ɇɟɞɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɐ. Ƚɪɨɡɞɚɧɨɜ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 2012, 379395; v. ɢ Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚ-
ɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɭ ɍɪɨɲɟɜɢɰɢ, ɩɪɜɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢ-
ɫɢ 7 (2007) 2530.
428
ɤɚ ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ɜɨɞɟʄɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɦɟɻɭ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢɦ ɝɨɪɚɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɂɫɬɨɤɚ.7

ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚʁ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɛɢɬɧɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɪ-
ɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. Ɂɚɫɥɭɝɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɢ
ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɦ ɋɚɜɢ – ɬɜɨɪɰɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɢɬɟʂɭ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭ-
ʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɤɟɥɢɨɬɫɤɢ. Ɇɨɞɟɥ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɋɚɜɢɧɨɦ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɦ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɏɢ-
ɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɢɰɢ, ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨɝ ɨɞʁɟɤɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɨʃɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɨʁ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. Ɍɚʁ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ, ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɤɢ-
ɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɚ ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɢɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɋɬɭɞɟɧɢɰɟ, ɢ ɤɨɞ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɉɟʄɢ.
ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ 14. ɜɟɤɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɤɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭʁɭ ɜɟʄɟ ɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤɚ.8 ɋɧɚɠɚɧ ɩɨɥɟɬ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ
ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 14. ɢ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 15. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɭ, ɫɤɥɚʃɚʁɭʄɢ
ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɥɟɬɢɦɚ, ɦɧɨɝɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɢ-ɢɫɢɯɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɧɚɲ-
ɥɢ ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɦ, ʁɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɧɟɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɤ-
ɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɟ ɧɚɲɥɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨ-
ɜɢʄɚ, ɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɦɟɻɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨɦ
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɨɦ. ɋɜɨʁɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ, ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ ɞɚɥɢ ɫɧɚɠɚɧ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁ
ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɧɨɝ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɱɤɨɝ.9
7
A. M. Talbot, Les saintes montagnes à Byzance, in: Monastères, images, pouvoirs
et societé á Byzance: nouvelles approaches du monachisme byzantin, ed. M. Kaplan, Paris
2006, 263–318; Ⱦ. ɉɚɩɚɯɪɢɫɚɧɬɭ, Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ, ɉɨɱɟɰɢ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 2003; ɉ. ɏɪɢɫɬɭ, ɋɜɟɬɚ Ƚɨɪɚ Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɚ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɛɥɚɝɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2009,
184197; Ɇ. ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɟ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɢɪɝɨɜɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1972, 91102; Ead. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998, 7984.
8
Ɉ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ. Ɍɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦ.
ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚ. ɋɤɢɬɨɜɢ ɢ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011,
163221 (ɫɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ); v. ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɭɫɬɢʃɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɝɨ-
ɪɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ – ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢ, ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ,
ɁɊȼɂ XLIV (2007) 253274.
9
ȳɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯ Ⱥɦɮɢɥɨɯɢʁɟ, ɋɢɧɚɢɬɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ XIV ɢ XV
ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, in: Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ɋɚɜɚɧɢɰɚ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɚ ɨ ɲɟɫɬɨʁ ɫɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1981,
101134; ɢ Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɭɫɬɢʃɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, passim. ɉɭɫ-
ɬɢʃɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, in: ɉɚɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ 1459. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɟd.
Ɇ. ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 117135; S. Popoviü, The last hesychast safe havens in late
fourteenth-and fifteenth-century manasteries in the Northern Balkans, ɁɊȼɂ 48 (2011)
217257; Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɭɥɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɚ Ⱦɟɜɢɱɤɨɝ, in: ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɬ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥ-
ɤɚɧɭ II, ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɬɟɦɟ, ɟd. Ȼ. Ʉɪɫɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȴ. Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. Ɋɚɞɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2012, 607623; M. Tomiü Ĉuriü, The Isles of Great Silence: Monastic Life on Lake Scutari
under the Patronage of the Balšiü, Balcanica XLIII (2012) 81116.
429
ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɬɪɟ-

ɛɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ.10
Ɉɧɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɨɞ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ, ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɪɭɛɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɠɭɩɟ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɟ.11 ɋɟɥɨ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɰɢɦɚ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ,
ɭ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨʁ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɢ. ɋɬɟɲʃɟɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɫɬɪɦɢɯ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɢ-
ɬɢɯ ɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ Ɇɨɤɪɟ, ɫɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 20. ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ
ɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɨ. Ɉɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ: ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ
ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɭ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɢɡ 1485. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɭ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɜɟɝɚ 11. ɤɭʄɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɇɚɯɢʁɟ Ȼɭɞɢɦ-
ʂɚ ɢɡ 1582/83. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ 17 ɤɭʄɚ.12 Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲ-
ʃɟɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɟɥɚ, ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ
ɐɪɤɜɢɧɟ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɩɨɬɟɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ȶɟɥɢʁɟ.
ɋɜɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɫɭ ɪɟɱɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɟʄ ɫɚɦɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɱɢ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪ (ɝɪɱ-
ɤɢ „ɤɚɥɨɝɟɪɨɫ”), ɐɪɤɜɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɧɟ-
ɤɚɞɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ, ɬɨ ʁɟɫɬ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɞɨɤ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ȶɟɥɢʁɟ ɭɤɚ-
ɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɫɤɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤɚ.13 ȼɚɠɚɧ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɜɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɟʄɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɤɚɩɢɧɟ ɫɚ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɲ-
ʄɟʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ ɩɚɞɢɧɢ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɟ, ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɜɢɬɢɦ ɝɪɟ-
ɛɟɧɢɦɚ.
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɧɢʁɟ, ɧɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɨɫɜɟɬʂɟ-
ɧɚ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɥɨɤɚɥɢ-
ɬɟɬɚ ɱɢʁɭ ɩɨɜɟɫɬ ɛɚɪ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɚ-
10
Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɫɦɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɜɢɲɟɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ ɉɟɲɬɟɪɧɨ
ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ, ɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɢ ɫɚ Ɇɭɡɟʁɨɦ ɭ ɉɪɢʁɟɩɨʂɭ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɞɢɪɟɤ-
ɬɨɪɨɦ ɝ. ɋɥɚɜɨʂɭɛɨɦ ɉɭɲɢɰɨɦ. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɢ:
D. Popoviü, M. Popoviü, An Example of Anchoritic Monasticism in the Balkans: the Mon-
astery Complex at Kaludra near Berane in: Archeologia Abrahamica. Studies in archaeolo-
gy and artistic tradition of Judaism, Christianity and Islam, ɟd. L. Beliaev, Moscow 2009,
313331. Ⱦɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢɦɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ,
ɩɨɱɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢɯ, ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.
11
Ƚ. Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, ɀɭɩɚ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ 5 (2002) 6375.
12
S. Pulahu, Defteri i registrete Saniakut te Skadres i vitit, Tirana 1974, 89; ɋ.
Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɇɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɫɬ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ 6 (2005) 7374.
13
Ɉ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ, v. Ⱥ. Ʌɨɦɚ, Ɋɚɧɢ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ
ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɬɥɭ, Ɉɧɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢ 11 (1990) 16; Id. ȳɟɡɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɉɨ-
ɥɢɦʂɚ ɢ ɉɨɬɚɪʁɚ – ɫɜɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ, in: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ Ȼɭ-
ɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ, 196; ɋ. Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɐɪɤɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɢɲɬɚ – ɧɟɦɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɰɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ
(ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ), ɐɪɤɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ 4 (2007) 298; Id.
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɟ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ, 456; Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ. Ɍɨɞɢʄ,
Ⱦ. ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚ, 162.
430
ʃɚ. Ɋɟɱ ʁɟ ɨ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɦ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟ, ɞɢɧɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ,

ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟʃɟɧ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɞɨ 20. ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɠ-
ɧɢɦ ɤɭɥɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɢɦ, ɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɱɭɜɚʃɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɦʄɟ-
ʃɚ.14 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ ɐɪɤɜɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɭɨɱɚɜɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɜɚ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɡɢɞɨɜɚ, ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚɥɢ
ɧɚ ɞɚɧ ɫɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ, ɩɪɟɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɬɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɦɚ-
ɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɯɪɚɦ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɭ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʃɭ,
ɨɜɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, „ɫɤɥɨɧɢɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɫɧɨ ɡɚ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ”, ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
„ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɥɢɲɬɟ”. Ɉɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɚɦʄɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɭ ɞɚɜɧɢɧɢ, ɭ ɞɧɭ
ɫɟɥɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɧɚ „ɭ ɫɬʁɟɧɨɜɢɬɢɦ
ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɟʄɢɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɭɞɭɛʂɟʃɚ ɫɚ ʁɨɲ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɦ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢɦɚ ɠɢ-
ɜɨɬɚ” ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ. ɉɪɟɞɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢɦɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɨɰɢɦɚ –
ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɢɦɚ, ɞɨɤ ɩɨɬɟɫ ȶɟɥɢʁɟ, „ɬɢɯɢ ɢ ɡɚɤɥɨʃɟɧɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɫɟɥɚ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɛɪɞɚ
ɢ ɫɬɢʁɟɧɚ ɞɨ Ʉɚɥɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɟ” ɫɜɨʁ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɞɭɝɭʁɟ ɤɟɥɢɨɬɢɦɚ – ɩɭɫ-
ɬɢʃɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɢɜɚɥɢ.15 ɋɬɨɝɚ, ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ, Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɡɜɪɫɧɨ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɚɧɚ-
ɯɨɪɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ, ɬɚɱɧɢʁɟ, ɩɚɠʂɢɜ ɢ ɫɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɨɞɚ-
ɛɢɪ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɠʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɢɲɬɜɚ.16 Ɍɚɤɜɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢ, ɱɟɫɬɨ
ɤɭɥɬɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɨɫɜɟɲɬɚɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɨɦ,
ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɭɝɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɛɢɥɢ
ɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɚɦɛɢʁɟɧɬ ɱɢʁɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ
ɬɨɩɨɫɢ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɲɭɦɚ, ɤɚɦɟɧ.17
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɭ ɝɪɚɻɭ, ɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɚʁ-
ɜɢɲɟ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ. ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɚ ɫɭ,
14
ȳ. ɐɜɢʁɢʄ, o. c. 362370; cf. ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, Ɇ. Ⱦɚɲɢʄ, ȼɚɫɨʁɟɜɢʄɢ, ɨɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɞɨ
1860. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986; Ɇ. ɉ. ɐɟɦɨɜɢʄ, ȼɚɫɨʁɟɜɢʄɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1991.
15
Ɋ. ȳ. ȼɟɲɨɜɢʄ, ɉɥɟɦɟ ȼɚɫɨʁɟɜɢʄɢ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1935, 168169.
16
ɂɡ ɨɛɢɦɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɦɨ: B. Flusin, Le moine et le lieu: récits de fondation à Scété et dans le
monde des Apophtegmes, in: Saints Orientaux, Ed. D. Aigle, Paris 1993, 117139; M. Kap-
lan, Le choix du lieu saint dàprès certaines sources hagiographiques byzantines, in: Le
sacré et son iscription dans lèspace á Byzance et en Occident, Etudes comparées, Ed. M.
Kaplan, Paris 2001, 183198; N. Bakirtzis, The Creation of an Hierotopos in Byzantium:
Ascetic Practice and its Sacred Topography on Mt. Menoikeion, in: Hierotopy, The
Creation of Sacred Spaces in Byzantium and Medieval Russia, Ed. A. Lidov, Moscow
2006, 128129 ɢ passim; Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ. Ɍɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦ. ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚ,
203207.
17
v. Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɢ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ, Ʉ. Ʌ. Ⱦɢɧɱɟɜ, Ɉɞ
ɨɛɳɨɬɨ ɤɴɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɬɨ ɫɜɟɳɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɤɨ-ɝɟɪɨɢɱɟɫɤɢɹ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪ
/From the General to the Specific Holy Space in the Historical Heroic Folklore/, Ȼɥɚɝɨɟɜ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1996, 4550.
431
ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ, ɛɢɥɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɨɛɚɜ-

ʂɟɧɚ 1991. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɞɟɨ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɫɚ ʃɟɧɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ.18 ȼɪɟɞɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ
ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ 2008. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɨɝɧɨɫɰɢɪɚɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚ,
ɫɬɟɧɨɜɢɬɚ ɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɟ, ɭɡ ɦɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɩɟʄɢɧɚ.19
ɂɡɥɨɠɢʄɟɦɨ, ɫɚɠɟɬɨ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ.
Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɜɟʄ
ʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɧ ɢ ɞɨɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɧ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɟɬɚɩɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɧɨ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ,
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɟɬɚɩɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɛ-
ʂɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ – ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ 14. ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ. Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɚ ɬɢɩɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɛɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɩɨɞɟʂɟ-
ɧɢɦ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ ɬɪɚɜɟʁɚ. ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɬɪɚɜɟʁ, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɥɢɯ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɞɜɢɲɟɧ ɤɭɩɨɥɨɦ. Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɱɢ-
ɬɚɜɨɝ ɧɢɡɚ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ ɭ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɦ
ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ 12. ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 16. ɜɟɤɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɜɟ
ɨɩɲɬɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɤɪɭɝ ɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɢɯ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɚ ɪɟɝɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɨɝ, ɪɚɲɤɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ ɩɪɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ, ɰɪɤɜɚ
ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟɦɚɦɨ ɛɥɢɠɢɯ
ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɨ ɫɤɪɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɬɪɚɜɟʁɚ ɫɚ ɩɚɪɨɦ ɩɢɥɚɫɬɚɪɚ, ɭ ɱɢʁɭ ɫɭ ɡɢɞɧɭ ɦɚɫɭ ɭɝɪɚɻɟ-
ɧɟ ɞɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɟ ɧɢɲɟ. Ɉɜɢ ɩɢɥɚɫɬɪɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɡɢɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɢ, ɝɪɚɻɟɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɨɫɨɦ. Ɍɚɤɜɨ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɟɲɟ-
ʃɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɟ ɤɭɩɨɥɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɞɟɥɭ
ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɛɢɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɭ
ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɚɞɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ
ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɬɢɩɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɩɨ
ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɞɨɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɟ.
Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɥɨɦʂɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɬɟ-
ɫɚɧɢɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɨɦ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɫɢɝɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɥɟɫɚɧɢ ɤɭɩɨɥɚ, ɩɨɥɭɤɚɥɨɬɚ ɚɩɫɢ-
ɞɟ, ɩɨɥɭɨɛɥɢɱɚɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɞɨɜɢ ɧɚɞ ɩɪɢɩɪɚɬɨɦ ɢ ɛɨɱɧɢɦ ɬɪɚɜɟʁɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɢ ɩɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɢ ɞɨɜɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ. ɉɨɞ ɭ ɧɚɨɫɭ ɢ ɨɥɬɚɪɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɩɥɨ-
ɱɚɧ ɨɩɟɤɚɦɚ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɚɠʃɟ
ɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɭ ɧɚɨɫɭ ɢ ɨɥɬɚɪɭ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɩ-
ɥɨɱɚɧ ɨɩɟɤɚɦɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɚ ɚɦɜɨɧɫɤɚ ɪɨɡɟɬɚ, ɤɥɟɫɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɟɲɱɚɪɚ,
ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɩɨɬɤɭɩɨɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. ɍɡ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɮɚɫɚɞɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɡɢɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɤɥɭɩɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɝɨɪʃɨʁ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɜɟɪɨ-
18
ɉ. Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ȶɟɥɢʁɟ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ, 7587; Id. Ɋɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ, in: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ
ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ, 277284 .
19
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɟɲɬɟɪɧɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ, 135138.
432
ɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɞɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɥɨɱɨɦ (ɞɚɫɤɨɦ). ɍ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ, ɭɡ

ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɪɭɛ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɚ, ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɟ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɬɪɨɧ, ɨɦɟɻɟɧ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ
ɤɥɟɫɚɧɟ ɫɢɝɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɥɨɧɰɢ ɡɚ ɪɭɤɟ.20
ȼɟɨɦɚ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ
ɞɟɥɚ ɯɪɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɚ, ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɜɟɧɢ ɢɤɨɧɨɫɬɚɫ ɨɞɜɚʁɚɨ ɨɥɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɞɟɥɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɥɟɫɚɧɢɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɢɝɟ ɭ ɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɞɚ. ɍ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɢɲɬɭ ɨɥɬɚɪɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧ ʁɟ ɫɬɭɛɚɰ ɱɚɫɧɟ ɬɪɩɟɡɟ, ɝɪɚɻɟɧ ɨɞ ɤɚɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɤɥɟ-
ɫɚɧɟ ɫɢɝɟ, ɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ɧɚɥɚɡ –
ɮɢɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɨɫɦɨɭɝɚɨɧɚ ɤɨɦɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɦɨɲɬɢ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɟ, ɧɚɥɚɡ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɞɪɟɜɧɢ ɤɚɧɨɧ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɐɪɤɜɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɥɚ-
ɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɠʁɢ ɯɪɚɦ ɡɚɫɧɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɢ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɥɢɤɜɢʁɚ.21 ɋɬɭ-
ɛɚɰ ɱɚɫɧɟ ɬɪɩɟɡɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɟɧ ɮɪɟɫɤɨɦɚɥɬɟɪɨɦ ɢ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɧ. ɇɚ
ɩɪɟɞʃɨʁ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʂɟ ɤɪɫɬɚ Ƚɨɥɝɨɬɟ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɚ
ʁɭɠɧɟ, ɛɨɱɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɟ ɬɪɚɤɟ, ɰɪɧɨɦ ɛɨʁɨɦ ɢɫ-
ɩɢɫɚɧ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ, ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʄɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɟɱɢ.
ȼɚɠɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɜɪɲɟɧɢɯ ɭ
Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ, ɧɢɫɭ ɭɨɱɟɧɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɡɞɚʃɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ
ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟʃɚ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ. Ɍɚ
ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɜɨʁɚɤɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ. ɋ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɭɠɧɢ ɞɟɨ
ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɨɦ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɫɬɪɦ-
ɨɦ ɩɚɞɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɢɦ ɭɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɡɧɢʁɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɦɨɠɟ
ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɭ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɞɪɜɟɧɚ ɡɞɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɧɢɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɟ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ
ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɢɡɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯ ɡɞɚʃɚ
ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢ ɞɚ ɭɤɚɠɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɚ ɨɛɢɬɟʂ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ
ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɟ, ɜɟʄ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɚ „ɥɚɜɪɚ”, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɩɨɞɜɪɝɧɭɬɚ ɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɤɢɧɨɜɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.22
20
Ɂɚ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ, v. ɧɚɩ. 17; ɬɟɦɟʂɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɨ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢɦ ɫɟɞɢɲ-
ɬɢɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ, ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ, Ɇ.
Ɋɚɞɭʁɤɨ, ȿɩɢɫɤɨɩɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ ɜɟɤɚ, 2008. (ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɡɚ
ɲɬɚɦɩɭ).
21
ȳɨɲ ɭɜɟɤ ɬɟɦɟʂɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ, J. Braun, Der christliche Altar in seiner christlichen
Entwicklung, Bd. 1, München 1924, 191220; ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, A. Angenendt, Heilige und Reli-
quien. Die Geschichte ihres Kultes vom frühen Christentum bis zur Gegenwart, München
1997, 167172 (ɫɚ ɨɛɢɦɧɨɦ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ); v. Ɉ. Ʉɚɧɞɢʄ, ɍɬɟɦɟʂɟʃɟ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤ , Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ 9 (1978) 1214.
22
Ⱦ. ɉɚɩɚɯɪɢɫɚɧɬɭ, Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ, 2848.
433
Ɉ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɨɛɢɬɟʂɢ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɭ ɦɥɚɻɨʁ ɟɬɚɩɢ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɛɢ-

ɬɢɫɚʃɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ. ɋɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɟʃɢ-
ɦɚ, ɫ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɞɚɥɟ-
ɤɨ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ. ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ-
ɬɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɰɭ ɱɚɫɧɟ ɬɪɩɟɡɟ. ɂɡ
ʃɟɝɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ, ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɟ, ɛɢɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ
ɥɢɰɟ, ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɭ
ɞɚʂɟɦ ɢɡɥɚɝɚʃɭ. ȳɟɞɧɚɤɭ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɟ,
ɫɚ ɫɚɛɪɚʄɨɦ, ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɤɢɧɨɜɢɬɫɤɢ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɲɬɨ
ɛɢ ɢɲɥɨ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɚ. ɇɚɬɩɢɫ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɡɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ
ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɢɬɟʂɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɚɥɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɨɞ-ɥɢɤɚ, ɨɧ ʁɟ
ɨɤɜɢɪɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟɧ ɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 15. ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 16. ɜɟɤɚ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɟ, ɚ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɪɚɲɱɢɬɚɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɫɚ
ɦɚʃɢɦ ɞɨɩɭɧɚɦɚ ɝɥɚɫɢ:
[+ az2 öromonah2] (+ ȳɚ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯ)

dionisi&e p[onovih2] Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɟ ɩ(ɨɧɨɜɢɯ)
crª(2)kv9. s2 bratiam[i] ɰɪɤɜɭ. ɋ ɛɪɚɬɢʁɨɦ ɭ
óje whª(rist)e $yinih2 [o] ɏɪɢɫɬɭ ɭɱɢɧɢɯ (ɨ-)
pëtejitie tko ʄe ga ɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɟ. Ʉɨ ʄɟ ɝɚ
skin$ti da e prok(l)et2 ɫɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɤɥɟɬ
Ý g(ospod)a b(og)a Ý v(s)eh2 ɨɞ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚ Ȼɨɝɚ (ɢ) ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ
s(ve)tih2 amin2 – ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɚɦɢɧ.23
Ɇɥɚɻɭ ɟɬɚɩɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢ-

ɥɭ ɫɭ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɨɝ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬ-
ɪɢʁɚɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ, 1557. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢɥɚ ɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧɚ ɞɨɝɪɚɞʃɨɦ
ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɢɯ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɚ, ɚ ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɨɦ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɢɦ ɡɚ
ɩɪɨɫɤɨɦɢɞɢʁɭ. Ɂɢɞɨɜɢ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ ɠɢ-
ɜɨɩɢɫɨɦ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢɯ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɚɬɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ
23
Ƚ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ƚ. Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɨɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȭɨɪ-
ɻɚ ɤɨɞ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɡ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ, in: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ, 518520.
434
ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɫɨɤɥɚ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɩɚɥɦɟɬɚɦɚ,

ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɮɪɟɫɚɤɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɋɢɥɚɫɤɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɢɥɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɥɢɤɚ, ɠɢ-
ɜɨɩɢɫ ʁɟ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɭ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ 16. ɢ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɟɰɟ-
ɧɢʁɚ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɩɭ ɋɬɪɚɯɢʃɢ ɢɡ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɟ.24 Ɍɚ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ
ɪɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɭɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ. Ɉɧɚ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 15. ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ 16. ɜɟɤɚ.
ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɜɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɨ, ɬɨ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɞɨ-
ɛɢɥɚ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɟɜɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ.
ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɢ ɦɥɚɻɟ ɟɬɚɩɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɩɟ-
ɱɚɬ ɞɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɞɨɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɩɟɜɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭɨɱɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɢɦ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɲɢ-
ɪɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ. ɇɚɜɟɲʄɟɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɚ.
ɍ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ʉɭɦɚɧɢɰɟ, ɭ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɢ Ʌɢɦɚ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɢʁɟɥɨɝ
ɉɨʂɚ, ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ʁɟɞɧɨɛɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɬɪɚɜɟʁɚ (14. ɜɟɤ) ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ
ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɨɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɟ ɩɟɜɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧ ɨɥɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɞɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɤɨɦɢɞɢʁɟ. Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɭ Ʉɭɦɚɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɬɨɜɚ-
ɧɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ 16. ɜɟɤɚ.25 ȼɟɨɦɚ
ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ, ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ, ɭɨɱɟɧɟ
ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɰɢɦɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ɀɢɬɢɧɭ ɤɨɞ ɉɪɢʁɟɩɨʂɚ.26 ɉɨʁɚɜɚ
ɩɪɚɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɢɯ ɩɟɜɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɞɨɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɢ ɭɡ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ʁɨɲ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɚ ɤɨɞ ɧɨɜɨ-
ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ. Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɪɚɲɤɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ,
ɭɨɱɟɧɚ ʁɨɲ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ, ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɤɨɪɟʃɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɨʃɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ. ɉɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ
ɉɨɞɪɢʃɚ ʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɤɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ.27 Ɉɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ 15. ɩɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ
17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɞɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɧɢɡ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɯɪɚɦɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞ-
24
Ɂ. Ɋɚɤɢʄ, Ɂɢɞɧɨ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ 16. ɢ 17. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ. Ȼɪɟɡɨʁɟɜɢɰɚ ɢ
Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, in: ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɚ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ, 583584, ɫɥ. 15–17 (ɫɚ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
25
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ʉɭɦɚɧɢɰɚ ɧɚ Ʌɢɦɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 42–
45.
26
Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɭ ɀɢɬɢɧɭ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɢ-
ɫɢ 6 (2005) 7989; Id. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɀɢɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɭ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ XLI
(2009) 2544.
27
ȼ. ȳ. ȭɭɪɢʄ, Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɢɧɫɤɢ ɬɢɩ ɰɪɤɜɟ, Ɋɚɲɤɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɚ 1 (1975) 1521.
435
ɧɟ ɟɩɨɯɟ, ɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɉɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ ɭɨɱʂɢɜ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ

ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ.28
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ 16.
ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɡɞɚʃɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ.29 Ɉɧɚ ɫɚ
ʁɭɠɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɢɲɱɟɡɥɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɛɭʁɢɰɚ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ
ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɟ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫ-
ɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɭ ɫɭ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɞɜɟʁɭ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ. ɉɪɜɚ, ɛɥɢɠɚ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɢ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ɞɜɟ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɭɤɨɩɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɚɞɢɧɭ.
Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɥɨɦʂɟɧɢɦ ɤɚɦɟɧɨɦ, ɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɚ-
ɬɚɤɚ ɝɚɪɢ, ɭɝʂɟɧɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɢ ɝɜɨɡɞɟɧɢɯ ɤɥɢɧɨɜɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ
ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɞ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɢ ɫɩɪɚɬ, ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ
ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɫɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɪɜɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ, ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɞɭɠɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɞɜɨʁɚ ɜɪɚɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɞɜɚ ɨɞɟʂɟʃɚ, ɫɜɚ-
ɤɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɞɪɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɨɦ. ɂɫɩɪɟɞ ɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ
ɢ ɞɪɜɟɧɢ ɬɪɟɦ ɫɚ ɞɨɤɫɚɬɨɦ (ɝɚɥɟɪɢʁɨɦ) ɧɚ ɫɩɪɚɬɭ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɡɞɚ-
ʃɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɚ, ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ. ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ʃɟɧɨɝ
ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɝ ɡɢɞɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɬɚɤ ɡɢɞɚɧɨɝ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɝ ɨɝʃɢɲɬɚ – ɨʇɚ-
ɤɥɢʁɟ, ɧɚɞɜɢɲɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ
ɢɫɬɭɪɟɧɚ ɞɪɜɟɧɚ ɫɬɭɛɚ. ɋɚ ɛɨɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɞɜɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɧɢɲɟ ɧɚɦɟʃɟɧɟ ɩɨɯɪɚʃɢɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɫɭɻɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ
ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ, ɞɨɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨɝ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɧɟ-
ɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɤɭɯɢʃɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɦɭ ɫɭɞɟʄɢ, ɩɪɨɞɭ-ɠɚɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɭ
ɬɪɩɟɡɚɪɢʁɭ. ɇɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɢ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɚɦ ɧɟ
ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɢɨɥɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɦɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɚ-
ɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɜɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɇɟɦɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɧɢ ɭ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɢɦɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɞɨ
ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɭɨɱɢɬɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɛɢɨ ɫɩɚʂɟɧ ɢ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ
ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɥɨ 1738. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɬɪɚɝɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ, ɩɨɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɜɢ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɭ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɢ ɢ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɚ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɭɝ-
ɥɟɞɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɢɥɢɲɬɚ ɤɪɚʁ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ ɢ ɒɭɞɢ-
ɤɨɜɨ.30 Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɝɚɻɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ ɨɜɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ
28
Ɇ. ɒɭɩɭɬ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ 16. ɭ 17. ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1991.
29
v. ɧɚɩ. 17.
30
Ɋ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɩɨɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ, in: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɚ IV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986, 146152 (ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
436
ɤɢɧɨɜɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɬɪɥɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ɤɟɥɢɨɬɫɤɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢ-

ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ.
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨ, ɛɢɬɚɧ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭ
Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɟ, ɭɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɟ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɪɟ-
ɤɨɝɧɨɫɰɢɪɚʃɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɚ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɟʄɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ
ɬɚɤɜɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ, ɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɟɧɚ.31 Ɍɚ ɩɟʄɢɧɚ
ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɚɤ ɦɢɧɭɬɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɨɞ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,
ɢɡ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚɨɰɢ ɨɜɟ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɥɚɤ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ
ɦɚɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɨ ɞɪɟɜɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɦɨ-
ɧɚɲɬɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɬɢɩɢɤɨɦ, ɩɭɫɬɧɨɠɢɬɟʂɢ ɫɭ ɭ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɨɞɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɧɟɞɟʂɨɦ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɥɢ-
ɬɭɪɝɢʁɢ ɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɨɛɟɞɭ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɩɲɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ
ɬɨɤɭ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɟ.32 ɉɟʄɢɧɚ (ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɚ ɨɤɨ 17 ɯ 6 ɦ) ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɦɨʁ
ɩɚɞɢɧɢ, ɨɤɨ 70 ɦ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ȼɟɪɚɧɚɦɚ. Ɉɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɤɚ
ʁɭɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɭ, ɨɫɭɧɱɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɜɚ, ɩɚ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɢɬɚɜɚʃɟ.
ɂɫɩɪɟɞ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɨɦɚʃɚ ɡɚɪɚɜɚɧ, ɤɨʁɭ ɨɞ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɞɟɥɢ ɧɢɫɤɚ
ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɟ. Ʌɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɚ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɚ. ɇɚʁɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɫɭɯɨ-
ɡɢɞɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɠɟ ɞɭɠ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɫɩɨʂɧɨɝ ɪɭɛɚ ɡɚɪɚɜɧɢ. ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɨ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɟ ɦɚɥɬɟɪɚ ɨɤɨ ɭɥɚɡɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ
ɫɭ ɨɤɨ ɩɟʄɢɧɟ ɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ. Ɉɧɟ, ɢɩɚɤ, ɧɟ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɞɪɜɟɧɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɥɢɛɟ, ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɟ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ
ɩɟʄɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɚɧɚ-
ɯɨɪɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɲɬɚ.33
Ʉɟɥɢʁɚ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɟ, ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɱ-
ɤɢɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɫɭ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɭɤɥɟɫɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɢ, ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ
ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɦ ɬɚɱɤɚɦɚ: ʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁʃɨʁ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɡɚɪɚɜɧɢ,
ɧɚʁɞɭɠɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨʁ ɫɭɧɱɟɜɢɦ ɡɪɚɰɢɦɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɭɫɬɪɨjeɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɨʁ
31
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɉɟɲɬɟɪɧɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ Ƚɨɪʃɟɝ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɚ, 133135.
32
Ɉ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɤɟɥɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ o ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɤɟɥɢɨɬɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɚɩɚɯɪɢ-
ɫɚɧɬɭ, Ⱥɬɨɧɫɤɨ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɨ, 28–34 ɢ ɞɚʂɟ; S. Popoviü, Sabaite Influence on the Church
of Medieval Serbia, in: The Sabaite Heritage in the Ortodox Church from the Fifth Century
to the Present, ed. J. Patrich, Leuven 2001, 396–400; ɨ ɬɢɩɢɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɤɟɥɢɨɬ-
ɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ. Ɍɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦ. ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚ, 189196
(ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
33
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɨɧɚɯ-ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤ, in: ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, Ed. ɋ. Ɇɚɪʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɢʄ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 579–580; Ead. ɂɫɢ-
ɯɚɫɬɢɪɢʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɢ ɋɬɭɩɨɜɢ, 334336 (ɫɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ);
ɯɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɧɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɟ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ
ɀɢɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, 3839, ɫɥ. 14.
437
ɤɨɬɢ ɫɬɟɧɟ, ɧɟɤɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɱɧɢɰɟ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɭɥɚɡɚ ɭ ɩɟʄɢɧɭ.34 Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟ-

ɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɭɤɥɟɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞʃɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɨɜɟ ɫɬɟɧɟ.35
Ɍɨ ɡɧɚɦɟʃɟ, ɨɫɢɦ ɨɩɲɬɟɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɭɤɟ, ɭ ɩɟɲɬɟɪɧɢɦ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢɦ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ, ɩɪɨɮɢɥɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ, ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɟɧ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ
ɯɚɝɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɡɧɚɦɟʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɲɬɢɬɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɭ ɧɚ
ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ: ɨɞ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɝɢɛɟʂɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɢɥɚ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ
ɥɢɬɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ʁɨɲ ɨɩɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ, ɞɟɦɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɲɟʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɟɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ.36 Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɧɚʁɡɚɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɭ, ɭɡ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɚɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɭɥɨɦɚɤ, ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧɨ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɟ, ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟ-
ʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɟ. Ɇɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɤɪɨɦɚɧ, ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɥɚɡ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢ
ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɟ, ɛɚɰɚʁɭ ɛɚɪ ɧɟɤɢ ɬɪɚɱɚɤ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɢɰɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ, ɫɚɞɚ
ɚɧɨɧɢɦɧɨɝ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤɚ ɢɡ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ.37
ɋɦɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ, ɧɚ ɛɢɬɚɧ ɧɚ-
ɱɢɧ ɨɫɜɟɬʂɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ.
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɨ ɜɢɞɟɥɢ, ɨɛɧɨɜɢɬɟʂ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱ ɤɢɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɪɨ-
ɦɨɧɚɯ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɟ, ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɫɚɛɪɚʄɨɦ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, ɤɬɢɬɨɪ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ, ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɢ
ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ. ɉɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɚ ɦɨɧɚ-
ɲɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ. ɇɚ-
ɪɨɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɜɚɬ ɞɨɠɢɜɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ 10–11. ɜɟɤɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɡɧɚ-
ɦɟɧɢɬɟ ɨɛɢɬɟʂɢ, ɚ ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ, ɧɟɤɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɪɚ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɫɤɨɝ ɦɨ-
ɧɚɲɬɜɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ: Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ (941), Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ȼɨɝɨ-
ɪɨɞɢɰɟ tou Stylou ɧɚ Ʌɚɬɪɨɫɭ, ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɢ ɋɜ. ɉɚɜɥɚ Ɇɥɚɻɟɝ (955), ɡɚ-
ɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ ɇɢɤɨɧɚ Ɇɟɬɚɧɨɢɬɚ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ 10. ɜɟɤɚ, Ƚɚɥɟɫɢɨɧ ɋɜ. Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ
(1053) ɢɬɞ.38 Ɂɚ ɧɚɲɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɟ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ
34
Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ, ɤɚɦɟɧɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɨɧɚɯ-ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤ, 584
(ɫɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ).
35
Ɂɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɟ, v. Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɨɧɚɯ-ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤ, 584; ɋ. ɋɦɨɥɱɢʄ Ɇɚɤɭʂɟɜɢʄ,
ɋɚɤɪɚɥɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɍɪɟɫɤɚɜɰɚ, Balcanica XXXV, 2004 (2005) 309.
36
ɂɡ ɨɛɢɦɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɭ ɬɟɦɭ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɦɨ, P. P. Joannou, Démonologue
populaire – démonologie critique au XI siècle. La vie inedited de S. Auxence par M.
Psellos, Wiesbaden 1971; R. P. H. Greenfield, Traditions of Belief in Late Byzantine
Demonology, Amsterdam 1988; Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ȼ. Ɍɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦ. ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚ,
196203 (ɫɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ).
37
Ɉ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤɚ, L. Regnault, La vie quotidienne des Pères
du désert en Ơgypte au IVe siècle, Paris 1990; Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɨɧɚɯ-ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤ, 552585.
38
Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents, Vol 1–4, ȿd. J. Thomas, A. Constan-
tinides Hero, Washington 2000, Vol. 1, 125134; 135142; 313322; 148166.
438
ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɥɢɫɤɢɦ

ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ, ɪɟɰɢɦɨ, ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧɚ ɉɪɟɬɟɱɟ ɧɚ Ɇɟɧɢɤɟʁɫɤɨʁ ɝɨɪɢ
ɤɨɞ ɋɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ȳɚɤɨɜ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɫɟɪɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ (1332), ɢɥɢ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɭ Ƚɟɪɨɦɟɪɢ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ Ƚɪɱɤɨʁ (1337), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɭɜɟɧɢ Ɇɚ-
ɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɚ ɧɚ Ɇɟɬɟɨɪɢɦɚ ɭ Ɍɟɫɚɥɢʁɢ (135083), ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɬɢ-
ɬɨɪ ɋɜ. Ⱥɬɚɧɚɫɢʁɟ.39 ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɨɫɜɟɬɥɢɥɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ
ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ, ɩɨɤɚɡaɜɲɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚ-
ɞɚɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɭɠɢɜɚɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ
ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚ (episkepsis) ɧɚɞ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɨɦ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ ɨɧɚ
ɫɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɝ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ.40
ɍ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɢ-ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ
ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɭ ɩɨʁɚɜɭ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɞɨɛɚ
ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ɮɟɧɨɦɟɧ. Ɍɨ
ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɚ, ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɤʂɭɱɧɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɚ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɫɢɧɚɢɬɢ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ,
ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚ-
ɦɨ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɱɢ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɫɬɨɠɟɪ ɤɬɢɬɨɪ-
ɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ.41 Ɉɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɭʄɟɦɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤ-
ɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɚʃɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɚɬ-
ɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɋɩɢɪɢɞɨɧɚ, ɭɠɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɟ Ƚɨɪʃɚɱɤɢ, ɭɱɟ-
ɧɢɤ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɢɧɚɢɬɚ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɚ ʃɟɦɭ ɢ ɛɪɚɬɢʁɢ,
ɡɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɀɞɪɟɥɨ ɭ ɤɥɢɫɭɪɢ ɪɟɤɟ Ɇɥɚɜɟ (137980).42 ɋɥɢɱɧɭ ɛɪɢɝɭ
ɢɫɩɨʂɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭɡ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ,
ɡɚ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɢɤɚ ɋɢɫɨʁɚ, ɩɪɜɨɝ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɢɫɨʁɟɜɰɚ, ɫɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ 14.
ɜɟɤɚ.43 ɂɫɬɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ, ɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɟɧɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɪɭɠɛɟɧɢɤ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤɚ,
39
Ibid. Vol. 4, 1579–1612; 1396–1403; 1455–1461.
40
J. P. Thomas, Private Religious Foundations in the Byzantine Empire, Washington,
D.C., 1987, 254.
41
Ɉ ɤɬɢɬɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɚ, ɧɚʁɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɟ, Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, ɋɪɩ-
ɫɤɨ ɡɢɞɧɨ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ (13751459), ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ ɞɨɤɬɨɪ-
ɫɤɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ, 2006 (ɭ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɢ ɡɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɭ); Ead. ɉɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ. I Ʉɬɢ-
ɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ XLV (2013) 133146; Ead. ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɢ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɨɞ 1371. ɞɨ 1455. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ, Ʉɨɫɨɜɫɤɨ-ɦɟɬɨɯɢʁɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 5 (2013) 3966.
42
Ⱥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ. Ɍɟɤɫɬ, ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ, ɫɧɢɦɰɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2003, 177190.
43
Ȼ. ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɢɫɨʁɟɜɚɰ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ ɋɢɫɨʁɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
XXVI/1–2 (2002) 5576; T. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɢɫɨʁɟɜɚɰ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɧɚ ɫɬɪ. 5–17 (ɫɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
439
ɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɤʂɭɱɧɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁ ɫɤɭɩɢɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ, ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢɯ ɫɚ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, ɞɚ

ɡɚɫɧɭʁɭ ɤɢɧɨɜɢʁɭ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɨɠʁɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ ȼɢɫɨɤɚ, ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ Ⱦɚɥɲɢ.44 Ɍɚ ɬɪɚ-
ɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢɡ ɥɨɡɟ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ
ɩɨ ɯɚɝɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɝ ȼɚɜɟɞɟ-
ʃɭ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɭ Ⱦɟɜɢɱɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɬɜɚ ɦɨɧɚ-
ɯɚ-ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɤɚ ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɚ Ⱦɟɜɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ
ȭɭɪɻɚ.45 ɉɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɟ, ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɦ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɭ-
ɯɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɭɠɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɢɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ
ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɢ ɮɪɟɫɤɨ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬɢ ɫɬɚɪɚɰɚ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɤɚ ɥɨ-
ɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ, ɤɚɤɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ
Ⱦɨɛɪɭɧ (ɩɟɬɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ 14. ɜɟɤɚ)46 ɢ ȳɨɲɚɧɢɰɚ (ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ 15. ɜɟ-
ɤɚ).47 Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɧɚɞɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ, ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɢɥɚ ɛɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɩɟɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɰɚ ȳɨɫɢɮɚ ɧɚɫɥɢɤɚɧɚ ɭ ɐɪɤɜɢ ɍɫɩɟʃɚ Ȼɨɝɨɪɨɞɢ-
ɱɢɧɨɝ ɭ Ʉɪɟɩɢɱɟɜɰɭ, ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ 15. ɜɟɤɚ.48 ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɪɢ ɞɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ ɩɪɢɦɢ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɬɚ-
ɬɭɫɭ ɡɚɫɧɭʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɨɦ Ⱦɪɟɧɱɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ,
ɫɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɨɦ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ ɢ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɯɚ ɋɩɢɪɢɞɨɧɚ, ɩɨɞɢɝɥɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ
Ⱦɨɪɨɬɟʁ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯ Ⱦɚɧɢɥɨ (1382).49 ɋɭɞɟʄɢ ɩɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ-
ɦɚ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ, ɭ ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɭ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɢ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɚ ɥɢɰɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɦɨɧɚɯɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ,
ɩɨɩɭɬ ɨɧɨɝ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɚ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ʌɢɩɨɜɚɰ (1413)50, ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɨ-
ɩɨɩɚ Ʉɭɡɦɟ ɢɡ ɋɬɚɪɨɝ Ɍɪɝɚ ɤɨɞ ɀɚɝɭɛɢɰɟ (1429/30).51 ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɧɞɢɤɚ-
ɬɢɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ, ɬɚɱɧɢʁɟ, ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɚ ɢɡ Ʌɢɩɨɜɰɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜ ɨɫɧɢ-
44
Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɨɩɲɢɪɚɧ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ, ɞɪɚɝɨɰɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɞɨɤɭ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ, Ʉʃɢɠɟɜɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ, ɉɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ȭ.
Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1979, 187188.
45
Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɭɥɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ȳɨɚɧɢɤɢʁɚ Ⱦɟɜɢɱɤɨɝ, 609–610; Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ,
ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɪɚɧ-
ɤɨɜɢʄɚ, 5354.
46
Ɇ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ Ⱦɨɛɪɭɧ, ɋɬɚɪɢɧɚɪ LII/2002 (2003) 93116 (ɫɚ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
47
Ȼ. ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɭ ȳɨɲɚɧɢɰɢ, Ɂɨɝɪɚɮ 24
(1995) 69–78; Idem, in: Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ȳɨɲɚɧɢɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 9, 49.
48
Ȼ. Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ʉɪɟɩɢɱɟɜɚɰ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɚ, ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ
XLIV (2012) 143.
49
Ⱥ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ, 177190.
50
Ȼ. ɐɜɟɬɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ Ʌɢɩɨɜɚɰ, ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ, Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ
XXXIX (1999) 79100; M. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ʌɢɩɨɜɚɰ – ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɲɬɚ,
ɋɚɨɩɲɬɟʃɚ XXXIV (2002) 157177; Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, ɉɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɢ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ,
133134 (ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ).
51
Ibidem, 137138 (ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ).
440
ɜɚɱ, ɦɨɧɚɯ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧ, ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɭ ɉɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɟʃɭ ɢ ɭɫɬɚ-

ɧɨɜɢɨ ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɟ, ɭɡ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ, ɤɧɟɡɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɛɪɚɬɚ ȼɭɤɚ. ɋɜɨʁ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɱɢɧ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ:
„...ɩɨɬɪɭɞɢɯ ɫɟ ɨ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ɨɜɨɦ) ɯɪɚɦɭ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɚɦ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢɬɢʁɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ...”, ɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɚ ɩɨɛɪɨʁɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɚʃɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɤɧɟɡ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢ ȼɭɤ ɩɪɢɥɨɠɢɥɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ.52 ɍ ɧɚɭɰɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ
ɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ
ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɦɨɧɚɯɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɫɚɦɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɰɢ
ɩɨɫɟɞɚ, ʃɢɯ ʁɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚɨ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧ, ɭɡ
ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ.53
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɡɚ ɧɟɤɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɯ
ɥɢɰɚ ɩɨɩɭɬ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɋɜ. ȭɨɪɻɭ ɭ ɉɟʄɢ ɢ ɀɞɪɟɥɧɢɤɭ, ɡɚɞɭ-
ɠɛɢɧɚɦɚ ɟɩɢɫɤɨɩɚ Ɇɚɪɤɚ ɉɟʄɤɨɝ, ɢɥɢ ɏɪɚɦɚ ɋɜ. ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɭ ɋɬɪɟɥɰɢɦɚ,
ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ 1419. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɥɚ ɦɨɧɚɯɢʃɚ Ɇɚɤɪɢɧɚ.54 ɇɚʁɡɚɞ, ɛɥɢɫɤɭ ɚɧɚ-
ɥɨɝɢʁɭ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɟɜɨɦ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɨɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɭ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ
ɢ ɯɪɨɧɨɥɨɲɤɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɫɤɭ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ʁɟɪɨ-
ɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɫɬɚɪɰɚ ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ȼɪɟɡɨʁɟɜɢɰɟ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ
ɢɡ 1567. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟ ɏɪɚɦ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɍɪɨʁɢ-
ɰɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɢ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɧ „ɬɪɭɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɢɝɨɦ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯɚ ɫɬɚɪɰɚ ɇɟɫɬɨɪɚ
ɫɚ ɛɪɚɬɢʁɨɦ, ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟɦ ɤɧɟɡɚ ȼɭɤɦɢɪɚ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɀɢɜɤɚ Ȼɟɥɚ-
ɤɨɜɚ”.55 Ɂɚ ɧɚɲ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ ɜɟ-
ʄɢɧɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɩɭɫɬɢʃɚɱɤɢɯ ɤɟɥɢ-
ʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɚɧɚɯɨɪɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ.
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɫɤɨɦ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬ-
ɪɚɬɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ. ɇɚɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɭɫɥɟɞ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɩɢ-
ɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɟɬɚɩɟ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢ-
ɡɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɚ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚ-
ɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɭɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɭɬɢ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɱɢɬ ɢɫɤɚɡ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɨɧ, ɫɚ ɛɪɚɬɢʁɨɦ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɟ, ɢɡ ɱɟɝɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ. Ɍɨɦɟ ɭ
ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɛɢ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɡɞɚʃɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɚ ɡɚ ɤɢɧɨɜɢʁɭ
ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɨʁ ɟɬɚɩɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɚ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɚ ɨɛɢɬɟʂ ɭ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ ɛɢɥɚ
52
v. ɧɚɩ. 50.
53
Ƚ. Ȼɚɛɢʄ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɚ ɭ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɢ, in: Ɇɨɪɚɜɫɤɚ ɲɤɨɥɚ
ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ed. ȼ. ȳ. ȭɭɪɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1972, 143144; Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, v. ɧɚɩ. 41.
54
Ɍ. ɋɬɚɪɨɞɭɛɰɟɜ, ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ
ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɢɯ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ, 54–56 (ɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ).
55
Ȼ. Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ Ȼɭɞɢɦʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ, 259; ɨ ɠɢɜɨɩɢɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɋɜɟɬɟ ɬɪɨʁɢɰɟ, Ɂ. Ɋɚɤɢʄ, Ɂɢɞɧɨ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɫɬɜɨ 16. ɢ 17. ɜɟɤɚ ɭ Ƚɨɪʃɟɦ ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ, 577583.
441
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɭ ɦɨɧɚɲɬɜɭ

ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ȵɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ ɱɢɧɢ
ɦɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɱɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɤɭɩɢɧɚ ɢɧɨɤɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢɯ ɨɤɨ ɧɟɤɨɝ
ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɟɤɥɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ,
ɬɚɤɜɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɟ ɭ ɤɢɧɨɜɢɬɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɤɚɨ ɬɟɦɟ-
ʂɚɧ ɢ ɧɚʁɩɨɬɩɭɧɢʁɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. ɍ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɢ, ɨɩɲɬɟɠɢʄɟ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɧɨ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɦ ʁɟɪɨɦɨɧɚɯɚ Ⱦɢɨɧɢɫɢʁɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ,
ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɞɨɛʂɟ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɚ-
ɤɨɧ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ.
ȿɩɢɥɨɝ. Ⱦɚɜɧɚɲʃɚ ɠɟʂɚ ɠɢɬɟʂɚ ɫɟɥɚ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɞ ɨɬɤɪɢ-
ɜɟɧɢɦ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɢ ɨɠɢɜɢ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɡɚɦɪɥɢ
ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ, ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɚ ʁɟ 2002. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.56 ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢ-
ɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢɯ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɰɪɤɜɢ ɜɪɚʄɟɧ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɭ 16. ɜɟɤɭ. ɇɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧ ɥɢɬɭɪɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɬɪɢ ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɦɨɧɚ-
ɲɤɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ, ɚ ɜɪɥɟɬɢɦɚ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɟ
ɞɭɯɨɜɧɟ ɚɭɪɟ.
ɋɩɢɫɚɤ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ
1. Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ (ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉ. Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ)

2. Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ (ɩɪɟɦɚ: ɉ. Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ)
3. Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɢɫɤɨɩɚɜɚʃɚ (ɮɨɬɨ:
ɉ. Ʌɭɬɨɜɚɰ)
4. Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɑɚɫɧɟ ɬɪɩɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɤɬɢɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɨɦ (ɮɨɬɨ:
Ɇ. Ȼɚɪʁɚɤɬɚɪɟɜɢʄ)
5. ɉɟʄɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɫɧɢɰɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɢ ɢɡ-
ɝɥɟɞ (Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ)
6. Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ; ɋɢɥɚɡɚɤ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ⱦɭɯɚ, ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢ ɠɢ-
ɜɨɩɢɫɚ (ɩɪɟɦɚ: Ɂ. Ɋɚɤɢʄ)
7. Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɚ, ɐɪɤɜɚ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ
56
ɋɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɝ. ȼɟʂɤɨ Ɋɚɥɟɜɢʄ, ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɦɟɲɬɚɧɢɧ
ɫɟɥɚ Ʉɚɥɭɞɪɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɧɢ ɜɟɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɭ ɋȺȾ. ȼɟɨɦɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ
ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ ɚɪɯ. ȼɥɚɞɟ Ȼɭɤɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɚ, ɚ ɮɪɟɫɤɟ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɧɨ-
ɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɤɚɪ-ɤɨɧɡɟɪɜɚɬɨɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɦɢɪ ȳɚɲɨɜɢʄ.
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Danica Popoviü, Marko Popoviü

THE MONASTERY COMPLEX IN KALUDRA NEAR BERANE

After the trace of an Anchorites Monastic Community
Summary
The paper deals with a little known Medieval monastic community, the rem-
nants of which are located in the canyon of Kaludarska Rijeka, not far from Berane
in Upper Polimlje (northern Montenegro). Although of regional importance,
Kaludra is noteworthy as an interesting example of a monastic endowment as well
as a monastic community too, which apparently changed its structure with time.
Due to the lack of written records, the phases of forming the monastic com-
plexes in Kaludra cannot be determined precisely. Archeological researches have
proved that the complex was not built at a single time, but was built and appended
in several phases that can be roughly separated, both in terms of construction and
chronology. In the first phase that belongs to the Middle Ages – the most probably
14th century – a church was built of single-nave basis. The lack of the buildings of
the monastic settlement could be a proof that the original monastic community was
not organized as a coenobium, but as a group of Anchorites, which was, as a rule,
gathered around a spiritual father. Such a monastic pattern was quite widespread in
the Orthodox world, including the Serbian countries. This assumption could be
supported by numerous hermitages in the surroundings, as well as by the local to-
ponymy.
The Coenobitic order in Kaludra was established by merit of hieromonk
Dionisije and his fraternity, and this is witnessed by an inscription at the foot of the
altar-table. By its paleographical characteristics, the inscription can be tentatively
dated to the time between mid-15th and mid-16th century. At this, younger stage,
the existing church was extended by the cantor’s stand and the narthex, and monas-
tery buildings were built around it. Based on the surviving fragments of the fres-
coes, painting is attributed to a prominent artist of the time, the priest Strahinja
from Budimlje (late 16th and early 17th century). The authors suggest that this re-
newal in Kaludra should probably be linked to the period of the rise of church life
in the Serbian countries after the restoration of the Patriarchate of Pec.
447
448
Ɋɚɱɜɚɫɬɢ ɞɭɛ ɢ Ƚɪɛɚɜɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɚ: ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ...
ɍȾɄ 271.222(497.11)-774-9“04/14“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15025

ɊȺɑȼȺɋɌɂ ȾɍȻ ɂ ȽɊȻȺȼȺ ɄɊɍɒɄȺ:

ȾɊȼȿȶȿ ɂ ɋȿȽɆȿɇɌȺɐɂȳȺ ȾɊɍɒɌȼȿɇɈȽ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊȺ ɍ ɋɊȿȾ-
ȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȳ ɉȺɊɈɏɂȳɂ*
Ⱦɪ ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ
ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɉɨɩɢɫ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɦɟɻɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ ɢɡ

ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɠɭɩɟ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɂɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɚ, ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ɨɞ
ɫɚɦɨɝ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɬɟɫɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ, ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɢɯ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɨɜɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɭ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ȵɢɯɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɧɚʁʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ,
ɢ ɬɨ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɭ ɞɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɧɨɝ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢɬɢ
ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚɦɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɪɲɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ, ɨɧɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ, ɰɪɤɜɟ-
ɧɢ (ɢɡɥɚɡɚɤ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ) ɢ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ (ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ
ɡɚɩɢɫ-ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ), ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɚ
Ȼɨɠɚɧɫɤɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɭ ɨɜɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɢ
ɦɢɪɨɫɚɧɨɝ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɟɧɨɜɢɬɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ
ɜɟɤɚ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ XIX ɢ
ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɟɩɨɯɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɞɪɜɟʄɟ, ɦɟɻɚ, ɫɟɨɫɤɢ ɚɬɚɪ, ɫɜɟɬɨ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɨ, ɩɚɪɨ-
ɯɢʁɚ, ɥɢɬɢʁɚ, ɡɚɩɢɫ-ɞɪɜɨ, ɡɚɩɢɫ-ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ, ɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ, ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɟɤ.
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-

ʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦʂɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ, ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚ-
ɜʂɚʁɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɜɨɝɚ ɪɟɞɚ, ɬɟ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɭɜɢɞ, ɦɚɞɚ ɧɟ
ɭɜɟɤ ɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɪɟɱɢɬ, ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɨ-ɢɦɨ-
ɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɭ, ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɡɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ, ɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɭ, ɬɚɤɨ
ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ.
449
ɋɬɚɧɨʁɟ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ
ɉɈɉɂɋɂ ɆȿȭȺ – ɂɁȼɈɊ ɁȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȿ

ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɈȽ ȾɊɍɒɌȼȺ
Ʉɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧ-

ɬɚɪɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ, ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɢɫ ɦɟɻɚ ɧɚ ɞɚɪɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɟɞɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɨɜɨ-
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ. ɍ ɬɢɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɫɭ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ
ɫɚɦɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ ɦɟɻɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ, ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ
ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɨɜɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.1 ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɢɯ ɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɢ ʃɢɦɚ ɛɥɢɫɤɢɯ
ɧɚɭɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ. ɍ ɞɜɨɬɨɦɧɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨʁ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɯɪɢ-
ɫɨɜɭʂɢ, ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜ. ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɨʁ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟ-
ɧɨʁ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ʌɨɦɟ ɨ ɬɨɩɨ-
ɧɢɦɫɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ Ƚɨɪ-
ɞɚɧɟ Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ. Ⱦɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɜɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɨɦɟ-
ɧɭɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɮ. Ʌɨɦɟ (2013) ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ȼɚʃɫɤɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɚ ɋɧɟɠɚɧɟ Ȼɨɠɚɧɢʄ (2013) ɑɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɨ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɉɪɜɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ
ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɢɡ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ (650 ɨɞɪɟɞɧɢɰɚ) ɭ ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɲɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɢ ɨɩɲɬɟɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɱɤɢ ɮɨɧɞ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɢ (Ʌɨɦɚ 2013: 11–17). Ⱦɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɦɨɧɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ ɋɧɟɠɚɧɟ
Ȼɨɠɚɧɢʄ ɭ ɱɢʁɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɥɟɠɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɦɟɻɟ
ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ, ɪɟɝɢ-
ɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɧɢɦ ɦɟɫɧɢɦ, ɤɨʁɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɚɬɚɪɟ. Ʉʃɢɝɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ
* Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɭ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɟ,

ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ: „Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɢɧɨɜɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɭ
ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ” (ɟɜ. ɛɪ. 177032).
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ ɨɜɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɭ „Ɂɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɢʂɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭ-
ɪɢ ɢ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ” ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɮ. Ɂɨʁɚ Ʉɚɪɚɧɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɐɟɧɬɪɚ
ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ, Ɉɞɫɟɤ ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɝ Ɏɚɤɭɥ-
ɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ ɢ Ɂɚɜɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɢɡ Ʉʃɚɠɟɜɰɚ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ 4.–5. ʁɭ-
ɥɚ 2014. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ „Ⱦɪɜɟʄɟ ɦɟɻɚɲɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ”.
1
Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ Ɇɢɨ-
ɞɪɚɝɚ Ⱥɥ. ɉɭɪɤɨɜɢʄɚ (1940) ɢ Ɇɢɬɪɚ ɉɟɲɢɤɚɧɚ (1981: 1–92). ɍɡ ʃɢɯ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɚ-
ɜɟɫɬɢ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɨ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɧɢɦ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ Ɇɢɪɤɚ Ȼɚɪʁɚɤɬɚɪɨɜɢʄɚ (1952) ɱɢʁɢ
ɫɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɢɜɢɦ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɨɦ
ɢ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɨɦ ɭ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɫɚ ɨɫɜɪɬɨɦ
ɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɟ.
450
ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚ-

ɮɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚ-
ʃɟɦ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɨ-ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɫɥ.
Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɦ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ ɦɟɻɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɝɪɚɻɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ-
ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɥɨɲɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɻɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɜɪ-
ɲɬɟɧɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɢɯ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɚ, ɤɪɫɬ, ɩɭɬ, ɪɚɫɤɪɲʄɟ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ, ʃɢɜɚ, ɝɭɦɧɨ, ɫɬɭɞɟ-
ɧɚɰ, ɩɨɬɨɤ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢɰɚ, ɦɥɢɧ, ɛɪɟɝ, ɛɪɨɞ (ɝɚɡ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ) ɢ ɫɥ, ɢ ɭɡ ʃɢɯ ɢ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ. ɂɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚ ɦɟɻɟ ɭɫɥɨɠʃɚɜɚɥɨ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ
ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɜɢɲɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɦɨʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ (Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ 2004; 2005), ɚ ɨɜɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɨ ɛɢɯ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ-
ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ: Ʉɪɫɬ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ
ɚɬɚɪɭ (Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ 2008) ɢ ɋɚɤɪɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɢ (Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ 2013: 1013–1024).2 Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɟɥɨ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɚ (ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ ɫɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɢɞɟɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɝ ɢ ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ. ɋɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɟ ɢ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ ɭɫɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɱ ɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɭ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨʁ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɧɢɠɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɨɩɟɬ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɭ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟɛɪɢ, ɬʁ. ɦɟɪɨɩɫɢ ɢ ɫɨɤɚɥɧɢɰɢ, ɢɥɢ ɡɚɧɚ-
ɬɥɢʁɟ, ɜɥɚɫɢ-ɫɬɨɱɚɪɢ, ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɫɢɬɧɢ
ɩɥɟɦɢʄɢ. ɋɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɢ ɫɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɠɭɩɟ
ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ
ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɧɚɭɰɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɩɚɪɨ-
ɯɢʁɫɤɚ ɢ ɥɚɢɱɤɚ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɨ (ɭɩ. Burke 2001:
7; Gureviþ 1987: 22; Schmitt 1998: 941–953), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɨɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɢ
„ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ” (Christian 1981).
2
Ɉɛɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɋ. Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤɭɥɬɭ-
ɪɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɡɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɟɤɚ (ɤɪɚʁ XIII – ɤɪɚʁ XVI ɜɟɤɚ),
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007, ɨɞɛɪɚʃɟɧɟ 29. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 2008. ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɨɦ Ⱥ. ȼɟɫɟɥɢɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. Ɇɢ-
ɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ɍ. ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ ɧɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɨɦ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɭ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. Ⱦɪɭɝɨɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɪɚɞ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ „22. ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɨɥɨɝɚ” ɭ ɋɨɮɢʁɢ 2011. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
”Proceedings of the 22nd International Congress of Byzantine Studies”, Sofia 22–27 August
2011, Volume III: Abstracts of Free Communications, Sofia 2011, 81–82.
451
Ɋɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ (Liþ 1983: 52–54,

7677) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧo ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ.
ɉɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɭɦ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɢɫɩɪɟɫɟɰɚɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɚɡ-
ɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɚ ɫɟɥɚ, ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɧɟɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ
ʃɢɦɚ, ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠ-
ʁɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɨɝ.3 Ɇɟɻɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɱɢɬɚɜɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɥɟɠɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚɥɚ ɩɨɪɬɭ ɯɪɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɨɜ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɭɥɢɰɟ, ɞɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ, ɛɚɲɬɢ ɢ ɫɥ. (ɭɩ. Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ 2004; Ȼɨʁɚ-
ɧɢɧ 2005: 143–149). ɉɨɜɭɱɟɧɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ, ɦɟɻɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ
ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɮɨɪɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɡɜɭɤɨɦ, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɜɨ-
ɞɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ (ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɧɢɦ) ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚɦɚ, ɡɜɨɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɥɟɩɚɥɢɦɚ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɡɜɭɰɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɨɦɚ-
ʄɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ, ɝɥɚɫɨɦ ɩɟɬɥɚ ɢ ɥɚɜɟɠɨɦ ɩɚɫɚ, ɢɥɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɢɦɚ ɢ
ɥɢɬɢʁɧɢɦ ɨɩɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ.4
ɂɡ ɧɢɡɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɭ ɞɚɬɨɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ
ɫɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɫɜɪɫɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟ-
ɠɟɧ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ. Ɉɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ,
ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ
ɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɟɥɟ-
ɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭɧ-
ɭɬɚɪ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ?
ȾɊȼȿȶȿ ɄȺɈ ɈɊɂȳȿɇɌɂɊ ɍ ɉɊɈɋɌɈɊɍ
ɉɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ, ɥɭɝɨɜɚ, ɝɚʁɟɜɚ ɢ ɲɭɦɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɪɚɡɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ ɭɜɢɞɟ ɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɭ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ. Ɉɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ
ɛɢɬɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɛɢʂɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɢ-
ɜɚɱɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɭɫɤɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɭɱɟɧɚ ɦɟɻɚ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɟɱɢɬɢʁɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ.
ɋɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ, ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ ɛɢɜɚ ɜɟʄɚ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟ-
3
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɞɢɯɨɬɨɦɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨ ɢɫɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɚɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ
ɫɜɟɬ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɩɪɨɮɚɧ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɨɦɚ ɢ ɤɭʄɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ (ɋ. Ȼɨʁɚ-
ɧɢɧ 2004).
4
ȼɢɞɟɬɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɭ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭ.
452
ɞɢɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɦɭ ɭɤɚ-

ɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ.5
ɍ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɪɚɞɢ
ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɟ. ɍ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɋɧɟɠɚɧɟ Ȼɨɠɚɧɢʄ (2013: 235–254) ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ
ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɛɨɪ, ɛɪɟɡɚ, ɛɭɤɜɚ, ɜɪɛɚ, ɝɥɨɝ, ɝɪɚɛ, ɞɪɟɧ, ɡɨɜɚ, ʁɚɛɭɤɚ, ʁɚɫɟɧ,
ʁɚɫɢɤɚ, ʁɟɥɚ, ɤɪɭɲɤɚ, ɥɟɫɤɚ, ɥɢɩɚ, ɨɫɤɨɪɭɲɚ, ɨɪɚɯ, ɬɨɩɨɥɚ, ɬɪɧ, ɯɪɚɫɬ ɢɥɢ
ɞɭɛ, ɰɟɪ. Ɉɜɨɦ ɫɩɢɫɤɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɨɞɚɬɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɬɪɟɲʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɪɟɫɬ.
Ɇɟɻɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɢʄɢ „ɭ ɞɭɛ” ɢ „ɨɞ ɞɭɛɚ” (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890:
4) „ɧɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɭ” (Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ 2003: 52, 54) ɢɥɢ „ɧɚ ɬɪɟɲʃɭ ɩɭɬɟɦ”, „ɭ
ɝɥɨɝ” ɢ „ɨɞ ɥɢɩɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɦɟɧ” (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ 1862: 286, 293, 300), ɡɚɬɢɦ „ɭ ɛɨɪ
ɢ ɨɞ ɛɨɪɚ ɭ ɂɛɚɪ” ɢ „ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ʃɢɜɟ ɫɬɚʁɭ ɢɡɚ ɨɪɚɯɚ, ɧɢɡ ɝɪɟɛɟɧ”, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
„ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɭ ɜɪɛɭ” (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 2, 4) „ɧɚ ɨɫɤɨɪɭɲɭ” (Ɇɢ-
ɲɢʄ 2004: 5, 8), „ɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɥɭ”, „ɭ ɛɪɟɫɬ” ɢ „ɭ ɨɪɚɯ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ Ȼɥɚɬɰɚ”
(ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 63, 65, 83), ɢɬɞ.
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɻɚɲɚ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚɧɟɦɚ-
ɪɢɬɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɫɬ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ
ɞɚ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɫɬ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɠɭɩɫɤɢɦ ɩɟʁɡɚɠɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɭɜɢɞɚ ɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚ-
ɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɛɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɯɪɚɫɬɭ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɧ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ, ɛɚɪ ɤɚɨ ɬɨ-
ɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɭ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ.6
ɂɚɤɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞɚ-
ɛɢɪɚɧɨ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɟ-
ɻɚɲ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɥɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɻɚ ɢɲɥɚ „ɩɨ ɫɪɟɞ ɝɜɨɡɞɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ
ɛɭɤɜɭ” (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 4).
Ɉɫɢɦ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɭ ɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɻɚ
ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɛaɥɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɢɯ ɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ
ɩɨɛɥɢɠɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɭ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ, ɦɟɻɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɢʄɢ „ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ
ɞɪɜɨ” ɢɥɢ „ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɨɪɚɯ” (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ 1862: 286) ɢ „ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɛɭɤɜɭ” (Ʉɨ-
ɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 4) ɤɚɨ ɢ „ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɭ ɬɨɩɨɥɭ” ɢ „ɭ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɯɪɚɫɬ” (Ɇɥɚɞɟ-
ɧɨɜɢʄ 2003: 54), ɡɚɬɢɦ „ɭ Ɇɚɥɢ Ƚɪɚɛ” (Ɇɢɲɢʄ 2003: 32), „ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɛɨɪ” ɢ
„ɧɚ ɍɫɚɦʂɟɧɢ ɞɪɟɧ” (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 2, 4) ɢɥɢ „ɭ Ƚɪɛɚɜɭ”, ɚ ɧɟɝɞɟ ɢ „ɧɚ
5
Ɉɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɦɟɫɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɢɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ-
ɫɟɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɭɬɟɫɚɧɢɯ ɦɟɻɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɻɧɢɤɚ.
6
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɱɟɤɚʁɭ ɧɨɜɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɬɚɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ
ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɨɝ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɧɢɜɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ
ɜɪɫɬɚ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟ-
ɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɢɦ ɛɢʂɧɢɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.
453
Ʉɪɢɜɭ ɤɪɭɲɤɭ” (Miklosich 1858: 144; ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ 1862: 297), ɩɚ „ɧɚ Ƚɨɪɤɭ
Ɍɪɟɲʃɭ” (Ɇɢɲɢʄ 2003: 32) ɢ „ɋɥɚɬɤɭ ʁɚɛɭɤɭ” ɢɥɢ ɭ „Ɋɚɫɨɯɚɬɭ (Ɋɚɱɜɚɫ-
ɬɭ) ʁɚɛɭɤɭ” (Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ 2003: 54, 87) ɩɚ „ɧɚ Ʉɪʃɭ ʁɟɥɭ” ɢ „Ɋɚɫɨɯɚɬɢ
(Ɋɚɱɜɚɫɬɢ) ɞɭɛ” (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ 1862: 274, 295), ɢɬɞ.7
Ʉɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ
ɫɭ „ɬɪɢ ɨɪɚɯɚ” (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 60), „ɞɜɟ ɤɪɭɲɤɟ” (Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, ɒɩɚɞɢ-
ʁɟɪ: 2007: 154), „ɞɜɟ ɜɪɛɟ” (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ 1862: 274) ɢɥɢ „ɞɜɟ ɛɭɤɜɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɢ-
ɧɟ” (ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 261), ɢɬɞ.
ɋɥɢɱɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɭ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ „ɒɚɪɟɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ” ɢ „ɐɪɜɟɧɚ ɥɢɩɚ” ɧɚ ɪɚɜɚɧɢɱɤɨɦ (Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ
2003: 52, 59), „ɐɪɜɟɧɚ ʁɚɛɭɤɚ” ɧɚ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɦ (ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 261), ɚ
„ɐɪɧ ɝɪɚɛ” ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɋɜɟɬɢɯ Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ
1862: 292). Ɇɧɨɝɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɦɚ, ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ „Ȼɪɚɬɢɧɨɜɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ” (Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ 2003: 52) ɢ „Ɋɚɞɭʁɟɜɚ ɨɫɤɨɪɭɲɚ”
(Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ 2003: 53), „ɇɢɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ”, „ɋɢɦɟɨɧɨɜ ɞɭɛ” (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ
1862: 280, 288) ɢɥɢ „ɞɜɟ ɛɭɤɜɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɢɧɟ” (ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 261),
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ „Ȼɚɛɢɧɚ ɛɭɤɜɚ” (ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 65), „ɂɜɚʃ (ɂɜɚɧɨɜ) ɞɭɛ”
(Ɇɢɲɢʄ 2003: 34) ɢɥɢ „ɉɪɢʁɟɡɞɢɧɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɚ” (Ɇɚɪʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɢʄ, ɋɭ-
ɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ 2010: 65). ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɜɟʄɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɝɚʁɟɜɢ, ɥɭɝɨɜɢ ɢ ɲɭɦɟ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨɩɨ-
ɧɢɦɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ „ɋɟɜɚɫɬɨɜ ɥɭɝ” ɢ „Ⱦɦɢɬɪɨɜɨ ɞɭɛʂɟ” (ɒɚɮɚ-
ɪɢɤ 1862: 272; 284), „Ȼɚɛɢɧ ɥɭɝ” (ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 65) ɢɥɢ „ȼɪɚɱɟɜɨ”
ɢ „ɋɩɚɫɨɜɨ ɞɭɛʂɟ” (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 4) ɢ ɫɥ.8
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ, ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɧɨ ɢɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞ-
ɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɞɥɢɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɡɝɥɟɞ, ɜɟ-
ɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚɥɨ ɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɨ. Ɉɫɢɦ
ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ, ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ
ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɧɟɦɚ-
ɪɢɜɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɚ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ-ɦɟɻɚɲɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɭ ɯɪɚɫɬɚ ɭɡ ɤɨɝɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɤɪɫɬ
ɢɥɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ. ɍ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɧɢɤɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ
ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɪɫɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ”ɩɪɢ ɞɭɛɭ”– gdy stoi
7
ɇɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɛɢɥɨ „ɪɚɱɜɚɫɬɨ” – ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ȼɚʃɫɤɟ ɩɨ-
ɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɚɲ „Ɋɚɫɨɯɚɬɢ” ɤɚɦɟɧ (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 4; Ʌɨɦɚ 2013: 187).
8
ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɢ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ʌɨɦɚ (2013: 50, 204–205) ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɯɪɚɫɬɨɜɭ ɲɭɦɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ
ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɦ ɋɜɟɬɢɦ ȼɪɚɱɢɦɚ
Ʉɨɡɦɢ ɢ Ⱦɚɦʁɚɧɭ ɢ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧɭ.
454
kr(q)stq pri douby (ɋɢɧɞɢɤ 2011: 73)9 – ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɻɚɲ ɨɞɚɛɢɪɚɧ ɯɪɚɫɬ
ɭ ɱɢʁɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɫɟ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɤɪɫɬ – i tamw vqdrUzismo krqstq vq dUby (Miklo-
sich 1858: 131) – ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɤɪɫɬ ɩɚɤ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚɨ ɭ ɯɪɚɫɬ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ
ɪɚɱɜɚɥɢ – do raspouti] gdy to stoi krqs(q)tq ou douby (ɋɢɧɞɢɤ 2011: 73). ɇɚ
ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɞɭɛɨɜɢ-ɦɟɻɚɲɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɚ (Ɇɨ-
ɲɢɧ 1939: 169).10
ɍɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɭ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ
ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɭ ɦɟ-
ɻɟ. ɇɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬ-
ɚɪɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɛɢɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɬɢɦɟ, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɢ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ
ɫɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɦ ɨɞɥɢɤɚɦɚ.
ɆȿɌɈȾɈɅɈɒɄɂ ɈɋȼɊɌ: ȿɌɇɈȽɊȺɎɋɄȺ ȽɊȺȭȺ ɂɁ XIX

ɂ ɉɈɑȿɌɄȺ XX ȼȿɄȺ ɄȺɈ ɆɈȽɍȶɂ ɂɁȼɈɊ
ɁȺ ɂɋɌɊȺɀɂȼȺȵȿ ɋɊȿȾȵȿȽ ȼȿɄȺ
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ, ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ

ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ. Ɍɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɩɨɞ-
ɫɬɢɱɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɧɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɚɥɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɦ
ɬɢɯ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ, ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɭɨɱɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɞɪɭ-
ɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɦɚɞɚ ɫɜɢ ɬɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ,
ɩɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ
ɢɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ. ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɭ
ɛɢɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɚɦʂɢɜɢ ɨɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɟ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ
ɝɪɚɻɟ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɭ XIX ɢ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɜɢɧɢ XX ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɧɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ
ɫɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɬɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɤɥɢɡɧɟ ɭ ɚɧɚɯɪɨɧɢ-
ɡɚɦ.
Ɇɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɨɛɪɚɞɟ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɢɡ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟ-
ɧɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɢ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ ɩɨɡɧɨɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɬɟɫɧɨʁ ʁɟ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ.
9
Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɩɢɫ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ ɢ ȿɫɮɢɝɦɟɧɚ. ɉɨɦɟ-
ɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɫɬɚ ɦɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟ-
ɧɨ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ: „ɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɛɥɢɡɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ” (i kr(q)stq blizq
dryva, ɋɢɧɞɢɤ 2011: 73).
10
Ɂɚ ɤɪɚʄɢ ɩɨɩɢɫ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ȳɭɝɨɢ-
ɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɉɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1940, 70, ɧɚɩ. 4.
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Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ

ɧɚɱɢɧ: ɞɚ ɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚɜɧɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ
„ɦɢɬɚ ɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɟɧʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ” (Burke 1978: 84), ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɜɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɢɥɢ
ɜɢɲɟ ɬɢɫɭʄɥɟʄɚ? ɍ ɞɟɜɟɬɧɚɟɫɬɨɦ ɜɟɤɭ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ „ɨɬɤɪɢʄɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ”,
ɭɱɟɧɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ „ɡɚɨɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ, ɧɚ ɭɲɬɪɛ ɢɫ-
ɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ” (Burke 1978: 84).
Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɟ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɟ ɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɲɤɨ-
ɥɟ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɀɚɤɥɢɧ
ɋɢɦɩɫɨɧ, ɨ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɭ ɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨ ɧɟɱɟɦɭ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ
ɞɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɲɥɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ (Simpson 1988: 9–12). Ʉɚɨ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ,
ȳɚɤɨɛ Ƚɪɢɦ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɝ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚɨ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭ-
ɬɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɥɭ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɭɫɦɟɧɢ (ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ) ɢɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ (Bauzin-
ger 2002: 43). Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɢ ɭ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚ-
ɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɢ. ɍɪɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɨ-
ɩɟɞɢʁɟ ɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɭ ɨɞɛɚɰɭʁɭ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɭ ɨ
„ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɭ ɤɚɨ ɮɨɫɢɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɭɜɚ ɡɚɦɪɡɧɭɬɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ”, ɬɟ ɝɚ
ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ, ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ
ɟɩɨɯɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ (Lindahl, McNamara, Lindow 2000:
XXIV–XXV). ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɟ ɢɡɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɱ-
ɤɢ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝ ɏɟɪɦɚɧ Ȼɚɭɡɢɧɝɟɪ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɨ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɬɟɬɭ ɭ ɮɨɥ-
ɤɥɨɪɭ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɨ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɭ ɭ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɨʁ ɞɨ
ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XX ɜɟɤɚ (Bauzinger 2002: 79–96).11
ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, Ȼɪɨɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ (la longue du-
rée) ɭɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɨ ɫɩɨɪɢɦ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɭɨɱʂɢ-
ɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɚɦɚ (Ȼɪɨɞɟɥ 1992: 45–48, 83–138). ɍ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫɚ, ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ
ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɱɧɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ. ɉɢɬɟɪ Ȼɟɪɤ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɦɟɧɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɤɚɠɟ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɨɜɟ ɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɥɚ-
ɠɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɪɟɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɦɩɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɢ ɬɨ „ɭ ɫɩɪɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɚ” (Burke 1978: 84, 85). ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦ, ɨɧ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɢɡ
ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɡɧɨ, ɭ
ɧɚɦɟɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ „ɞâ ɫɦɢɫɚɨ ɩɪɟɠɢɜɟɥɢɦ ɮɪɚɝɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ”, ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɟ
„ɤɚɨ ɡɚɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɭ ɝɪɚɻɭ” (Burke 1978: 87).
ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɢɡ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɚ
ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɦɟɻɟ, ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ
11
ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɧɚ ɨɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ
ɟɩɨɯɚ ɪɨɦɚɧɬɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɬɧɚɟɫɬɢ ɜɟɤ (Bauzinger 2002: 29–64).
456
ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɢɦ ɢɡ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ XIX

ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XX ɜɟɤɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ, ɦɚɤɚɪ ɞɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ, ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɤɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ
ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ – ɢ ɨɧɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ
ɜɪɫɬɚɦɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɟɱɢ – ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ
ɢɥɢ ɦɢɪɨɫɚɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɛɪɨɱɢɬɨɝ ɢ ɫɟɧɨɜɢɬɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɢɡ
ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ.
„ɁɇȺɆȿɇɈȼȺɇɈ ɆȿɋɌɈ” ɂɁ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂɏ ɂɁȼɈɊȺ
ɂɡ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ

ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɦɟ-
ɫɬɭ. Ɍɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɥɢɬɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɢ,
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɜɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɢ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɫɜɟɬɚ-
ɰɚ. Ɉɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ, ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɚɧɪɟɞɚɧ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ ɨɞ ɜɟɪɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟ-
ɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ, ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɞ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɜɚɠɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ.12 ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɠɭɩɚɧ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ ȼɭɤɚɧ ɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɚɬʃɢ
ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ
ɦɨɲɬɢɦɚ ɫɜɨɝɚ ɨɰɚ ɋɜ. ɋɢɦɟɨɧɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɢɡ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ
ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XIII ɜɟɤɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɦɥɚɻɢ ɛɪɚɬ ɋɜ. ɋɚɜɚ. ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ
ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɚ – „ɫɚɬɜɨɪɢɲɟ ɫɥɚɜʂɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚɧɚ,
ɨɛɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ ɜɟɫɟɥɟʄɢ ɫɟ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨ” (Ⱦɨɦɟɧɬɢʁɚɧ 2001: 149–
151). ȼɟɪɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɰɟɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɦɨɲɬɢ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚ-
ɧɚ ʁɟ „ɨɛɧɨʄɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ” ɭɡ ɩɟɜɚʃɟ ɩɫɚɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɨʁ, ɭɡ ɦɢ-
ɪɢɫɧɚ ɤɚɧɞɢɥɚ. Ɉ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɨ
ɢɡɚɛɟɪɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɟ, Ⱦɨɦɟɧɬɢʁɚɧ ɧɟ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢ. ɂɫɬɨ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɟ ɢ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ,
ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɉɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɢ ɢ ɋɜ. ɋɚɜɚ.13 ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɢ „ɬɟɥɟɫɧɨ ɜɟɫɟʂɟ” ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɫ-
ɥɟɞɢɥɨ, ɨɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɩɢɫɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɢ
ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɢɫɬɪɚ-
12
Ɉ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɭ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ ɢ
ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ „ɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɤɭɥɬɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ-ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɚ”, ɉɨ-
ɩɨɜɢʄ 2006: 233–270.
13
Ɂɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ ɩɢɫɰɟ, ɛɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ, ɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɥɢɠɟ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ. Ɉɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɟɡɢɦɟɧɨ, „ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ” (ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɉɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɢ 1999: 76–77),
ɧɟɝɞɟ „ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɡɟɦʂɟ” (Ⱦɨɦɟɧɬɢʁɚɧ 2001: 149) ɢɥɢ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɡɜɚɧɨʁ ɏɜɨɫɧɨ
(ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ 1998: 187).
457
ɠɢɜɚʃɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢ Ɋɢɥɫɤɚ ɩɨɜɟɫɬ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜɚ Ƚɪɚɦɚ-

ɬɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ ɢɡ Ɍɪɧɨɜɚ ɭ
Ɋɢɥɫɤɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɫɟɞɦɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ
ɫɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ, ɧɢɬɢ ɫɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ
ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ (ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ, ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɰɚ-
ɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɪɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ). Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɟɬɚ-
ɩɟ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ, ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ ʁɭɬɚɪʃɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɟɥɨ ɭ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɨʄɢɥɚ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɨɪɤɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢɦɚ, ɭ ɩɪɚɬʃɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɚ, ɫɜɟ-
ɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɚ ɩɟɲɤɟ ɤɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ, ɩɨʁɭʄɢ, ɭɡ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ
ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ:
„Ʉɚɞ ɛɟɯɭ ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɦ, ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɢ ɢɝɭɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɫɟɞɧɭ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɭ ɯɪɚɧɭ, ɝɨɜɨɪɟ-
ʄɢ: ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɢɡɧɟɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɞɢ. ɉɨɫɟɞɚɲɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɧɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɭ ɬɪɚɜɭ,
ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɚɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɛɟɯɭ ɱɭɞɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɚ ɦɨɝɚ. ɂ ɬɭ ɡɧɚɦɟʃɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɲɟ ɭ ɢɦɟ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝɚ (i tou znamenJe sxtvori[e vx ime st#go), ɝɞɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ
ɞɚɧ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɚ ɫɥɚɜɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ (ide/e i do nn#] na vxsako
lyto vx dn#q pameti st#go trx/qstvou}tq ;l#vci na mysty twmq)”.14
ɉɪɟɧɨɫ ɫɜɟɱɟɜɢɯ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɧɢɡɚ ɪɚɞʃɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɚɥɟ ɧɟɫɜɚɤɢɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɢ ɱɭɞɟɫɧɨɦ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɰ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɨ ɫɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚ-
ʁɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɜɟɬɚ. ɍ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɢɝɭɦɚɧ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɥɢɬɢʁɭ
ɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɟɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɦɨɪɚ, ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɨ ɫɜɟɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ
ɫɜɟɰɚ ɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ. Ɉɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ. ɂɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɫɜɟ-
ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ „ɢ ɬɭ ɡɧɚ-
ɦɟʃɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɲɟ”. ɉɢɫɚɰ, ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɧɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɚɠɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ-
ɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨ, ɧɢɬɢ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ „ɡɧɚɦɟʃɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ”,
ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɜɭ ɪɚɞʃɭ ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ.15
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ, ɩɨɬɟɤɚɨ ɢɡ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ „ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨ” ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ – ɑɢɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɥɢɬɢ-
ʁɭ16 – ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɨ ɞɟɨ Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤɚ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ
ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɢ. ɍ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ, ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ,
ʃɢɜɟ, ɜɢɧɨɝɪɚɞɟ, ɥɢɜɚɞɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɚɬɚɪɭ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɭ ɡɚʁɟɞ-
14
Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ 1975: XXVII, 134; (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟʁʇɨɪ 1993: 110).
15
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɨ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɭ „ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɟ”
ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɝɭɦɚɧ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚ-
ɥɚ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɱɢɧɤɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ.
16
;in(q) kako p(o)dobaEt(q) ishoditi. s kr(q)stQ vq liti}, Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɢɥɢ
ɩɨɱ. XIV ɜɟɤɚ, Ƚɢʂɮɟɪɞɢɧɝ ʋ21, ɥ.75–78ɛ; ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɑɢɧɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ: ɋɜɨɞ-
ɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ ʋ 482, 369.
458
ɧɢɰɭ. Ɇɟɫɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ, ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɭɨɩ-

ɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ „ɦɟɫɬɨ” (mysto) ɢɥɢ „ɫɬɚɬɢʁɟ” (statiE) ɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɯɟ-
ɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ (Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ 2008: 330). ɍ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɚ ɑɢɧɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɢɡ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɩɲɬɟ
ɧɚɡɧɚɤɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ: i stav'[e idy/e Es(tq) znamenlno (sic!) mysto.17 Ɉɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪ-
ɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ
ɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ, ɜɟʄ „ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ” ɢ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ
ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɫɭɦɢɱɧɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɥɟ ɤɢɲɟ, ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɟ ɧɚ ȭɭɪɻɟɜɞɚɧ, ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɟ ɢ ɉɟɞɟɫɟɬɧɢɰɭ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ „ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟɥɚ”, ɝɞɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ „ɩɪɢ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ” ɢɡɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ.18 ɉɨɦɟɧɭɬɟ „ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟɥɚ” ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ
ɫɜɟɬɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɥɢɬɢʁɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɡɚ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɚɬɚɪɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɤɪɫɬɨɦ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɢɦ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɤɚɦɟɧ ɢɥɢ ɫɬɟɧɭ (ɭɩ. Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ
2008: 334–337). Ɂɚɪ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɞɟɨ ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɢɨ
ɩɨɦɟɧ ɫɜɟɰɭ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ?
ɂɡ ɨɩɢɫɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɥɢ ɤɪɫɬ „ɩɨɞ ɝɨɪɨɦ”, „ɧɚ ɡɟɥɟɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɜɢ” ɢ
ɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɩɢɫɚɰ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ „ɡɧɚɦɟʃɟ
ɧɚɱɢɧɢɲɟ”.19 ɂɩɚɤ, ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɧɚɫɟ-
ʂɟɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɫɜɟɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ,
ɨɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɫɜɟɬɢɦ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɞʂɢɜ ɧɚ-
ɱɢɧ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚɥɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟ-
ɛɭ „ɡɧɚɦɟʃɚ ɱɚɫɧɨɝ ɤɪɫɬɚ” (znameniE ;qstqnago krqsta). ɂɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɞɚɛɪɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ, ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɨɞ ɨɞɚɛɢ-
ɪɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ
ɦɟɻɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɝ ɚɬɚɪɚ. ɍ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɢɡ Ɋɢɥɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɟ
17
Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤ, ɇȻɋ ʋ51, 116ɚ; ɭɩ. Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ 2008: 331.
18
ml#tva gl#ema pri krs#tehq wt zlago da/da, Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤ (XV ɢɥɢ XVI ɜɟɤ), ɇȻɄɢɆ
ʋ612 (ɐɨɧɟɜ 1923: 119). ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɭ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ, ɫɚ ɜɚ-
ɪɢʁɚɧɬɨɦ „ɩɪɢ ɤɪɫɬɟɯ” ɭɦɟɫɬɨ „ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟɥɚ”, ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɫ ɩɨɛɥɢɠɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɚ
ɨɛɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ. Ɇɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɥɟɞɢ ɑɢɧ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ, ɚ ʃɟɧ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ
Ʉɚɱɚɧɨɜɫɤɿɣ (1897: 608–610). Ɉɧɚ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɟɝɡɨɪɰɢɡɦɚ, ɬɡɜ.
„ɡɚɤɥɢʃɚʃɚ” ɻɚɜɨɥɚ. ɇɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɢ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫ ɨɜɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ
ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɋɥɭɠɚɛɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIII ɜɟɤɚ, ɋɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ, ʋ 396, 327.
19
Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɤɪɫɬ, ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ Ƚɪɚɦɚ-
ɬɢɤ ɛɢ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɨ „ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ” ɢɥɢ
„ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɤɪɫɬɚ”, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ Ⱦɨɦɟɧɬɢʁɚɧ (2001: 169–171) ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɩɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɜ. ɋɚɜɟ.
459
ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ

ɤɪɫɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ
ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɚ ɢ ȼɚɬɨɩɟɞɚ (ɜ. ɝɨɪɟ). Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɤɪɫɬ ɭ ɤɨɪɢ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɨɝ
ɞɪɜɟɬɚ (ɞɭɛɚ) ɧɢʁɟ ɝɭɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɬ ɢ ɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ
ʁɟ „ɱɚɫɧɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɜɨɪɟʄɢ ɤɪɫɬ” (Ɇɨɲɢɧ 1939: 169).
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɫɜɟɬɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɚɨ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ, ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɭɩɢɬɚ-
ɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɟ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɧɟɝɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɨɤɨɥ-
ɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤʂɭɱɢɥɨ ɞɨɱɟɤɭ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. ɋɢɦɟɨɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
XIII ɜɟɤɚ? ɂɥɢ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ
ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɨɞ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. ɋɚɜɟ ɭ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪ Ɇɢɥɟɲɟɜɭ (XIII ɜɟɤ) ɞɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ (XV
ɜɟɤ)? Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ, ɧɚ ɠɚɥɨɫɬ, ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɪɟʄɢ. ɋɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɜɪɲɬɟɧɚ ɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɭɥɬ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɚɰɚ ɢ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ (ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟɫɭ), ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɫɦɟɧɭ ɪɟɱ
ɢ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɭ.20 ɉɪɟɞɟɨ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɇɟɦɚʃɢɧɢɯ ɫɢɧɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨ-
ɜɚɧ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ „ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ” ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ
ɨɰɚ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɟɞɨɦ ɢ ɝɨɡɛɟɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɨɦ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ
ɧɚɦɟɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ (ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ), ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ
ɛɢɬɢ „ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɨ”, ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɭ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ.
Ɇɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɇɟɦɚʃɢʄɚ, ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ, ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ
ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɭ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ
ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɫɟʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɟɫɜɚɤɢɞɚɲʃɟ ɞɨɝɚ-
ɻɚʁɟ ɭ ɭɫɦɟɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.21
Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɨ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɭ
ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɚɬɚɪɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚɨ
ɤɪɫɬ ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɨ ɩɪɢɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ
20
ɍ ɞɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ „ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ” ɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɭ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ
ȭɭɪɻɚ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɱɭɞɚ ɢ ɢɫɰɟʂɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɦɨɲɬɢ ɧɚ
ɫɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɭɱɢɧɢɥɟ: mnwga ;oudesa i iscylEnJa vq poutq[qstvJi sqtvora[e se (ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭ-
ɛɨɜɢʄ 2000: 175). ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɨɞ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚɛɪɨʁɚɧɚ ɫɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɚ
ɱɭɞɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟʃɟɦ ɬɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɪɟɥɢɤɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɞɥɨ-
ɠɟɧɟ (ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɨɦ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɬʃɨɦ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ „ɧɟɤɨɝ ɫɟɥɚ”) ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɜɟɪɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɫɰɟʂɟʃɚ ɨɛɨɥɟɥɢɯ (ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ 1882: 96).
21
Ɋɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɢ ɡɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ, ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ,
ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɜɚɤɢɞɚɲʃɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɟʄɚʃɭ ɨɱɟɜɢɞɚɰɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɢ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɨɝ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ,
ɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɦɟɻɚ ɫɟɥɚ Ɋɟɱɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɭ ɋɜ. Ⱥɪɯɚɧɻɟɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɭ
ɫɜɨʁɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɻɧɢɤɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɭɬ „ɝɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ ɰɚɪ ɫɚ ɤɨɥɢɦɚ”: a ry;amq meg]…
na veli poutq koi gred wt ry;ani. gdy posto] gdnq crq s koli (ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ 1862: 278).
460
ɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɪɚɞʃɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ. Ɍɚɤɚɜ

ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ, ʁɟɞɧɭ ɨɞ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɢɯ
ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɚ – Ɇɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɥɟ ɤɢɲɟ. ɍ ɢɦɟ ɨɰɚ ɢ ɫɢɧɚ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɚɝɨ ɞɭ-
ɯɚ22 – ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚʃɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ
ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɧɨɦ ɲɬɢɜɭ,
ɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ „ɩɪɢ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ” ɧɚ ɜɟ-
ɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ (ɜ. ɝɨɪɟ). ȼɟɪɨɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɨɥɭʁɧɟ ɨɛɥɚɤɟ ɢ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɟ ɩɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ
ɢɡɜɟɨ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɡ ʃɭ ɧɟɪɚɫɤɢɞɢɜɨ ɜɟɡɚɧ. Ɉɛɪɟɞ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ
ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɭɡ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɢ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɟ
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧɚ, ɩɪɚɜɢɥ-
ɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ:
sJ} molitvU napi[i na wlovU na veliki ;etqvrqtqkq, tere ponesi pre/dy slqnca po
granici i Uvrti ou krU[kou. toi sqtvori na veliki ;etqvrqtqkq ili na spasovq
dqnq i tUi molitvU hrani U domou i ;ati E prema zlU wblakou.23
„Ɉɜɭ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ ɧɚɩɢɲɢ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɭ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɟɫɢ ɩɪɟ
ɫɭɧɰɚ ɭɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɭɜɪɬɢ (ʁɟ) ɭ ɤɪɭɲɤɭ. Ɍɨ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ
ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɋɩɚɫɨɜɞɚɧ, ɢ ɬɭ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ ɱɭɜɚʁ ɭ ɞɨɦɭ ɢ ɱɢɬɚʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɥɨɦ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɤɭ.”
Ɉɛɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ „ɡɥɨɝ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ” ɨɬɩɨɱɢʃɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɍɪɨ-
ʁɢɰɟ ɢ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɢɫɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɚɞɭ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ
ɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɞɭɠ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɢɦ, „ɭɜɪɬɟɥɨ” ɭ ɫɬɚɛɥɨ ɤɪɭɲɤɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ
ɬɚɦɨ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ. ɂɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ, ɢɫɬɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚɨ „ɭ ɞɨɦɭ” ɢ ɱɢɬɚɨ ɭ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟ ɥɨɲɢɯ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ (prema zlU wblakou). Ɉɛɪɟɞ ɩɪɨɧɨɲɟ-
ʃɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɞɭɠ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɦɟɻɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɭ,
ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɫɜɟɬɟ ɞɚɧɟ, ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɑɟɬɜɪɬɚɤ ɢ ɋɩɚ-
ɫɨɜɞɚɧ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɢɫɬɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞ ɢ ɝɨɪɟɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɥɢɬɢʁ-
ɧɨɝ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ (ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɨɦ ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɚ). Ɍɨ ʁɟ, ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɥɟʄ-
ɧɨɝ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɰɢɤɥɭɫɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɪɟɦɟɧɢɬɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɚɬɦɨɫ-
ɮɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚɦɚ.24 Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɪɚɞʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɭɬɚɪʃɢɦ
22
molitva wtq zlago da/da. vq imy wtqca i sQna i svetago douha (Kaþanovskɿj 1881: 157).
23
Kaþanovskɿj 1881: 157. Ɇɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɨɞ ɡɥɟ ɤɢɲɟ ɢ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ „ɤɚɤɨ ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟ-
ɛɢɬɢ” ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ, ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɚɜɢɧɟ ɢɡ XVI ɜɟɤɚ (Kaþa-
novskɿj 1881: 152). ɂɚɤɨ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ, ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ, ʃɨʁ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ, ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɯ
ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ.
24
ɂ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɚ
ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɢ. ɍ ɪɢɦɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ Rogationes (ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ȼɚɡɧɟɫɟʃɭ) ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤ Ɍɟɥɨɜɨ (Corpus
461
ɫɚɬɢɦɚ, ɩɪɟɞ ɡɨɪɭ (pre/dy slqnca), ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟ
ɭ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ ɱɚɫɨɜɢɦɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɛɪɚɬɫɬɚɜɚ, ɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ
ʃɢɯ, ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. ɍɦɟɬɚʃɟ
ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫ-ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɭ ɫɬɚɛɥɨ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɢ
ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫ-ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɭɱɢɧɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɤɪɭɲɤɭ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɥɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ. ɇɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ, ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ
ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɚɬɚɪɭ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɮɚɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɚɦɚ
ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ɍ ɉɈɌɊȺɁɂ ɁȺ ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂɆ ɁȺɉɂɋɈɆ

ɂ ɋȿɇɈȼɂɌɂɆ ȾɊȼȿɌɈɆ: ɋɊȿȾȵɈȼȿɄɈȼɇɂ ɂɁȼɈɊɂ
ɍ ɋȼȿɌɅɍ ȿɌɇɈȽɊȺɎɋɄȿ ȽɊȺȭȿ XIX ɂ ɉɈɑȿɌɄȺ XX ȼȿɄȺ
ɍ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɨɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨ-

ɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɩɨɫɜɟɞɨɱɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɩɢɫ, ɦɢɪɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɪɨɫɚɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ, ɧɟɝɞɟ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɚ
ɢɥɢ ɤɪɫɬ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɛɪɨɤ, ɨɛɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢ ɫɟɧɨɜɢɬɨ ɞɪɜɨ. ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ
ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ Ȼɚɧɞɢʄɚ, ɬɚɛɭɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɞɪɜɟ-
ʄɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ. Ɉɧɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɥɨ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ, ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɭ (Bandiü 1980: 244) ɢ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɞɪɜɟ-
ʄɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɟɥɨ ɡɥɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɢɬɢ, ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɥɨɞ ɭɛɢɪɚɬɢ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɟ-
ɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɚ (ɫɟɧɨɜɢɬɨ ɞɪɜɨ) ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ, ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ, ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚɬɢ (Bandiü
1980: 239–254). ɇɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɢ ɨɛɪɨɤ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɜɨ ɢɥɢ, ɩɚɤ,
ɤɚɦɟɧ, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚɧ ɤɪɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɭɡ ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɛɥɨ
ɩɨɞɢɡɚɧ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɤɪɫɬ (Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ 1877: 151–155; ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ 19982:
188–189, 326). ɍ ɤɪɫɬ ɭɪɟɡɚɧ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɭɦɟɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɰɪɤ-
ɜɟɧɢ ɨɛɪɟɞɧɢ ɪɟɤɜɢɡɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɟɬɨ ɦɢɪɨ, ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɜɨɫɚɤ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ
ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɜɚɧ ɜɢɧɨɦ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɞɪɜɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɦɢɪɨ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɪɨ-
ɫɚɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ.25 ɍ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɭ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɢ ɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɱɟɫ-
ɬɚɥɨʁ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ-ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ. ɍ ɫɟɥɭ Ʉɭ-
ʄɚɧɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ɂɥɚɬɢɛɨɪɭ ɩɪɨɧɚɻɟɧ ʁɟ 1878. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɭ ɫɬɚ-
ɛɥɭ ɛɨɪɚ. Ȼɢɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɢɫɚɧ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɲɬɟɧɨʁ ɤɪɩɢ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɡɥɨɝ ɨɛɥɚɤɚ (ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ 19982: 190), ɲɬɨ ɧɟɨɞɨʂɢɜɨ ɩɨɞ-
Christi), ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɦɟɻɚɲɟ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ, ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢ, ɪɟɤɟ ɢ
ɫɥ. (Lindahl 2000: 772).
25
„Ɂɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɫɚɦɨɝɚ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɪɫɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ, ɫɜɪɞɥɨɦ ɫɟ
ɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɪɭɩɚ ɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɭ. ɍ ʃɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɜɟɬɨ ɦɢɪɨ ɢ ɬɚɦʁɚɧ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɲɭɩʂɢɧɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢ
ɜɨɫɤɨɦ” (Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ 1973: 45). ɍ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɚɠɟɬɢʁɟɦ, ɚɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɭ, Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ
(1877: 154) ɤɚɠɟ: „ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ, ɫɜɪɲɢɜɲɢ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɭ, ɦɢɪɨɲɟ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɦɚɯɚ ɩɨɥɢʁɟ ɝɚ
ɜɢɧɨɦ” (ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɢɡ Ɍɢɦɨɱɤɟ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɟ). ɋɥɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
(ȼɚɫɢʄ 1998: 198).
462
ɫɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɥɨɜɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ

ɧɚ ɫɬɚɛɥɨ ɤɪɭɲɤɟ.
ȼɟɪɫɤɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɢ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁʁɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ. ɂɡɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɫɜɟ-
ɬɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ, ɨɛɢɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɩɪɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɱɢɬɚɧɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɢ
ȳɟɜɚɧɻɟʂɚ, ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɨ ɭɪɟɡɚɧɢ ɤɪɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɦɨɪɚ. ɉɨɱɟɬ-
ɤɨɦ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢ-
ɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɤɪɫɬɨ-
ɜɟ ɢ ɢɤɨɧɟ (Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ 1818: 183–184; Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ 1877: 152–153; ɭɩ. ɉɟɬ-
ɪɨɜɢʄ 19982: 273). ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɨ „ɫɚ ɤɪɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɭ
ɥɢɬɢʁɭ” (ɜ. ɝɨɪɟ).
Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɫɯɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɟ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɧɟ, ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɢɡ XIX ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XX ɜɟɤɚ
ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɨɩɢɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɭ. Ɉɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ
ɧɚɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɦɨ ɫɚ ɧɢɡɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɪɭɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɟʁɡɚɠɚ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɢɫɚɧ. ɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɢ
ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɢʁɟ ɢɡ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɑɢɧɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɨɧ-
ɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɨɛɥɢɤɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ (Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ 1877: 155), ɰɪɤɜɢ-
ɰɚ, ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɫɥ. (ɂɲɟɜɢʄ, Ⱦɨʃɨɤɪɚʁɫɤɢ 1905).26 ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, ɥɢ-
ɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚɪɢɜɚɧɚ ɭ ɯɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɢʄɭ (Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ 1877: 155; ɂɲɟɜɢʄ,
Ⱦɨʃɨɤɪɚʁɫɤɢ 1905). ɍ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ ɤɚɨ Ƚɪɛɚʂɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɟ ɞɭɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɦɢɫɥɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɟɩɨɯɢ, ɤɚɨ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɚɪɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ:
„ɋɜɚɤɢ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧ, ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɱɢʁɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɩɪɨɻɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫ ɤɪɫɬɢɦɚ, ɢɦɚ ɢɡɧɢʁɟɬɢ
ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɞɚ ɩɢʁɟ ɜɢɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɢɥɚ” (ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ 1912: 112).27 Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ
ɝɨɡɛɟ ɩɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɧɨɝ
ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɦ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɡɚɜɟɬɢɧɟ (Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ
1818: 184; Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ 1973: 58).28 ɋɚɝɥɟɞɚɧ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɥɭ, ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-
26
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɦ Ɍɪɟɛ-
ɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ȿɩɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɪɚɲɤɨ-ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɟ (1993: 246–252) ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɚ ɡɚɭ-
ɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ „ɞɪɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɟɡɚɧ Ʉɪɫɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɨɜɟ
ɡɚɩɢɫ”, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ „ɡɚɩɢɫ ɢɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ”.
27
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ ɋɨɥɨɜʁɟɜ (1931: 38) ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɮɚɥɫɢɮɢɤɚɬ, „ɩɥɨɞ
ɦɢɫɬɢɮɢɤɚɬɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ȼɭɤɚ ȼɪɱɟɜɢʄɚ... ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢɫɰɪɩɚɧ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ”.
28
Ɂɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɢɧɢɯ ɨɩɯɨɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɟɪɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɞɜɚ ɜɟɤɚ, ɜɢɞɟɬɢ Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ (2005:
43–70, 104–140, 141–186).
463
ɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɨɩɢɫ ɩɪɟɧɨɫɚ ɦɨɲɬɢʁɭ ɋɜ. ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɟɥɟ-
ɦɟɧɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɨɛɪɟɞ ɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ, ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɭɡ
ɩɨʁɚʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɟɫɚɦɚ, ɡɚɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɦɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɟɞɨɜɚʃɚ „ɧɚ ɡɟɥɟ-
ɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɜɢ” ɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ „ɡɧɚɦɟʃɚ” ɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɚ-
ɡɧɢɤɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ.
ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɝɨɪɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ, ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ
ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɟɥɚ
ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦ,
ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɪɨɫɚɧɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɢɡ
XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ (ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ
19982: 300; Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ 20042: 56). Ɂɧɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɭ Ɇɚɱɜɢ, ɧɟɝɞɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɟ XIV ɜɟɤɚ, ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ɋɚɜɚ-
ɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ „Ʉɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɢɧ ɯɪɚɫɬ” (krqsto-
no[inq hrastq, Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ 2003: 54). Ɂɛɨɝ ɫɜɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɯɪɚɫɬ ʁɟ
ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨʁ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɧ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɚɦɚ,
ɢ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ-ɡɚɩɢɫ
(ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ 19982: 188–189). Ⱦɪɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨɦ „ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɢ”,
ɨɫɨɛɢ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨʁ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɢɡ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ
ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɧɚ ɱɚɫɬ ɞɚ ɭ ɥɢɬɢʁɢ ɧɨɫɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɤɪɫɬ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɚ-
ɡɢɜ „ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɚ” ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɡɜɚʃɟ
ɢ ɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧ ɭ ɩɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ
ɜɟɤɚ.29 ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɨɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɨɦ, ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢɦɟ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɤɟ ɥɢɬɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɥɚɢɱɤɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ
ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɱɢɬɟ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ, ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ
ɢɦɟɧɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ
ɛɢɥɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɧɚ, ɫɚ ɤɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɚɦɚ ɢ(ɥɢ) ɞɪɜɟɬɨɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɨɦ
ɢɡ XIX ɫɬɨɥɟʄɚ.
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɦ ɫɟɨɫɤɢɯ ɦɟɻɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɉɪɱɟɜɚ ɢ ɑɚɛɢʄɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɛɚʃɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɚ, ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɟ Ʉɢʄɟɧɢ ɞɭɛ (kikeni doubq).30 ɋɥɢɱɧɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨ-
ɩɨɧɢɦ, Ʉɢʄɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɰɟ (kikEno dryvce, ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 66, 112, 117,
29
Ɇɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɯɪɚɫɬ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɨ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɱɢʁɟ ɛɢ ɥɢɱɧɨ ɢɦɟ
ɢɥɢ ɧɚɞɢɦɚɤ ɛɢɥɨ „Ʉɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɚ”, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɧɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɪɟɱɧɢɤɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ
ɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ (Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1977) ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨʁ ɝɪɚ-
ɻɢ.
30
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɚ (Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 9; ɂɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 64, 97, 191); ɡɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚ ɫɟɥɚ
ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɦɟɻɟ, ɜɢɞɟɬɢ ɉɟɲɢɤɚɧ 1981: 49.
464
237), ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ ɫɟɥɚ Ɍɪɟɩɱɟ ɢ Ƚɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɉɥɚɜɭ, ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ

ɉɨɥɢɦʂɭ, ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɚ (ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ 1954: 196,
198–199). ɍ ɨɛɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ „ɤɢʄɟɧ” ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɤɢʄɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ, ɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɧɨ ɨɧɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚɥɨ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ ɢɦɟ-
ɧɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɭ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ,
ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ, ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɫɬ
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭɡ ɞɪɜɨ, ɭɤɪɚɲɚɜɚɨ ɜɟɧɰɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɰɜɟʄɚ, ɛɢʂɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɨɜɚ ɭ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟ ɡɚɜɟɬɢɧɟ (Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ 1973: 45; Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ 20042: 57)? Ɇɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɫɥɨɠɢɬɢ
ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ʌɨɦɟ (2013: 105) ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɨɦ
„Ʉɢʄɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ” ɢɡ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ ɞɚ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚ ɞɪɜɨ-
ɡɚɩɢɫ ɢɡ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.
ɇɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɧɭ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɡɢɜɢ ɞɪɜɟ-
ʄɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ. ɍ ɞɟɱɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚɦɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ
ɤɚɨ ɦɟɻɚɲ ɜɥɚɯɚ Ɋɚɬɢɲɟɜɚɰɚ Ɉɛɟɲɟɧɨ ɞɪɜɨ (na wby[eno dryvo, ɂɜɢʄ,
Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ 1976: 249). ɂɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢ-
ɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ ɨɞ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1327. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (na wby[enoE dryvo, i wdq wby[enoga
dryva ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ 1890: 25). Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤ-
ɥɨ ɢɡ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɨɝ ɨɩɢɫɚ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɤɪɨɲʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ
ɤɨʁɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɧɚ? Ɇɨɠɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ. ɍ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɮɨɥ-
ɤɥɨɪɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɟɩɨɯɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɫɟɧɨ-
ɜɢɬɨɦ ɞɪɜɟʄɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɭ ɯɪɚɫɬɭ (ɨɛɪɨɱɢɬɢ ɯɪɚɫɬ)
ɚɥɢ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ. ɇɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɬɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ
ɫɢɥɟ (ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɜɟɲɬɢɰɟ) ɢ ɭɡ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɟɥɨ ɞɭɠɟ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɦ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɬɢ. ɍɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɚɤ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɫɟɧɨɜɢɬɨɝ ɞɪɜ-
ɟɬɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɩɪɨʄɢ, ɤɚɱɢɥɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɜɟɲɚɥɢ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɱ-
ɚʁɭ, ɤɨɧɱɢʄɢ, ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞɟʄɟ, ɤɪɩɟ ɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ (Ɍɪɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ 1911: 68; Ȼɚɧ-
ɞɢʄ 20042: 54). ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɱ ɨ ɬɚɛɭɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɞɪɜɟʄɭ ɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨʁ
ɤɭɥɬɭɪɢ ɨɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɡ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ
ɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɨɛɨɥɟɥɢ, ɪɚɞɢ ɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɟʃɚ (Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ 20042: 54–55) ɢɥɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ
ɢɫɬɢɯ ɦɨɬɢɜɚ ɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɢ ɨɞɟʄɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɟ
(ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ 19982: 112).31
ȼɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʃɭʁɭ ɧɚɬɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨ-
ɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢ-
ʁɟɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ. ɍ ɀɢɬɢʁɭ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɢɥɫɤɨɝ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ (XV
ɜɟɤ), ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɫɜɟɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɢ ɭ ɲɭɩʂɢɧɢ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɨɞɚɬɥɟ ɢɫɬɟɪɚɥɢ ɧɟɱɚɫɬɢɜɢ ɞɭɫɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɭ
31
ɍ ɝɪɱɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɤɚɧɢɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɥɨɜɚ ɨɞɟ-
ʄɟ ɨ ɞɪɜɟʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɢɰɨɦ,
ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɩɟɥɨɦ, ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɦ, ɪɚɞɢ ɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɟʃɚ ɜɟɪɧɢɤɚ (Mucopulos,
Dimitrokalis 1985–1986: 183–210).
465
ɩɪɟ ʃɟɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɢɥɢ.32 ɍ ɨɜɨʁ ɟɩɢɡɨɞɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɱɟɜɨɝ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɧɟɯɨɬɢɰɟ ɫɟ

ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨ ɜɟɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɨ ʂɭɞɟ
ɨɩɚɫɧɨɦ ɞɪɜɟʄɭ.
ɍ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɟʂɚɦɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɧɚʄɢ ʁɨɲ ɩɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɬɨ-
ɩɨɧɢɦ ɭ ɱɢʁɟɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɭ, ɦɨɠɞɚ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤ-
ɰɢʁɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ, ɚ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɦɟɻɧɢɤɚ.
ɂɡ ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɧɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɧɟɨɛɢɱ-
ɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ: „ȼɟʄɧɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɚ” (ou vyk'nou krou['kou. i ou stouden'cq, Ʉɨɜɚ-
ɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 4) ɧɚ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɉɥɚɜɚ ɭ Ɋɚɲɤɨʁ ɢ „Ȼɨʁɚɬɢʁɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɚ„ (wt
krou[qke bo]tiE, Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ 1890: 3) ɭ ɫɟɥɭ Ƚɭɦɧɢɲɬɭ ɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ ɪɟɤɟ
Ʉɥɢɧɟ. ɍ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɨ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢɦɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ȼɚʃɫɤɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ʌɨɦɚ
ɢɡɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɫɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ
ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɧɢɦɭ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨ-
ɡɧɚɬɢ ɤɪɭɲɤɚ ɨɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚɥɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɜɟʄɚɥɢ (Ʌɨɦɚ 2013:
43) – ɦɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɜɢɞɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ
ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɨʁ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɱ „ɡɛɨɪ”/„ɫɛɨɪ”/„ɫɚɛɨɪ” ɢɥɢ
„ɫɬɚɧɚɤ” – ɞɨɤ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɞɟɧɞɪɨɧɢɦ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɪɭɲɤɭ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɨʁɚɬɢ (Ʌɨɦɚ 2013: 32), ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɟɧɨɜɢɬɨ ɞɪɜɨ, ɤɚɡɚɧɨ
ʁɟɡɢɤɨɦ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ XIX ɢ XX ɜɟɤɚ.
ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ
Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɪɭɪɚɥ-

ɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɞɪɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɢ-
ɥɚɡɢɥɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ. ɉɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɨɞɪɟ-
ɻɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɢɝɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɬɨɪɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɧɟɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɭ ɢ
ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟɨɫɤɟ ɚɬɚɪɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɥɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɡ
ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɥɚ ɦɭ ɨɞɥɢɤɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ. ɋɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɢ-
ɱɢɬɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɢ ɦɟɻɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ,
ɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɢɡ ɠɢɬɢʁɚ, ɝɥɨɫɟ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ
ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ – ɦɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɚ, ɦɚɥɨ-
ɛɪɨʁɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɚ – ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɧɚɦ ɞɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɨ
ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɦɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɨɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ. Ʌɢɬɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ
ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɱɢɬɚʃɚ
ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɢɯ ɧɟɩɨɝɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ. Ɍɚ ɫɭ ɦɟɫɬɚ
32
„ɇɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɨɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɧɚɲɚɜɲɢ, ɭ ɞɭɩʂɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ ȳɨɜɚɧ
ɭɻɟ. ɇɨ, ɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɬɚɦɨ ɞɨɻɟ, ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ ɞɭɯɨɜɚ ɡɥɨɛɧɨ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɟ. ȴɭɬɨ ɛɢʁɭʄɢ,
ɩɪɨɝɚʃɚʁɭʄɢ, ʁɟɞɜɚ ɝɚ ɠɢɜɨɝ ɨɫɬɚɜɟ” (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ: Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟʁʇɨɪ 1993: 88).
466
ɛɢɥɚ ɭɧɚɩɪɟɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɛɪɟɞ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ

ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ. Ɉɧɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɧɚ
ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɬɪɚʁɧɨɫɬ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɬɚɛɥɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɞɪɜɟ-
ʄɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɬ ɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ȳɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɫɪɟɞ-
ʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɨɞ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɨɧɚ ɡɧɚɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɚ „ɤɪɫɧɢɦ ɡɧɚ-
ɦɟʃɟɦ” (ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɢɡ Ɋɢɥɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɫɬɢ) ɢɥɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ-ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ
ɫɚ ɩɪɢɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɋɜɟɬɟ Ɍɪɨʁɢɰɟ (ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɨ ɢɡ ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɧɟ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɟ) ɤɨʁɟɦ
ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɪɫɬɭ, ɩɪɢɞɚɜɚɧɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɚɩɨɬɪɨɩɟʁɫɤɨ ɨɛɟɥɟɠʁɟ. ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɟɱɢ ɡɚɩɢɫ („ɡɚɩɢɫɚ-
ɧɢ” ɤɪɫɬ ɭ ɫɬɚɛɥɭ ɞɪɜɟɬɚ), ɦɢɪɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɛɪɨɤ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɢ ɭ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ XIX ɢ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XX ɜɟɤɚ.
ɂɩɚɤ, ɢɡɜɟɫɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɭ ɫɟɝ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢ ɢ ɜɟɪɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɬɚɤɜɟ
ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ
ɦɚɥɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ ɫɚɠɟɬɢɯ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ ɦɟɻɚ, ɨɩɢɫɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ, ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɢɯ ɦɨɥɢɬɜɢ ɢ ɝɥɨɫɚ ɭɧɟɬɢɯ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɨɛɪɟɞɚ ɩɨɞ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨ-
ɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɭ, ɜɟʄ ɢ ɭ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɭ
ɫɜɟɬɥɭ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɮɨɥɤɥɨɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ.
ɂɁȼɈɊɂ ɂ ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
ɂɁȼɈɊɂ ɇȿɈȻȳȺȼȴȿɇɂ
í ɇȻɋ ʋ51: Ɋɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVII ɜɟɤɚ,

ʋ51. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.
ɂɁȼɈɊɂ ɈȻȳȺȼȴȿɇɂ
í ȼɟɥɢɤɢ Ɍɪɟɛɧɢɤ (1993), ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧ: ȿɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɪɚɲɤɨ-ɩɪɢɡɪɟɧɫɤɚ.

í Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ Ɇɟʁʇɨɪ, ȳ. (1993), ɋɩɢɫɢ Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɢʁɚ Ʉɚɧɬɚɤɭɡɢɧɚ ɢ ȼɥɚɞɢɫ-
ɥɚɜɚ Ƚɪɚɦɚɬɢɤɚ, ɋɬɚɪɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ ɭ 24 ɤʃɢɝɟ, 14, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ – ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ.
í Ⱦɨɦɟɧɬɢʁɚɧ (2001), ɀɢɬɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜɟ, (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ ȴ.
ȳɭɯɚɫ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢɟɜɫɤɚ), ɂɡɞɚʃɟ Ɍ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɄɁ.
í ɂɜɢʄ, ɉ., Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ. (1976), Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɂɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɬ ɡɚ ɥɢɧɝɜɢɫɬɢɤɭ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ.
í Ʉɚɱɚɧɨɜɫɤɿɣ, ȼ. (1897), Ɇɨɥɢɬɜɚ ɫɴ ɚɩɨɤɪɢɮɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɱɟɪɬɚɦɢ
„ɨɬɴ ɡɥɚɝɨ (ɜɪɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɚɝɨ) ɞɨɠɞɹ”, ɂɡɜϯɫɬɿɹ ɨɬɞϯɥɟɧɿɹ ɪɭɫɫɤɚɝɨ
ɹɡɵɤɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɂȺɇ, II–3: 608–610.
467
í Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ ȴ. (1890), ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ

IV: I–XII, 1–23.
í Ɇɚɪʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɢʄ, ɋ., ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, Ɍ. (2010), ɉɨɜɟʂɚ
ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ (1336/1337), ɋɬɚɪɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ 9: 65, 67.
í Ɇɢɯɚʂɱɢʄ, Ɋ., ɒɩɚɞɢʁɟɪ, ɂ. (2007), ɋɥɨɜɨ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ȼɪɚɧɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɦɚɧɚ-
ɫɬɢɪɭ ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ (11. ɦɚɪɬ 1365. – ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1371), ɋɬɚɪɢ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ 6: 151–166.
í Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɋ. (2003), ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ III ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ
(1327, ʁɭɥ 9.), ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ 2: 29–40.
í Ɇɢɲɢʄ, ɋ. (2004), ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɍɪɨɲɚ III ɏɢɥɚɧɞɚɪɭ
ɨ ɫɩɨɪɭ ɨɤɨ ɦɟɻɚ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɫɤɟ ɦɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ, ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ 3: 3–17.
í Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɨɜɢʄ, Ⱥ. (2003), ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ: ɬɟɤɫɬ, ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ,
ɫɧɢɦɰɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɑɢɝɨʁɚ.
í Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ȼ. (1939), Ⱥɤɬɢ ɢɡ ɫɜɟɬɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ
XCI: 153–260.
í ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋ. (1912), Ɂɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝɚ
ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɄȺ.
í ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, ɂ. (1882), Ɉ ɋɜ. Ʌɭɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɚɲɚʃɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɬɟɥɚ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ 51. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 70–100 (= ȭ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ,
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ: Ɉɞ Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ ɞɨ
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ȼɟɧɰɥɨɜɢʄɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1975, ʋ XXVI).
í ɋɜɟɬɢ ɋɚɜɚ (1998), ɋɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ (ɉɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɨ Ɍ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ),
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɄɁ.
í ɋɢɧɞɢɤ (2011), Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢɯ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɜɟʂɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ I 1186–1321 (ɉɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɢ ȼ. Ɇɨɲɢɧ, ɋ.
ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤ. Ɋɟɞɢɝɨɜɚɨ Ⱦ. ɋɢɧɞɢɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011: ɂɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ.
í ɋɬɟɮɚɧ ɉɪɜɨɜɟɧɱɚɧɢ (1999), ɋɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɥɚ (ɉɪɟɜɨɞ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢ ȴ.
ȳɭɯɚɫ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟɜɫɤɚ, ɢɡɞɚʃɟ Ɍ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ) Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɄɁ.
í ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȴ. (1890), ɋɬɚɪɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɢ, ɚɤɬɢ, ɛɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ,
ɥɟɬɨɩɢɫɢ, ɬɢɩɢɰɢ, ɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ, ɡɚɩɢɫɢ ɢ ɞɪ., ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ III: 1–226.
í ɋɭɛɨɬɢɧ Ƚɨɥɭɛɨɜɢʄ, Ɍ. (2000), ɋɜɟɬɢ ɚɩɨɫɬɨɥ Ʌɭɤɚ – ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɢɧɟ, ɍ: ɑɭɞɨ ɭ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚɦɚ
(ɍɪ. Ⱦ. Ⱥʁɞɚɱɢʄ) ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: ɇɚɭɱɧɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɭɦɟɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 168–178.
í Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ, ȭ. (1975), ɉɪɢɦɟɪɢ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬɢ: Ɉɞ
Ƚɪɢɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ ɞɨ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ȼɟɧɰɥɨɜɢʄɚ. Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
ɋɥɨɜɨ ȴɭɛɜɟ.
í ɒɚɮɚɪɢɤ, ə. (1862), ɏɪɢɫɨɜɭɥɚ ɐɚɪɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɚ, ɤɨɿɨɦɴ
ɨɫɧɢɜɚ ɦɨɧɚɫɬɢɪɴ ɋɜ. Ⱥɪɯɚɧɝɟɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɚ ɢ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɭ ɉɪɢɡɪɟɧɭ,
Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɥɨɜɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ XV: 266–318.
í Kaþanovskɿj, V. (1881), Apokrifne molitve, gatanja i priþe, Starine Jugo-
slavenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti XIII: 150–163.
468
í Miklosich, F. (1858), Monumenta Serbica spectantia historiam Serbiae,

Bosnae, Ragusii, Viennae.
ɅɂɌȿɊȺɌɍɊȺ
í Ȼɚɧɞɢʄ, Ⱦ. (20042), ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ 100 ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:

ɇɨɥɢɬ.
í Ȼɚɪʁɚɤɬɚɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ. (1952), Ɉ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɧɢɦ ɦɟɻɚɦɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ:
ɋȺɇ.
í Ȼɨɠɚɧɢʄ, ɋ. (2013), ɑɭɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ: ɦɟɻɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ
ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɨɞ 13. ɞɨ 15. ɜɟɤɚ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ: Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ
ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ.
í Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɋ. (2004), ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɢ
ʁɚɜɧɨɝ, ɍ: ɉɪɢɜɚɬɧɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ,
(ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɥɟ ɋ. Ɇɚɪʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ⱦɭɲɚɧɢʄ, Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: 246–279.
í Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɋ. (2005), Ɂɚɛɚɜɟ ɢ ɫɜɟɬɤɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ (ɨɞ
ɤɪɚʁɚ XII ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ –
ɋɥɭɠɛɟɧɢ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ.
í Ȼɨʁɚɧɢɧ, ɋ. (2008), Ʉɪɫɬ ɭ ɫɟɨɫɤɨɦ ɚɬɚɪɭ: ɋɚɤɪɚɥɧɚ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɢ
ʃɟɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɢ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɑɚɫɨɩɢɫ LVI: 305–347.
í Ȼɪɨɞɟɥ, Ɏ. (1992), ɋɩɢɫɢ ɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, (ɩɪɟɜɨɞ Ȼ. ȳɟɥɢʄ, ɂ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ,
Ʉ. ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋɄɁ.
í ȼɚɫɢʄ, Ɉ. (1998), Ɂɚɜɟʄɢɧɚ – Ɂɚɜɟɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ Ɂɚɝɥɚɜɤɚ ɢ Ɍɢɦɨɤɚ,
ȿɬɧɨ-ɤɭɥɬɭɪɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ IV. ɋɜɪʂɢɝ: 197–200.
í Ƚɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ. (1977), Ɋɟɱɧɢɤ ɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ.
í ɂɲɟɜɢʄ Ⱦɨʃɨɤɪɚʁɫɤɢ, ɂ. (1905), ɇɨɲɟʃɟ ɤɪɫɬɚ: ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɨɛɢɱɚʁ ɢɡ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɑɭɩɢʄɚ 24: 220–247.
í Ɂɟɱɟɜɢʄ, ɋ. (1973), Ɂɚɜɟɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ
ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɦɭɡɟʁɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ 36: 43–66.
í ɂɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɋ. (1952–1953), Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ
ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 4 (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1954) 173–226.
í Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, ȼɭɤ ɋ. (1818), ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɪʁɟɱɧɢɤ ɢɫɬɨɥɤɨɜɚɧ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ ɢ
ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɦɚ, Ȼɟɱ.
í Ʌɨɦɚ, Ⱥ. (2011), Ɍɨɩɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ Ȼɚʃɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ,
ɍ: ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɪɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɚ – ɋɜɟɬɨɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɚ
ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ 2: Ɏɨɬɨɬɢɩɢʁɟ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ, (ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ȭ.
Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 179–194.
í Ʌɨɦɚ, Ⱥ. (2013), Ɍɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ Ȼɚʃɫɤɟ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɟ. Ʉɚ ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ
ɫɬɚɪɨɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɬɨɩɨɧɨɦɚɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɪɟɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɨʂɟɦ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚʃɭ
ɨɩɲɬɟɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ɋȺɇɍ.
í Ɇɢɥɢʄɟɜɢʄ, Ɇ. ȭ. (1877), ɋɥɚɜɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɑɭɩɢʄɚ
1: 90–162.
469
í ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, ɇ. (19982), Ⱦɪɜɨ, Ɇɟɻɚ, ɍ: ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, (ɭɪ.

ɒ. Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɉ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɇ. ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ
ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ–ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɢɧɬ, 154, 300–301.
í ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɉ. ɀ. (19982), ȼɪɚɱɚʃɟ, Ɂɚɩɢɫ, Ʉɪɫɬɨɧɨɲɟ, Ɉɛɪɨɤ, ɋɟɧ,
ɍ: ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢɤ, (ɭɪ. ɒ. Ʉɭɥɢɲɢʄ, ɉ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɇ.
ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ–ɂɧɬɟɪɩɪɢɧɬ:
111–112, 188–190, 273, 326–328, 407–408.
í ɉɟɲɢɤɚɧ, Ɇ. (1981), ɂɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɢʁɟ ɉɨɞɪɢɦʂɚ,
Ɉɧɨɦɚɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɪɢɥɨɡɢ II: 1–92.
í ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦ. (2006), ɉɨɞ ɨɤɪɢʂɟɦ ɫɜɟɬɨɫɬɢ: ɤɭɥɬ ɫɜɟɬɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ
ɪɟɥɢɤɜɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ.
í ɉɭɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɇ. Ⱥ. (1940), Ɉɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɻɚ, ȿɬɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɑɚɫɨɩɢɫ ɟɬ-
ɧɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ ɋɤɨɩʂɭ, ɝɨɞ. 1, ɋɜ. 2: 65–84.
í ɋɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɫɥɚɜɹɧɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɧɵɯ ɤɧɢɝ, ɯɪɚɧɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ
ɋɋɋɊ XI–XIII ɜɜ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1984: Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɹ ɧɚɭɤ ɋɋɋɊ.
í Ɍɨɞɨɪɨɜɢʄ, ɂ. (2005), Ɋɢɬɭɚɥ ɭɦɚ: ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɥɢɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ
ɨɩɯɨɞɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ: ȿɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ.
í Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, Ƚ. (2011), ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ ɭ
Ȼɚʃɫɤɨʁ, ɍ: ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧɚ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ȼɚʃɫɤɚ – ɋɜɟɬɨ-
ɫɬɟɮɚɧɫɤɚ ɯɪɢɫɨɜɭʂɚ 2: Ɏɨɬɨɬɢɩɢʁɟ ɢɡɞɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ,
(ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ȭ. Ɍɪɢɮɭɧɨɜɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 195–249.
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Stanoje Bojanin, Ph.D.

The Institute for Byzantine Studies SANU Belgrade
FORKED OAK AND HUMPED PEAR: TREES AND SEGMENTATION OF

THE SOCIAL SPACE IN A MEDIEVAL PARISH
Summary
The lists of trees in the real space of village borderlines from Serbian me-
dieval charters are the primary starting point for research of the social im-
portance of trees in the landscape of a medieval village and parish community.
In those lists, village boundaries go to the two pears and three walnuts, in the
oak and in the hawthorn or from the elm, to the willow, etc. Distinguishing in-
dividual kinds of trees in a certain area shows their importance as a common
landmark, independently of a specific borderline. The names by which those
trees or landmarks were referred to were diverse: the Big tree, the Big beech,
the Lonely dogwood, the Little hornbeam, the Forked apple-tree, the Dappled
beech, the Bitter cherry, the Crossbearer’s oak, the Red linden, the Ornate tree,
or Prijezda’s pear, Nikola’s beech, etc.
Comparing the data from the borderline landmark lists of the charters with
different medieval sources such as hagiographies, glosses in the texts of church
services and official rituals (ýin kako podobajet ishoditi s kr’sti v litiju) or apocry-
phal prayers and their rites (Molitva ot zlago d’žda) enables us to relatively reliably
perceive the social function of trees in the context of the spatial fragmentation and
marking out of holy space in a local community’s landscape. Their importance is
most clearly noticeable during the main religious holidays, the patron Saint’s day
471
(pomen svetom) and processions (litija) in the spring season which is filled with
unpredictable and bad weather.
The sacredness of a place distinguished from its surroundings by a particular
tree in the Christian societies of Southeast Europe had its origin in unofficial
church rituals (znamenie s’tvoriše) which probably accompanied the carving of a
cross into the bark of a tree or attaching amulets with prayers, (zapis-molitva), on
the tree trunks. It was believed that both of these objects, the cross and the amulet
with prayer, had particular apotropaic meanings and traits. Aside from this, the
chosen places usually helped preserve the memory of a holy event which had taken
place as with the transfer of the relics of St. John of Rila in the 15th century. The
medieval practice of segmenting social space using different trees can be seen in
the rich folkloric heritage of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Thus, in
this article it is important to point to the core methodological stances on the use of
sources form different historical periods, rejecting the idea that folklore, like a fos-
sil, preserves a frozen image of the ancient past (editors of the encyclopedia of
Medieval Folklore) and the old myth of an unchanging popular culture (Peter
Burke).
472
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ = Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ?
ɍȾɄ 930.25:929.73]:341.76“04/14“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15026

ȽɊɍɉɄɈ ȾɈȻɊɂɑȿȼɂȶ = ȽɊɍɉɄɈ ɉɈɉɈȼɂȶ, ȾȺ ɂɅɂ ɇȿ?
Ⱦɨɰ. ɞɪ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥ ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ

ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ, Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ

ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɦ
ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ
ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ ɪɚɞɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ
Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɢ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ,
ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ (”Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ”, „ɉɨɩɨ-
ɜɢʄ”, „Dobreaveg”, „Dobranichi”, „Grupchum diach”, „ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɭɤɭʄɧɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ”,
„ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ – dohanerius”, „zarinich”, „gabelloto”, „factoris”). Ɂɚɯɜɚ-
ʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɬɨɦɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɩɨɥɢ-
ɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ
ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ʉɪɨɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɚɭɬɨɪ ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ
ɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ. Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɪɚɞɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ Ƚɪɭɩ-
ɤɨɜɭ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɭ ɫɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɚɦɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɭ
ɫɥɭɠɛɭ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɢɞɟɧɬɢ-
ɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ, ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɦɢɫɢʁɟ, ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ, ɰɚɪɢ-
ɧɢɤ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɢ ɯɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ, ɞɜɨɪɚɧɢɧ, ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ, ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɰɢ.
ɂɡɜɨɪɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɢɦɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɚ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ,

ɚɥɢ ɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɞɢʁɚɤ, ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɚ
ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ. Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɡɚ ʃɢɯ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɭ ɞɢɩ-
ɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɚ
ɢɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ. ɑɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɰɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ, ɩɨʁɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɲɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨ,
ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɯ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʄɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɛɪɚɞɢ
ʃɟɝɨɜɟ (ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ). ɇɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ
ɨɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɧɟɫɤɪɢɜɟɧɭ ɠɟʂɭ ɡɚ ɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɲɥɨɫɬ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɥɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ, ɤɨʁɟ
ɨɫɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɟ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ, ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɠɟɥɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɭ
ɨɛɡɢɪ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɛɥɢɫɤɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ (ɢɥɢ ʃɢɯɨ-
ɜɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɭ). ɍ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɭ 1412. ɤɚɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɨɡ-
473
Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥ ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ
ɧɚɱɟɧ ʁɟ „Grubacium Dobreaveg”1. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɢɝɪɚɨ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚ-

ɩɚʃɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ Ȼɚɥɲɟ III, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ „...spectabilem virum dominum Gruba-
cium Dobreaveg, honorabilem suum ambassiatorem ad tractandum et con-
cludendum pacem inter nos et dominum Balsam „2. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ
ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1412, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ
„Grupchum diach” 3.
ɇɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɢɡ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ, ɛɪɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɩɥɨɜɢɨ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ
ʁɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɨ ɧɟɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧɢ ɞɚ ɞɢɨ ɪɨɛɟ ɫ ʃɟɝɚ ɛɚɰɟ ɭ
ɦɨɪɟ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɩɢɲɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1412. ɝɨ-
ɞɢɧɟ4. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ („Grubaz Dobranichi”) ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɲɢ-
ɧɨʁ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɨɞ 30. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1413. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ5. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ ɦɚɪɬɚ ɢɫɬɟ
1
Ɂɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ, ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɥɚɻɭ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɨ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ, ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɛɚɧɢɰɟ Ⱥɧɤɟ ɢ ʄɟɪɤɟ ʁɨʁ Ʉɚɬɚɪɢ-
ɧɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɪʁɟɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɟ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɛɢɜɲɢɯ
ɫɭɩɪɭɠɧɢɤɚ. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɡɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɢ ɤɭɩɨɜɚɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭ ɪɨɛɭ. ɍ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ 14. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1412. E. Kurtoviü, Veliki vojvoda bosanski Sandalj Hraniü
Kosaþa, Sarajevo 2009, 383.
2
Ɇɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɧ 26. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1412. ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ, ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ
Ȼɚɥɲɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ, ɛɢɬɢ ɞɭɠɚɧ ɞɚ ɜɪɚɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɍɥɰɢʃ ɢ Ȼɭɞɜɭ. Ⱥɤɨ ɬɨ ɧɟ
ɭɱɢɧɢ, ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɨ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭ ɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɢɜɚʃɭ Ȼɚɥɲɟ. Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɬɨɦ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɟʄɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ Ȼɚɥɲɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɭɩʂɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ. S. Ljubiü, Listine o odnošajih
južnoga Slavenstva i Mletaþke Republike VII, 26–28; A. Babiü, Diplomatska služba u sred-
njovjekovnoj, Sarajevo 1995, 89; Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɲɢɪɟʃɭ ɩɨ
ɉɪɢɦɨɪʁɭ ɩɨɱɟɜ ɨɞ ɏɟɪɰɟɝ-ɇɨɜɨɝ, Ȼɨɤɚ 11, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɇɨɜɢ 1979, 209.
3
„Brayan Pribilouich coram domino Marino de Bona conqueritur supra Tassouaç
Petieuich, Radman eius fratrem, Bubeglam nepotem Medulini, Stanisauum Grubigleuich,
Grupchum diach, Meiugostum Conarbradich et Medulinum zupanum. Eo quia predicti per
vim acceperunt sibi quattuor boues. Et hoc fuit die octauo septembris proxime preteriti in
Papauo. Item conqueritur supra dictum Radman. Eo quia per simoniam accepit sibi
yperperos tres ut faceret sibi reddere dictos boues et nil fecit.” DAD, Lam. de foris II, 133'
(5. I 1412). ɂɡɪɚɠɚɜɚɦ ɧɚʁɬɨɩɥɢʁɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ȿɫɚɞɭ Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄɭ ɫɚ Ɏɢɥɨɡɨɮ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɤɨ-
ɪɢɲʄɟɧɢ ɡɚ ɨɜɭ, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟ-
ɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɭ Ƚɪɭɩɤɭ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɲɟ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɠɭɩɚɧɚ Ɇɟɞɭɥɢɧɚ, ɡɚ ɤɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨ
ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ.
4
Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɨ ɛɚɱɟɧɟ ɪɨɛɟ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɟ-
ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɪɨɛɟ, ɢ ɬɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɪɨɛɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɭ ɦɨɪɟ. Ɍɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɢɨ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ. ɍɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɞɚ ɞɢɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ
ɪɨɛɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ 12 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɢɡ-
ɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɋɬɚɪɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1929,
286–287; E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 384.
5
Ʉɚɤɨ ɭ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɫɬɨʁɢ „el spectabele et egregio homo meser Grubaz
Dobranichi”. S. Ljubiü, Listine VII, 68. A. Babiü, Diplomatska služba, 89; G. ýremošnik,
474
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɩɟɬ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬ6.

Ɂɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1415. ɧɚɛɚɜʂɚɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ7.
ȼɟʄ ɨɜɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚ ɩɪɜɚ ɞɢɥɟɦɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɨɡ-
ɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ Ƚɪɭɛɚɱ („Grubacium Dobreaveg” ɢ „Grubaz Dobranichi”), ɚ ɧɟ
ɤɚɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ. ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɝɪɟɲɤɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɢɨ ɧɟɢɫɤɭɫɧɢ
ɩɢɫɚɪ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɢɫɚʃɭ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɜɢɲɟ ʄɟɦɨ
ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɚ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɬɢ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɢɫɚɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨʁ ɬɭɠɛɢ
ɫ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 1412. ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɤɚɨ „Grupchum diach”.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɚɭɡɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɤɚɨ ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɦɚʁɚ
1420. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ɨ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ Ʉɨɧɚ-
ɜɚɥɚ8. ɉɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɢ ɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɨɜɥɚɲ-
ʄɟʃɭ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɭ ɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚʃɭ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ9. Ɉɫɚɦ
ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɭɥɚ-
ɝɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɞɚʁɭ Ƚɪɭɩɤɭ10. ȼɟʄ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɛɭɧɟ ɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɢɦɚ, ɧɚ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ-
ɦɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢ-
Bosanske i humske povelje srednjeg vijeka, GZM VII (1952) 278; Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɋɚɧɞɚʂ, 20–210; E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 384.
6
Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɭ ɨɞ 6.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɬɪɟɛɚɨ ɞɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɛɢɜ-
ɲɨɦ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɨɦ ɢ ɩɭɧɢɰɨɦ. ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɥɚ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɢ ɭ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɬɨɝɚ, ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ. Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ,
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ, 210.
7
Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɥɢ ɛɪɚʄɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɨɰɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɉɚɜɥɚ. E.
Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 384.
8
ɍ ɨɦʁɟɪɭ 15 ɩɪɨɬɢɜ 14, 9. ɦɚʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ „de intrando ad tract-
andum cum Grubacio ambaxiatori voyuode Sandagl pro emendo aliam parte que fuit
voyuode Petri cum dimidia castri de Sochol et cum Obod et Civitate vechia integram pro eo
precio quo empta fuit alia pars dicti voyuode Sandagl”. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ
ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɭ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɨ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ
ɉɟɬɪɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ. ɍ ɬɨɦɟ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɨ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧ Ɍɭɞɪɨʁɟ Ȼɚɜɠɟɥɢʄ, ɭ ɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ. Ɋ.
Ƚɪɭʁɢʄ, Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɨɞ XII ɞɨ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɤ ɋɄȺ 66, Ɂɟɦɭɧ
1926, 26; ɉ. ȭɨɪɻɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ʄɢɪɢɥɢɰɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1971, 160; E. Kurtoviü,
Sandalj, 383, 387.
9
ɉɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢ 20. ɦɚʁɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɟɧɚɬ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ „pro posessione Canalis et castri Soccholii. G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i
humske povelje, GZM VII, 277–279; Ɋ. Ƚɪɭʁɢʄ, Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɢ, 26; Ɉɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɢɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ
ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɭ ɫɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɲʄɭ ɞɢʁɚɤɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨɝ ɭ ɬɭɠɛɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1412 (ɩɪɟɬ-
ɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ).
10
ȼɢʁɟʄɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɨ „de dando literam obligationis XVIIIm yperperorum pro
prima media parte empta Canalis Grubacio ambasiatori voyuode Sandalie ... de dando
predicto Grubaccio obligationem predictam sine ulla fideuissione”. DAD, Cons. Rog. II,
120 (28. V 1420).
475
ɰɢɦɚ ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ɭ ɬɭ ɠɭɩɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɛɨɪɭ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɫɦɢɪɟʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɨɪɧɨɫɬ

ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ11. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1423. ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ɞɢɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɝ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚ12.
Ⱥɤɨ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɞɢɥɟɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɜɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɢʁɚɤ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɥɨɝɨɬɟɬ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ
ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɫɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɭ ɩɪɨʂɟʄɟ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, 17. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1423. ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɦ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ13. Ɉɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɨ
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ. ɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɦ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɧɢ
ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɭ
ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ „ɧɚɲ ɫɥɭɝɚ, ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɭɤɭʄɧɨ Ƚɪɭɩ-
ɤɨ”14. ɑɚɤ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɨɦɟɧ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɚɨ
ɨɤɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ʁɟɪ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɬɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɢ-
ɱɟɜɢʄɚ ɢɥɢ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ (ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɫɬɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ), ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɦɟɧɢɦɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ. ɍ ɫɜɚ-
ɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, „ɧɚɲ ɫɥɭɝɚ, ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɭɤɭʄɧɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ” ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨʁ ɧɟɫɪɚɡ-
ɦʁɟɪɢ ɫɚ „spectabilem virum dominum Grubacium Dobreaveg”, ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɝɚ
Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ. ɍ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨʁ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢ ɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɭ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɤɚɨ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɟ.
Ɉɫɬɚɜɢʄɟɦɨ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɬɟ ʄɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɢɦ
ɩɨɦɟɧɢɦɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ. Ʉɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ („do-
hanerius”), Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ 9. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1424. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɨɦ ɉɪɨɞɚɧɟɥɢʄɟɦ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɧɨ-
11
ɂɡɚ ɩɨɛɭɧɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ. ɇɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɡɛɨɪɭ, ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ Ɉɪɫɚɬɚ Ɂɚɦɚʃɢʄɚ, ɇɚɬɚɥɚ ɉɪɨɤɭɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ʌɨɜɪɚ ɋɨɪɤɨɱɟɜɢʄɚ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ
ɭɩɨɡɨɪɢɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɫ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ Ɋɚɞɨɫɥɚɜ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɨ, ɬɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɲ-
ɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ɋ. Ƚɪɭʁɢʄ, Ʉɨɧɚɜɥɢ, 26.
12
ɉɪɢɡɧɚɧɢɰɭ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɪɭɤɨɦ à GrÚpko Dobri~évi}ý slÚga
voévodé Sandala négovimý poslaniémý i { nègovimi…nègovomý pé~atiõ pridohý Ú
Dúbrovniký ɍ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɚɫɩɪɟ. ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, 368–
369; Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɡɚ ɚɫɩɪɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɧɢɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɢɡɚ-
ɲɥɢ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɭ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ „dandi dicto Grupcho dictos aspros et accipiendi dictam
expeditoriam a fieri, faciendi omnes scripturas et cautales opportunas et scribendi et respon-
dendi ad literas eiusdem voiuode”. DAD, Cons. Rog. III, 134 (4. I 1423); A. Babiü, Diplo-
matska služba, 89.
13
ɍ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɭ Ɋɭɫɤɚ ɏɪɢɫɬɢɮɨɪɨɜɢʄɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ „Grubcho Popovich”. G. ýre-
mošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje, GZM VII, 279.
14
ɍ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɦɚʃɭ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɝɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ slÚgÚ na{éga dièté
ÚkÚ}nè GrÚpka. Ɉɩɟɬ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɚɫɩɪɟ. ɉ. Ʉɚɪɚɧɨɬɜɪɬɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɫɤɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢ-
ɰɢ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1840, 164165; F. Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, Viennae 1858, 329; ȴ.
ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, 374–375; G. ýremošnik, Bosanske i humske povelje,
GZM VII, 279280.
476
ɜɚɰ ɤɥɟɫɚɪɭ ɇɨɜɚɤɭ ɉɪɢɛɢɥɨɜɢʄɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɬɢ

ɰɢɫɬɟɪɧɭ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɭ
ɋɨɤɨɥɭ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɫɟɱɧɭ ɩɥɚɬɭ ɨɞ 14 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɢ ɯɪɚɧɭ15. ɋʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɪ ʁɟ
ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɚɧ ʁɟɪ ɧɚɦ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1425. ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ („zarinich”) Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɭɥɨ-
ɡɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɟɝɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɨɞ
ɰɚɪɢɧɟ, ɤɚɦɚɬɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɚɜɨɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ16. ɋʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1426. ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɤɚɨ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ („gabelloto”) Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ, ɭ ɩɨɫɥɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɧɚʁ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧ ɫɚ ɤɥɟɫɚɪɨɦ ɇɨɜɚɤɨɦ ɉɪɢɛɢɥɨɜɢʄɟɦ. Ɂɚ-
ɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɢɦɟ Ɍɟɨɞɨɪɚ ɉɪɨɞɚɧɟɥɢʄɚ. ȳɟɞɢɧɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɚ Ɋɚɞɢɲɨɦ Ȼɨɝɟɬɢʄɟɦ17.
ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1426. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɢ Ʉɥɚɩɚɰ ɋɬɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ
ɩɨɞɢɝɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɋɚɧ-
ɞɚʂ, ɢɦɚɨ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɤɨɦɭɧɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɚɜɨɫɤɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɤ18.
15
„Nouach Pribilouich lapicida promisit et se et omnia sua bona per aptay renuntian-
do obligant laborare ac perfecte facere et construere voiuode Sandalio unam cisternam vel
omnia altra laboreria que videbuntur et placebunt eidem voiuode in Sochol. Pro quo
voiuoda ser Theodorus de Prodanello et Grupchum dohanerius dicti voiuode ad melius
tenendem obligauerunt se et omnia ipsorum bona, dare et soluere dicto Nouach quolibet
mensis quo steterit ad laboreria dicti voiuode Sandagl yperperorum quatuordecim et quod
dictus voiuoda dabit sibi expensas necessariias oris pro eo tempore quo stabit cum ipso.
Quod tempore incipe debet crastina die et finiturus est die quo licentiabitur ab illo
voiuoda.” DAD, Div. Canc. XLII, 261 (9. IV 1424).
16
„Grupchus Popouich zarinich voiuode Sandali ad zarinam prope Ragusium,
nuncius et ambasiator dicti voiuode Sandali ut patet per expeditorias hic affixas in sclauo
scriptas, vice et nomine dicti voiuode Sandalii et vigore expeditoriarum hic affixarum ut
supra, confessus et contentus fuit habuisse et recepisse a viro nobili et sapienti domino
Rectore Ragusii ser Volzo de Babalio et suo minori consilio, dante et soluente nomine et
vice et de denariis comunis Ragusii in una mane yperperos noningentos pro prode denario-
rum, videlicet, yperperos XVIIIM quos idem voiuoda Sandalius habet in comune nostrum ad
prode de quinque pro centenario in anno soluto prode predicto dictorum yperperorum
XVIIIM anno de 1425 et completo de mense augusti presentis in die sancti Stefani dicti
mensis et millessimi. Et in alia manu confessus et contentus est dictus Grupchus dicto no-
mine habuisse et recepisse a predictis domino Rectore et minori consilio ut supra yperperos
quingentos grossorum de Ragusio pro tributo Canalis debito ipsi voiuode soluto ipso tributo
pro anno de 1425 finito in festo sancti Stephani de mense augusti presentis ut in expe-
ditoriis hic affixis continetur.”DAD, Div. Canc. XLIII, 189 (31. VIII 1425).
17
„Radissa Boghetich petrarius promisit super se et omnia sua bona ser Teodoro de Pro-
danello et Grupcho gabelloto voyuode Sandagl stipulantibus et recipientibus nomine ipsius
voiuode Sandagl, ire Schol ipius voyuode as faciendum ibidem unam cisternam.” DAD, Div.
Canc. XLIV, 5' (9. IV 1426). A. Babiü, Diplomatska služba, 89; E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 390–391.
18
„Grupchus Popouich et Clapaç Stancouich nuntii spetiales et ambaxiatores voyuo-
de Sandagl ad infrascripta ut patet per litteras expeditorias ipsius voiuode Sandagl scriptas
in sclauo ... in una parte ducatos trecentos auri pro prode ducatis sex milium quos idem
477
ɍ ɢɫɬɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɢ ɫɚɦ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɨ-ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ

ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɫɚ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɢ ɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɟɧɢɦ ɤʃɢɝɚɦɚ
ʁɭɧɚ 1426, ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1427. ɢ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1431. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ19. Ɂɚ ɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ-
ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɭɡ ɢɦɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ
Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ („Dobrichieuich”), ɚɥɢ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɚ („zari-
nich”). ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ,
(ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1425) ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ, ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1426. ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ „Glupchus Dobrichieuich
factor magnifici voiuode Sandagl”20, ɢɡɚ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɤɪɢʁɟ
voiuoda habet in comune Ragusii.” DAD, Div. Canc. XLIV, 53 (13. VIII 1426). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨ-
ɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ (ɭɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɰɚ
ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010, 30.
19
„Nos Obrad Boroeuich, Radiuoy Dubraucich, Radin Dobrichieuich, Grubaç Ob-
radouich et Grupchus Dobrichieuich zarinich confitemur quod super nos et super omnia
bona nostra obligamus nos dare et soluere ser Luce de Andree de Sorgo yperperos
quatraginta septem cum dimidio usque ad festum sancti Michaelis de mense septembris
proxime futuros ... Cum pacto quod Grupcho predicto non possit exigi de dicta quantitate
plusquam yperperis quindecim et ultra ne quamquam.” DAD, Deb. Not. XIV, 29 (6. VI
1426); ɋɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɬɨʁɢ: „Die Vto februarii 1427 ser Lucas de Sorgo confessus fuit habuisse
et recepisse a contrascriptis Radiuoi, Obrad, Radin et Grubaç pro parte solucionis sup-
rascripti debiti yperperos quindecim de quibus fuit plegius Grupchus ut in obligacione
debiti contentur.” ɂɡɧɚɞ ɫɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ: „Die VIIIIo nouembris 1431 infrascriptus ser Lucas de
Sorgo creditor dedit potestatem Volcho Daboeuich sartori pro resto infrascripte obligacioni
de yperperis triginta duobus cum dimidio sine aliquo vigore supra Obrad, Radiuoi, Radin,
Grubaç et Obriuoglia principales debitores ad melius tenentem secundum formam obli-
gacione exceptato Grupcho plegio ponens ipsum Volchum in suum bonum et faciens eum
procuratorem ut in rem suam. Ita quod dantibus ipse Volchus infrascripta obligatione suo
nomine proprio uti possit in judicio et extra et dictos yperperos 32÷ a dictis principalibus
debitoribus et in bonis suis ad meliustenendem petere, exigere et recipere habere in animam
jurare finem remissionem et omnem suam voluntatem tanquam de re propria.”
20
„Glupchus Dobrichieuich factor magnifici voiuode Sandagl ex parte una et Volch-
assinus Racich tabernarius ex parte alia pro uno debito yperperorum sexaginta quos idem
Volchassinus confessus fuit debere dare dicto Glupcho pro nomine voiuode Sandagl et pro
vino dicti voiuode pro quibus idem Volchassinus erat in carceribus comunis, venerunt ad
infrascriptum pactum et concordium, videlicet, quod dictus Volchassinus soluere teneatur et
debet pro aptai renuntiando super se et bona sua pro parte dicti debiti usque ad Carnisprium
proxime futuros yperperos triginta et alios yperperos triginta pro resto dicti debiti usque ad
Pasca ascensionis domini proxime futuros cum pacto quod nisi soluint ut supra promisit in
dictis terminis debeat reuerti ad carceres comunis. Pro quo Volchassino et eius precibus et
instantia infrascripti se constituerunt plegios et principales pagatores pro infrascriptis, vide-
licet, quantitatibus quilibet eorum pro sua quantitate ad meliustenentem cumdicto principali
isto modo, videlicet, quod nisi dictus Volchassinus soluerit ad terminos ut supra promisit
quod ipsi consignabunt personum eius ad carceres qua in carceribus consignata plegii ipsi
sint franchi a presenti pleziaria, scilicet, vero non consignauerint utt supra tunc quilibet
478
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɩɢɫɚɪ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɧɚɩɢ-

ɫɚɨ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1427. ɋɚɧɞɚʂ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɨɜɚɨ ɤɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜ-
ɱɚɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɚ Ʉɨɧɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɨ ɜɢɲɨʁ ɰɢʁɟɧɢ ɧɟɝɨ
ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɭɩɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɢɨ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟɜɪɫɧɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬ ɧɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ21. ɍɩ-
ɚɞʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ ɭɡ ɢɦɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɡɢ-
ɦɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɚ, ɩɚ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɢɥɢ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪ. ɒɬɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɬɨɦɟ, ɬɟɲ-
ɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ. Ȼɢʄɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɻɟɧɢ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɦ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɨɦ, ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ
ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɠɭɪɛɢ.
Ⱥɤɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɨ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ (ɚɤɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ
ʁɟɞɧɨɝ), ɨɧɞɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɨ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1427.
Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ „Grupchus Popouich nuncius et ambasiator specialis magnifici voiu-
ode Sandalii” ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɞ ɩɨɞɧɨ ɋɪɻɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɝ
ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ22. ɋʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɩɨɦɟɧ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ („Gru-
pchum duanerium vaiuode Sandali ad zarina”), ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɚɧ
ɩɨ ʃɟɝɚ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɦɚʁɚ 1428. ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱ-
ɤɢ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɧ Ɋɚɞɨʃɚ ɉɪɢɛɢɥɨɜɢʄ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɬɭɠɛɭ ɩɪɟɞ ɫɭɞɨɦ23. Ʉɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɨɜɚʁ ɫɩɨɪ ɨɤɨɧɚɱɚɧ, ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ
ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ʁɭɥɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɦɭ ɫɟ ȼɢʁɟʄɟ ɭɦɨʂɟ-
ɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɢɧɢɥɨ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɟ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ24.
Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɩɨ-
eorum soluere teneatur quantitate pro qua est plegius ut infra. videlicet. Renuntiantes
omnes. Infrascripsti sunt plegii: Ser Theodorus de Prodanello pro yperperis quindecim
renuntiando yperperis XV, ser Marinus Ju. de Georgio pro yperperis tribus renuntiando,
yperperis III”. DAD, Div. Canc. XLIV, 80 (18. XI 1426).
21
Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ, ɬɚɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɢ „de induciando super verbis reportatis
per Grupchum parte voiuode Sandagl sub literis credentialibus ... de firmando literas
sclavas que scribuntur Sandagl pro significatione conclusionis Canalis partes Radosaui.
Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭ ɞɚ respondendi petitionibus factis
per Grupchum parte voiuode Sandagl”. DAD, Cons. Rog. IV, 1, 2' (2. ɢ 5. I 1427).
22
DAD, Div. Canc. XLIV, 177 (31. VIII 1427). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧ-
ɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 30.
23
„Radogna Pribilouich coram domino Rectore ser Andrea Bla. de Menze conqueri-
tur supra Grupchum duanerium vaiuode Sandali ad zarina. In eo quuia ipso ducente Ragusi-
um castronos decem et equm unum casey onustum, dictus Grupchus accepit sibi castronum
unum et unum caseum.” DAD, Lam. de foris VIII, 20' (23. V 1428).
24
„Prima pars est de dando libertatem domino Rectori et minori consilio excusatio-
nem faciendi Grupcho pro tubetis quos requirit dicens quod literas non recepimus superinde
a Sandagl.” DAD, Cons. Rog. IV, 62' (21. VII 1428).
479
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɡɚɞɭɠɟʃɚ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɭ

Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɭ, ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ25.
ɍ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ 1429. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɨ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɡɚ-
ɤɭɩɚ ɞɪɢʁɟɜɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ26. ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɝɪɟɲɰɢ ɩɢɫɚɪɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɤɚɨ Ƚɥɭɩɤɚ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 1429. ɨɩɟɬ ɫɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬ-
ɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɢɦ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɧɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ27. ɇɚ
ɨɜɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɭ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɭ ɞɢɥɟɦɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ
„Glupcho Dobrichieuich gabelloto voiuode Sandagl”, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦʁɟɫ-
ɬɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ „Grupchi factoris et gabelloti mag-
nifici voyuode Sandagli”28. Ɉɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɩɢɫɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɝɪɟɲ-
ɰɢ ɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɪɟɥɚɧɢʁɟ.
ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɦɚɪɬɚ 1430. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄ, „gabelloto vo-
iuode Sandagl”, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɭ ɤɪɟɞɢɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱ-
ɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɦɢʃɚɧɢɦ Ɋɚɬɤɨɦ Ɋɚɤɨʁɟɜɢʄɟɦ ɢ Ɇɢɥɨɪɚɞɨɦ Ɋɚɞ-
ɦɢɥɨɜɢʄɟɦ29. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ 20. ʁɭɧɚ 1430. ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɨ ɫɜʁɟɞɨ-
25
„Ego Ratchus Rachoeuich Glutich confiteor quod super me et omnia bona mea
obligo me dare et soluere Grupcho Dobrichieuich zarincih voiuode Sandagl et Stoicino
zarinich voiuode Radosauii vel illi ex eis qui primo solutione petireit yperperos sexaginta
tres grossorum Ragusii ad omnem voluntatem dictorum creditorum.” DAD, Deb. Not. XIV,
246' (22. XII 1428).
26
„Glupchus gabelloctus ad zarinam voiuode Sandagl et Radiç Medulinouich nuntii
dicti voiuode Sandagl et comitis Raichi pro ut patet per litteras dicti comitis Raichi qui sunt
apud Ruschum cancellarium constituti coram spectabili milite domino Pasquali de Resti
honor Rectore Ragusii et eius paruo consilio et testibus infrascriptis confessus et contentus
fuerunt habuisse et recepisse a ser Rusco de Poza et ser Junio Ma. de Gradi officialibus
salinariis gabelle de Narente dantibus et soluentibus pro secunda paga dicte gabelle ducatos
auri quingentos.” DAD, Div. Not. XVI, 142 (20. X 1429). E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 385.
27
„Ego Ratchus Rachoeuich Glutich tanquam principalis confiteor quod super me et
omnia bona mea obligo me dare et soluere Glupcho Dobrichieuich gabelloto voiuode
Sandagl et Stoicino gabelloto voiuode Radosauii vel illi ex eis qui primo solutionis petireit
yperperos quadraginta sex usque ad diem vigessimam quinta mensis martii proxime futuros
... Pro quo Ratcho obligato predicto et eius precibus et instantia ego Petroe Rachoeuich
frater dicti Ratchi pro dimidia, videlicet, pro yperperis viginti tribus et ego Milorad
Radmilouich pro alia diomidia, videlicet, pro yperperis viginti tribus constituimus nos ple-
gios et principales pagatores insolidum et ad meliustenendum cum ipso principali, videlicet,
uterque prodimidia more predicto super nos et omnia bona nostra.” DAD, Deb. Not. XIV,
367' (14. XII 1429).
28
„Audita peticione Grupchi factoris et gabelloti magnifici voyuode Sandagli
petentes quod cum idem Grupchus vendiderit Petro ser Vite de Restis libris IIIM ducentas
XLa lane in ratione grossos quatuor cum dimidio pro quolibet deceno libris.” DAD, Div.
Canc. XLVI, 97'–98 (14. XII 1429).
29
Nos Ratchus Rachoeuich tanquam principalis et Milorad Radmilouich tanquam
plegius confitemur quod super nos et omnia nostra bona obligamus nos dare et soluere
Grupcho Dobricheuich gabelloto voiuode Sandagl et Stoicino Bogosalich gabelloto voiuo-
480
ɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɦ ɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ

Ɍɪɟɛɢʃɚ30. Ɉɩɭɫ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɲɢɪɨɤ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɩɪɢɦʁɟ-
ɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ 1430. ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɚ
ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɞ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ31. ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɩɬɟɦ-
ɛɪɚ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ʁɚɜʂɚɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɨ ɫɢɦɩɬɨɦɢɦɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ʁɟɞɟ ɫɢɪ32. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨ-
ɜɨ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɤɚɨ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, ɦʁɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ
(ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ 1430), ɤɚɞɚ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɨ 500 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɪɚɬɟ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɢʁɟɜɫɤɭ ɰɚɪɢɧɭ33.
Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1432. ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɚ
ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɚɜɨɫɤɢ ɞɨɯɨɞɚɤ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɟɤɢ-
ɜɚɨ34. ɍ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɭ, ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1433.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ35. Ɇʁɟɫɟɰ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, „Grupchus gabellotus voiuode Sandagl
nuntius et commissus ipsius voiuode” (ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ) ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ʁɟ
ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɨɞ 600 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ36.
de Radosauii vel illi qui primo solutionis petireit yperperos octo grossos usque per totum
mensem aprillis proxime futuros. DAD, Deb. Not. XIV, 393 (19. III 1430).
30
Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢ ɩɪɭɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ
ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɬɪɟɛɚɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ. DAD, Lett. di Lev. X, 166
(20. VI 1430).
31
Ɍɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɭ Ƚɭɧɞɭɥɢʄɭ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɭ ɤɨɞ
ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, ɨ ɧɚɛɚɜɰɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɭ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ. Ɉɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɦɚɫɬɢɥɨ
ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɧɨ ɢ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɢ. E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 378.
32
ɍ ɭɩɭɬɫɜɭ ɩɨɤɥɢɫɚɪɢɦɚ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ „pur di li concesso per lo formagio quello di
mandaua esso voiuoda et data una lettera a Grupcho per quella cason que se abia fatto
Grupcho della lettera non sapiamo ma ditte a voiuoda segondo e per lui rechiesto gli e stato
concesso”. DAD, Lett. di Lev. X, 208' (1. IX 1430). û. Truhelka, Konavoski rat (1430–
1433), GZM 29 (1917) 173.
33
ɍ ȼɢʁɟʄɭ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ, 3. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ, ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ „possendi dare Grupcho factori
voivode Sandagl secundam pagam gabelle Narenti anni presentis”. Ɍɪɟʄɭ ɪɚɬɭ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ
ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜ „ɮɚɤɬɨɪ”. ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, Ɍɪɝ Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1987,
129.
34
ȼɥɚɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ʁɟɪ ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɧɢ-
ɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɚ. ɋ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɤɨɩɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚ-
ɧɢɰɟ. ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 138.
35
ȼɢʁɟʄɟ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ ʁɟ 17. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɩɪɢʁɟɞɥɨɝ „solvendi nuntio voi-
vode Sandagl pro gabella Narenti ducatos”, ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨ ɢ ɲɟɫɬ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɢɫ-
ɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɧɨɬɚɪɢʁɚɬɚ „de denarys comunis Ragusii ducatos auri quingentos pro integra solu-
tione secunde page sacundi anni dicte gabelle Narenti”. ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, Ⱦɪɢʁɟɜɚ, 131.
36
DAD, Div. Not. XVIII, 78' (2. VIII 1433). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ, 34.
481
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1434. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ, ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɨ ɫɟ ɧɚ

ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɨɞɲɬɟɬɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩʂɚɱɤɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ȼɥɚɫɢ37. ɍ ɢɫɬɨʁ
ɝɨɞɢɧɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ (26. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ ɢ 1. ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ) , ɚ
ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ. Ɂɚ-
ɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ” Grupchus gabellotus voiuo-
de Sandagl”38. ɍ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ Ɇɚɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟʄɚ ɫɪɟ-
ɞɢɧɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ39. Ⱦɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɜɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɲɬɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɇɨɜɚɤ. ɍ ɩɪ-
ɜɨɦ, ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1435. ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ, ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ
ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɬɨ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ, ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɦɚʁɚ, ʁɚɜʂɚ „Nouach filius
suprascripti Grupchi”40.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ. ɂɫɬɢɧɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɭ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɭ
ɝɨɫɩɨɻɭ ȳɟɥɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɨɛɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ
ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɦ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɦɭɠɭ, ɫɬɟɤɥɚ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟʃɟ.
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɢɡɪɚɠɚʁɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1435. ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1436, ɭ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɦ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɨ ɡɚ ʃɭ. Ɉɜɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ” Grupchus Popouich nuntius
magnifice domine Jele relicte voiuode Sandagl”41, ɲɬɨ ɧɚɦ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦʁɟ-
37
ȼɥɚɫɢ Ɇɢɪɢɥɨɜɢʄɢ, Ʉɨɫɬɚɞɢɧ Ɇɢɥɨɲɟɜɢʄ ɢ ȼɭɤɚɲɢɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɨɜɢʄ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɪɢʁɭɦɱɚɪɟʃɚ ɫɨɥɢ. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɢ, ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɞɨ
ɩɨɤɥɚɞɚ ɩɥɚɬɟ 20 ɩɟɪɩɟɪɚ ɤɚɡɧɟ. ɂɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɨʃɟ, ɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟ-
ɡɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɢ ɬɚʁ ɞɭɝ ɢɡɦɢɪɢɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɝ ɪɨɤɚ. DAD, Div. Not. XVIII,
172 (13. I 1434). E. Kurtoviü, Konj u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, Sarajevo 2014, 221.
38
DAD, Div. Not. XVIII, 191' (26. II 1434); DAD, Div. Not. XIX, 85' (1. X 1434).
ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 34.
39
„Captum fuit quod officiales gabelle Narenti dare debeant Grupcho ducatorum
auri quatuor pro dando cancellario Sandagl qui scripsit pouegliam pro gabella narenti.”
DAD, Cons. Minus VI, 152 (15. VII 1434).
40
„Nobilem et sapiente virum dominum Rectorem ser Mathum de Gradi sedentem
loco et more solitis cum suis judicibus ser Junio de Bona, ser Paladino de Gondola et ser
Marino Mi. de Restis, audita peticione Grupchi factoris voyuode Sandagli petentis yperpe-
ros viginti septem et grossos septem pro bestiamine vendito Bosigcho Chiunilouich de
Zoncheto. Et versa vice responsione dicti Bosigchi confitentis de plano dictum debitum fore
verum. Et visa forma statutorum etc. Christi nomine inuocato etc. lectum et pro summam
judicatum fuit quod dictus Bosigchus Chiunilouich dare et soluere debeat dicti Gruppcho
dictos yperperos viginti septem et grossos septem iuxta formam peticionis predicte.” DAD,
Div. Canc. XLVIII, 324' (16. II 1435). ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɫɚɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɞ, ɫɬɨʁɢ: „Die XV maii
1435, Nouach filius suprascripti Grupchi fuit confessus habuisse et recepisse nomine
suprascripti Grupchi patris sui pro quo Grupcho ipse Nouach se constituit et de ra''to pro-
misit renuntiando.”
41
Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɚɜɨɦ ɞɢʁɚɤɨɦ, 21. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1435, ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ
ɧɨɜɚɰ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɥɢɱɧɨʁ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ 9. ɢ 11. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1436, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ
482
ɪɢ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɭ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɢɯ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢɯ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ

ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ.
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɨɫɩɨɻɢ ȳɟɥɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ
ɞɪɚɝɨɰʁɟɧ ɢ ɡɚ ɦɥɚɞɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ, ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ, ɨɫɥɚʃɚɨ
ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɧɟɦɢɪɧɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ
ɨɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɥɢ ɢɯ ɭɧɢɲɬɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɜɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɭ. ɍ ɋɬʁɟ-
ɩɚɧɨɜɨʁ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ 1436, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɢɫɤɭ-
ɫɧɢɦ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɨɦ, ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜɨɦ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄɟɦ, ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɛɪɚɧɟʄɢ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɦɥɚɞɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɭɫɩʁɟɯɚ42. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ
1436. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ȼɭɤɨɫɥɚɜ ȼɭɤɲɢʄ ɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ ȴɭɛɢɲɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ
ɭɥɨɡɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɲɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ
ɦɥɚɞɟ ɪɨɛɢʃɟ43. ɂɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ, ɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɭ ɨ ȳɟɥɟɧɢ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ44.
ɞɨɛɢɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ. DAD, Div. Not. XX, 169' (11. II 1436); ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɚ
ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ ȳɟɥɟɧɚ ɏɪɚɧɢʄ, ɁɊȼɂ 41 (2004) 432; ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 46.
42
Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɫʂɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢ
ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɤ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ. Ⱦɭɠɞ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟʂɨɦ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɭ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɢ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞ ɨɞ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɫɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɋɚɧɞɚ-
ʂɟɜɨɝ ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɤɚ. A. Babiü, Diplomatska služba, 85, 89–90; ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬɟ-
ɮɚɧ ȼɭɤɱɢʄ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1964, 25; E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 357–358;
ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɨ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢ ɫʁɟɱɭ ɞɪɜɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɢ
ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫʁɟɱɟ ɞɪɜɚ.
M. Šunjiü, Venecija i Bosna (odnosi u XIV. i XV. stolejüu), Sarajevo 1996, 205; Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɨɦ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɢ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɥɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɟɧɭ ɤɭɩɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɢɰɚʁɟɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫ-
ɬɢ ɨɛɪɟɥɚ ɭ ȳɟɞɪɟɧɭ. S. ûirkoviü, Jedan primjer kruženja darova, Spomenica akademika
Marka Šunjiüa, Sarajevo 2010, 54.
43
„Suprascripto millessimo et indictione et die dicti Jubissa douanerius magnifici et
potentis domini Stephani vaivode Bossine habens licentiam a circumspectis viris Gruppico
Popouich et Vochoslauus Vochsich nuntiis prefati magnifici et domini Stephani ... dedit,
vendidit et imperpetum tradidit et transactauit ... unam suam sclauam etatis annorum quin-
decim vel circa de genere bosinensium et heretica pravitate ortam vocatam lingua bosinensi
Dieuena et ad baptisimum in lingua latina Martha quam dictus magnificus dominus Steph-
anus redemi fecit a Theucris.” ȭ. Ɍɨɲɢʄ, ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 143.
44
ɉɨɬɜɪɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ä GrÚbko pisah(ý) moòmý rÚkomý.
Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɥɚ 1.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɤɚɤɨ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ svoòmý glavomý, ɞɚɤɥɟ ɥɢɱɧɨ. F.
Miklosich, Monumenta Serbica, 359; ȴ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–1, 390–391; Ɉɜɚ
ɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɚ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ: „Grupchus Popchouich
et Pribissauus diach nuntii magnifice domine Jele relicte colende memorie voiuode Sandagl
ut eorum missione patet credentialibus litteris predicte domine Jele in personam ipsorum
Grupchi et Pribissaui nunciorum nomine et vice suprascripte domine Jele et vigore ipsarum
litterarum que sunt penes Nicolam de Stella cancellario comunis littere sclaue, confessi
fuerunt habuisse et recepisse a spectabili domino Rectore ser Paladino de Gondola et suo
minori consilio ad plenum more solito congregato, dantibus et soluentibus de denariis
483
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ („gabelotus nuncii et ambaxiatores domine Jele relicte vayuode

Sandagl”) ʁɟ 9. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1438. ɭ ɢɦɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɟ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ ȳɟɥɟɧɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ
ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ 3.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɭ ɤɨɦɭɧɭ45. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1439.
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ (ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɛɟɡ ɨɡɧɚɤɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ) ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɥɛɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ46. ɍ ɮɟɛ-
ɪɭɚɪɭ 1439. ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɢɲɚɨ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ, ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɫɚ ȼɭɤɦɚɧɨɦ
ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ47.
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜ ɞɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1440. ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ
ɫɟ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɢɦ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢ ɭɫɬɭɩɢ ɝɚɥɢʁɚ
ɢɥɢ ɝɚɥɟɨɬ, ɨɞɛɢɥɟ48. ɉɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ
ɦɭ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɨ 380 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɩɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɡɚɤɭɩɚ,
ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦɭ 120 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɞɚɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɪɨɤɚ49. Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɢɨ
comunis Ragusii vigore libertatis sibi date a consilio rogatorum ut ipsa patet in libro refor-
matiorum dicti consilii rogatorum die ... presentis mensis nouembris, pro solutione prodis
ducatos sex mille quos dictus voiuoda habet in nostro comuni ad prode de quinque pro
cento et voluit, secundum eius ordinationem post eius mortem dari prefate domine Jele,
ducatos auri trecentos pro integra solutione dicti prodis anni unius finiti die secondo mensis
augusti proxime preteriti MoCCCCoXXXV. Pro quorum ducatorum CCCorum auri
perceptorum predicti Grupchus et Pribissauus fecerunt plenariam finem dicto nomine remi-
ssionem, quietationem, liberationem etc. prefato domino Rectore et suo minori consilio de
amplius illos non petendo.” DAD, Div. Not. XX, 108 (22. XI 1435).
45
ɍɡ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ Ɋɚɞɚɱ Ɋɚʁɤɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɦɢɫɢʁɢ. DAD, Div. Not. XXII, 96'
(9. IX 1438). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 40, 47.
46
„Prima pars est de dando libertatem domino Rectori et suo minori consilio possen-
di facere excusare super peticione facta per Grupchum nuntium vayuode Stipani de Paucho
filio Michoz Slobradouich prout ipsi domino Rectori et suo consilio videbiter.” DAD,
Cons. Rog. VII, 8 (8. I 1439).
47
Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɢ ɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪɭ ɡɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ ɤɭɩɢɬɢ ɞɜɚ ɤɨɦɚɞɚ ɱɨɯɟ ɤɪɟɦɟɡɢɧɚ ɭɤɪɚ-
ɲɟɧɚ ɡɥɚɬɨɦ ɡɚ 1.080 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. ɍ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɨɞ 19. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɦʁɟɫɟɱɧɢ
ɢɡɧɨɫ ɩɥɚɬɟ ɤɨʁɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɞɚʁɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɭ ɡɚ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1438, ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ. Ʌ. ɋɬʁɟɩɱɟɜɢʄ ɢ Ɋ. Ʉɨɜɢʁɚɧɢʄ, ɏɪɚɧɢʄɢ – Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ,
ɂɑ 5 (19541955) 318319; Ɇ. Ɂɥɨɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɚ ɠɭɩɚ Ⱦɪɚɱɟɜɢɰɚ, Ȼɨɤɚ 1, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ-
ɇɨɜɢ 1969, 64, 71.
48
ȼɢʁɟʄɟ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɨ „excusandi se Grupcho nuntio et ambaxiatori
voyvode Stipani pro galea aut galeotto nos requisitis”. DAD, Cons. Rog. VII, 117' (2. II
1440). ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ, 42, ɧɚɩ. 5.
49
„Grupchus nuntius et ambaxiator voyuode Stipani ut constat pro litteras credenti-
ales dominio nostro scriptis, que littere cum expeditoria infrascripte confessionis et solutio-
nis remanserunt penes Nicolam de Stella, nomine et vice dicti voyuode Stipani confessus
fuit habuisse et recepisse a ser Nicola Jo. de Poza honor Rectore comunis Ragusii et suo
minori consilio dantibus et soluentibus de denariis et nomine et vice comunis Ragusii, vigo-
re libertatis sibi tradite a consilio rogatorum, de qua patet in libro rogatorum consilii sub
[50v] die XII presentis pro resto et integra solutione gabelle Narenti finitis die ultimo martii
1440, ducatos auri quingentos. De quibus scomputati fuerunt ducatorum ducati centum et
viginti pro solutione et grossos nouem ante terminum. Ex quo residium quod nunc recepit
484
ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ, ɭɫɩɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɬ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɦɭ ʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɨ

ɜɢʁɟʄɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɜɨɡ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɥɚɻɢ ɞɨ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ50. ɉɨɬɜɪɞɚ
ɨɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ʁɟ ɦʁɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȼɢʁɟʄɚ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ51.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ȼɥɚɬɤɨɦ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄɟɦ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɬɩɭɬɨɜɚɨ ɭ
ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ʂɟɬɚ 1440. ɜɨɞɢɨ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ
Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɨɞɛɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɦɭ
ɩɪɟɞɚʁɭ Ʉɨɬɨɪ ɢ ɩɪɭɠɟ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɛɚɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ Ɍɚɥɨɜɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɟʄɚɥɟ
ɞɚ ʄɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɬɢ ɤɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ52. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ 1441.
Ƚɪɭɩɤɭ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ, ɨɩɟɬ ʁɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɨɡ ɧɚ
ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɥɚɻɢ ɞɨ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɥɚɝɭɧɚɦɚ53. Ɍɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɢ ɢɡɥɨɠɢɨ
ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɟɬ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ54. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ, ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɭ
ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1441. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɛɢɨ ɭ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɟ ɤɨɧɚɜɨɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɯɨɬɤɚ55.
ɉɪɢ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɭ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚɦɚ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɜʁɟɪɚɧ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1442. ɛɨɪɚɜɟʄɢ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɫɥɭɝɟ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɨɧɢ ɨɞɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɦɢɪɭ ɫɚ Ʉɨɫɚɱɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ɢ
ipse Gruppus [?] fuit ducatos trecentos et LXXVIIII et grossos XXXIII÷ [33,5]. Faciens
proinde ipse Grupchus nomine quo supra finem remissionem etc. Liberans et absoluens etc.
Promittens etc. Renuntiantes etc. [51].” DAD, Div. Not. XXIV, 50–51 (26. IV 1440).
50
„Prima pars est de consentiendo barcham unam expensis nostri comunis Grupcho
nuntio vayuode Stipan pro portando ipsum Venetiarum et de Venetiarum Ragusium.” DAD,
Cons. Maius VI, 40'. (7. VII 1440)
51
„Prima pars est quia barcha que alias data fuit et concessa Grupcho nuntio
voyuode Stipani nomine ipsius voyuode pro conducendo ipsum Gruppum Venetiarum et
postea retenta sequi debeat suum viagium Venetiarum cum ipso Grupcho et comite
Vlacho.” DAD, Cons. Rog. VII, 182' (8. VIII 1440).
52
ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɟʁɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ
ɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɚʁɭ ɫɜɢ ɛʁɟɝɭɧɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ. A. Babiü, Diplo-
matska služba, 86–87.
53
„Prima pars est de dando dicto Grupcho pro paregio predicto unam barcham ad
sex remos que portare debeat ipsum Venetias et a Venetiis huc.” DAD, Cons. Maius VI,
119 (4. VII 1441).
54
Ɂɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ʃɢɦ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ȼɥɚɬɤɨ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄ. A. Babiü, Diplo-
matska služba, 90.
55
„Grupchus nuntius voyuode Stipani ut apparet per eius voyuode litteras penes
Nicolam de Stella cancellarium ydiomatis sclaui existente, confessus et manifestus fuit
nomine prefati voyuode realiter habuisse et recepisse a nobili et sapiente viro ser Andrea de
Babalio honor Rectore comunis Ragusii dante et soluente de denariis comunis vigore liber-
tatis consilii rogatorum sibi date die XVIIIIo presentis mensis augusti yperperos quingentos
pro integra solutione tributi Canalis pro anno presenti finito die tercio presente mensis, quo
fuit festum sancti Stephani.” DAD, Div. Not. XXV, 98 (22. VIII 1441).
485
ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɚɤɨ ɞɨ ɦɢɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɻɟ56. ɂɩɚɤ, ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɟ ɜɪɚ-

ɬɢɨ ɭ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɜɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ, ɤɨʁɢ, ɨɱɢɬɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɡɧɚɨ ɡɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɢɡɞɚʁɭ. ɑɚɤ ɝɚ
ʁɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɚɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɂɜɚɧɢɲɭ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄɭ
ɧɟ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɚɡɢɥ57. ɇɨɜɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɚ ɧɟɜʁɟɪɚ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ 1442.
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɲɚɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ
ɨɬɤɪɢɨ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɨɞ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ Ʉɨɫɚ-
ɱɟ ɫ Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɦ58. ɉɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɚ ɋɢʃɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɬɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɜɟɥɢ
ɞɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɨɝ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ, ʁɟɪ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɨ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ59. ɍ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1443. ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ
ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɒɨɥɬɢ ɢ
ɨɩʂɚɱɤɚɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɇɚɬɚɥɢɧɚ ɉɟɬɪɢʁɚ, ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɥɚɻɟ60.
ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɩɚɭɡɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ 1443. ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ
„Grupco gabellotto Stiepani vaiuode”61. ɍ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɢ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ62.
56
ɂ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɢɧɚɱɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɜ ɪɨɻɚɤ, ɂɜɚɧɢɲ Ɉɫɬɨʁɢʄ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɨ
ʁɟ ɫɥɢɱɧɭ ɢɡɞɚʁɭ. ɑɭɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɬɨ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ, ɩɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ
ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɚɬ ɩɨɧɚɨɫɨɛ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ, 59–60 ; M. Šunjiü, Venecija i Bosna, 212.
57
ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚɡɧɚɨ ɡɚ ɂɜɚɧɢɲɟɜɨ ɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɤɨ
Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɩɨɬɤɪɢʁɟɩɢɨ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɂɜɚ-
ɧɢɲ ɭɡɟɨ ɧɟɤɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɨɞɛɢɥɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ, 60.
58
ȼɢʁɟʄɟ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ ʁɟ 2. ʁɭɧɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɨ „restituendi Gruppo (!) ambaxiatori voy-
vode Stipani ituro Venecias comissionem suam et litteras domini sui directivas ducali
dominio Venetiarum nobis ostensas et lectos in presenti consilio ut iste Grupchus celeriter
ire et sequi possit viagium suum Venetios”. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ, 60–61, ɧɚɩ. 92.
59
Ɇɥɟɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɱɚɤ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɤ-
ɰɢʁɟ ɲɬɨ ɧɟʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨɦ Ɇɚɥɨɦ ɜɢʁɟʄɭ
ɩɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɨʁ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢ ɭɨɱɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɞɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ, 62.
60
ɍɡ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɫɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɟ „Johannes Vlacovic” ɢ „Lathco Roclavich”.
ɇɚɬɚɥɢɧ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭɯɜɚɬɢɨ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɭɦʃɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɞɭ ɚɪɚɝɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɪɚʂɭ. Ɂɚɬɢɦ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɞɜɟɨ
ɬɪɨɝɢɪɫɤɨɦ ɤɧɟɡɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨ ɜɢɞʁɟɜɲɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɟ. Ɋɚɡɨɱɚɪɚɧ ɬɢɦɟ,
ɇɚɬɚɥɢɧ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɩʂɚɱɤɚɨ. Ⱦɨɲɚɜɲɢ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɠɚɥɢɥɢ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɋɢʃɨ-
ɪɢʁɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɩʂɚɱɤɚɧɨ ɜɪɚɬɢ. M. Šunjiü, Venecija i
Bosna, 217218.
61
„Ad instantiam Martini Richi speciarii Johannes Vitigh riuerius comunis retulit se
de mandato domini Rectoris ser Martoli de Binçola presentasse Grupco gabellotto Stiepani
vaiuode unam taciam argenti pro pignore et signo iperperis triginta octo et grossorum
decem. Et eidem Grupco precepisse ut ipse infra octo dies proxime futuros debeat dictam
taciam exegisse, aio quam ipsa vendetur ad publicum incantuum secundum consuetudinem
ciuitatis Ragusii.” DAD, Div. Canc. LVIII, 276 (1. VII 1443).
62
„Cum Stipan vaiuoda ordinasset unam certam gabellam supra bestias, videlicet,
quod qualibet vaca vel bos soluent pro dacio grossos sexdecim et pro quolibet castrone
grossos quatuor. Ser Franciscus de Benessa constituit se plegium pro Radouano Vermlianin et
Vlatco Cuçou pro yperperos quinquaginta. Et dicti Radouano et Vlatcus dederunt unam
486
Ɂɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢɧɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɦ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɨɦ Ɍɨɦɚ-

ɲɨɦ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧ ɞɚ ɩɭɬɭʁɟ ɭ Ⱥɩɭɥɢʁɭ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɻɟ ɫɚ-
ɜɟɡɧɢɤɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɚɦɧɢɰɢ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɻɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɞɨ Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ63. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɦɚɪ-
ɬɚ 1444. ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɡɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɭ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ64. ɂɫɬɟ
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭ „Grupchus factor vayuode Steffani” ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɚ ɨɞɲɬɟɬɭ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɭ ɭ
ɇɨɜɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ65. ɍ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɭ 1445. ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ
ɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɡɟ ɢɡ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɞɨ 100 ɫɬɚɪɢ ɩɲɟɧɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ʁɭɥɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɨɡɟ ɠɢɬɨ66. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ 1445.
ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɢɨ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɢɦɢɥɨ ɤɚɦɚɬɟ
ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ67.
ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɢɯ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɢɯ ɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ʁɭɧɚ ɞɨ
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1445. ɤɚɨ ɱɥɚɧ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ
ɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ. ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ
ɦɢɫɢʁɢ (ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ) ɛɢɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɩɭɬ ɢ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ
ɧɚ ɥɚɝɭɧɚɦɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɲɥɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚ, ɬɟ
ɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ, ɚ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ68. Ʉɚɞɚ
peciam panni blaui Grupco gabellotto dicti vaiuode presenti et acceptanti et confitenti eum
quod dicta gabella nouiter imposita cum hoc pacto, videlicet, quod si dicta gabella non
habebit durationem quod ipsa plegiaria cassari debeat et sit nullius valoris, et teneater ipse
Grupcus teneatur restituere ipsam peciam panni dictis Radouano et Vlatco. Si vero ipsa
gabella durabit et stabit firma, ipsi Radouanus et Vlatcus per aptai se obligauerunt ipsi ser
Francisco de Benessa dare et soluere ad eis voluntatem dictos yperperos quinquaginta pro
quibus ipse ser Franciscus constituit se plegium.” DAD, Div. Canc. LVIII, 110' (6. XI 1443).
63
Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɩɪɟɜɨɡ ɡɚ
Ⱥɩɭɥɢʁɭ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɞɛɢɥɟ. P. ûoškoviü, Bosanska Kraljevina u
prijelomnim godinama 144–1446, Banja Luka 1998, 87.
64
DAD, Cons. Rog. IX, 25 (4. III 1444). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 55.
65
ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɨɜɟ ɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɡɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɤɚ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɠɢɝɨɫɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ. DAD, Div. Not. XXVII, 178 (12. IX 1444); E.
Kurtoviü, Konj u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni, 133, 308.
66
Ⱦ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢʄ, ɉɪɨɦɟɬ ɠɢɬɚɪɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɡɚɥɟɻɚ ɭ
ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ƚɨɞɢɲʃɚɤ ɎɎ ɭ ɇɨɜɨɦ ɋɚɞɭ XII–1 (1969) 85.
67
ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɭ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢɧ ɧɨɜɚɰ
ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ. DAD, Div. Not. XXIX, 97' (6. VI 1445). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧ-
ɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 55.
68
ɇɚ ɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ȼɢʁɟʄɚ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ ɨɞ 21. ʁɭɥɚ 1445. ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɛɚɪɤɚ
„pro Venetiis et Apulea” ɡɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ. Ɉɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɞɚɧ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ ɭ ɋɨɤɨɥɭ. A. Babiü, Diplomatska služba, 87; Ȼ. ɏɪɚɛɚɤ, ȳɚɞɪɚɧ ɭ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɢɦɚ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ ɏɪɚɧɢʄɚ ɢ ɋɬɟɩɚɧɚ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ Ʉɨɫɚ-
ɱɟ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ: ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɡɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ. Ʉɨɫɚɱɟ – ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɢɥɟʄɚ–
Ƚɚɰɤɨ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2002, 420; ȼɟʄ ɫɭɬɪɚɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨ: „Grupchus ambaxiator
voyuode Stipani ut patet per litteras credentiales et expeditorias que apud Nicolam de Stella
487
ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɨ ɫɚ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɢɦ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɟɦ, ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ,

ɬɟ ʁɟ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ 23. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ69. Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɡ
ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɤɚɨ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɰɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ
ɧɟʄɚɤ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ɉɟɬɢɧɚɰ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɚɜ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɢʄ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜ ɫɢɧ70.
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1446. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɛɢɨ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɚ
ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɨ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢ-
ɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ71. Ⱥɩɪɢɥɚ ɢ ɫɟɩɬɟɦ-
ɛɪɚ 1446. ɞɨɥɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨ-
ɜɚɰ72. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɢɡɦɢɪɟʃɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɫɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɦ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɦ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ 1446. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ
ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɫɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɦ ȭɭɪɻɟɦ, ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɢɲɚɨ
cancellarium in ydiomate sclauo remanserunt, confessus fuit habuisse et recepisse a domino

Rectore ser Jacobo de Georgio et suo minori consilio presentibus et ibi dantibus et soluenti-
bus, vigore libertatis superinde attribute a consilio rogatorum die heri de denariis et vice et
nomine comunis Ragusii pro tributo Canalis anni unius finituri die secondo augusti proxime
futuros yperperos quingentos.” DAD, Div. Not. XXIX, 124 (22. VII 1445).
69
Ɂɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɟ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɬɟɤ 19. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɭ
ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ȼɢʁɟʄɚ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ. Ⱦɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧ, ɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɧɚɤɨɧ ʁɨɲ
ɞɜɚ ɞɚɧɚ. ɉɨɬɨɦ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɭɪɭɱɟɧ, ɬɟ ɫɭ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɤɭʄɢ. ɉɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɨ
ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɭɡ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ʁɨɲ ɢ ȼɥɚɬɤɨ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄ, ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡ ȭɭɪɚɻ ɢ ɧɟɤɢ ɂɜɚɧ. ɉɪɜɚ
ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɩɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ Ⱥ. Ȼɚɛɢʄɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɚ ɥɢɰɚ – ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɞɜɨ-
ʁɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɞɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɭ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɟɥɟ. A. Babiü, Diplomatska
služba, 87–88 ; M. Šunjiü, Venecija i Bosna, 240241.
70
„Bositchus Radogstich de Zoncheto coram domino Rectore ser Marino Mi. de Re-
stis fecit lamentum supra Zuietchum Dragoslauich, Ugrin Radisich cum sociis suis quos
non cognoscit, dicens quod furati fuerunt peccudes tres. Et hoc fuit in Zarina. [Testes:] Pe-
tinaç nepos Grupchi gabelloto, Pribissauus Grupchouich, Millath Nemagnich, Vucossauus
Bogoeuich, Giurchus Branchouich.” DAD, Lam. de foris, XIX, 278' (21. XI 1445).
71
Ɂɧɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɢʁɟʄɟ ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ 12. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1446. ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥɨ
ɛɚɪɤɭ ɡɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜ ɩɪɟɜɨɡ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ. P. ûoškoviü, Prijelomne godine, 93–94.
72
ɉɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɫɚ ȼɭɤɦɚɧɨɦ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄɟɦ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɫɚɦ. „Grupchus am-
baxiator voyuode Stipani ut patet per litteras credentiales et expeditorias que apud Nicolam
Stella cancellarium in ydiomate sclauo remanserunt, confessus fuit habuisse et recepisse a
domino Rectore ser Marino Junii de Georgio et suo minori consilio presentibus et ibi
dantibus et soluentibus, vigore libertatis superinde tradite in consilio rogatorum et scripte in
libro rogatorum die secondo septembris presenti, pro tributo Canalis anni unius finituri die
secondo augusti proxime preteriti yperperos quingentos. Item in alia manu ducatos auri
trecentos pro prode ducatos auri VIM existenti in comune ad rationem quinque pro
centenario anni preteriti. Qua propter dictus ambaxiator nomine et vice dicti voyuode fecit
et facit finem remissionem, quietationem absolutionem et pactum de ulterius non petendo
dicto domino Rectore et suo consilio.” DAD, Div. Not. XXX, 107 (15. IX 1446). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨ-
ɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 56.
488
ʁɟ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɞɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɛɚɥɢɫɬɚɪɟ, ɚɥɢ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ73.

ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɞɭɠɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɡɢ-
ɦɟ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1448. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɩɢɫɢɦɚ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ: „Grupchum Popouich gabellotum vaiuode Stiepani”74.
ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ Ʉɨ-
ɫɚɱɚ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɝɪɚ-
ɻɟɧ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɩɪɢ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɨɬɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1449. Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ
ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɞɜɨɪɚɧɢɧ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ75. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1449.
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ, ɫɚ ɛɪɚʄɨɦ ȼɭɤɰɟɦ ɢ Ɋɚɞɢɲɨɦ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɞ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱ-
ɤɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɡɛɨɝ ɩʂɚɱɤɟ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɫɬɨɤɟ76. Ɉɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ
ɥɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ „ɧɚɲɟɦ” Ƚɪɭɩɤɭ, ɢɥɢ ɨ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨʁ ɨɫɨɛɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɫɚ
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɨɦ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɦɟ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ
ɫɚɞɚ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɨ, ɢɡɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɨɩɰɢʁɚ.
Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɬɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1450. ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤɭ, ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ
ɧɨɜɚɰ ɡɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ77. ȵɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚ ȼɢʁɟʄɚ
ɭɦɨʂɟɧɢɯ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ78. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɝɪɚɻɢ, Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɭ ɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɨɛɚɜɢɨ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ
ɦɚɪɬɚ 1451. ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢ-
ɥɢɤɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɞɢɨ Ʉɨɫɚɱɢɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɨ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɢɦ
ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ 300 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɟɜɨɝ
ɧɨɜɰɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ, ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢ-
ɰɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚɝɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɥɨɧɢɦɚ79.
73
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɬɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɥɢ ɨɞ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɻɭ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɨɛɭɡɞɚʁɭ, ɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɛɢ-
ɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɪɚɠɟʃɭ ɛɚɥɢɫɬɚɪɚ. ɋ. ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝ, 95.
74
DAD, Div. Canc. LXI, 241 (16. X 1448).
75
„Et hoc in presentia Grubchi curialis cherzechi Stiepani.” DAD, Div. Not.
XXXIV, 72' (29. IV 1449).
76
DAD, Lam. de For. XXII, 269 (3. XI 1449).
77
„Grupchus ambaxiator de chercech Stiepano prout apparet literas dicti chercech
penes Nicolam de Stella cancellarium in ydiomate sclabo existentis, confessus fuit se habui-
sse et recepisse a domino Rectore ser Zupano de Bona et eius minori consilio dantis et solu-
entis nomine comunis Ragusii et vigore libertatis consilii rogatorum capte die [ostavljen
prazan prostor] presentis mensis ducatos auri trecentos pro integra solutione prodis ducato-
rum VIM quos dictus chercech habet in comune Ragusii ad prode de V pro C, videlicet, pro
uno anno finito die tercio februarii presentis de 1450.” DAD, Deb. Not. pro Comuni, I, 5'
(26. II 1450). ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 57–58.
78
„Prima pars est de consentiendo Grupcho quod possit emere pro filio de chercech
et pro Radino gost et pro Radoan Vardich ea que scripserunt Grupcho lecta in presenti
consilio.” DAD, Cons. Rog. XI, 264' (17. XI 1450).
79
Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ ɦɚɪɬɚ: „Prima pars est de donando
Iuano Vlachouich, Radiuoy Siglize et Grupcho ambassiatoribus chercech Stiepani et filio-
489
ɋɜɟ ɞɨɫɚɞ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ

ɨɤɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɢɱɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ Ƚɪɭɩɤɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ
ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɍɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ, ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɡ ɢɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨɫɬ,
ɚ ɫɜɚɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ Ȼɪɚɢɥɨ Ɍɟɡɚɥɨɜɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧ ɢ ɤɚɨ Ɇɢɤɨʁɟɜɢʄ (ɩɨ ɨɰɭ Ɇɢɤɨʁɭ Ɋɚɞɚɧɨɜɢʄɭ) ɢ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜ
ȼɭɤɨɬɢʄ, ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɧ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɐɪɟɩɨɜɢʄ (ɮɨɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ).
ɋɢɦɩɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɛɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɦ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚɦɚ,
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨ ɛɢɨ. ȵɟɝɨɜɟ ɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɛɟɡ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɝɚ ɞɨɜɨɞɟ ɭ ɪɟɞ ɡɧɚ-
ɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ
ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄɚ80 ɜɢɲɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢ-
ʁɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɧɢɤ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɚɧɞɚʂɚ.
ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨʄɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ Ɋɚɞɢɱ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ
ʁɚɜʂɚ 6. ʁɭɧɚ 1443. ɭ ɪɚɡɪɢʁɟɲɧɢɰɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɢɤɚ ɉɚɜɤɚ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨ
ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɭ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɢɨ ɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ81. ɍ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨʁ
ɫɥɭɠɛɢ Ʉɨɫɚɱɚ ɛɢʂɟɠɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɦ ɦɢɫɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɢʂɟɠɢɥɟ ɧɚ-
ɪɟɞɧɟ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ. Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɭ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ
ɫɪɨɞɫɬɜɭ ɫɚ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɦ ɛɢɨ ɢ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ
ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1461. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ
300 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɭɥɨɠɟɧɢ ɧɨɜɚɰ82. ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɢ
ɡɚ Ƚɪɝɭɪɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ
1462. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ83.
rum de chercech.” DAD, Cons. Maius IX, 178' (3. III 1451). „Prima pars est de donando
Iuano Vlachouich yperperos quinquaginta, Radiuoy Siglize yperperos quadraginta et
Grupcho yperperos treginta in pannis.” DAD, Cons. Maius IX, 178' (3. III 1451); „Iuan
Vlacouich, Radiuoy Sigliza et Grupchus ambassiatores chercech Stiepani ... confessi fuer-
unt habuisse et recepisse ... ducatos auri trecentos integra solucione prodis ducatorum sex
millium quos dictus chercech habet in comune nostro Ragusii ad prode de quinque pro cen-
tenario, videlicet, pro uno anno finito die III februarii proxime preteriti de 1451.” DAD,
Deb. Not. pro Comuni I, 10' (5. III 1451); A. Babiü, Diplomatska služba, 90; ɋ. Ɋɭɞɢʄ,
ȼɥɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɢɥɢɪɫɤɨɝ ɝɪɛɨɜɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2006, 130.
80
Ʉɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬ ɉɪɢɛɢɫɥɚɜɚ ɉɨɯɜɚɥɢʄɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɚɞɭ A. Smi-
ljaniüa, Poþteni vitez Pribislav Pohvaliü, Viteška kultura 3 (2014) 75–96.
81
Ʉɚɤɨ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ i tai listý údahý po Radi~ú Grúpkovikõ da
ga da va{émÚ gospo(d)stvÚ... Ɇ. ɉɭɰɢʄ, ɋɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1862, 103104; ȴ.
ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ I–2, 58.
82
ɍ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɟɧ ɤɚɨ „Pribissauus diach”. Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢ
ɬɪɢɛɭɬɢ, Ƚɥɚɫ ɋɄȺ CLXVIII (1935) 241; ȿ. Ʉɭɪɬɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɯɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɛɚɧɤɚɪɫɬɜɚ, 61.
83
E. Kurtoviü, Sandalj, 385; Ɍɨɦɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɨɝ ɢɞɟ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟ-
ɤɚɞ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭɡ Ƚɪɭɩɤɨɜɨ ɢɦɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɨʁɢɰɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧɚ.
490
Arandjel Smiljaniü
Banja Luka University, Faculty of Philosophy
GRUPKO DOBRICEVIC = GRUPKO POPOVIC, YES OR NO?
Summary
Although differently referred to in historical sources (name and title-wise),

the diplomat Kosaca Grupko Dobricevic is the same person as Grupko Popovic. He
first time appeared as a scribe in a suit at the beginning of 1412. At the end of the
same year he spent some time in Venice taking part in peace negotiations between
the Republic of Venice and the ruler of Zeta Balsa III. In the next few years he per-
formed confidential tasks for duke Sandalj, and soon after that, in 1420, he was
referred to as a clerk – auditor of the ruler's treasury. In the spring of 1424 he was
first referred to as the duke's Sandalj's customs officer. During that decade he usu-
ally came to Dubrovnik performing lending and trade tasks for his ruler (withdraw-
al of money as income and invested money in the then community).
After Sandalj's death he was transferred to the service of his heir, duke
Stjepan for whom he performed a number of important missions in Venice, among
which stand out those in 1436, 1441 and 1445. At that, he would not always be
loyal enough, as on two times already, in 1442, he offered his services against
Kosaca, first to the Signoria and then to the people of Dubrovnik. Luckily, the
duke Stjepan never learned about that, and he even awarded him for his service of
many years. In the spring of 1449 Grupko was referred to in an office record as an
attendant at a court of Herceg Stjepan.
After that he carried out a number of pecuniary tasks for the herceg (duke) in
Dubrovnik, where he last time appeared in March 1451. Due to everything that he
did, Grupko Dobricevic (Popovic) may be considered as one of the most important
diplomats of district rulers of the Medieval Bosnia. Besides Pribislav Pohvalic, he
certainly was Duke Sandalj's most important diplomat. Unlike Pohvalic, Grupko
was of great help to Duke Stjepan too, so his activity in that regard may be com-
pared to his other diplomats, like Rade's guest, Vukman Jugovic or Pribislav
Vukotic. There is a possibility that Radic Grupkovic was his son, who stood out in
the diplomat's service of Herzeg Stjepan and his son Vlatko. The same possibility
exists for the less known Grgur and Pribislav Popovic who are recorded in Herzeg
Stjepan's diplomat's service in the first half of the seventh decade of XV century.
491
492
Ʉɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɢɡ 1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɍȾɄ 912.528.4(497.15)"1689" DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15027

ɄȺɊɌȺ ȻɈɋɇȿ ȭȺɄɈɆȺ ɄȺɇɌȿɅɂȳȺ ɂɁ 1689. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ
Ⱦɪ Ƚɨɪɞɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Il Regno della Bossina ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɨɞ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ ɢɡ

1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ
ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ. Oɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɫɬɚ-
ɤɚɨ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɩɨɞɚɰɢ – ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɟɞɢ-
ɲɬɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɜɟɞɭɬɚɦɚ
Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɟ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɬɜɪ-
ɻɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ. ɍ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɤɚɪɬɟ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ Ʉɥɚɭ-
ɞɢʁɚ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ. Ɍɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ, ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɠɟɧ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ
ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɧɚ ȭɚɧɮɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞ
Ʉʂɭɱ ɧɚ ɋɚɧɢ, ɤɨʁɢ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɭɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɧɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ȳɚʁɰɭ ɢ ɢɡ-
ɜɚɧ Ȼɨɫɧɟ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: Ȼɨɫɧɚ, ɤɚɪɬɟ, ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ, Ʉɥɚɭɞɢɨ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ,
ȭɚɧɮɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɨ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ, ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ.
ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɚ (Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola), ɩɪɨɫ-

ɥɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮ XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɪɨɻɟɧ ʁɟ 1643. ɭ
Ɇɨɧɬɨɪɫɟɥɭ (Montorsello) ɤɨɞ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ (ɤɪɲɬɟɧ 22. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ), ɚ ɭɦɪɨ ʁɟ
30. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1695. ɭ Ɇɨɞɟɧɢ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ ɭ
Ȼɨɥɨʃɢ 1663–1669, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɦɚɪɤɢɡɚ Ɉɛɢɰɢ ɢɡ Ɏɟɪɚɪɟ; ɩɨɬɨɦ
ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɭ. ɍ ɩɪɚɬ-
ʃɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɝ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɡɧɚ ɩɨɡ-
ɧɚɬɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɟ: ɋɚɧɫɨɧɚ (Guillaume Sanson), Ⱦɢɜɚɥɚ (Jacq-
ues-Andre Du Val) ɢ Ȼɨɞɪɚɧɞɚ (Michel-Antoin Baudrand), ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɤɚɫ-
ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɭ. ɇɚɩɪɟɞɧɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪɚɞɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɨɝɪɚɮa, ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɫɨɛɟɧ ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜ ɧɚ-
ɱɢɧ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ. ɉɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɭ Ȼɨɥɨʃɭ, ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɝɪɨɮɚ Ɋɢ-
ɧɢʁɟɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɪɟɫɤɨɬɢja, ɫɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɭɬɨɜɚɨ ɩɨ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɢ. Oɤɨ 1675.
ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɢ ɩɥɨɞɧɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɚ ɫɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɦ
ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɟɦ ɢɡ Ɋɢɦɚ, ȭɨɜɚɧɢjɟɦ ȭɚɤɨɦɨɦ ɞɟ Ɋɨɫɢʁɟɦ (Giovanni Giacomo
de Rossi). Ɉɜɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɭʄɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɭ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɭ ɤɚɪɬɭ 1672.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (ɋɜɟɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ, ɉɟɪɫɢʁɚ ɢ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ). Ɉɞ 1680. ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɚ Ⱦɟ Ɋɨɫɢ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɛʁɚ-
493
Ƚɨɪɞɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ
ɜʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɚɬɥɚɫɚ Mercurio Geografico, ɫɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɚ-

ɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɜɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɞɟɥɨɜɟ ɫɜɟɬɚ. Ȼɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɚɩɢɪɭ ɜɢɫɨɤɨɝ
ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ, ɫɚ ɢɡɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɛɚɪɨɤɧɢɦ ɞɟɬɚʂɢɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚɦɚ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɭɲɢ.
Ⱥɬɥɚɫ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ Ɋɢɦɭ ɭ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɤɭʄɢ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ⱦɟ Ɋɨɫɢ 1692. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ.
ɉɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɦ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɭ, ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɢɦ
ɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɢɦɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɫ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɬɜɨɪɰɟɦ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ
ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɛɚɤɪɨɪɟɡɧɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ. ɍɛɪɡɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɭ ɫɥɚɜɭ, ɬɟ ɫɭ ɦɭ ɢ ɩɚɩɚ ɂɧɨʄɟɧɬɢʁɟ XI ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɨ II ɞ’ȿɫɬɟ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ
ɨɞ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ, ɩɨɧɭɞɢɥɢ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɨ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɜɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɭ ɨɞ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1685. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ ɢ
ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚɪ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ II. ɍ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɨɞ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ ɢɡɪɚ-
ɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɝɥɨɛɭɫɚ. ɍɦɪɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ɇɨɞɟɧɢ 1695.
ɝɨɞɢɧe.1 Ɉɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ
ɜɪɟɞɧɟ, ɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɫɟ ɭɛɪɚʁɚʁɭ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ
ɞɟɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɚɬɥɚɫɭ Mercurio Geografi-
co (Ɋɢɦ, 1692). Ɉɩɲɬɢɧɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɚ ɩɨɫɟɞɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɡɛɢɪɤɭ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟ-
ɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɪɨʁɢ 93 (Fondo cartografico Giacomo Cantelli).2
Ʉɚɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ, ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɢ ɥɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟʃɚ
ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɭɬɢɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɭɬ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɢɦɚ. Ɂɚɫ-
ɧɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɚɱɧɢʁɢɦ ɦɟɪɟʃɢɦɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɫɬɪɨɧɨɦɚ ɢ ɦɚɬɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɚɪɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɩɭʃɟɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɫɚ ɬɟ-
ɪɟɧɚ ɢ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɭɨɛɥɢɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɪɚɞɢɨɧɢɰɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚ-
ɮɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɡɧɚɱɚʁ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɦɟ-
ɪɢɬɢ ɭ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɞɨɛɚ. ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɨɮɚɧ-
ɡɢɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ 1683. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ
Ȼɟɱɚ, ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɭɫɦɟɪɢ ɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ ɢ ɩɨɞɭ-
ɧɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (1683) ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɤɚɪɬɭ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ
ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɚ 1684. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɞɪɭɠɟɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ, ɉɨʂɫɤɟ ɢ
Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ (ɋɜɟɬɚ ɥɢɝɚ) ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɨʁɢɲɬɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɥɟ Ɍɭɪɤɟ, ɨɛ-
ʁɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ: ɧɚɞɜɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ, ɬɨɤɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ ɨɞ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨ ɐɪɧɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ, ɂɫɬɪɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɫɚ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɪɬɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɭ ɰɟɥɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɋɜɟ ɞɨ 1690. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɻɢɜɚɨ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢ-
1
Roberto Almagià, Cantelli, Giacomo, Enciclopedia Italiana, 1930, http://www.tre-
ccani.it/enciclopedia/giacomo-cantelli_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/
2
Giacomo Cantelli Geografo del Serenissimo, Catalogo Mostra Vignola 1995–1996, a
cura di Bonazzi Alessandra, Bologna 1995 (ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɢɡɥɨɠɛɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ 1995/ ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1996,
ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ 300 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɦɪɬɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɚ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ). http://www.auris.it/archivio-
storico-comunale/sbi/fondi/cantelli_cb.htm.
494
ɜɚɨ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ, ɩɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɪɟɱɢɦɚ, ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɨ

„ɧɚ ɧɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢɦ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ”. ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ, ɩɨɞɟɫɧɢɯ ɡɚ
ɜɨʁɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʁɭ ɭɜɟʄɚɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ
ɪɟɤɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ, ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ, ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɢ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚɦɚ ɢ ʁɟɡɟɪɢɦɚ.3
Ɉɉɂɋ ɄȺɊɌȿ
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ, ɩɪɜɚ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫ-

ɧɟ, ɛɚɤɪɨɪɟɡ ʁɟ, ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁa ɫɚ ɪɭɛɨɦ 486ɯ615 mm, ɞɨɤ ɫɚɦɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɡɚɩɪɟ-
ɦɚ 405ɯ534 mm. ɐɪɬɟɠ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɭɪɟɡɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɛɚɤɚɪɧɭ ɩɥɨɱɭ ɝɪɚɜɟɪ
Ʉɥ. Ȼɨɬɡɨɬ, ɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨʁ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɢ ȭɨɜɚɧɢʁɚ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ ɞɟ
Ɋɨɫɢʁɚ ɭ Ɋɢɦɭ 1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.4 ɇɚɫɥɨɜ ɤɚɪɬɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɞɟɫɧɨɦ ɭɝɥɭ, ɩɨɫ-
ɜɟɬɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɝɨɪɟ, ɚ ɨɛɟ ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɚɪɬɭɲɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɚɦɟ ɤɚɪ-
ɬɟ. ɉɨ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɭ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ
ɫɜɟɬɚ: ɫɟɜɟɪ (Settentrione), ʁɭɝ (Mezzogiorno), ɢɫɬɨɤ (Leuante) ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞ
(Ponente), ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ: 41q–43q, ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɝɟ-
ɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ: 44q–45q. ɋɦɟɲɬɚʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 42q ɢ 44q
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ɢ 44q ɢ 46q ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɫɪɟ-
ʄɟ ɫɟ ɜɟʄ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɇɟɦɚɱɤɟ (ɋɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ), ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɢɨ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ
Ʉɭɡɚɧɭɫ 1439. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ 1491. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.5 Ⱦɨɤ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɞɭ-
ɠɢɧɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞɫɬɪɭɩɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɜɨɝ
ɦɟɪɢɞɢʁɚɧɚ. Ɉɞ 1634. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ Ʌɭʁɚ
XIII, ɩɨɱɟɬɧɢ ɦɟɪɢɞɢʁɚɧ ɭɫɬɚʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɭ Ɏɟɪɨ (Ferro, ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɲɩɚɧɫɤɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ El Hierro, 16q 30c ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ Ƚɪɢɧɢɱɚ), ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ
ɜɟɤɨɜɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɢɨ ɢ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟʁ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɢ.6
Ɉɩɲɢɪɚɧ ɧɚɫɥɨɜ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɭ 8 ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɭɲɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɱɢɧɢ
ɞɟɤɨɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɬɚɥɚɫɚɫɬɚ ɬɪɚɤɚ ɭɤɪɚɲɟɧɚ ɯɪɚɫɬɨɜɢɦ ɥɢɲʄɟɦ:
3
Ɉ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɭ, ɫɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɞɨɦ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɬɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ȭɫɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ ɢɡ 1689 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ XIX (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
1972), 101– 33; Achille Lodovisi, LÒfficina: ma chi di gratia è buono e bastante a questo?*
Giacomo Cantelli geografo del Serenissimo, Bologna 1995 (ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝ ɢɡɥɨɠɛɟ), 37–44.
4
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɚɤ ɤɚɪɬɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɇɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɟ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɟ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɚɧ ɭ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ: Bibliothèque national de
France, Département Cartes et plans, CPL GE DD–2987 (5854) http://gallicalabs.bnf.fr/-
ark:/ 12148/btv1b53011672x/f1.zoom.
5
Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ɋɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɚ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟʁɟɜɟ Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ, Monumenta cartograp-
hica Jugoslaviae II, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1979, 6590, ɫɬɪ. 7275 (ɨ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ Ʉɭɡɚɧɭɫɚ).
6
Mirela Slukan Altiü, Povijesna kartografija, Samobor, 2003, 5760.
495
Il Regno della Bossina

diuiso nelle sue Provincie principali
da Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola
suddito, e Geografo del’ Sereniss(immo) Sig(nore) Duca di Modena et c(etera)
Su l’essemplare delle Carte Migliori, e com la direzione delle
Memorie de piu accreditati Autori.
E dato in luce da Gio(uanni) Giacomo Rossi dalle Sue Stampe in Roma all’
Insegna di Parigi alla Pace con Priui(egio) del S(ummo) P(ontifico) lÀnno 1689.
ɍ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ:
Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ
ɨɞ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨɝ ɨɞ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ
ɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɚ ɉɪɟɫɜɟɬɥɨɝ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɨɞ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ,
ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɢʁɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ.
Ⱦɨɧɟɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɟɬɥɨɫɬ ɞɚɧɚ ȭɨɜɚɧɢ ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ɋɨɫɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɢ ɭ Ɋɢɦɭ ɭ
ɡɧɚɤɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɚ ɧɚ Ɍɪɝɭ ɦɢɪɚ, ɫɚ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɨɦ ȼɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɉɪɜɨɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ (ɩɚɩɟ)
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 1689.
ɂɫɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɞɨʃɟɦ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɭɝɥɭ ɤɚɪɬɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɪ (Scala),

ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɧɚ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟɦ. ɉɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɩɨ-
ɪɟɞɧɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɦɢʂɟ (Miglia italiana), ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɥɟɝɟ (Leghe
d'Vngheria), ɧɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɥɟɝɟ (Leghe d'Alemagna) ɢ ɨɞɦɟɪɟɧ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧ ɯɨɞɚ
(Vn giorno e mezzo di camino). ɉɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɪɚɡɟ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɟ-
ɧɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɢ ɨɞɦɟɪɟɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɢɯ
ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɢɡɪɚɞɢɨ
ɤɚɪɬɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ: ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ, ɭɝɚɪɫɤɢ, ɧɟɦɚɱ-
ɤɢ ɢ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫɚɱɤɢ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɦɟɪɢɥɚ ɞɚɧɨɦ ɯɨɞɚ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɤɚɪɬɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, 1689. ɝɨɞɢ-
ɧɟ, ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɞɭɠɢɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɢ ɩɨ ɞɚɧɚ ɯɨɞɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɞɭɠɢɧɨɦ ɨɞ
30 ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɦɢʂɚ, ɩɟɬ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɲɟɫɬ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɢɯ ɥɟɝɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢ-
ɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɪɧɢɯ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ, ʁɟɞɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ ɦɢʂɚ
ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ 1.856 ɦ, ɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɥɟɝɚ 8.253,6 ɦ ɢ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɥɟɝɚ 7.420 ɦ, ɲɬɨ ɛɢ
ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɚɧ ɯɨɞɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɨ ɨɞ 28 ɞɨ 30 ɤɦ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɧɭɬɚ ɨɤɨ 10 ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɢ 1: 465.000.7 ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɚ.
7
ɀɟʂɤɨ ɒɤɚɥɚɦɟɪɚ, Ʉɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɨɞ XVII
ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1991,
55–170, ɫɬɪ. 66–69 ɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɭ; 67 ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ ɡɚ 13 Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ
(ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ); 70 (ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɥɢɫɬ ɡɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ).
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ɋɥɢɤɚ 1. ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɚ

(ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ, ɨɤɨ 1680)
ɉɈɋȼȿɌȺ ɄȺɊɌȿ ɂ ɄɅȺɍȾɂɈ ɄɈȽɈɊȺɇɂ
ɇɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɪɭɛɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ ɛɚɪɨɤɧɨʁ ɤɚɪ-

ɬɭɲɢ ɨɢɜɢɱɟɧɨʁ ɜɟɧɰɟɦ ɨɞ ɯɪɚɫɬɨɜɨɝ ɥɢɲʄɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɭɧɟɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ
ɩɨɫɜɟɬɭ:
All Ill(ustrissi)mo Sig(nore): P(at)ron(e) Col(endissi)mo Il Sig(no)r Conte
Claudio Cogorani il famosso Claudio Cogorani che per le sue nobili, e mili-
tari prerogatiue fu' inalsato da Ridolfo Secondo al grado cospicuo d' Ingeg-
niere maggiore de Suoi Eserciti in Vngheria ha' suegliato in me la memoria
delle mie antiche obligaz(io)ni verso V(ostra) S(erenita) Ill(ustrissi)ma in
segno della quale mi fo'lecito di dedicarle la p(rese)nte descrizione della
Bossina, nella quale osservando ella forse alcuno di quei Siti oue il d(omin)o
Suo Antenato fece risplendere il suo valore, e la sua fede, le souuenga ancora
che e ' Di V(ostra) S(erenita) Ill(ustrissi)ma Deu(otissi)mo et oblig(atissi)mo
Seru(ito)re Giac(om)o Cantelli
ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɬɟɤɫɬ ɭ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɭ ɝɥɚɫɢ:
Ɇɧɨɝɨɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧɭ: ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɨɦ, ɝɨɫɩɨɞɢɧ
ɝɪɨɮ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢɨ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɫɥɚɜɧɢ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢɨ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ, ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɟɝɨ-
ɜɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɬɢɯ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɜɟɲɬɢɧɚ ɭɡɞɢɝɚɨ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮ Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɞɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ
ɫɬɟɩɟɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ, ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɨ
ʁɟ ɭ ɦɟɧɢ ɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɦɨʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ȼɚɲɨʁ ɩɪɟɫɜɟɬɥɨʁ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɡɧɚɤ ɬɨɝɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɫɚɦ ɞɚ ɜɚɦ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɦ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ
Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʄɟ ɜɚɫ ɦɨɠɞɚ, ɞɨɤ ɝɚ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɟ, ɧɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ,
497
ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɜɚɲ ɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɡɚɛɥɢɫɬɚɨ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɯɪɚɛɪɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɜɟɪɢ, ɩɨɞɫɟ-

ɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ȼɚɲɟ ɩɪɟɫɜɟɬɥɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚʁɨɞɚɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɧɚʁɡɚ-
ɯɜɚɥɧɢʁɢ ɫɥɭɝɚ ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 2.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 2. ɉɨɫɜɟɬɚ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
Ʉɢɬʃɚɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɚ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨ-

ʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɡɚɩɚɠɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɫɚɞɚɲʃɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɨɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɫɟ
ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɨɛɪɚʄɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɭ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɭ II ɞ`ȿɫɬɟ,
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ ɢ Ɋɟɻɚ. ɇɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɤɚɪɬɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɬɭ
ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢ, ɩɨɞɫɟɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟ-
ɪɚ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢʁɚ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɨɲ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ, ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɧɚɥɚ-
ɡɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɫʁɚʁɧɨ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɤɚɨ ɛɨɪɚɰ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɭ, ɡɧɚɱɢ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɜɟɪɧɢɤɚ, Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ. ɉɪɟɞɚɤ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ ɢ Ɋɟɻɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɟɧɨ-
ɜɚɧ, ɧɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɟ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢʁɚ
Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɰɚɪɚ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ II
ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ (1576–1612), ɱɢɦɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɨɤɜɢɪ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ, ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɢ ɞɟɥɨ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢʁɚ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ,
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɟɰɢɦɚ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ II ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɜɟɡɭ ɫ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɢ ɭɝɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɢ, ɧɚʁɡɚɞ, ɨɬɤɪɢɬɢ ɨɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟ-
ɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄ.
498
Ʉɥɚɭɞɢɨ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɢɡ ɉɚɪɦɟ (12. ʁɭɧ 1554. ࡳ 19. ʁɭɧ 1618), ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚɧɬ ɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɨɞ-
ɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɛɟɞɟɦɟ, ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɟ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɟ (Ʌɢɜɨɪɧɨ, Ɋɟɻɨ), ɚ
ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ. Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ʁɟ ɞɜɚ-
ɧɚɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɉɚɪɦɟ ɢ ɉʁɚ-
ɱɟɧɰɟ (1545–1592), ɧɚʁɜɟʄɟɝ ɪɚɬɧɢɤɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɟ XVI ɜɟɤɚ. Ⱥɥɟɤ-
ɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɨ ɫɟ ɭ
Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪ ɭ ɢɦɟ Ɏɢɥɢɩɚ II ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ, ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢɦ
ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ, ɢ ɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ. Ɉɩɫɟɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɨ
ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɟ ɮɥɚɧɞɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞɢɨ ɱɜɪɫɬɭ ɥɢɧɢʁɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ.8 ɍ
Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢʁɢ ʁɟ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɡɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɭ ɪɚɬ-
ɧɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɭ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɭɪɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɫɦɪ-
ɬɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ 1592, Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ Ɋɭ-
ɞɨɥɮɚ II ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ, ɰɚɪɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ
ɑɟɲɤɟ (1552–1612). ɍ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ, Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ʁɟ ɭɱɟ-
ɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɫɚ ɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ ɪɚɞɢɨ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧɚ, Ⱥɥɬɟɦɛɭɪɝɚ ɢ ȼɚɰɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ɡɜɚʃɟ ɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɨɝ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ II.9 Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɨɞ-
ɛɪɚɧɢ ȳɟɝɪɚ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɨɩɫɟɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɩɨ-
ɜɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɚ III. Ɉɩɫɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ 5. ɞɨ 13.
ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1596. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɭ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢɨ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɞ-
ɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɚɧ ɢ ɨɩɲɢɪɚɧ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɦ ɰɚɪɭ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɭ II.
Ɉɩɫɚɞɚ ɢ ɩɚɞ ȳɟɝɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɫɧɚɝɭ, ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɯɪɢ-
ɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɬɚɤɨɡɜɚɧɨɝ Ⱦɭɝɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ
(1591–1606). ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɩɪɢɦɟʃɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɬɧɭ ɬɟɯ-
ɧɢɤɭ, ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɛɨɪɛɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɛɨʂɟ ɨɩɪɟ-
ɦʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɢʁɚ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɢ
ɛɨʂɟ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɟ.10 ɇɚ ɬɪɝɭ ɭ ɨɩɫɟɞɧɭɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ
ɩɭɤɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ɍɢɪɲɚ, ɑɟɯɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 3.500 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ (Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, ɇɟɦɚɰɚ ɢ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɚ). Ɇɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ 400 ɇɟɦɚɰɚ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɦɭɫɤɟɬɚɦɚ,
100 ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ ɩɟɲɚɤɚ ɢ 60 ɫɚ ɚɪɤɟɛɭɡɚɦɚ, ɭɡ 29 ɬɨɩɨɜɫɤɢɯ ɤɨɥɚ.
Ɂɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɉɚɨɥɨ ɇɢɚɪɟɫ. Ɇɚɻɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɩɭɫɬɢɥɢ ɢ
ɞɟɜɟɬɨɝ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ ɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ
8
Jean-Léon Charles, Alessandro Farnese, duca di Parma e Piacenza, Encyclopaedia
Britannica on line.
9
Dizionario biografico, s. v. Cogorani, Claudio (on-line); Memorie degli scrittori e
litterati Parmisani, raccolte dal padre Ireneo Affoࡽ e continuate da Angelo Pezzana, VII, Pa-
rma 1833, 588, ɧɚɩ. 1 (o Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɭ).
10
ɉɟɬɚɪ Ɋɨɤɚɢ, Ɂɨɥɬɚɧ ȭɟɪɟ, Ɍɢɛɨɪ ɉɚɥ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ʉɚɫɚɲ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚ-
ɻɚɪɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2002, 234–239.
499
ɠɚɥɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɬɪɚɞɚɥɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɢɦ

ɫɬɪɚɠɚɪɟʃɟɦ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ, ɭɛɪɡɨ ɫɭ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ȼɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɫ ɨɪɭɠ-
ʁɟɦ, ɤɨʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɬʃɨɦ ɢɡɚɻɭ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɚɥɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ 13. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢ
ɭɲɥɢ ɭ ȳɟɝɚɪ, ɧɚɫɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɲɚɧ ɩɨɤɨʂ, ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ, ɨɩʂɚɱ-
ɤɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ, ɩɨɛɢʁɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɢ.11 Ɂɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɩɥɟɧɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɤɪɚʄɟ ɢ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɩɭɲɤɟ. Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ȳɟɝɚɪ ɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ 1687. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɚɞɚ ȳɟɝɪɚ 1596, Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟ, 1597. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɛɨɪɚ-
ɜɢɨ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ. Ɋɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ȼɚɰɚ ɧɚ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ.
ɉɨ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɭ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɭ, ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɭɪɝ ɋɚɧ Ⱦɨɧɢɧɨ ɭ ɉɚɪɦɢ. ɍ ɬɪɭ-
ɩɚɦɚ ɂɩɨɥɢɬɚ Ȼɟɧɬɢɜɨʂɚ 1603. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɭ
Ƚɚɪɮɚʃɚɧɢ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ 1611. ɪɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɢɦɚ Ʌɢɜɨɪɧɚ, ɚ 1614. ɛɢɨ
ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɝɭɛɟɪɧɚɬɨɪɚ Ɇɢɥɚɧɚ. ɍɦɪɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɉɚɪɦɢ 1618. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɪɨɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɛɥɭ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ II ɞ`ȿɫɬɟ, ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ
ɞɚʂɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɚɤɚ (ɱɭɤɭɧɞɟɞɚ – trisnono paterno) Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ, ɜɨʁ-
ɜɨɞɚ ɨɞ ɉɚɪɦɟ ɢ ɉʁɚɱɟɧɰɟ, ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɭ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɤɚɪɢʁɟɪɭ.12 ɉɨ-
ɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɫɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɦ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ ɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ 1580,
ɤɚɞɚ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɭɩɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɩɚɪɦɫɤɨɝ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1592. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ ɭɦɪɨ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ
ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢʁɭ. ȳɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɤ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ II
ɦɨɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɫ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɢ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢ-
ʁɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ.
Ⱥɥɮɨɧɫɨ II ɞ`ȿɫɬɟ, ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ ɨɞ Ɏɟɪɚɪɟ, Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ ɢ Ɋɟɻɚ (1533–1597), ɛɨ-
ɪɢɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɭɡ ɰɚɪɚ Ɏɟɪɞɢɧɚɧɞɚ I ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ
1566, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤ ɰɚɪɚ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ II 1583. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɢ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ
ɭɱɟɲʄɚ, ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɨʂɚɧ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ.13
Ʉɚɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ ɰɚɪɚ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ II, Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɱɟ-
ɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ
Ⱥɥɮɨɧɫɚ II ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1592. ɞɨ 1594, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɛɟɡ ɧɚɫ-
ɥɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɡɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɭɦɭ ɨɞ 400.000 ɲɤɭɞɚ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɭ ɨɞ ɰɚɪɚ Ɋɭ-
ɞɨɥɮɚ II ɞɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟ ɧɟʄɚɤɭ ɑɟɡɚɪɭ ɞ`ȿɫɬɟ, ɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ
ɩɪɟɬɤɭ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ II ɞ`ȿɫɬɟ (ɱɭɤɭɧɞɟɞɚ – trisnono paterno). Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ
11
Atti e memorie della Regie Deputazioni di storia patria per le provincie dell'Emi-
lia IV–1, G. T. Vincenzi e nipoti, 1879, 194–220.
12
Marina Romanello, Francesco II dÈste, duca di Modena e Reggio, Dizionario
Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 49 (1997); it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_II_d'Este.
13
Romolo Quazza, Alfonso II dÈste, duca di Ferrara, Dizionario Biografico degli
Italiani, Volume 2 (1960), www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alfonso-ii-d-este-duca-di-ferrara_
(Dizionario_Biografico).
500
ɬɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ Ⱥɥɮɨɧɫɚ II

ɞ`ȿɫɬɟɚ, ɬɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɧɚʁ „antenato” (ɩɪɟɞɚɤ) ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟɝ
ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ.
Ʌɢɱɧɨɫɬ ɤɨʁɭ ɤɪɢʁɭ ɛɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɛɢɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɭ
ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ȭɨɜɚɧɢ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɨ Ⱥɥ-
ɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ (1545–1601), ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɤ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ II ɞ`ȿɫɬɟɚ
(ɱɭɤɭɧɞɟɞɚ – trisnono paterno). ɉɚɩɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ VIII (1592–1605), ɢɡ ɢɫɬɟ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ, ɭɡɞɢɝɚɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɝɭɜɟɪɧɟɪɚ
Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ, ɰɪɤɜɟɧɨɝ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ, ɤɚɫɬɟɥɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɋɚɧ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɨ, ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɚ
ɩɚɩɫɤɟ ɝɚɪɞɟ.14 Ɍɪɢɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬ ɩɚɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ:
1595, 1597. ɢ 1601. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɝ
ɝɪɚɞɚ ȭɭɪɚ (Raab, Györ) ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ, ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ ɪɟɤɟ Ɋɚɛɟ ɭ Ⱦɭ-
ɧɚɜ, 2. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1594. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɚɩɚ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬ VIII ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɟ
ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ. ɒɚɪɨ-
ɥɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɩɨɦɢɥɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɜɟ-
ɬɟɪɚɧɚ ɢɡ Ɏɥɚɧɞɪɢʁɟ (ɉɚɨɥɨ ɋɮɨɪɰɚ), ɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡ Ɋɢɦɚ 16. ʁɭɧɚ 1595.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ 4. ʁɭɥɚ ɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɩɨɞ Ȼɟɱ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɨɤɭɩɢɥɨ 11.800 ɩɟɲɚɤɚ ɢ 650
ɤɨʃɚɧɢɤɚ.15 Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɜɨʁɫɰɢ ɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧ (Gran, Estergom), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɜɟʄ ɨɞ 1.
ʁɭɥɚ ɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɫɚɞɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ Ɋɭɞɨɥɮɚ II. Ɉɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧɚ
(2. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ), ɝɪɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɢ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢ-
ɤɚɰɢʁɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɢ ɧɟɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɚ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ. Ɉɞɦɚɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ
ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚɥɚ ɢ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɚ ɦɢɫɚ. Ɍɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɚɩɚ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ
ɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɯ 50 ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɜɚ-
ɠɧɨ ɡɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɨ Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧ. ɐɚɪɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɜɨʁɜɨɞɨɦ Ɏɟɪ-
ɞɢɧɚɧɞɨɦ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɢʃɭ (14. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1595) ɢ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ 1594–1595. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ
ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨɝ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ, ɩɚɩɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɟ ɫɭ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɡɚɞɟɫɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɧɟɜɨʂɟ:
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɤɢɲɚ, ɫɭɤɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɩɚɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɨɤɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁɚ ɢ
ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɚ, ɢ ʁɨɲ ɜɟʄɢ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚɧɚɬɚ. ɉɨʁɚɜɢ-
ɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɡɚɪɚɡɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ 5. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ ɛɢɥɨ 2.500 ɛɨɥɟɫɧɢɯ
ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɚ ɨɛɨɥɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢ Ɇɚɪɢɨ Ɏɚɪɧɟɡɟ, Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɨ ɞɟɥ
Ɇɨɧɬɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ. Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ ɨɬɢɲɚɨ ɭ ɉɪɟɫɛɭɪɝ,
ɝɥɚɜɧɢɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɥɨɝɨɪɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɬɪɜɢɦɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ
ɥɨɲɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɟɧɚ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɭ. Ɉɜɚ
14
Georg L. Williams, Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Po-
pes, Jefferson 2004, 95 (Gian Francesco Aldobrandini).
15
Gregory Hanlon, The twilight of a military tradition: Italian aristrocrats and Euro-
pean conflicts 1560–1800, (ed. Routledge), New York 2014 (ɞɪɭɝɨ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ), 84–85 (Ɏɪɚɧ-
ɱɟɫɤɨ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ).
501
ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1594/1595. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɚɩɭ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬɚ VIII ɤɨɲɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ

600.274 ɲɤɭɞɚ.16
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɩɚɩɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɪɨɻɚɤɚ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ
ɧɚ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɟ 1597. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɥɨɲɟɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ
ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁɟɦ ɢ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɚɩɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ
ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟɲɢɥɚ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɧɚɪɨ-
ɱɢɬɨ ɨɤɨ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɚ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɨɦ. ɋɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɤɭɩɢɥɢ ɭ ʁɭɥɭ ɭ Ⱥɥ-
ɬɟɧɛɭɪɝɭ (Mosonmagyaróvar), ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ. Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢ-
ɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɟ Ȼɭɞɚ, ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɰɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢ
ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɡɚɭɡɟɬɢ ɉɚɩɭ ɢ ȭɭɪ. ɉɚɩɚ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɩɚɥɚ (22. ɚɜ-
ɝɭɫɬɚ), ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɨɩɫɚɞɚ ȭɭɪɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɭɝɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɩɟɲɧɚ. ɉɚɩɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɯɪɚɛɪɨ ɞɪɠɚɥɟ, ɚɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ʁɟɫɟʃɟ ɤɢɲɟ, ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɫɟ
ɪɚɡɛɨɥɟɨ, ɦɧɨɝɢ ɫɭ ɞɟɡɟɪɬɢɪɚɥɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ 7.000 ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ 2.000
ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɭ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɭ.17 Ɍɪɟʄɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɩɚɩɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɨ Ɏɪɚɧ-
ɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɭ ɫɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ ɨɞ 9.000 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ 1.
ʁɭɧɚ 1601. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɲɥɚ ɢɡ Ɋɢɦɚ; ɡɚɬɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɛɪɨɞɢɥɚ ɩɭɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɨɪɚ
ɨɞ Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ ɞɨ Ɋɢʁɟɤɟ, ɚ ɨɞɚɬɥɟ ɦɚɪɲɢɪɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɤɚ ȼɚɪɚɠɞɢɧɭ.
Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɫɬɢɝɥɢ ɭ ȼɚɪɚɠɞɢɧ, Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɧɟ ɧɚ
ɦɚʃɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ʉɚʃɢɠɭ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟ-
ɛɚ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɢ Ȼɭɞɭ. ɇɨ, Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɭɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɠɢɜɢ
ɡɥɨɯɭɞɢ ɢɫɯɨɞ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɥɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɲɚɧ ɩɨɪɚɡ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɚ ɤɨɞ Ʉɚʃɢɠɟ. Ɋɚɡ-
ɛɨɥɟɨ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɝɪɨɡɧɢɰɟ ɢ 17. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1601. ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚ ɭɦɪɨ ɭ ȼɚɪɚɠɞɢ-
ɧɭ. ȵɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɚ Ʉɚʃɢɠɢ, ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɞɚɥɚ ɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɥɨɜʂɟɧ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ 3.500. ɍɡ
ɫɜɟ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ ɢ ʂɭɞɫɬɜɭ, Aɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ
ɰɟʃɟɧ – ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɦɟɫɟɰɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɭ
ɫɭɦɭ ɨɞ 3.000 ɲɤɭɞɚ („scudi tre mila dòro”). ɋɚɯɪɚʃɟɧ ʁɟ ɫ ɞɭɠɧɢɦ ɩɨ-
ɱɚɫɬɢɦɚ 5. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ 1602. ɢ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɟ ɫɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɜɪɥɢɧɟ ɢ
ɫɥɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɚ Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧɚ („Strigonii expugnatori”).18
Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɫɜɟ ɬɪɢ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨ–ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɭ (1595, 1597.
ɢ 1601. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ) Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɨ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɫ Ʉɨɝɨ-
ɪɚɧɢʁɟɦ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɢɦɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ (Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧ, Ⱥɥɬɟɦ-
ɛɭɪɝ, ȼɚɪɚɠɞɢɧ), ɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɭ Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɧɭ 1595, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩ-
16
Ɉ ɭɱɟɲʄɭ ɩɚɩɟ Ʉɥɢɦɟɧɬɚ VIII ɢ ȭɚɧ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱ-
ɤɨɦ Ⱦɭɝɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, Ludwig Freiherr von Pastor, The history of the popes,
(edited by Ralph Francis Kerr), Vol. XXIII, London 1933, 265–302; Dizionario Biografico
degli Italiani, Volume 2 (1960), s. v. Aldobrandini, Gian Francesco.
17
Kenneth Meyer Setton, Venice, Austria and the Turks in the seventeenth Century,
(ed. American Philosophical Society), Volume 192, 1991, 10, 14–16 (ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɟ Ɏɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ
Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ).
18
L. von Pastor, The history of the popes, R. F. Kerr XXIII, 301, ɧɚɩ. 3.
502
ɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɥɨ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ, ɚ ɝɞɟ ʁɟ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɨ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɛɟɞɟ-

ɦɟ. ɇɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ, ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɫɚ-
ɪɚɞʃɚ ɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɱʁɭ ɋɚɧɟ ɢ ɋɚ-
ɧɢɰɟ, ɩɪɢ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɨɞɦɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɚɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ 1601. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɬɚɞɚ ɨɞ
Ɋɢʁɟɤɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɩɟɲɢɰɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɞɨ Ɂɚɝɪɟɛɚ ɢ ȼɚɪɚɠɞɢɧɚ, ɥɨɝɨɪɭʁɭʄɢ
ɭ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɢɦɚ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɉɬɨ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ.19 Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɚɩɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɭɫɩɭɬ, ɫɚ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɧɢɦ ɫɤɪɟɬɚʃɟɦ, ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɢ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɞɟɨ ɋɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚ-
ɞɨɜɢɦɚ (Ʉʂɭɱ, ɋɨɤɨɥ, Ʉɚɦɟɧɝɪɚɞ), ɢ ɩɪɢɩɨʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɞɟɨ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ
ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɩɨɜɭɤɚɜɲɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ
ɨɞ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ ɤɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȳɚʁɰɚ ɢ Ʉʂɭɱɚ, ɫɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɦ ɜɟɞɭɬɚɦɚ ɨɛɚ
ɝɪɚɞɚ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 3.
.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 3. Ƚɪɚɞoɜɢ Ʉʂɭɱ ɢ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜ ɩɪɢɤɚɡ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ ɰɟɥɢɧɢ ɨɞɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɜɢɲɟ-

ɫɥɨʁɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɚɧɚɯɪɨɧɢɡɚɦ: ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ Ȼɨɫɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɢ ɨɧɚ
ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ
ɫɚɧʇɚɤ, ɜɟʄ ɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫɰɢ, ɮɪɚʃɟɜɰɢ,
ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɭɯɨɞɟ, ɚ ɨɩɲɬɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɩɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥ-
ɧɢɦ ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ, ɫɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɬɚɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ ɞɚ ɬɢ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɨɜɢ ɨ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɭ ɨɩɟɪɚ-
ɬɢɜɧɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɞɚʁɟ
ɞɚɥɟɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɤɭ ɫɜɨɝ ɦɥɚɞɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ɩɨɬɤɪɟɩɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɤɚ-
19
L. von Pastor, The history of the popes, R. F. Kerr XXIII, 301.
503
ɡɨɦ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɤɚɞ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɤɚɪɬɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɦɚɤɧɭɬɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɢ ɧɟɩɨ-
ɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ, ɩɪɟɫɟɰɚ ɪɟɤɭ Ɉɫɨɜɢɰɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ Ʉɨɛɚɲɚ
ɭɥɢɜɚ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ, ɢ ɜɨɞɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭ ɥɢɧɢʁɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɨɻɟɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ
ɉɥɢɜɟ ɢ ɋɚɧɟ, ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ Ʉʂɭɱ (Klutcz) ɢ ɋɨɤɨɥ (Zocolo) ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ,
ɚ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ȳɚʁɰɟ, ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ (Iazi, Iaicza,
alias Ouo). ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ, ɂɫɬɪɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ
ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ, ɢɡ 1684. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɚɠʃɚ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ
ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ: ɰɪɧɢ ɞɜɨɝɥɚɜɢ ɨɪɚɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɝɚ, ɡɚɫɬɚ-
ɜɚ ɫ ɩɨɥɭɦɟɫɟɰɨɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ, ɚ ɥɚɜ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ; ɬɭ ʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ
ɝɪɚɞ Ʉʂɭɱ ɭɰɪɬɚɨ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ.20 ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɫɜɟɫɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɢɤɚɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɤɚɞɚ
ʁɟ, ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɦ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ, ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧ ɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
ɩɪɢɩɨʁɟɧ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭɫɤɢ ɩɨʁɚɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɉɥɢɜɟ ɢ ɋɚɧɟ.
ɍɌȼɊȭȿɇɂ ɉɈȽɊȺɇɂɑɇɂ ɉɈȳȺɋ ɂɁɆȿȭɍ ɍȽȺɊɋɄȿ ɂ ɌɍɊɋɄȿ
Ɉɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɨ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ

ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɚ ɥɢɧɢʁɚ ɨɞ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ
ɦɨɪɚ ɞɨ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ʉɨɦɨɪɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ, ɫɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ 100 ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚ, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɭ ɜɚɠɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɢ, ɭ
ɬɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɰɟʃɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɢʁɢ ɭ ɫɬɪɭɰɢ.21 Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɜɪɥɨ
ɛɪɡɨ ɭɜɢɞɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɚɪɬɢʂɟɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɦ-
ɛɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨ-
ɪɟ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦɟɪɨɦ. Ƚɨɬɨɜɨ ɬɪɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢ ɩɨɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɱɧɢ ɩɨʁɚɫ ɭɬɜɪɞɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɢ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ,
ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɧɨɜɢɧɟ ɭ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɢ ɨɩɫɚɞɧɭ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɬɚɤɬɢɤɭ.22
ɉɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɩɨʁɚɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɭ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ, ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ Ⱦɨʃɟ
ɤɪɚʁɟɜɟ, ɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɭ ɤɪɚʁɢɧɭ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ 1512. ɢ 1536. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɭɡɦɭ ɫɜɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɚɜɢ ɢ ʁɭɠɧɨ
ɨɞ ɋɚɜɟ.23 ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɥɚɡɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɨɞ Ƚɪɚ-
20
Mirela Slukan Altiü, Povijesna kartografija, 309 Detalj karte Dalmacije s tuma-
þem, Giacomo Cantelli, Rim 1684 (Hrvatski državni arhiv).
21
ɉɨɡɧɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ XV ɢ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɜɪɻɚ-
ɜɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ (ȭɭɪ, Ʉɨɦɨɪɚɧ, Ʉɚʃɢɠɚ, ȳɟɝɚɪ, Ɍɚɬɚ, ɉɚɩɚ, ȼɟɫɩɪɟɦ, ȭɭɥɚ, ɋɢɝɟɬ), Gá-
bor Ágoston, Habsburgs and Ottomans: Defense, Military Change and Shifts in Power,
The Turkish Studies Association Bulletin, 22–1, Grand Rapids, Michigen 1998, 121–141,
ɫɬɪ. 132 ɢ ɧɚɩ. 19.
22
ɉ. Ɋɨɤɚɢ, Ɂ. ȭɟɪɟ, Ɍ. ɉɚɥ, Ⱥ. Ʉɚɫɚɲ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɚ, 219–222.
23
ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 161–169, ɫɬɪ.166 (1531. ɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ ɭ Ʉɨɛɚɲɭ).
504
ɞɢɲɤɟ, ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɟɫɟɰɚɥɚ ɬɨɤ ȼɪɛɚɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ ɢ ɫɩɭɲɬɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɋɚɧɟ ɢ

ɋɚɧɢɰɟ, ɭɡ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɚ (1518) ɢ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ
ȳɚʁɚɱɤɟ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ (1528) ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚɯɢʁɭ ɋɨɤɨɥ ɢɥɢ Ƚɟɪɡɨɜɨ, ɭɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɬɨɤɚ ɉɥɢɜɟ ɢ ɋɚɧɟ.24 ɉɨɫɥɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɜɢɲɟ
ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɍɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɞɚ Ȼɢɯɚʄɚ 12. ʁɭɧɚ 1592, ɭɝɚɪɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɩɨ-
ɦɟɪɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ, ɢ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɤɟ ɍɧɟ, ɨɞ
Ʉɪɭɩɟ ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɩɪɢɩɨʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɭ.25 ɉɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɟ
ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɟɤɟ Ɉɫɨɜɢɰɟ ɢ ɍɧɟ ɭ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɢ
ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ. ȼɨɥɮɝɚɧɝ Ʌɚɰɢɭɫ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ (Hunga-
riae descriptio, 1573), ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ Ɉɫɨɜɢɰɟ ɞɟɥɢ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢ
ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɭ (Onwizze fl. dividit Croatiam), ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ
Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ ɢ Ʉɨɛɚɲ, ɬɭɪɫɤɢ (Gradiskia Turcicum, Kobas turc(ic)um). ɋɥɢ-
ɱɧɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ
(Sclavonia, Croatia, Bosnia cum Dalmatiae parte) ɧɢɡɨɡɟɦɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɚ
Ƚɟɪɯɚɪɞɚ Ɇɟɪɤɚɬɨɪɚ (1512–1594), ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɭɰɪɬɚɧ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ Ɉɫɨ-
ɜɢɰɟ (Onwizze fl.) ɫɚ ɭɲʄɟɦ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ ɤɨɞ Ʉɨɛɚɲɚ, ɭɡ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ Ʉɨɜɚɱ
ɢ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ (Kowacz Turcicum, Gradiskia Turcicum).26
ɈɊɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
Ȼɨɫɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɨɛɪɞɫɤɚ ɢ

ɲɭɦɨɜɢɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ. ɉɪɨɬɟɡɚʃɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɟɧɚɰɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɢ-
ɡɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɪɬɢɱʃɚɤɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ, ɫɟɧɱɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ, ɚ ɝɭɫ-
24
Ɇɢɥɚɧ ȼɚɫɢʄ, Ƚɟɪɡɨɜɨ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɚ ɭ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ, ɇɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɭ ɨɞ XVI ɞɨ XVIII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 2005, 235–249, ɫɬɪ.
235 (ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ɋɨɤɨɥ).
25
Hazim Šabanoviü, Bvosanski pašaluk – postanak u upravna podela, Sarajevo
1982, 82–83.
26
ȼɨɥɮɝɚɧɝ Ʌɚɰɢɭɫ, Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, Ⱥɧɬɜɟɪɩɟɧ, Ⱥ. Ɉɪɬɟɥɢɭɫ 1573, ɛɚɤɪɨɪɟɡ
ɪɭɱɧɨ ɛɨʁɟɧ, 54ɯ39,5 ɰɦ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ʉɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɡɛɢɪɤɚ, Ʉɪ. II–
438; Ƚɟɪɯɚɪɞ Ɇɟɪɤɚɬɨɪ, Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ, ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɞɟɥɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ, (ed. ȼ.
Ȼɥɚɜ), Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦ, ɨɤɨ 1630. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ʉɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɡɛɢɪ-
ɤɚ, Ʉɪ. II– 413 (ɛɚɤɪɨɪɟɡ, ɪɭɱɧɨ ɛɨʁɟɧ, 54,5x43 ɰɦ). Ɉ ɭɧɫɤɨ-ɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɧɚ ɫɬɚ-
ɪɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ, ɫɚ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ: Mithad Kozliþiü, Unsko–sansko podruþje na starim geo-
grafskim kartama, Buhaü–Sarajevo, 2003, 193–198 (ɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ
ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ; ɫɬɪ. 198 ɚɭɬɨɪ ɡɚɩɚɠɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨ ɡɚɧɢɦʂɢɜɨ ɲɬɨ Ʉʂɭɱ „taj stari bosanski
grad, gdje üe skonþati posljednji srednjovjekovni vladar Kraljevine Bosne, nije ukljuþen u
takvu Bosnu (Bossina), veü naprotiv u Hrvatsku (Croatia)”, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɨɛʁɚɲ-
ʃɟʃɟ; ɢɫɬɢ, Die geostrategische Lage des bosnisch-herzegowinischen Raumes im Südo-
sten Europas gemäß alten geographischen Karten – Geostrategijski položaj bosansko–her-
cegovaþkoga prostora na jugoistoku Europe prema starim geografskim kartama, Stuttgart
2010.
505
ɬɢɧɭ ɲɭɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚɱɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɱɚɪɚ ɦɚʃɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɪɜɟʄɚ ɫɚ
ɤɪɨɲʃɨɦ ɢ ɫɟɧɤɨɦ ɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ. ɋɚɦɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ.
1. Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ („Monti della Bossina olim Bebius Mons”)
Ƚɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɜɟɧɚɰ ɧɚɡɜɚɧ ʁɟ „Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ, ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɢɧɚ Ȼɟɛɢɭɫ” („Monti della Bossina ol(im) Bebius Mons”). Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɥɚ-
ɧɢɧɫɤɢ ɥɚɧɚɰ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ II ɜɟɤɭ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟʁ ɭ ɂɥɢɪɢɤɭ, ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɤɟ
ɋɚɜɟ.27 Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ Ȼɟɛɢɭɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɭ ɞɭɠ ɫɟ-
ɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɪɚɡɜɨɻɟ ɫɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɤɚ
ʁɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɥɢɜɚ, ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ ɢ ɐɟɬɢɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɞɚ-
ɧɚɲʃɨʁ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ Ⱦɢɧɚɪɢ, ɫɚ ɜɪɯɨɜɢɦɚ Ⱦɢɧɚɪɚ 1.831 ɦ ɢ Ɍɪɨɝɥɚɜ 1.913 ɦ.
2. ɉɪɨɥɨɝ
ɍ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɜɟɧɰɚ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɩɪɨ-
ɬɟɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ (Prolog. M./ons/). ɂɦɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ (ɞɚɧɚɫ
Ʉɚɦɟɲɧɢɰɚ) ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɚɡɢɜɭ ɫɟɥɚ ɉɪɨɥɨɝ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ Ʌɢɜɧɚ, ɫɚ
ɩɪɟɜɨʁɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɨɦ ɜɢɫɢɧɟ 1.173 ɦ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɢ Ʉɚɦɟɲɧɢɰɢ (ɜɪɯ Ʉɚʃ
1.849 ɦ).
3. Smisnizza Mons
ȳɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɟ ɭɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɋɦɢɫɧɢɰɚ (Smisnizza
M.), ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɢɦɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɨ. Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɬɢ ɫ ɦɟɫɬɨɦ Ʌɢɲɧɢ-
ɰɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɤɪɚʂɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ɉɫɬɨʁɟ 1399. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɬɨʃɨʁ
Ʌɢɲʃɢɰɢ ɢɡ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ (ɤɚɫɚɛɚ ɫ ɬɪɝɨɦ, ɤɨɧɚɱɢɲɬɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɢ ɱɢɬ-
ɥɭɤ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVI ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XVII ɜɟɤɚ).28 Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɬɟɫ Ʌɢɲʃɟ ɧɚ
ɩɭɬɭ, ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ Ʌɢɲʃɟ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɱɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɜɚ ɭ ȼɢʁɚɤɭ,
ɥɟɜɭ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ ɍɤɪɢɧɟ ɤɨɞ ɉɪɢʁɟɞɨɪɚ. Ȼɥɢɠɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ ɋɦɢɫɧɢɰɟ
ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ ʁɟ ɋɟɦɧɢɲɧɢɰɚ, ɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ.29 ɍ ɬɨɦ
ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɝ ɬɨɤɚ Ʌɚɲɜɟ, ɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ,
27
Beby Montes (Baebi montes, Biblini montes) ɧɚ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɫɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟ ɤɚɨ ȼɟɥɟɛɢɬ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢɧɚ ɐɟɪɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ Ʉɭɡɦɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ
ɧɚ ɉɬɨɥɟɦɟʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ, Monumenta cartographica Jugoslaviae I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974, 11–30,
ɫɬɪ. 21 (Beby Montes). Ȼɟɛɢʁɫɤɟ Ⱥɥɩɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ȼɟɥɟɛɢɬɨɦ, ɩɨɦɢʃɟ
Ⱥɥɛɟɪɬɨ Ɏɨɪɬɢɫ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɨɫɜɪ-
ʄɟ ɫɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɩɚɫɤɚɦɚ, Alberto Fortis, Put po Dalmaciji, (priredio Josip Bratuliü),
Zagreb 1984, 278.
28
ȳɟɥɟɧɚ Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13.–16. ɜɟɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008, 92–93, 195, 220, 269
(Ʌɢɲʃɢɰɚ, Ʌɢɲʃɟ).
29
Vjekoslav Klaiü, Bosna (zemljopis), Zagreb 1878, 42 (ɋɟɦɧɢɲɧɢɰɚ).
506
ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ, ɩɚ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞ-

ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɭ Ʉɨɡɚɪɭ (ɜɪɯ Ʌɢɫɢɧɟ 978 ɦ).
4. ɂɜɚɧ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ (Mons Giouanin)
ɂɜɚɧ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ (M(on)s
Giouanin) ɢ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɜɨɻɟ ɫɥɢɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɭ ɞɜɟʁɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, Ƚɨɪʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ (Bossina Propria Superiore) ɢ
Ƚɨɪʃɟ Ɋɚɦɟ, ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɫɚ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɨɦ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɚʃɟɦ (Rama
Superiore o Varbosanye). ɂɜɚɧ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɜɨʁɟɦ ɂɜɚɧ ɫɟɞɥɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ
ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ Ʉɨʃɢɰ–ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ.
ɏɂȾɊɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ
ɉɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɯɢɞɪɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɦɪɟɠɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɜɚɠɚɧ

ɰɢʂ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɚɠʃɨɦ, ɭɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ-
ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɟ. Ȼɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɫɭ ɭɰɪɬɚɧɟ ɜɟʄɟ ɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ, ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɧɚ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɬɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ. Ɉɞɢɫɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞ-
ɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʃɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɨ
ɪɟɱɧɭ ɦɪɟɠɭ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɪɟɤɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ
ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɟɧɭ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɤɚɪɚɬɚ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɟ. Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɰɚʁɭ
ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɪɟɱɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ: ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɋɚɜɚ, ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɞɜɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɨɦ, ɢ ʃɟɧɟ ɞɟɫɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɨɦ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɦɪɟ-
ɠɨɦ: ȼɪɛɚɫ, ɍɤɪɢɧɚ, Ȼɨɫɧɚ (Bosna fl.) ɢ Ⱦɪɢɧɚ (Drina fiume).
1. ȼɪɛɚɫ
ȼɟʄ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ ɤɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱ (Kouacz, ɞɚɧɚɫ Ȼɨ-
ɫɚɧɫɤɢ Ʉɨɛɚɲ), ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɦɟɪɚʃɚ ɪɟɱɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ. Ʉɨɜɚɱ ʁɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ
ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɭ ɪɟɤɭ Ɉɫɨɜɢɰɭ (Onwizze fl.), ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ ɭɲʄɚ
ȼɪɛɚɫɚ (Veruatz, ò Veruetz, ò Varbus fl.), ɭɥɢɜɚ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ (Saua Fiume), ɚɥɢ
ɰɟɨ ɬɨɤ Ɉɫɨɜɢɰɟ ɩɨɦɟɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨɦ, ɤɚɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɪɛɚɲɤɚ ɪɟɤɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ Ȼɨɫ. Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ ɭɥɢɜɚ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ, ɫɩɨʁɟɧɚ ɫɚ
ɝɨɪʃɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɍɧɢɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɋɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɋɚɧɢɰɨɦ. Ⱦɭɠ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɨɝ ɬɨɤɚ
ȼɪɛɚɫɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɤɟ: Vornatz, ò Veruetz fl.,
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɥɟɜɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ: ȼɢɬɢɧɚ (Verina fl.), Ȼɭɧɬɚ (Botzurha fl.) ɢ
ɉɥɢɜɚ (Plina, ò Pliza fl.), ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ȼɭɧɬɭ/Ȼɨɬɭɪɭ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ȳɚʃ
(Ian), ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ ȳɚʃ, ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɬɨɰɢ ɪɟɤɟ ɉɥɢɜɟ.
ɇɚ ɉɥɢɜɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ʁɟɡɟɪɨ ɤɨɞ ȳɚʁɰɚ, ɚ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ Ȼɭɧɬɟ ɭ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɪɟɱɧɨ ɨɫ-
507
ɬɪɜɨ ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ; ɧɢɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɧɚ ȼɪɛɚɫɭ ɭɰɪɬɚɧɚ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɨɫ-
ɬɪɜɚ (ɬɪɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɚ), ɢ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɢɫɩɪɟɞ ɢ ɢɡɚ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɟ.
2. Ȼɨɫɧɚ
Ɋɟɤɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ (Bosna fl., Bosna Fiume) ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ
ɤɚɪɬɢ ɫɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɨɦ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɦɪɟɠɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ɡɚɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɢ
ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɨɱɚɜɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɬɨʁ ɪɟ-
ɰɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. ɉɨɞɚɰɢ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɭ
ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭ ɬɨɤɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɫɩɨʁɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦɟ-
ʃɟɧɢ, ɬɟ ɢɦɚ ɭɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɤɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɟ-
ɞɢɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ. Ʌɚɲɜɚ, ɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɭɰɪɬɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɞɜɚɩɭɬ: ɤɚɨ Sua fl.,
ɫɚ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ʌɚɲɜɢ, ɬɜɪɻɚɜɨɦ Ɍɨɪɢɱɚɧ (Dorizan) ɢ Ɍɪɚɜɧɢ-
ɤɨɦ (Trauwine), ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɟʂɟɧɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
Ʌɚɲɜɚ (La Sua) ɭ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ ɍɤɪɢɧɟ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ
ɍɤɪɢɧɚ ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɪɟɤɚ Ʌɚɲɜɚ (Lasua
fl.) ɭɰɪɬɚɧɚ ʁɭɠɧɢʁɟ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢ Ɍɨɪɢɱɚɧ
(Torizan) ɧɚ Ʌɚɲɜɢ ɢ Ɍɪɚɜɧɢɤ (Traunich) ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɨɤɭɰɢ ȼɢɲɟ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ (Wischegrad fl.), ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɬɨɤ Ʌɚɲɜɟ. ɋɚ ɞɟɫ-
ɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ʃɭ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɜɚ ɉɥɢɜɚ, ɫɚɞɚ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ (Pliua
fl.), ɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɦ ɪɟɱɧɨɦ ɬɨɤɭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɚɧ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ
ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɤɚɤɚɜ ʁɟ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ ɍɫɨɪɟ, ɥɟɜɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɩɚ ɭɡ ɢɦɟ ɬɟ
ɪɟɤɟ ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɟ: „ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ, ɢɥɢ ɍɫɨɪɚ” („Vorwossen, ò Vsor”). Ɂɚɬɨ ɫɟ
ɭɡ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɪɟɤɟ ɍɫɨɪɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɭɧɨɫɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ
(Warbosina, Werbossen), ɫɬɚɪɨ ɢɦɟ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɨɜɟ ɧɟɬɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɚ-
ɩɭɬ ʁɟ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɀɟʂɟɡɧɢɰɚ, ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Ɏɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ
ȼɢɫɨɤɨɝ ɭɥɢɜɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ. ȳɟɞɧɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɞɟɫɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɍɫɨɪɟ (Selenitza fl.);
ɭɡ ɭɲʄɟ ɫɭ Ʉɪɟɲɟɜɨ (Kressow) ɢ ȼɢɫɨɤɨ (Wisoka); ɩɨɧɨɜɨ, ɫɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ ɤɨʁɨɦ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɭ ɝɪɟɲɤɭ: „Ɇɢɥɧɚ, ɢɥɢ Ɇɢɫɧɚ, ɦɨɠ-
ɞɚ ɀɟɥɟɡɧɢɰɚ” („Milna, ò Misna, forsan Xelezniza fl”.). Milna ʁɟ Ɇɥɚɜɚ,
ɤɪɚɬɤɚ ɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Ɏɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɜɚ ɀɟʂɟɡɧɢɰɚ. Ɏɨʁ-
ɧɢɱɤɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɫɟ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɰɟɥɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɀɟʂɟɡɧɢɰɨɦ,
ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ. Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢɡɜɢɪɟ ɤɨɞ ɦɟɫɬɚ Zelenzora, ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ
ɩɨɞ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɨɦ Ɂɟɥɟɧɝɨɪɚ, ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ. ɇɢɡ-
ɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɭ ʃɭ ɫɟ ɭɥɢɜɚ Ɇɢʂɚɰɤɚ, ɢɥɢ ɇɟɜɟɫɢʃɫɤɚ ɪɟɤɚ
(Migliazka, ó Nouacigne fl.). Ⱦɟɫɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɚ ɧɚ ʁɭɝ, ɫɭ:
ɋɩɪɟɱɚ (Spreza), Ʉɪɢɜɚ ɪɟɤɚ (Kriuorik fl.), Ƚɨɫɬɨɜɢʄ (Gostouik fl.), Ɍɪɫ-
ɬɢɨɧɢɰɚ (Taristiniza fl.) ɢ Ⱦɚɛɪɨɜɢɰɚ (Dabrouiza fl.), ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ Ⱦɭɛɨɲ-
ɬɢɰɚ, ɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Ʉɪɢɜɚʁɟ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɨɤ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɫɩɨʁɟɧ ɫɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ Ɍɪɫɬ-
ɢɨɧɢɰɟ.
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4. Ⱦɪɢɧɚ
Ⱦɭɠ ɪɟɤɟ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ (Drina fiume) ɬɟɱɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
ɞɟɫɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɥɟɜɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ ɪɟɤɟ. Ɉɞ ɭɲʄɚ ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ
ɪɟɤɟ; ɤɨɞ ɭɲʄɚ Ⱦɪɢʃɚɱɟ (Drinaua fl.) ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɡɚɨɛɢɥɚɡɢ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟ Ⱦɪɢʃɚɱɭ (Drinauar), ɤɨʁɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ; ɞɚʂɟ ɬɟɱɟ ɞɟɫɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ
ɪɟɤɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ Vriare Serviae, Viuare (Ȼɪɨɞɚɪ?), ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ ɪɟɤɟ
Ʌɢɦ ɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɭ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɪɟɤɟ ɢ ɬɟɱɟ ɞɨ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ
Luenich, Iuence, (ɦɨɠɞɚ ȳɟɥɟɱ ɧɚ Ƚɨɜɡɢ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ Ɏɨɱɟ), ɫɤɪɟʄɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɤɚ
ʁɭɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɭ, ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɪɟɤɟ Ɍɪɢɧɟ, ɤɨɞ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ (Trinauiz,
Ɍernouiza, ó sia Cumirza), ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɉɢɜɫɤɨɦ ɨɤɭ.
ɋɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɯɢɞɪɨɧɢɦɢʁɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɚɬɚ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ ɢ ɞɪɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɚʁ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɡɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ. ɇɢʁɟ ɦɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ Ʌɢɦ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɚ
Ⱦɪɢɧɟ, ɩɚ ɭɡ ɬɭ ɪɟɤɭ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ Ʌɢɦ ɢɥɢ Ɍɪɢɧɚ (Lim, ó sia Trina).
ɉɢɜɭ, ɥɟɜɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚ Ɍɪɢɧɚ. Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ʁɟ
ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɞɭɠ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ: ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ
ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ (Quornik, Zuornik); ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ
(Zwobich) ɤɨɞ ɭɲʄɚ ɛɟɡɢɦɟɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ, ɦɨɠɞɚ ɋɚɩɧɟ; ɬɪɟʄɢ ɩɭɬ
ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ Ɍɪɢɧɢ ɤɨɞ ɭɲʄɚ ɬɟ ɪɟɤɟ ɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɭ, ɫɚ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟ (Zoeuernich, Zuornich), ɢ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɢ ɩɭɬ ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɩɨʁɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ ɢ
Ɍɪɢɧɟ (Zmenigk, Zuonich). Ɇɟɻɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ
ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɤ, ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ
Ɍɢʃɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɨɧɰɢɦɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ Ɇɚʁɟɜɢɰɟ.30 ɍ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɢɦɚ
ɫɥɢɱɧɚ ɡɜɭɱɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ɢ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɤ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɞ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ ɢ ȼɪɯ-
ɛɨɫɧɟ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɢ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɢɦɟɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɱɭɥɢ ɢ ɡɚɩɢɫɢɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɰɢ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɭɩ-
ʂɟɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ
ɫɬɚɪɢʁɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɢ, ɡɛɨɝ
ɪɻɚɜɟ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ. ɂɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ Ɍɪɢɧɚ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɚ
ɨɞ ɫɩɨʁɟɧɨɝ ɬɨɤɚ Ⱦɪɢʃɚɱɟ ɢ Ʉɪɢɜɚʁɟ, ʁɟɪ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ʃɭ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ Ɉɥɨɜɨ,
ɫɚ ɩɪɟɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ (Piombo, ó sia Olouo). ɇɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ
ɦɟɫɬɨ ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɢ, Luenich, Iuence, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ȳɟɥɟɱ ɧɚ
Ƚɨɜɡɢ, ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ Ɏɨɱɟ, ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ, ɭɡ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɫɤɭ ɪɟɤɭ, ɤɚɨ Luenitz,
Leuenitz ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢʁɟ, ɧɚ Ʌɚɲɜɢ, ɥɟɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɬɨɰɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ.
30
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, ɂɡɝɥɟɞ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ,
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) 203–218, ɫɬɪ. 205 (ɋɪɟɛɪɧɢɤ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɟ (Srebrnich, Strebernich)).
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5. ɇɟɪɟɬɜɚ
ɍ ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɬɨɤ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ (Narenta fl.) ɫɚ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚɦɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɚ, ɭ
ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɦɟɬʃɟ, ɭɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ,
ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɚɤɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɢ
ɞɟɨ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɢɰɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ʃɨʁ
ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɭɛɟɥɟɠɟɧ Ʉɨʃɢɰ (Cogniz), ɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɇɟɪɟɬ-
ɜɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɫɭ Ȼɭɧɚ ɢ Ȼɭɧɢɰɚ. ɂ ɫɚɦ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɬɭ ɧɟɲɬɨ
ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɪɟɞɭ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ, ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɤɚɨ Ȼɭɧɢɰɚ, ɞɨɞɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɞɚ ȼɢɲɟɜɚ (Buniza forsan Vissora). ɇɚ ɬɨʁ ɪɟɰɢ,
ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɬɚɱɧɨ, ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ Ʉɨʃɢɰ, ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɨ ɦɟ-
ɫɬɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɢɡɦɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ (Cogniza, Cognitha). ɋɬɚɪɨ ɢɦɟ ȼɢ-
ɲɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ, ɞɚɧɚɫ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜʂɟɧɨ, ɤɨʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɝɪɟ-
ɲɤɨɦ ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɤɚɨ ȼɢɫɨɪɚ, ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɟɬ-
ɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɚ ɢ Ɇɚɜɪɨ Ɉɪɛɢɧ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ ɩɨɦɢ-
ʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ȼɢɲɟɜɢ, ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ ɏɭɦɚ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ.31
Ɉɪɛɢɧɨɜɨ ɞɟɥɨ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ 1601. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɛɟɡ ɫɭɦʃɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ
Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɭ, ɤɚɨ ɛɢɛɢɨɬɟɤɚɪɭ ɛɨɝɚɬɟ ɤʃɢɠɧɢɰɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ ɨɞ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ. Ɂɚɛɭ-
ɧɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɢ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɢ ɫɧɚɠɧɢ, ɚɥɢ
ɤɪɚɬɚɤ ɬɨɤ ɪɟɤɟ Ȼɭɧɟ. Ʌɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ, Ȼɭɧɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɢɡɜɢɪɟ ɤɚɨ ʁɚɤɨ
ɜɪɟɥɨ ɤɨɞ Ȼɥɚɝɚʁɚ, ɩɪɢɦɚ ɫ ɥɟɜɚ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ Ȼɭɧɢɰɭ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝ ɬɨɤɚ
ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨ 8 ɤɦ ɭɥɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɚɫɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɚ-
ɰɢɦɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ Ȼɭɧɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɤɚɨ Ȼɥɚɝɚʁɫɤɭ ɪɟɤɭ (Blagais fl.), ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɢɦɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɢ ɬɨɤ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɤɚɨ Ȼɭɧɢɰɭ, ɥɟɜɭ
ɩɪɢɬɨɤɭ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ Ȼɭɧɭ, ɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɢɰɭ ɤɚɨ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɭ. ɍ ɬɨʁ ɡɛɪɰɢ
Ɇɨɫɬɚɪ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɥɚɝɚʁɚ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ, ɚ ɇɟɜɟɫɢʃɟ
ʁɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɪɧɟ Ȼɭɧɟ ɢ Ȼɭɧɢɰɟ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɥɚ-
ɝɚʁɚ; ɪɟɤɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɚ ɢɡɜɢɪɟ ɢɡ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɤɨɞ ɦɟɫɬɚ Ɍɨɻɟɜɚɰ (Teglevaiz), ɛɥɢ-
ɡɭ, ɚɥɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɟɬɚɱɧɨ. Ⱦɨɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɚ ɱɟɥɟɧɤɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɭɫɟɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ-
ɦɟɻɭ Ɋɚɜɧɨɝ ɛɪɞɚ ɢ Ƚɪɟɞɟʂɚ, ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ɍɨɻɟɜɚɰ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɟ ɭ
ɞɪɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɥɢɜɭ, ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ ɋɭɬʁɟɫɰɢ, ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ɍʁɟɧɬɢɲɬɚ, ɤɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ Ɍɨ-
ɻɟɜɚɰ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ.32
31
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜɟ, ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1978,178–269, ɫɬɪ. 228–229 (ȼɢɲɟɜɚ).
32
Ɇ. Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜɟ, ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, 196
(Ɍɨɻɟɜɚɰ).
510
ȽɊȺɇɂɐȿ ɄɊȺȴȿȼɋɌȼȺ ȻɈɋɇȿ
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɱɤɚɫɬɨɦ ɥɢɧɢʁɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ

ɩɨɥɚɡɢ ɫɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɭ (Gradiska), ɢɞɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ
ɪɟɤɟ ɋɚɜɟ ɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɞɨ ɭɲʄɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ, ɞɚʂɟ ɤɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ Ⱦɪɢɧɨɦ ɞɨ
ɦɟɫɬɚ Luenich, Iuence (ȳɟɥɟɱ?), ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɨɪɟɱʁɟ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɬɨɤɚ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ ɢ
ʃɟɧɟ ɞɟɫɧɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ Ɋɚɦɟ, ɩɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɭ ɜɟɧɰɟɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ ɉɪɨ-
ɥɨɝ ɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ, ɚɧɬɢɱɤɟ Ȼɟɛɢɭɫ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ (Ⱦɢɧɚɪɟ), ɡɚɬɢɦ, ɨɛ-
ɭɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɰɟɥɨ ɩɨɪɟɱʁɟ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ, ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɤɨɞ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ʁɟ ɩɨ-
ɱɟɥɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʃɟ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ
ɥɢɧɢʁɚ ɢɫɰɪɬɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɦɚɥɨɝ ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɝɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɪɭɛɧɟ ɬɪɚɤɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɟɩɟ-
ɧɢɦɚ.
ɉɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɟ
Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɚɦ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɤɚɠɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɧɚɫɥɨɜɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɚɪɬɟ, ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɟ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ („diuiso nelle sue Prouincie princi-
pali”): Ⱦɨʃɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ (Bossina Inferiore), ɤɨʁɭ ɱɢɧɢ ɜɟʄɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɞɟɨ ɭ ɩɨ-
ɪɟɱʁɭ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɥɟɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ; ɢ ɧɚ Ƚɨɪʃɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ (Bossina
Svperiore), ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ ʁɭɠɧɢɦ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ Ȼɥɚ-
ɝɚʁ (Blagais), Ɍɨɻɟɜɚɰ (Tegleuaiz, Teleuaiz) ɢ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ (Vissegrad). Ⱦɨ-
ʃɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɞɚʂɟ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɪɢ ɜɟʄɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ: ɍɫɨɪɭ (Vsora), Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ
ɞɨʃɭ (Bossina Propria Inferiore) ɢ ɋɨɥɢ (Sale ), ɚ Ƚɨɪʃɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɞɜɟ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ: Ɋɚɦɭ (Rama) ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɝɨɪʃɭ (Bossina Propria Svpe-
riore). ɉɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɋɨɥɢ ɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɞɟɨ, ɤɚ ɋɚɜɢ ɢ ɞɨʃɢ, ʁɭɠɧɢʁɢ
(Sale Superiore, Sale Inferiore), ɤɚɨ ɢ Ɋɚɦɚ (Rama Superiore, Rama Inferi-
ore). Ȼɪɢɠʂɢɜɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɚɬɩɢɫɢ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɡɚʃɟɦ,
ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɪɫɬɨɦ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ
ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɞɚʂɭ ɩɨɞɟɥɭ ɧɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɟ ɰɟɥɢɧɟ. Ʌɢɧɢʁɚ ɨɞ
ɫɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ ɬɚɱɚɤɚ ɨɛɟɥɟɠɚɜɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɟɬ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ
Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɟ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ (Presidio)

ɍ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ,
ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɞɭɠ ɪɟɤɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɩɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɤɪɭ-
ɠɢʄɚ ɧɚɫɥɢɤɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚ ɢ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɫɤɢɯ
ɰɟɥɢɧɚ (ɞɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɭɥɚ, ɞɭɠɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɫ ɞɜɨɫɥɢɜɧɢɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɦ, ɫɧɚ-
ɠɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟ ɤɭɥɟ, ɜɢɫɨɤɢ ɡɜɨɧɢɰɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɢɧɚɪɟɬɢ), ɤɚɨ ɜɟɞɭɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ.
511
Ʉɨɩʂɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɜɟɞɭɬɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ (presidio),33

ɞɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ: Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ (Gradiska), Ȼɪɨɞ (Brodt,
ó Brod) ɢ Ȼɪɱɤɨ (Barka, Bertzka) ɧɚ ɋɚɜɢ; Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ (Quornik, Zuomik),
ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ (Sokolaz) ɢ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ (Vissegrad) ɭ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɭ ɢ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɧɚ ɉɥɢɜɢ.
ɍ ɝɪɭɩɭ ɬɢɯ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɢɫɬɚɤ-
ɧɭɬ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ, ɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɜɟɞɭɬɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ.
1. Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ
Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ ʁɟ 1535. ɩɚɥɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ
ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɲɤɟ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɢʁɟ, ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ (1558. gradysckay capitaneus).34 ɋɥɢɤɚ 4.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 4. Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ

ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɫ ɦɨɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɚɜɟ, ɫɚ ɜɢɲɨɦ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɨɦ ɤɭɥɨɦ ɢ ɪɚɡ-
ɜɢʁɟɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɦ (ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ, ɬɨɪʃɟɜɢ, ɤɭɥɟ, ɩɚɥɢɫɚɞɢ).
Ɂɛɨɝ ɪɭɛɚ ɤɚɪɬɟ ɤɨɩʂɟ ɧɚɞ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ ɡɚɤɨɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɥɟɜɨ.
2. Ȼɪɨɞ
Ʉɚɞɢɥɭɤ ɢ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ Ȼɪɨɞ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɨɞ 1545. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɍɚʁ, ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɋɥɚɜɨɧɫɤɢ Ȼɪɨɞ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɤɚɨ Ⱦɟɫɩɨɬɨɜ Ȼɪɨɞ (Despot Brodi). ɉɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɚɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚɢɦɟ, ɩɨɫɟɞɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ Ȼɟɪɢɫɥɚɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ
33
Ɇ. ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ ɢɡ 1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ XIX, 103 (Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɞɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɟ: ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɭɫ-
ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɤɨɩʂɟɦ =Presidio).
34
Hamdija Kreševljakoviü, Kapetanije u Bosni i Hercegovini, Izabrana djela I,
(priredili dr Avdo Suüeska, dr Enes Pelidija), Sarajevo 1991, 81–88 (ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɢʁɚ ɭ Ƚɪɚ-
ɞɢɲɤɨʁ).
512
ɭɛɢʁɟɧ 1535, ɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɡɚɭɡɟɬɢ.35 ɍ ɛɪɨɞɫɤɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ 1536. ɝɨɞɢ-

ɧɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɨɞ 1.500 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ 500 ɛɢɥɨ ɚɡɚ-
ɩɚ (ɩɟɲɚɰɢ ɭ ɛɪɨɞɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɪɟɤɚɦɚ);
ɞɪɭɝɭ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɛɟɲɥɢʁɟ – ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɪɨɞ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɨʃɢɰɟ ɭ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚɦɚ; ɬɪɟʄɢ ɞɟɨ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɢ, ɭ
ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ, ɧɟɤɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɪɟɞ, ɩɟ-
ɲɚɰɢ ɢ ɤɨʃɚɧɢɰɢ, ɢɥɢ ɲɚʁɤɚɲɢ ɭ ɪɟɱɧɨʁ ɮɥɨɬɢ. Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɢ-
ɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ Ȼɪɨɞɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ. ɂɡɝɪɚɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɥ-
ɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɚɞɨɦ; ɬɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ
ɡɚɤɭɩɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ, ɟɦɢɧɚ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 5. Ȼɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ

ɉɨɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɦɚʃɢɜɚɥɚ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ 1690. ɭ Ȼɪɨɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ 400 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ.36 Ʉɚɨ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ
ɋɚɜɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɩɨɧɬɚɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚɧɫɤɢ ɧɢɰɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɤɟ ɩɨɪɟɞ
ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ, ɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ, ɫɤɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɚ, ɧɚɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ Ȼɪɨɞ
ɫɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚʁ
ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ Ȼɪɨɞ ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɬɨɤɨɦ XVI ɢ XVII ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨ-
ɻɟʃɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, 1691. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɧɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ
ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɛɪɨɞɫɤɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ. Ɉɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ, ɫɥɚ-
ɜɨɧɫɤɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɋɚɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɨɭɝɚɨɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ, ɞɜɨɪɚɰ ɫ ɞɜɟ ɤɭɥɟ ɢ
35
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ I, (ɩɪɢɪɟɞɢɨ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚɞɨʃɢʄ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
2
1981 , 419; H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk, 218–219 (ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɫɤɨɝ Ȼɪɨɞɚ
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1536; ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ ɢ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ Ȼɪɨɞ 1545).
36
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ ɂɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1929, 129–130; Olga
Zirojeviü, Turska utvrÿena mesta na podruþju današnje Vojvodine, Slavonije i Baranje,
Turci u Podunavlju I, Panþevo 2008, 129–184, ɫɬɪ.168 (Ȼɪɨɞ); ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ
13.–16. ɜɟɤ, 360–361 (ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɟɦɢɧɥɭɤɚ ɭ Ȼɪɨɞɭ).
513
ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɨɦ, ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɢɦ ɛɟɞɟɦɨɦ ɢ ʁɚɪɤɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɬɨɤɨɦ

ɋɚɜɟ, Ɇɪɫɭʃɟ (ʁɟɡɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɥɢɤɬ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ Ɇɚɪɫɨɧɢʁɟ), ɢ Ƚɥɨɝɨɜɧɢɰɟ. ȼɚɪɨɲ
ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ, ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɭɡ ɨɛɚɥɭ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɩɪɚ-
ɜɨɭɝɚɨɧɢɦ ɛɟɞɟɦɨɦ ɫɚ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɨɜɢɦɚ. ɇɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ, ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨʁ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɋɚɜɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ, ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɢɦ
ɩɨɥɭɤɪɭɠɧɢɦ ɧɢɡɨɦ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɫɬɢɯ ɛɚɫɬɢɨɧɚ. ɂɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦɧɚ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɢɦ ɨɛɚɥɚɦɚ ɪɟɤɟ ɋɚɜɟ, ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɭɠɟɧɨ ɫɚɜɫɤɨ
ɨɫɬɪɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɪɟɞɭɬ, ɦɚɥɨ ɡɟɦʂɚɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ
ɤɜɚɞɪɚɬɧɨɝ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ.37 ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɜɫɤɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɜɚɥɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡ ɩɪɟɤɨ
ɋɚɜɟ ɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɭɰɪɬɚɨ ɭ Ȼɪɨɞɭ.
2.1 Arky
ɇɢɡɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɪɨɞɚ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ,
ɭɰɪɬɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɫɬɨ Arky, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ Ʉɥɚɤɚɪ (Ƚɨɪʃɢ ɢ Ⱦɨʃɢ), ɩɨɡɧɚ-
ɬɨ ɧɟɨɥɢɬɫɤɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɟ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɞɨɦ ȼɭɱʁɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɨɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ (ɑɚɪ-
ɞɚɱɢɧɟ), ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ Ȼɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟɥɨ ȳɚɪɭɝɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɨʁ
ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɋɚɜɟ.38 Ⱥɪɤɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ȼɟɪɢ-
ɫɥɚɜɢʄɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɪɚɡɨɪɢɥɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɭɛɢ-
ɫɬɜɚ, ɡɚɭɡɟɥɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɟɞɟ.39
3. Ȼɪɱɤɨ
Ȼɪɱɤɨ (Barka, Bertzka), ɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ ɪɟɤɟ Ȼɪɤɟ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ, ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟ-
ɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɭɥɨɦ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬ ɤɨɩʂɟɦ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 6.
ɋɥɢɤɚ. 6. Ȼɪɱɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
37
ɉɥɚɧ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ȼɪɨɞ ɢɡɪɚɞɢɨ ʁɟ ȳ. Ʉ. Ɇɢɥɟɪ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɩɨ ɦɢɪɭ ɭ
Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɭ 1699. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, M. Slukan Altiü, Povijesna kartografija, 270–271 (ɩɥɚɧɨɜɢ Ȼɪɨ-
ɞɚ ɧɚ ɋɚɜɢ), 462 (J. C. MĦller, ɉɥɚɧ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ Ȼɪɨɞ 1699, Ɋɚɬɧɢ ɚɪɯɢɜ, Ȼɟɱ).
38
ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13.–16. ɜɟɤ 92, ɧɚɩ. 191 (ɨ ɭɛɢɤɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɚ ɧɚ
ɋɚɜɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ Arky, ɫ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ); 93 (Arky ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢɦ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ XVI ɢ XVII ɜɟɤɚ).
39
Ⱥ. ɂɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɢ, 129 (ɪɚɡɨɪɟɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟ-
ɮɚɧɚ Ȼɟɪɢɫɥɚɜɢʄɚ).
514
Ȼɪɱɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɫɤɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɟɦ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟ-

ʃɭ, ɚ ɭ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɭ ɛɥɚɝɚʁɧɭ 1533. ɫɥɢɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ 1.000 ɚɤɱɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɞ ɦɨ-
ɫɬɚɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ 600 ɚɤɱɢ ɨɞ ɬɪɠɧɟ ɰɚɪɢɧɟ. ɉɪɢɯɨɞɢ ɨɞ ɛɪɱɚɧɫɤɟ
ɫɤɟɥɟ ɢ ɬɪɝɚ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɫɭ ɪɚɫɥɢ ɢ ɨɞ 1570. ɞɨ1585. ɭɫɬɚɥɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ 6.500
ɚɤɱɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ.40
3.1 Ɉɬɨɱɚɰ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɚɰ
Ɉɞ Ȼɪɱɤɨɝ ɭɡɜɨɞɧɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɢɡɞɭɠɟɧɨ ɪɟɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ ɧɚ
ɋɚɜɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ Ɉɬɨɱɚɰ (Otoczetz), ɫɚ ɦɚɥɢɦ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟɦ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɞɟɥɭ. ɇɚ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɰɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɜɟʄɟ Michalouetz, ɫɚ ɦɨɫɬɨɦ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɬɨɤɟ ɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ Zacz. ɍ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɰɢ ɋɩɪɟɱɢ ʁɟ Ƚɪɚ-
ɱɚɰ (Graysacz, Greyschatz), ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ ɢ ɤɭɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɪɞɭ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 7.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 7. Ɉɬɨɱɚɰ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ

ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ, ɞɜɨɪɚɰ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɲ Ɇɢɯɚʁ-
ɥɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɭ ɋɚɜɟ („castellum Myhalouch cum oppi-
do.... in ripa seu portu Zaui”) ɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ Ƚɪɚɱɚɰ („castrum.... Grachacz”),41
ɲɬɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɥɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɞɚʁɟ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ. Ɋɟɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ Ɉɬɨɱɚɰ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ
ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɒɚɦɰɚ, ɝɞɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɨɤɭɤɭ ɋɚɜɟ
ɫɚ ɞɨʃɢɦ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɟɤɟ Ɍɨɥɢɫɟ ɫɩɚʁɚʁɭ ɛɚɪɨɜɢɬɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɪɭɤɚɜɰɢ ɋɚɜɟ,
ɝɪɚɞɟʄɢ ɪɟɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɟɥɚ Ɉɪɚɲʁɚ, Ɍɨɥɢɫɟ, Ƚɪɟɛɧɢɰɟ ɢ Ⱦɨɦɚ-
ʂɟɜɰɚ. Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɚɰ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɫɟɥɨ, ɩɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɡɪɚ ɭ ɧɚɯɢ-
ʁɢ Ƚɪɚɱɚɰ 1533. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.42 Ƚɪɚɱɚɰ ʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ Ƚɪɚɞɚɱɚɰ, ʁɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ Ȼ. ɒɚɦɰɚ,
40
ɒɚɛɚɰ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ 1, ɒɚɛɚɰ 1970, 125–126, 150 (Ȼɪɱɤɨ); ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ
Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13.–16. ɜɟɤ, 166–167, Ȼɪɨɞ–Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ, 1536; 221–222, 247 (Ȼɪɱɤɨ).
41
ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13.–16. ɜɟɤ, 154–155 (Ɇɢɯɚɥɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ 1572,
1578, 1620, 1664; ɬɪɚɝ ɩɪɟɫɟʂɟʃɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɩɨɬɟɫ Migalovac ɤɨɞ ɋɥ. Ȼɪɨɞɚ).
42
Dva prva popisa Zvorniþkog sandžaka (iz 1519. i 1533. godine), (ɞešifrovao,
preveo i obradio: Adem Handžiþ), Sarajevo 1986, 154 (ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ Ƚɪɚɱɚɰ, ɦɟɡɪɚ
515
ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɚɜɫɤɨ ɪɟɱɧɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ ɧɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɦɟɪɚ ɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɡ-

ɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɩɨ ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɚɱɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɭ 1718. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉɬɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ
ɧɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɚɜɫɤɨ ɨɫɬɪɜɨ Ɉɬɨɱɚɰ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ Ⱦɨɦɚʂɟɜɚɰ ɫɪɟʄɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞ
1745. (Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɚ, ȳ. Ƚɚɞɟɚ – ɏɨɦɚɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ).43
Ɍɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɰɚ, ɤɚɫɬɟɥɚ ɢ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ, ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɚɞɚɲ-
ʃɚ ɫɟɥɚ Ⱦɨɦɚʂɟɜɚɰ ɢ Ʉɨɫɬɪʄ ɤɨɞ ɭɲʄɚ Ɍɨɥɢɫɟ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ.
4. Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ
ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ Ɉɬɨɱɰɭ, ɧɚ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɝɪɚɞɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɫɚɜɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɚ ȳɚʃɟ, ȳɚʃɢɰɟ ɢ Ⱦɚɲɧɢɰɟ ɫɩɨʁɟɧɢ ɤɚɧɚɥɢ-
ɦɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɭɰɪɬɚɨ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɭ (Biglina), ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ
ɤɚɪɬɢ ɫɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ. Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ
ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ 1533. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɡɚɬɢɦ 1580. ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɤɚɫɚɛɚ ɫɚ ɬɪɝɨɦ
(ɩɚɡɚɪ ɢ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɫɚʁɚɦ, ɩɚɧɚɻɭɪ), ɢ ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ 1634. ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ
ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɭ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɭ ɤɚɫɚɛɭ, ɭɝɥɟɞɚɧ ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ ɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚɥɭɤ ɢ
ɩɚɲɢɧ ɯɚɫ (ɞɨɛɪɨ), ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɫɤɨɝ ʄɟɯɚʁɭ
(ɡɚɦɟɧɢɤɚ) ɡɜɨɪɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝɚ.44 ɋɥɢɤɚ 8.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 8. Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
Ɇɢɯɚʂɟɜɚɰ ɭ ɬɢɦɚɪɭ ȼɭɤɚ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞ 450 ɚɤɱɢ), ɧɚɩ. 392 (ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ = ɇɟɧɚ-
ɜɢɲɬɟ); 201 (ɜɚɪɨɲ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ƚɪɚɱɚɰ).
43
Ƚɨɪɞɚɧɚ Ɍɨɦɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ɞɢʁɚɫɩɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚɦɚ XVI–XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɋɟɧɬɚɧɞɪɟʁ-
ɫɤɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ 3, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, 21–37, ɫɬɪ. 34, ɫɥ. 9 (ȳ. Ƚɚɞɟɚ, ɏɨɦɚɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɢɰɢ,
Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɚ, ɇɢɪɧɛɟɪɝ 1745, Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ, ɫɢɝɧ.
Ʉ–119, ɢɧɜ. Ȼɪ. 9811).
44
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 172 (ɧɚɯɢʁɚ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ
1533), 202 (ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ 1634); Adem Handžiü, Postanak i razvitak Bijeljine u XVI
vijeku. Prilog istoriji naselja i islamizacije u sjeveroistoþnoj Bosni, Prilozi za orijentalnu
filologiju XII–XIII, Sarajevo 1965, 65–74; Evlija ýelebija, Putopis (odlomci o jugoslovenskim
zemljama) II, (ɩreveo i komentar napisao Hazim Šabanoviü), Sarajevo 1957, 259–260.
516
Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ ʁɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢ, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɟɞɢ-

ɲɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɜɨʁɧɟ, ɫɭɞɫɤɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ
XVII ɜɟɤɚ, ɚɥɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ, ɢɡɭɡɟɜ ɡɟɦʂɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɧɚɫɢɩɚ ɫɚ ɩɚɥɢɫɚɞɚɦɚ (ɲɚɪɚɦɩɨɜ), ɨɤɨ ʇɚɦɢʁɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧɚ
II,45 ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɤɨɩʂɚ ɧɚɞ ɜɟɞɭɬɨɦ, ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɚ.
5. Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ
ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ɂɜɨɧɢɤ, ɞɚɧɚɫ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɢ,
ɡɚɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɦɭɤɟ Ʉɚɧɚɬɟɥɢʁɭ, ɬɟ ɝɚ ʁɟ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɦ ɬɪɚɧɫɤɪɢɩɰɢ-
ʁɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɭɧɟɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɭ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ. ɋɚɦɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɤɚɞɚ
ɝɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɭɲʄɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ (Quornik, Zuo-
mik), ɢɡɧɚɞ ɜɢʃɟɬɟ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɢɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɩʂɟ, ɡɚɤɨɲɟɧɨ
ɭɥɟɜɨ. Ɂɚɤɨɲɟɧɨ ɤɨɩʂɟ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɭɥɟɜɨ (Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ȳɚʁɰɟ)
ɢɥɢ ɭɞɟɫɧɨ (Ȼɪɱɤɨ), ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɰɪɬɟɠɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɝ
ɡɧɚɱɟʃɚ; ɜɟɞɭɬɟ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɋɨɤɨɰɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɩʂɟ ɧɚɞ ɝɪɚ-
ɞɨɦ. ɍ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɢ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚɨ ɭ
ɩɪɨɦɟɬɧɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ. ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɻɭ ɢɫɩɨɞ ɬɜɪ-
ɻɚɜɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɛɪɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ 640
ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ.46 ɋɥɢɤɚ 9.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 9. Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
Ʉɚɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ʁɟ 1476. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ

ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ ɢɦɚɨ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɚ
(ɭɤɭɩɧɨ 138), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɥɭɠɛɭ ɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɢ ɲɚʁɤɚ-
45
Mirjana Deteliü, Epski gradovi – leksikon, Beograd 2007, 52 (Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ, ɫ ɥɢɬɟ-
ɪɚɬɭɪɨɦ).
46
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ (Ɂɜɨɧɢɤ) ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢ-
ɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007, 25–43.
517
ɲɢ ɪɟɱɧɟ ɮɥɨɬɟ.47 Ɉɞ 1483. ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ Ɂɜɨɪ-

ɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɚ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɡɜɨɪɧɢɱɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝ ɫɬɨɥɨɜɚɨ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVII ɜɟɤɚ.48
Ɇɟɻɭ ɩɨɫɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ (ɦɭɫɬɚɯɮɢɡɢɦɚ) ɡɜɨɪɧɢɱɤɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ 1533. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɢ-
ɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ 118 ɬɢɦɚɪɧɢɤɚ; ɜɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞɟʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɟ (ɨɞɟ, ɨɞ
5–10 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɭʂɭɤɟ, ɨɞ 10 ʂɭɞɢ), ɩɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɧɚɲɥɢ: 1 ɫɟɪɨɞ
(ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ɨɞɟ), 2 ɫɟɪɛɭʂɚɤɚ (ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ɛɭʂɭɤɚ), 3 ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ; ɞɢɡɞɚɪ
(ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ), ʄɟɯɚʁɚ (ɡɚɦɟɧɢɤ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝɚ), 2 ɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɚɠɚɪɚ
(ɤɚɩɢʇɢʁɟ); 3 ɬɨɛʇɢʁɟ ɢ 1 ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ɬɨɛʇɢʁɚ; 1 ɩɨɬɤɢɜɚɱ, 1 ɤɨɜɚɱ, 3 ʁɚɧɢ-
ɱɚɪɚ, 1 ɫɚɦɨɫɬɪɟɥɚɪ (ɡɟɦɛɟɪɟɤʇɢʁɚ), 1 ɫɬɪɟɥɚɪ, 1 ɨɤɥɨɩɧɢɤ (ʇɟɛɟɥɢʁɚ) ɢ 1
ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ ɨɤɥɨɩɧɢɤɚ; 1 ɩɢɫɚɪ (ɤɚɬɢɛ) ɢ 1 ɢɦɚɦ (ɦɭɫɥ. ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ). ɉɨɫɚ-
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁɚɥɚ ɜɢɲɟ ʂɭɞɢ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɚ ʁɨɲ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɰɢɧɨɦ
(„ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɢɦɚ”).49 ȼɟɤ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬ ɨɩɢɫ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ
ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɥɟɬɢ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɨɛɚɰɢɬɢ ɫɬɪɟɥɚ. Ɍɜɪɻɚɜɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚ
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ – ɞɢɡɞɚɪ, ɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɛɪɨʁɢ 150 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ; ɬɭ ɫɟɞɟ ɤɚɞɢʁɚ,
ɫɩɚɯɢʁɫɤɢ ʄɟɯɚʁɚ, ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɟɪɞɚɪ, ɬɪɠɧɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤ, ɛɚɠɞɚɪ, ɝɪɚɞɨɧɚ-
ɱɟɥɧɢɤ, ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɢɤ ɡɚ ɯɚɪɚɱ (ɟɦɢɧ) ɢ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɫɤɢ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤ (ɦɢɦɚɪ-ɚɝɚ).
ȼɚɪɨɲ ɫɟ ɞɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɜɭ ɢ ɞɟɫɧɭ, ɧɚ ɨɛɚɥɢ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ. ɉɪɢɫɬɚɧɢɲɬɟ (ɫɤɟɥɚ) ʁɟ
ɜɪɥɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɛɪɨʁ ɥɚɻɚ ɩɥɨɜɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ.50
6. ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ
ȳɭɠɧɨ ɨɞ ɋɪɟɛɪɧɢɰɟ (Srebamiza, Argentina), ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ Ⱦɪɢʃɚɱɢ
(Drinaua fl.), Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ (Sokolaz) ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɫɤɨɦ
ɩɟʁɡɚɠɭ ɧɚ ɜɪɯɭ ɛɪɞa, ɫɚ ɬɪɢ ɜɢɫɨɤɟ ɤɭɥɟ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɋɨɤɨ–ɝɪɚɞɭ, ɫɟɞɢ-
ɲɬɭ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ ɋɨɤɨɥ ɭ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɭ, ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ. ɍɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ
ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ ɒɢɩʂɚɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɤɟ ɭ ɋɨɤɨɥɫɤɭ ɪɟɤɭ, ɢɫɩɨɞ ɜɪɯɚ
Ɋɨɠɚʃ (971 ɦ) ɧɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɫɤɢɦ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚɦɚ, ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɞ ȴɭɛɨɜɢʁɟ.
ɂɫɩɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɠɭ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɚ ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ ɢ Ƚɪɚɱɚɧɢɰɚ. Ƚɪɚɞ,
ɞɚɧɚɫ ɭ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚɦɚ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɨɱɭɜɚɧ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1860. ɤɚɞɚ ɝɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɫɟɬɢɨ, ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ɢ ɫɤɢɰɢɪɚɨ Ɏɟɥɢɤɫ Ʉɚɧɢɰ.51 ɋɥɢɤɚ 10.
47
ȿɦɚ Ɇɢʂɤɨɜɢʄ Ȼɨʁɚɧɢʄ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ 1476–1560 (ɡɟɦʂɚ–ɧɚɫɟʂɚ–
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 135–136.
48
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 50–53; ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ,
ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13.–16. ɜɟɤ, 256–258 (ɧɚɯɢʁɚ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ, ɧɚɫɟʂɚ).
49
Dva prva popisa Zvorniþkog sandžaka (iz 1519. i 1533. godine), (ed. A. Handžiþ),
161–181 (ɬɢɦɚɪɢ ɦɭɫɬɚɯɮɢɡɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ); Ɉɥɝɚ Ɂɢɪɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɜɨʁɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ
ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 1459–1683, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974, 293–305 (ɪɟɱɧɢɤ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ).
50
Evlija ýelebija, Putopis (odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama) II, 256–259 (ɝɪɚɞ
Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ).
51
Ɏɚɥɢɤɫ Ʉɚɧɢɰ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɨɞ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIX ɜɟɤɚ
I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1985, 419–424, ɫɬɪ. 420 ɩɚɧɨɪɚɦɚ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ ɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɋɨɤɨ (ɰɪɬɟɠɢ).
518
ɋɥɢɤɚ 10. Ƚɪɚɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ

ɇɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɨ, ɚ ɧɚɦɟɧɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɞɚ ɲɬɢɬɢ ɨɛɥɢɠʃɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɭ ɐɪɧɱɢ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ
Ⱦɪɢɧɟ. ȼɟʄ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɢɦ ɞɨɛɪɢɦɚ (ɯɚ-
ɫɨɜɢɦɚ), ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤ ɐɪɧɱɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɬ ɭ ɡɚɤɭɩ (1468).52 ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ (1476) ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ Ʉɟɦɚɥ, ɞɢɡɞɚɪ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɋɨɤɨɥ, ɭ ɫɜɨɦ
ɬɢɦɚɪɭ ɞɪɠɢ 14 ɤɭʄɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɭ ɉɨɞɝɪɚɞ „ɢɫɩɨɞ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɋɨɤɨɥ”. ɉɨɫɚɞɭ
ɫɨɤɨɥɫɤɟ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ 1519. ɱɢɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɝɪɭɩɚ (ʇɟɦɚɬ) ɨɞ 10 ɦɚɪɬɨɥɨɫɚ, ɚ 43
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɉɨɞɝɪɚɞ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɜɚɪɨɲ (ɬɪɝ) ɫɨɤɨɥɫɤɟ ɬɜɪ-
ɻɚɜɟ. Ȼɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɬɚ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɦɚʁɫɬɨɪɢ ɡɢɞɚɪɢ
(ɦɟɪɟɦɟʇɢʁɟ) ɢɦɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ. Ɉɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVI ɜɟ-
ɤɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɢɦɚɪɧɢɰɢ (ɦɭɫɬɚɯɮɢɡɢ), ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ
ɜɚɪɢɪɚɨ (18, 15, 14, 19); ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ɨɩɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ 12.53 Ƚɪɚɞ ɋɨɤɨ
ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ ɋɨɤɨɥ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɢɫɟʂɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɫ-
ɥɟɞʃɢɯ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ ɢɡ ɋɨɤɨɥɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ, ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɦɢɧɢɪɚɧ ɢ ɫɪɭ-
ɲɟɧ 21. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1862. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.54
ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɋɨɤɨɰɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ Chelcbi – ɫɬɚɪɢ ɬɪɝ
Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢ ɉɚɡɚɪ ɩɨ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞɭ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɢ ɂɫɚɛɟɝɨɜɢʄɭ,
52
Adem Handžiü, Rudnici u Bosni u drugoj polovini XV stoljeüa, Prilozi za orijentalnu
filologiju XXVI, Sarajevo 1978, 30, 33; Ⱥɡɛɭɤɨɜɢɰɚ – ɡɟɦʂɚ, ʂɭɞɢ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ȴɭɛɨɜɢʁɚ 1985,
78–91 (Ɏɟɯɢɦ ȹ. ɋɩɚɯɨ);105–110 (ɉɟɬɚɪ Ɍɪɚʁɤɨɜɢʄ); Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ, ɐɪɧɱɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɟɤɭ, ɉɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2005, 69–90.
53
Ɉ. Ɂɢɪɨʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɜɨʁɧɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ 1459–1683, 146; (ɋɨɤɨ); Ɇɢɥɢ-
ɜɨʁɟ ȼɚɫɢʂɟɜɢʄ, ɋɨɤɨ–ɝɪɚɞ, ɒɚɛɚɰ 1998, 30–42 (ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ ɋɨɤɨ).
54
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 169; Ɇ. ȼɚɫɢʂɟɜɢʄ,
ɋɨɤɨ–ɝɪɚɞ, 118–120 ( ɪɭɲɟʃɟ Sokola).
519
ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ (1463–1468).55 ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ, ȼɢɲɟ-

ɝɪɚɞ ɢ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɭɡɞɢɝɧɭɬɢɦ ɤɨɩʂɟɦ ɧɚɞ ɜɟɞɭɬɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɭɧɨ-
ɫɢ ɢ ɭ ɤɚɪɬɭ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ (Il Regno della Servia detta altrimenti
Rascia, Ɋɢɦ, 1689), ɭ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɭ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ.56
7. ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ
ɇɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɝɪɚɞ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ (Vissegrad) ɧɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɢ
ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɜɟɞɭɬɨɦ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɠɟ ɞɭɝɨ ɢ ɭɫ-
ɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɩʂɟ. Ɍɨ ɜɚɠɧɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɫɬɪɦɨɦ ɭɡɜɢɲɟʃɭ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɭɲʄɚ Ɋɡɚɜɚ ɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɭ, ɫɚ ɞɜɟ ɫɧɚɠɧɟ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɟ
ɤɭɥɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ 1531. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɜɢɪɢ ɭ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫɭ
Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬɚ Ʉɭɪɢɩɟɱɢʄɚ. Ɉɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɝɪɚɻɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɩɨɫɟʄɭʁɭ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ (1433–1437).57 ɋɥɢɤɚ 11.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 11. ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
Ɉɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɭ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɚ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɬɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ

(1462). ɍ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ ʁɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ (1469), ɚ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ
55
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 129 ɢ ɧɚɩ. 48; 133,
155 (ɧɚɯɢʁɚ Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ 1528; ɤɚɫɚɛɚ Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ 1558), 187 (ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ ɑɟɥɟɛɢ ɉɚɡɚɪ ɢɥɢ
Ɋɨɝɚɬɢɰɚ, 1667).
56
) Ɇɢɥɢɰɚ ɇɢɤɨɥɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɬɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ ɢɡ 1689.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ XIX (Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1972) 101–133 (ɫ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɨɦ ɤɚɪɬɟ), ɫɬɪ.
103 (Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɞɧɭ ɤɚɪɬɟ: ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɫɚ ɭɫɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɤɨɩʂɟɦ =Presidio).
57
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ,
ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 1978, 98–100, ɫɬɪ. 98 ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ, ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚ ɢɡ Ʉɭɪɢɩɟɱɢʄɟɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɨɩɢɫɚ, 1531;
Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɍɬɜɪɻɟʃɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ, Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ – ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ – ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, 2003, 92–112, ɫɬɪ. 97–98
(ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ).
520
ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ. ɋɬɚɥɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɭ ɜɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɫɤɨʁ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ, ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ

ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɢ ɞɢɡɞɚɪ, ʄɟɯɚʁɚ ɢ ɢɦɚɦ, ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ XIX ɜɟɤɚ.58
ɇɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ
ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɧɚɠɧɨɦ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɨɦ ɤɭɥɨɦ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɠɟ ɜɢɫɨɤɨ ɤɨɩʂɟ.
ȼɢɞɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɫɨɤɚ ɦɢɧɚɪɟɬɚ, ɧɢɡ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧ ɧɢɠɢɦ ɨɛɢɦ-
ɧɢɦ ɡɢɞɨɦ, ɚ ɞɨ ɫɚɦɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɦɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ Ⱦɪɢɧɟ (Drina
fl.). Ⱦɭɝɢ ɤɚɦɟɧɢ ɦɨɫɬ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɪɟɦɨɲʄɭʁɟ
ɪɟɤɭ Ⱦɪɢɧɭ, ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ ɲɢɪɨɦ Ɉɬɨɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɰɟ-
ɥɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ. ȼɟɥɟɥɟɩɧɭ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɭ Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-ɩɚɲɟ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɡɢɞɚɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ, Ʉɨʇɚ ɋɢɧɚɧ Ɇɢɦɚɪ, ɨɞ 15711577. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
Ɍɚ ɫɥɚɜɧɚ „ɇɚ Ⱦɪɢɧɢ ʄɭɩɪɢʁɚ” ɂɜɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɢʄɚ, ɡɚɦɟɧɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɜɟɧɢ ɦɨɫɬ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɟ, ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧ 1531. (ɝɪɚɜɢɪɚ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ Ʉɭɪɢɩɟɱɢʄɟɜɨɦ ɩɭɬɨ-
ɩɢɫɭ). ɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XVII ɜɟɤɚ ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ
ɢɦɚ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɚ, ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ɞɢɡɞɚɪɚ), ɛɚɠɞɚɪɚ ɢ 70 ɪɟ-
ɞɨɜɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ. ɍ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ ɢ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟ ɦɭɧɢɰɢ-
ʁɟ, ɚ ɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ 700 ɤɭʄɚ, ɯɚɧ, ɤɭɩɚɬɢɥɨ, ɱɟɫɦɟ, ɞɭʄɚɧɢ – ɫɜɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ
Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-ɩɚɲɟ ɋɨɤɨɥɨɜɢʄɚ.59
8. ȳɚʁɰɟ
Ƚɪɚɞ ɤɨʁɢ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɫɟɞɢ-
ɲɬɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ȳɚʁɰɟ (Iazi, Iaicza, alias Ouo), ɧɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɢ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɟ. ȳɚʁɰɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɪɚɞ ɏɪɜɨʁɚ ȼɭɤɱɢʄɚ, ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɚ
ɢ ʁɚɤ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɞ
ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ.60 Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ȳɚʁɰɟ, ɢɫɩɢɫɭ-
ʁɭʄɢ ɢɦɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ, ɞɚʁɟ ɞɜɟ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɜɨɞ ɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ: Iazi, Jaicza, alias Ouo.
ȳɚʁɰɟ ʁɟ ɩɚɥɨ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɛɟɡ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɦɚʁɚ 1463; ɬɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɫɟɞɟɨ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝ, ɚ ɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ ɫɟ ɫɦɟɫɬɢɥɚ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ
ɨɞ 430 ʂɭɞɢ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɨɦ (ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɍɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɢ ɩɚɩɚ), ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɢ ɢ ɯɟɪɰɟɝ ɋɬʁɟɩɚɧ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɢɧɨɜɢ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɢɫ-
ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ȳɚʁɰɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɨ. ɋɥɟɞɟʄɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɟɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɪɠɢ
ɞɭɝɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɨɩɫɚɞɭ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɧɨɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ
58
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 130–131; Ɇɢɥɚɧ
ȼɚɫɢʄ, Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄɚ – ɫɪɟɞʃɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɢ
ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ – ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, 2003, 305–326, ɫɬɪ. 310–311
(ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ). Sumarni popis Sandžaka Bosna iz 1468/69. godine, (ed. Ahmed S. Aliþiü),
Mostar 2008, 109 (ɬɢɦɚɪ ɫɟɪɚɫɤɟɪɚ = ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚɯɢʁɟ ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ 1468/69).
59
Evlija ýelebija, Putopis (odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama) II, 8–9
(ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ).
60
Ⱦ. ɄɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄɄɨʁɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, 127–
129 (ȳɚʁɰɟ).
521
ȳɚʁɚɱɤɟ ɛɚɧɨɜɢɧɟ. Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ȳɚʁɰe ɞɭɝɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɥɨ

ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɩɫɚɞɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ (1464, 1491, 1512, 1525). ɉɨɫɥɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ
ɜɚɪʂɢɜɨɝ ɫɟɞɦɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ (1503), ɫɚ ɩɚ-
ɞɨɦ ɋɪɟɛɪɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ (1512), ɚ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ
ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɒɚɩɰɚ 1521, ɫɪɭɲɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɚ ɥɢɧɢ-
ʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ 1527. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɝɪɚɞ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɩɪɟɞɚɨ ɫɟ
Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ. ɇɚɯɢʁɚ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɨɞ 1562, ɚ ɝɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ
ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XVI ɜɟɤɚ.61 ɂ ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ, ɭɡ ɫɥɢɤɨɜɢɬ ɨɩɢɫ ɬɜɪɞɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɛɟɥɟɠɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɫɟɞɢ-
ɲɬɟ ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤɚ, ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɦɟɫɧɨɝ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɫɤɨɝ ʄɟɯɚʁɭ, ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɟɪɞɚɪɚ,
ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɝɪɚɞɚ (ɞɢɡɞɚɪɚ), ɛɚɠɞɚɪɚ, ɧɚɞɡɨɪɧɢɤɚ ɬɪɝɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɭ ɨɞ 300
ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ. 62 ɋɥɢɤɚ 12.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 12. ȳɚʁɰɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ

ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ȳɚʁɰɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɨɦ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɢɫ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɢɦɟɧɚ, ɚ ɫɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɜɟʄɟɝ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ, ɧɚ
ɱɢʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɝɪɚɞ, ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɟ ɢɡɜɚɧɪɟɞɚɧ ɝɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ȳɚʁɰɚ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɭɲʄɚ ɉɥɢɜɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɩɨɜɢɦɚ ɞɭɝɢɦ 28
ɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɪɭɲɢ ɭ ɜɨɞɟ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ. ɀɢɜɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɩɨʁɡɚɠ ɨɤɨ ȳɚʁɰɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɚ ȳɟɡɟɪɚ
ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɋɟɛɚɫɬɢʁɚɧɨ Ʉɨɦɩɚʃɚ ɭ ɨɫɦɨʁ ɤʃɢɡɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ Ƚɟɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ, ɪɭɤɨ-
ɩɢɫɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ 1509. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ: „Iaiza urbs est, loci, quondam regia, ad
confluenta Plievae et Verbas posita. Profluit namque Verbas e montibus cui
Plieua, in stagno prius inmersa, in quo Issera oppidum in petra stagni aquis
circumdata situm est, egrediens ad Iaizam septentrionem versus coniungitur
siue in eum cadit, e superiori namque atque altissimo saxo in quo Iaiza se-
61
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 38–42 (ȳɚʁɰɟ 1463–
1464), 55–57 (ȳɚʁɰɟ 1527) , 178 (ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ȳɚʁɰɟ 1562), 185 (ɤɚɞɢɥɭɤ ȳɚʁɰɟ)
62
Evlija ýelebija, Putopis (odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama) I, 230–233.
522
det, magno strepitu praecipitatur, deinde in Saum uadit.” (ɇɟɤɚɞɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜ-

ɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɲʄɭ ɉɥɢɜɟ ɭ ȼɪɛɚɫ. ɇɚɢɦɟ, ɢɡ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɚ
ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ȼɪɛɚɫ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɉɥɢɜɚ, ɩɨɲɬɨ ɩɪɜɨ ɭɬɨɧɟ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɨ, ɧɚ ɤɨɦɟ
ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɝɪɚɞ ȳɟɡɟɪɨ, ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɢ ɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɭ ɨɤɪɭɠɟɧɨʁ ɜɨɞɨɦ, ɢ ɢɡɥɚɡɟʄɢ
ɤɨɞ ȳɚʁɰɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɭ ɫɩɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɫ ʃɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɚɞɚ ɭ ʃɟɝɚ, ɢ ɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɭ-
ɲɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɯɭɤɨɦ ɨɞɨɡɝɨ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɬɨʁɢ ȳɚʁɰɟ, ɚ
ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ /ȼɪɛɚɫ/ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɭ ɋɚɜɭ.)63
ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɨɫɤɭɞɧɨɝ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɨ-
ɜɢɧɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ȳɚʁɰɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɨɝɪɚɮɢɦɚ,
ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɉʁɟɪ Ⱦɢɜɚɥ ɞ’Ⱥɛɟɜɢɥ, ɮɪɚɧ-
ɰɭɫɤɢ ɞɜɨɪɫɤɢ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮ, ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ (ɉɚɪɢɡ, 1651),
ɡɚ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ /ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ/ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ („Iaicza est la meil-
leure place de Bosnie”).64
ɋɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɜɟɞɭ-
ɬɨɦ ɫ ɤɨɩʂɟɦ, ɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɚ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɭ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ
ɪɟɱɧɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ. Ɂɧɚɱɚʁ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ – ʁɚɤɢɯ
ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɚɪɚ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɤɢ ɢ ɥɢ-
ɤɨɜɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ – ɜɟʄɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɢ ɜɟ-
ɞɭɬɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ: ɋɜɢʃɚɪ, ɧɚ ɋɚɜɢ, ɫɥɢɤɚ
13, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɫɥɢɤɚ 14, ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ, ɫɚ ɞɜɚ ɦɨɫɬɚ,
ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, ɫɥɢɤɚ 15, ɧɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ɇɢʂɚɰɤɟ, ɢ Ɋɚɦɚ, ɫɥɢɤɚ 16, (ɉɪɨɡɨɪ),
ɤɪɚʁ ɦɨɫɬɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɰɢ Ɋɚɦɢ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 13. ɋɜɢʃɚɪ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
63
Geographiae Sebastiani Compagni Liber VIII Europae, fol. 36r, Vat. Lat. 3844, f.
1–260 (f. 35–44, 110–126, ɫɧɢɦɢɨ ɭ ȼɚɬɢɤɚɧɭ ɞɪ Ƚɚɜɪɨ Ⱥ. ɒɤɪɢɜɚɧɢʄ); ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɥɢɫ-
ɬɨɜɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɧɢɦɢɨ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɡɢɨ ɛɟɥɟɲɤɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɦɚɧɭɫɤɪɢɩɬɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧ 13. VI
1509. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ȳɚɱɨɜ, ɤɨɦɟ ɞɭɝɭʁɟɦɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɡɚɯɜɚɥɧɨɫɬ.
64
Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɩɢɫɢɦɚ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ-
ɤɚXVI–XVII ɜɟɤ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1961, 189 (ɉʁɟɪ Ⱦɢɜɚɥ, 1651. ȳɚʁɰɟ), 433 (Pierre du Val, 1651.
Iaicza).
523
ɋɜɢʃɚɪ (Sviuvar), ɞɚɧɚɫ ɋɪɛɚɰ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɭɲʄɚ ȼɪɛɚɫɚ ɭ

ɋɚɜɭ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ (ɤɚɫɬɟɥ). Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɜɟʄɢɦ
ɢɫɩɢɫɨɦ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ, ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɪɨɞɨɝɪɚ-
ɞɢɥɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɋɜɢʃɚɪɭ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɥɚɻɟ (ɧɚɫɚɞɢ) (1540).65
Ɍɨɤɨɦ XVI ɜɟɤɚ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɟɝɥɟɪɛɟ-
ɝɨɜɚ. Ɉɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɝ ɜɟɤɚ ɨɧɢ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɛɨɪɚɜɟ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ, ɚ ɡɚ-
ɦɟɧɢɰɢ (ʄɟɯɚʁɟ) ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɭ Ȼɚʃɨʁ Ʌɭɰɢ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 14.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 14. Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
Ɉɞ 1655. ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɛɟɝɥɟɪɛɟɝɚ Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ ɛɢ-

ɥɨ ʁɟ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, ɫɜɟ ɞɨ 1700. ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɨ ɭ Ɍɪɚɜɧɢɤ.66
ɍ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɩɥɢʄɭ ɫɟ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɢɦɟɧɨɜɚʃɚ. ɍ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ ɪɟɤɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɭ ɨɛɥɚ-
ɫɬɢ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨʁ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ, ɩɨ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɟʃɭ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ʁɟ
ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɩɨ ɢɦɟɧɭ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ (Verbosenie, 1379). ɇɚɫɟʂɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɬɜɪ-
ɻɟɧɨ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɭ ɛɢɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɟɧ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɚ (1436, 1439). ɍɡ
ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɭ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɟɞɦɢɱɧɢ ɬɪɝ
ɭɬɨɪɤɨɦ – Ɍɨɪɧɢɤ (in Verbossani nautornich 1402), ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɬɟɤɥɢ Ɍɭɪ-
ɰɢ (1455) ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ɤɚɫɚɛɭ ɢ ɩɚɡɚɪ Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɟ /Ɍɨɪɤɨɜɢɲɬɟ
(1462, 1468/9). ɉɨɪɟɞ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɝ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɚ 1462. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɂɫɚ–ɛɟɝ
ɂɫɯɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɩɨɞɢɠɟ ɧɨɜɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ: ɞɜɨɪ (ɫɚɪɚʁ), ɞɪɜɟɧɭ ʇɚɦɢʁɭ,
ɦɨɫɬ, ɚɦɚɦ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɤɨɧɚɱɢɲɬɟ (ɯɚɧ), ɤɭʄɟ, ɞɭʄɚɧɟ ɢ ɦɥɢɧɨɜɟ.
ɉɨ ɫɚɪɚʁɭ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ, ɩɨɬɨʃɟ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ
ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ
ɢɦɟ „ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬ ɋɚɪɚʁ–ɨɜɚɫɢ” (ɩɨʂɟ ɨɤɨ ɞɜɨɪɚ). Ɍɪɝɨɜɢɲɬɟ/ Ɍɨɪɤɨɜɢɲɬɟ
65
ȳ. Ɇɪɝɢʄ, ɋɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ȼɨɫɧɚ 13.–16. ɜɟɤ, 359 (ɋɜɢʃɚɪ).
66
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 72, 177, 179 (Ȼɚʃɚ
Ʌɭɤɚ).
524
ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɬɪɝ (ɩɚɡɚɪ) ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɚ ɋɚɪɚʁ–ɨɜɚɫɢ (1468). ɉɨɫɥɟ 1463.

ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɚɧʇɚɤɛɟɝɚ, ɜɨʁɧɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ, ɭ
ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XV ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɠɢɜɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ,
ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɧɚʁʁɚɱɚ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ. ɍɩɪɚɜɨ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɬɨɦɟ
ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɟɨɧɨ ɢ ɦɟɫɧɨ ɢɦɟ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɟ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ ɋɟɝɨɧ, ɭɥɰɢʃɫɤɢ
ɛɢɫɤɭɩ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ, ɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ
ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɝɚɪɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ (1480) ɫɩɚɥɢɨ ɢ ɩɨɪɭ-
ɲɢɨ („locus Varbosania dictus, caput et sedes principalis ducis eiusdem
gentis, non diu – nuper enim per Pannonum regem direptus atque incen-
sus”).67 ɋɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVI ɜɟɤɚ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɧɨɜɢ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ ɢɦɟ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ .68 ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɥɨ ɧɨɜɨ
ɢɦɟ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɞɢʃɭʁɭʄɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ
ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɭ, ɫɬɚɪɢ ɧɟɞɟʂɧɢ ɬɪɝ (ɤɚɫɚɛɭ, ɩɚɡɚɪ) ɢ ɲɟɯɟɪ ɨɤɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɞɜɨɪɚ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 15.
ɋɥɢɤɚ 15. ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɭ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ, ɨɧ ɬɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɡɢ-

ɜɚ ɝɨɪʃɢ ɬɨɤ ɍɫɨɪɟ (Voxwossen, ó Vsox), ɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɭ (Warbosina,
Werbossen) ɫɦɟɲɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɫɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɪɟɤɟ, ɞɨɤ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɭ ɢɡʁɟɞ-
ɧɚɱɭʁɟ ɫɚ Ƚɨɪʃɨɦ Ɋɚɦɨɦ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɤɚɨ
67
Martino Segono di Novo Brdo vescovo di Dulcigno – Un umanista serbo–dalmata
del tardo Quatrocento, Vita e opere, di Agostino Pertusi, Roma 1981, 104;
68
Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤ, Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ
ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧɚ ȳɢɪɟɱɟɤɚ I, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1959, 205–303, ɫɬɪ. 299, ɧɚɩ. 294;
Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ, Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ,
Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ), 45–55; Sumarni popis Sandžaka
Bosna iz 1468/69. godine, (ed. Ahmed S. Aliþiü), 69–70 ɢ ɧɚɩ. 1105, 1110 (vilajet Saraj–
ovasi, Pazar Torkovište).
525
ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ (Saraio e Seraglio) ɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɝɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɭɬɜɪ-

ɻɟɧɨ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ ɫɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɨɩɚɫɚɧɨ ɛɟɞɟɦɢɦɚ. ɋɥɢɤɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɦɢ-
ɧɢɪɚ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɫɚ ɡɜɟɡɞɚɫɬɢɦ ɤɪɭɧɢɲɬɟɦ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ
ɞɟɥɭ, ɥɟɜɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɤɟ. Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɱɟɬɜɪɬɚɫɬɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɤɭɥɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ
ɞɟɥɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɞɟɫɧɨ ɨɞ Ɇɢʂɚɰɤɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɭ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɧɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɬɟɤɥɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ, ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɚʂɟ ɞɨɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɢ. ɂɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɨɜɢɯ ɤɭɥɚ
ɩɚɞɚ ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɠɢɜɟ ɝɪɚɞɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ ɞɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ
XVI ɜɟɤɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɫɥɭɝɨɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɜɟɡɢɪɚ ɏɭɫɪɟɜ-ɛɟɝɚ (1521–
1541), ɭ ɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ. Ɋɭɢɧɢɪɚɧɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ ɫɚ
ɨɩɤɨɩɨɦ ɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢ ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɑɟɥɟɛɢʁɚ ɨɤɨ 1660. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ, ɫɚ ɝɜɨ-
ɡɞɟɧɨɦ ɤɚɩɢʁɨɦ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɡɚɩɨɜɟɞɧɢɤ, ɩɨɫɚɞɚ, ʇɚɦɢʁɚ,
ɤɭʄɚ ɢɦɚɦɚ, ɦɭʁɟɡɢɧɚ, ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɫɜɢɪɚɱɚ, ɠɢɬɧɢ ɦɚɝɚɰɢɧɢ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɤɭʄɟ.
Ɂɚɫɥɭɝɭ ɡɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ ɜɚɪɨɲɢ (ɲɟɯɟɪɚ) ȿɜɥɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɭʁɟ Ⱥɯɦɟɞ–ɩɚɲɢ, ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɛɟɝɥɟɪɛɟɝ 1659–1660.69
Ɉɛɥɚɫɬ Ɋɚɦɭ ɭ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɢɦɟɧɟ ɪɟɤɟ, ɥɟɜɟ ɩɪɢɬɨɤɟ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɟ,
Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɫɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ ɢɥɢ ȼɨʁɜɨɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɜ. ɋɚ-
ɜɟ (Hercegouina, ó Ducato di S. Saba). Ɂɚ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɭɡ ɧɚɡɢɜ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɢ
ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭ: „ɜɟʄ ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɟɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɭɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɨɞ ɢɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ ɏɭɦ, ɏɟɥɦɨ, ɏɭɞɜɟɪɝɢʁɚ ɢ Ɂɚɯɭɦʂɟ („già riconosciuto per parte della
Bossina, et altre uòlte della Seruia, sotto il nome di Chulmo, Chelmo, Chu-
duergia, e Zachulmia”). ɇɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ Ɋɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ Ƚɨɪʃɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ
ɞɟɥɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ Ƚɨɪʃɭ Ɋɚɦɭ ɢɥɢ ȼɪɯɛɨɫɚʃɟ (Rama Superiore o Varbosanye),
ɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɦ ɬɨɤɭ ɪɟɤɟ Ɋɚɦɟ, ɢ Ⱦɨʃɭ Ɋɚɦɭ (Rama Inferiore), ɩɨɞ ɭɲʄɟɦ
ɪɟɤɟ ɭ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɭ. ɋɥɢɤɚ 16.
ɋɥ. 16. Ɋɚɦɚ (ɉɪɨɡɨɪ) ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
69
Evlija ýelebija, Putopis (odlomci o jugoslovenskim zemljama) I, 115–116 (ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ).
526
ɉɪɨɡɨɪ, ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɬɚɱɧɨ, ɧɚ ɥɟ-

ɜɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɝɨɪʃɟɝ ɬɨɤɚ ɪɟɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɝɚ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ Ɋɚɦɚ,
ɱɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ. ɇɚɫɟʂɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɥɟɜɨʁ ɨɛɚɥɢ
ɪɟɤɟ Ɋɚɦɟ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɫɬ. ɂɦɚ ɜɟʄɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɭ ɤɭɥɭ ɢ ɞɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ
ɛɨɱɧɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɞɭɝɢɯ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɚ ɫ ɞɜɨɫɥɢɜɧɢɦ ɤɪɨɜɨɦ. ɋɚɦ ɝɪɚɞ
ɉɪɨɡɨɪ (Prosor) Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɫɦɟɲɬɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɭɲʄɟ
Ɇɥɚɜɟ ɭ ɀɟɥɟɡɧɢɰɭ (Ɏɨʁɧɢɱɤɭ ɪɟɤɭ), ɜɚɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ Ƚɨɪʃɟ Ɋɚɦɟ.
ɉɪɨɡɨɪ ɫɚ Ɋɚɦɨɦ (castrum Prozor in Rama et cum tota Rama), ɞɨɛɢɨ
ʁɟ ȼɥɚɞɢɫɥɚɜ, ɫɢɧ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ (1463).70 ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ
ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɉɪɨɡɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɫɬɨ, ɬɪɝ (ɩɚɡɚɪ) ɧɚɯɢʁɟ Ɋɚɦɟ (1468/69);
ɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɢ ɉɪɨɡɨɪ (1468–1475) ɛɢɨ ʁɟ 21 ɩɨɫɚɞɧɢɤ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ
ɞɢɡɞɚɪ, ʄɟɯɚʁɚ ɢ ɢɦɚɦ.71 ɇɚɯɢʁɚ Ɋɚɦɚ ɫ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɨɦ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɞɢɥɭ-
ɤɭ ɇɟɪɟɬɜɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XVI ɜɟɤɚ.72 Ƚɪɚɞɢʄ ɉɪɨɡɨɪ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɞ ɭɲʄɚ ɪɟ-
ɱɢɰɟ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɱɢɰɟ ɭ Ɋɚɦɭ, ɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɨɞ ɋɩɥɢɬɚ ɤɚ ɞɨɥɢɧɢ ɪɟɤɟ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɟ. ɋɬɚɪɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ɤɨɞ ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɚɧɚɫ ʁɟ ɭ ɪɭɲɟɜɢɧɚɦɚ.
Ʉɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɨɞ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ ɢɡ 1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɞɪ-
ɠɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɢ ɨɧɢ ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɫɚɦ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɢɦɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨ-
ɫɬɢɦɚ, ɭɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɭ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɨ Ȼɨɫ-
ɧɢ, ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɜɚɠɧɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɢ – ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɫɟɞɢɲɬɚ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɪɟɱɧɚ ɦɪɟɠɚ ɢ ɦɨɫɬɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɤɚ.
Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɜɟɞɭɬɚɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɠɟ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢ-
ɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ ɦɟɫɬɚ.
ɍ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢ ɤɚɪɬɟ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨʁ ɜɨʁɜɨɞɢ ɨɞ Ɇɨɞɟɧɟ, Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɨɦɟɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ Ʉɥɚɭɞɢʁɚ Ʉɨɝɨɪɚɧɢʁɚ,
ɩɨɞɫɟʄɚ ɧɚ ɞɚʂɟɝ ɩɪɟɬɤɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɚɬɪɨɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɭ
Ȼɨɫɧɢ. Ɍɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ, ɞɨ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɠɟɧ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ, ɦɨ-
ɠɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɧɚ ȭɚɧɮɪɚɧɱɟɫɤɚ Ⱥɥɞɨɛɪɚɧɞɢɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞ Ʉʂɭɱ ɧɚ ɋɚ-
ɧɢ, ɤɨʁɢ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ȳɚʁɰɭ, ɭɡ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ, ɚɥɢ ɢɡɜɚɧ Ȼɨ-
ɫɧɟ.
70
Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ⱦɢɧɢʄ, Ɂɟɦʂɟ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜɟ, 178–269, ɫɬɪ. 253–254 (ɉɪɨ-
ɡɨɪ ɢ Ɋɚɦɚ, 6. ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1463);
71
Sumarni popis Sandžaka Bosna iz 1468/69. godine, (ed. A. S. Aliþiü), 50 (ɉɪɨɡɨɪ,
ɩɚɡɚɪ ɭ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɭ Ʉɪɚʂ), 183–186 (ɩɨɫɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɟ ɉɪɨɡɨɪ ɭ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬɭ Ʉɪɚʂ, ɫɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɦɟɧɚɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɚ ɬɢɦɚɪɚ ɞɨ 1475).
72
H. Šabanoviü, Bosanski pašaluk postanak u upravna podela, 117,128, 151, 204,
213 (Ɋɚɦɚ).
527
ɋɥɢɤɚ 17. Ʉɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ (Il Regno della Bossina) ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥe ɢɡ
1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ (gallicalabs.bnf.fr Bibliothèque nationale de France).
528
ɋɩɢɫɚɤ ɫɥɢɤɚ:
1. ȭɚɤɨɦɨ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɚ (ɧɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ, ɨɤɨ 1680)
2. ɉɨɫɜɟɬɚ ȭɚɤɨɦɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
3. Ƚɪɚɞoɜɢ Ʉʂɭɱ ɢ ȳɚʁɰɟ ɧɚ Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɟɜɨʁ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ
4. Ƚɪɚɞɢɲɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
5. Ȼɪɨɞ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
6. Ȼɪɱɤɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
7. Ɉɬɨɱɚɰ ɢ Ɇɢɯɚʁɥɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
8. Ȼɢʁɟʂɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
9. Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
10. Ƚɪɚɞ ɋɨɤɨɥɚɰ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
11. ȼɢɲɟɝɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
12. ȳɚʁɰɟ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
13. ɋɜɢʃɚɪ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
14. Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
15. ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
16. Ɋɚɦɚ (ɉɪɨɡɨɪ) ɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ
17. Ʉɚɪɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ȭ. Ʉɚɧɬɟɥɢʁɚ ɞɚ ȼɢʃɨɥɟ ɢɡ 1689. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
18. (gallicalabs.bnf.fr Bibliothèque nationale de France).
Gordana Tomoviü, Ph.D.

Historian
THE MAP OF BOSNIA BY GIACOMO CANTELLI DA VIGNOLA (1689)
Summary
The map of Bosnia by Giacomo Cantelli da Vignola, Rome 1689, contains a

large number of place names and in this contribution are studied those especially
stressed by the author. According to his knowledge and possibilities, Cantelli has
presented in the map facts about Bosnia needed then to be known, primarily impor-
tant fortified frontier centres Turkish military and administrative headquarters,
then river network and bridges across rivers. By different picture of places (veduta)
Canteli tried to show the strength of fortifications and size of fortified places. In his
dedication of the map, Cantelli indirectly, by mention of the military engineer Cla-
udio Cogorani, hints to his patron’s ancestor who fought against the Turks in
Bosnia. This fact, so far unnoticed and unknown from other sources, may refer to
Gianfrancesco Aldobrandini and Kljuþ on the Sana, which Cantelli pictures opposi-
te Jajce, along the border, but outside of Bosnia.
529
530
Demografska podoba istrskega mesta Piran okrog leta 1890
UDK 314.011(497.13Piran)“ 1890“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15028

DEMOGRAFSKA PODOBA ISTRSKEGA MESTA PIRAN

OKROG LETA 1890.
Dr Darja Miheliþ
Zgodovinarka
Abstract: Mikroraziskava je zasnovana na rokopisnih poroþnih for-

mularjih kapiteljskega arhiva mesta Piran v severozahodni Istri za leta 1889
do 1892. V njih je ob imenu in priimku ter rojstnem datumu mladoporoþen-
cev naveden njun naslov, poklic ženina, ime in poklic njunih oþetov ter ime
in dekliški priimek njunih mater. Obe moški priþi sta obiþajno oznaþeni z
imenom, priimkom in poklicem, vþasih tudi z imenom in poklicem oþeta. V
omenjenih štirih letih je v zakon stopilo po 320 moških in žensk, skupaj 640
ali 5,2% od celotnega števila tedanjega piranskega prebivalstva, kar omogoþa
zanesljivo analizo frekvenc porok po datumih, starostne strukture mladoporo-
þencev, priimkov, imen, poklicev itd.
Key words: Istra, Piran, population, demography, end of 19. Century.
UVOD
Jubilantka Desanka Kovaþeviü Kojiü se je v svoji bogati znanstveni

karieri neredko posveþala zgodovini mestnih naselij in njihovega prebival-
stva. Za njen zbornik želim prispevati izsledke raziskave, ki je sicer nastala
že pred dvema desetletjema,1 vendar je ostala relativno nepoznana.
Raziskava je omejena tako prostorsko, kot þasovno in glede obravna-
vanih rokopisov. Prostor, ki ga obravnava, je mesto Piran na severozahodu
istrskega polotoka s pripadajoþim komunalnim zaledjem. ýasovni okvir štu-
dije zajema štiriletno razdobje od 7. januarja 1889 do 8. decembra 1892. Te-
matsko je analiza omejena s podatki, ki jih nudi 322 poroþnih formularjev iz
kapiteljskega arhiva2 v Piranu.
1
Pri pripravi gradiva sta sodelovala mag. Jasna Pozniþ (r. Pocajt), ki je rokopise pre-
pisala, in dr. France Miheliþ, ki je gradivo programsko obdelal. France MIHELIý, Darja
MIHELIý, Jasna POCAJT, Piransko prebivalstvo pred sto leti, Annales 5, Koper 1994,
191–202; Darja MIHELIý, France MIHELIý, Jasna POCAJT, Piran. Mesto in ljudje pred
sto leti = Pirano. La città e i suoi abitanti cent'anni fa (Knjižnica Annales 12), Koper, Zgo-
dovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko, 1996.
2
Danes župnijski arhiv sv. Jurija.
531
Darja Miheliþ
Za razliko od današnjega þasa je bila poroka na Piranskem pred sto leti

pretežno katoliško-cerkvena zadeva, praviloma neloþljiva in sklenjena do smrti
enega od zakoncev.3 Parov, ki so se poroþili civilno ali po lastnih šegah v
okviru svojih verskih skupnosti (npr. Židje) tedaj na Piranskem skoraj ni bilo.
Po štetju 31. decembra 1890 je imela piranska obþina 12 326 prebivalcev, od
tega 6311 moških in 6015 žensk.4 V štirih letih, od 1889 do 1892, je bilo
opravljenih 322 poroþnih obredov med 644 partnerji. Nekateri med njimi so v
pregledanem obdobju ovdoveli in se ponovno poroþili, tako da gre v teh
primerih za dvakratni nastop iste osebe: po dva taka primera zasledimo med
nevestami in med ženini. V omenjenih štirih letih je v zakon stopilo po 320
moških in žensk ali 5,2% celotnega števila tedanjega piranskega prebivalstva.
Presežek moškega prebivalstva nad ženskim, ki je razviden iz rezultatov
uradnega štetja, tudi predpostavlja sklep, da je veþ moških ostalo neporoþenih.
O VIRU
Kakšen vir je poroþni formular tistega þasa? – Na listu (nekako) forma-

ta A-4 so v latinšþini oznaþeni podatki, ki jih je bilo potrebno izpolniti ob po-
roki. Prav na vrhu je zapisano: Pyrrani in Ecclesia, v sledeþi prostor v vrstici
je vpisano ime cerkve, v kateri je bil opravljen poroþni obred, in spodaj:
subdescriptorum sponsorum matrimonium celebratum fuit.5 Pod tem nas-
lovom si od leve proti desni sledijo rubrike s podatki: najprej datum (Annus,
Mensis et Dies Copulationis),6 nato NOMEN, COGNOMEN ET CONDITIO
SPONSORUM7 (najprej ženina,8 nato neveste),9 sledi rubrika z vpisom roj-
stnih datumov in hišnih številk bivališþ kandidatov za zakon (Aetas sponso-
rum, eorum Numerus domus),10 še bolj proti desni so zapisana imena priþ
(TESTIUM) dogodka, skrajna desna rubrika omenja cerkveno osebo, ki je
3
Veþ o tem: Marija MOGOROVIû CRLJENKO, Druga strana braka. Nasilje i le-
gitimnost u (izvan)braþnim vezama na podruþju Poreþke biskupije u prvoj polovici 17. Sto-
ljeüa, Zagreb, Srednja Europa, 2012.
4
Special-Orts-Repertorium des österreichisch-illyrischen Küstenlandes, Neubearbe-
itung auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. December 1890. Herausgegeben
von der K. K. statistichen Central-Commission, Wien, Alfred Hölder, 1894, 95–98. Popis v
Piranu in okolici ob katolikih omenja le štiri drugoverce.
5
V Piranu v cerkvi ... se je praznoval zakonski obred spodaj opisanih zakoncev.
6
Leto, mesec, dan poroke.
7
Ime, priimek in stan mladoporoþencev.
8
Ženin je oznaþen tudi s poklicem.
9
Tu je vpisano tudi ime, stanje (še živ – pokojni) in poklic njunih oþetov ter ime,
dekliški priimek in stanje, izjemoma poklic (dekla) njunih mater ter eventualno vdovstvo
kandidatov za zakon z imenom in priimkom prejšnjega zakonskega partnerja.
10
Omenjeno je tudi eventualno tuje poreklo.
532
opravila obred (Subscriptio Sacerdotis copulantis). Pripombe in pomisleki

glede zakona v primeru mladoletnosti ali sorodstva kandidatov za zakon so
zapisani pod temi podatki. Obe (moški) priþi sta obiþajno oznaþeni z imenom,
priimkom in poklicem, veþkrat tudi z imenom, poklicem in stanjem (še živ –
pokojni) oþeta. Priþi sta se vþasih podpisali lastnoroþno, vþasih pa je njune
podatke vnesel v ustrezno rubriko cerkveni uradnik. Poroþne obrede je v
obravnavanih štirih letih opravljalo 11 duhovnikov v 13 cerkvah, en poroþni
obred pa se je zaradi bolezni neveste opravil pri njej doma.
PRITEGNJENO PREBIVALSTVO
Število omenjenih oseb z razliþnim imenom in priimkom, ki jih sreþa-

mo v zapisih, znaša 1738, 988 moških in 750 ženskih. Dejansko število os-
eb, ki so nosile ta imena, je veþje, a težko ugotovljivo. Pogosti so primeri
razliþnih oseb z enakim imenom in priimkom. Razlog za to je v razširjenosti
nekaterih družin (priimkov) in osebnih imen. V tem pogledu je zlasti ilustra-
tiven primer imena Marija Fonda, ki se med razliþnimi (!) nevestami v krat-
kem pregledanem razdobju pojavlja kar šestkrat. – Ob upoštevanju manjših
korekcij smo prišli do zakljuþka, da se za imeni v zapisih skriva najmanj
1867 razliþnih oseb, od tega vsaj 1569 živih. Delež teh je enak ali veþji od
13% tedanjega piranskega prebivalstva. Ženske se v zapisih pojavljajo v šti-
rih možnih vlogah: ženinove matere, eventualno njegove bivše žene, neveste
ter njene matere. Moške osebe nastopajo na devet naþinov: kot ženin in nje-
gov oþe, kot nevestin oþe, kot nevestin bivši mož, v vlogi obeh moških priþ
oziroma njunih oþetov ter kot cerkvena oseba, ki opravlja obred.
FREKVENCA POROK PO LETIH, TEDENSKIH DNEH, CERKVAH,

IZVAJALCIH IN PRIýAH OBREDA
L. 1889 se je poroþilo 76 parov, 1890 78 parov, 1891 je bilo sklenje-

nih 81 zakonskih zvez, v prestopnem letu 1892 pa 87. Ritem sklepanja za-
konskih zvez je skozi leto nihal. Ljudje so se zlasti radi poroþali v predpust-
nem þasu. Razpored po dnevih v tednu kaže, da je bilo veþ porok sklenjenih
ob sredah in sobotah, medtem ko se na postni petek ni poroþil noben par. V
sredo 28. januarja 1991 (14 dni pred pustnim torkom 10. februarja) je skle-
nilo zakonsko zvezo kar devet parov.
Iz rubrike o cerkvah, kjer je potekal poroþni obred, lahko ugotovimo
imena 13 cerkva, kjer so se Piranþani poroþali: cerkev sv. Jurija (158 obre-
dov ali 50%), sledijo cerkve sv. Marije Tolažnice ali sv. Mihaela, sv. Roka,
sv. Janeza Krstnika, sv. Klementa ali sv. Marije Zdravja, Blažene Device
533
Darja Miheliþ
Marije v Strunjanu ter sv. Jerneja v Seþovljah, sv. Štefana, sv. Marije Sne-
žne, sv. Petra, sv. Martina v Seþovljah in sv. Lucije ter sv. Sabba v Kaštelu.
Poroþne obrede v pregledanih štirih letih je opravilo 11 duhovnikov: naj-
veþkrat piranski župnik Felix Sikich (203 poroke ali 63%), po številu opravljenih
obredov so mu sledili kanoniki Josephus Fonda, Dominicus Vidali, Sebastianus
Marchio, Laurentius Viezzoli, Antonius Predonzan(i), Paschalis Marchio, profe-
sor višje gimnazije v Kopru in rektor poreškega konvikta Nicolaus Spadaro, eme-
ritus accademicus, doktor teologije, profesor Georgius Trani, piranski minorit
Josephus Rosso in (cerkveni) poverjenik (delegatus) Petrus Zobaz.
Med priþami porok se najveþkrat pojavljata »profesionalni« priþi: Gi-
orgio Viezzoli 113-krat, zvonar Domenico Maraspin pa 43-krat. Skupaj
predstavljata þetrtino od skupno 640 nastopov vseh priþ, ki so pospremile
ženina in nevesto na pot zakonskega stanú.
IZVOR, PREDHODNO ZNANSTVO MLADOPOROýENCEV
Vsi kandidati za zakon niso bili že po rojstvu Piranþani. Kar 153 od

640-ih (24%) je bilo rojenih drugod. To kaže na odprtost Pirana, pa tudi na
tedanjo mobilnost ljudi. Kraji, od koder so izvirali mladoporoþenci, so bili
razliþni, najveþkrat pa je šlo za Primorsko s poudarkom na Istri. Med mla-
doporoþenci je bilo devet nezakonskih. Veþina je bila rojenih v Trstu, dva
sta bila po rodu iz Štajerske, eden pa iz Splita. Tudi kraj trenutnega bivanja
ali zaposlitve kandidatov za zakon, ni bil nujno Piran. Kot kraj bivanja (za-
poslitve) ženina se najveþkrat omenjata Pulj in Trst. V Pulju, ki je bil tedaj
že vojaška baza, so našli delo poklicni piranski ladjedelci in mornarji.
Ali so se Piranþani pred poroko dobro poznali? V dveh primerih sta se
poroþala ženin in nevesta v tretjem oziroma þetrtem kolenu sorodstva in sta
zato potrebovala posebno dovoljenje: tu je zgornje vprašanje odveþ.
Kako pa je vplivala na izbiro zakoncev bližina bivališþ? Glede tega
nudijo odgovor hišne številke bivališþ ženina in neveste. Hišne številke si
sledijo sistematiþno, zaporedne številke pa oznaþujejo sosednje hiše. Razli-
ka vrednosti hišnih številk pomeni oddaljenost bivališþ mladoporoþencev.
Raziskava je pokazala, da so se ljudje, ki so stanovali bližje, pogosteje poro-
þali od tistih, katerih domovanja so bila bolj odaljena.
DRUŽINE IN STAROST MLADOPOROýENCEV,

BIORITEM NJIHOVIH STARŠEV
Štiri zaporedna leta, ki jih je zajela analiza, so razdobje, v katerem ima

zakonski par (starši znanih kandidatov za zakon) navadno veþ otrok. Kar 80
534
parov ali 13% od vseh nastopajoþih staršev se v zapisih v vlogi staršev ome-
nja po veþkrat: 72-krat se pojavljajo starši po dveh, 7-krat po treh in enkrat
štirih kandidatov za poroko. Starostne razlike med omenjenimi brati in ses-
trami znašajo od 1 do 18 let, najveþkrat pa dve ali tri leta. Povpreþna starost-
na razlika med znanimi brati in sestrami – mladoporoþenci je slaba štiri leta
in pol.
V družinah sreþujemo tudi poroke dveh generacij, saj se je za poroko
odloþalo veliko število vdovcev in vdov, ki so imeli en zakon že za seboj. V
kratkem pregledanem razdobju so se poroþili tako otrok kot ovdoveli rodi-
telj. Ovdoveli oþe enega ali veþ mladoporoþencev se je pojavil v vlogi
ženina v osmih primerih. Dva od oþetov-ženinov sta oddala v zakon dva oz-
iroma tri otroke. V treh primerih se je poroþila tudi ovdovela mati. Dve vdo-
vi-nevesti sta bili materi dveh ženinov, ena pa je bila mati neveste. Nevesta-
vdova se je poroþila pod svojim dekliškim priimkom.
Koliko stari so se Piranþani odloþali za poroko?11 Piranþani so veljali
za polnoletne z dopolnjenim 25. letom. Za mladoletne osebe (veþkrat žen-
ske) je vpisan zaznamek o dovoljenju za poroko. Takih zaznamkov je dosti
(med 644 mladoporoþenci gre v 234 primerih ali 36% za poroko pred dose-
ženo polnoletnostjo). Po stanu zasledimo med mladoporoþenci številne
vdovce in vdove, ki so se poroþali v drugo ali celo v tretje. Takih primerov
je 89 ali 14%. Ponovno se je poroþilo veþ vdovcev kot vdov, kar morda ka-
že na veþjo umrljivost med zakonskimi družicami (zlasti v rodni dobi?).
V starostni strukturi kandidatov za zakon je velik razpon. Najveþ žen-
nov se je poroþilo med 23. in 30. letom starosti. Najveþ jih je bilo ob poroki
starih 25 let. Najnižja starost mladoporoþenca je bila 22, najvišja pa 71 let.
Razpon med najmlajšim in najstarejšim ženinom znaša 50 let. Starostni
razpon, v katerem so se poroþale dekleta in žene, pa je 68 let. Tri neveste so
se poroþile že pri 16 letih, najstarejša pa je imela kar 83 let; izbrala si je
dobrih 16 let mlajšega moža. Kolikokrat je šlo pri zelo mladih dekletih za
zakon iz nuje, seveda ni omenjeno. V primeru, ko je 22-letna mladoletna ne-
vesta že dobre štiri mesece po poroki umrla, pa je verjetno sklepati na smrt
zaradi noseþnosti ali ob porodu. Njen vdovec se je þez dobri dve leti ponov-
no odloþil za zakon – spet z mladoletnim dekletom. Najveþ nevest je bilo
starih od 19 do 25 let, najveþ pa (mladoletnih) 21 let.
Starostna razlika med ženinom in nevesto je obiþajno znašala 0 do 10
let, najveþkrat pa štiri oz. pet let (v korist ženina). Nevesti sta bili v skrajnih
primerih 17 let starejša oziroma 28 let mlajša od ženina.
11
Statistika za daljše razdobje: Diego de CASTRO, L'età media degli sposi al matri-
monio nel corso di due secoli (1739–1938), v: Studi in onore di Paolo Fortunati (Università
di Bologna, Istituto di statistica), Bologna, Clueb, 1980, 191–210.
535
Darja Miheliþ
Rojstni dnevi nevest in ženinov pa ne omogoþajo le sklepanja o staro-

sti, ampak dokumentirajo tudi bioritem12 nekdanjih Piranþanov: mesec roj-
stva (in zlasti spoþetja!) mladoporoþencev. Najveþ jih je bilo rojenih januar-
ja (spoþetih v aprilu), kot mesec rojstva sledi marec (mladoporoþenci spoþe-
ti junija), najmanj mladoporoþencev pa se je rodilo junija (oziroma bilo spo-
þetih septembra). April in junij sta bila torej (glede spoþetja) najplodnejša
meseca. Povpreþje rojstev na mesec znaša 53. Vabljivo bi bilo potegniti pri-
merjavo s številom porok v posameznem mesecu in ugotavljati, s kakšnim
zamikom po poroki se rojevajo otroci. Za to obdelavo pa bi bilo potrebno
pritegniti matiþne knjige rojstev, v njih iskati znane ženine in neveste ter
rojstne datume njihovih prvorojencev, kar bi pomenilo novo raziskavo.
Podatkov o starosti staršev ob rojstvu otrok imamo zelo malo. Gre za
primere, ko sreþamo med mladoporoþenci, za katere je v formularjih nave-
den rojstni datum, ovdovele starše ženinov in nevest, katerih starost nam je
znana. Ne vemo pa, ali imamo pri otroku-mladoporoþencu opraviti z edi-
nim, najstarejšim ali najmlajšim otrokom. Znane tri neveste-vdove so rodile
svoje otroke-mladoporoþence dvakrat pri 32. in enkrat pri 26. letih. Znani
ženini-vdovci (osem) pa so razen v dveh primerih vsi postali oþetje med 30.
in 40. letom. V enem primeru je dobil oþe hþerko že pri 25. letih (ko jo je
zaplodil, je bil torej še mladoleten), enkrat pa pri 44. Povpreþna starost oþe-
tov ob rojstvu otrok je bila 36 let.
OBIýAJNA IMENA IN PRIIMKI, NJIHOV JEZIKOVNI ZNAýAJ,

PRIMERJAVA Z AVSTRIJSKIM ŠTETJEM 1890
Posebej zanimiva so tedaj obiþajna moška in ženska imena in priimki,

s katerimi nas seznanjajo pregledani formularji. Zapisi omenjajo okrog 120
razliþnih osnovnih oblik moških imen. 12 jih je bilo tako razširjenih, da je
med vsemi omenjenimi imeni zavzemalo kar dve tretjini (66%). Najobiþaj-
nejše ime v Piranu je bilo Janez (Joannes, Giovanni); delež tega imena med
moškimi imeni je znašal kar 13%. Sledila so imena Antonij (Antonius), Pe-
ter (Petrus), Franþišek (Franciscus), Jožef (Josephus, Giuseppe), Dominik
(Dominicus), Jurij (Georgius, Giorgio), Miklavž (Nicolaus), Jernej (Barth-
olomaeus), Andrej (Andreas), Jakob (Jacobus, Giacomo) in Matevž (Matha-
12
Podobna študija za dubrovniško obmoþje je: Nenad VEKARIû, Irena BENYOV-
SKY, Tatjana BUKLIJAŠ, Maurizio LEVAK, Nikša Luþiü, Marija MOGOROVIû, Jakša
PRIMORAC, Vrijeme ženidbe i ritam poroda. (Dubrovnik i njegova okolica od 17. do 19.
stoljeüa) (Posebna izdanja, Prilozi povijesti stanovništva Dubrovnika i okolice Knjiga 9),
Zagreb – Dubrovnik, Hrvatska akademija znanosti in umjetnosti, Zavod za povijesne
znanosti u Dubrovniku, 2000.
536
eus). Pregledani zapisi omenjajo blizu 90 enostavnih inaþic ženskih imen.

Najobiþajnejših 12 je med vsemi uporabljanimi imeni zavzemalo kar 73%.
Najveþ deklet je ob rojstvu dobilo glavno ali drugo ime Marija (Maria). De-
lež tega imena med ženskimi imeni znaša med petino in þetrtino (23%); sle-
dijo imena Katarina (Catharina), Antonija (Antonia), Ivana (Joanna, Giova-
nna), Ana (Anna), Lucija (Lucia), Franþiška (Francisca), Elizabeta (Elisa-
betha), Dominika (Dominica), Helena (Helena), Agnes (Agnes) in Margare-
ta (Margaritha).
Formularji omenjajo med 510 in 520 nedvomno razliþnih priimkov.13
ýetrtina (24%) v zapisih omenjanih oseb je nosila le 13 priimkov (Fonda,
Petronio, Fragiacomo, Ruzzier, Pitacco, Tamaro, Benedetti, Predonzan(i),
Giraldi, Bonifacio, Fornasaro, Parenzan, Viezzoli).
Med priimki se pojavljajo številni stari piranski priimki, ki so po izvo-
ru romanski. Skupaj s tipiþnimi italijanskimi moþno prevladujejo nad slo-
vanskimi in nemškimi. Na slovanski izvor je moþ sklepati pri približno dveh
petinah priimkov. Veþ priimkov je tudi nemških. To pa je podoba, ko vsak
priimek upoštevamo po enkrat in zanemarimo njegovo frekvenco. ýe priteg-
nemo v oceno tudi razliþno razširjenost priimkov, se tehtnica moþno prevesi
v korist romansko-italijanskih priimkov, pri þemer pa je možno, da tudi nek-
do z romansko-italijanskim ali nemškim priimkom pripada slovenski ali
hrvaški etniþni skupini – obratno je manj verjetno.
Sliko, ki jo nudijo poroþni formularji, moremo preveriti tudi po podat-
kih avstrijskega štetja prebivalstva iz konca 1890, ki je beležilo tudi obiþajni
pogovorni jezik domaþinov. Piransko obmoþje je merilo 79,71 km2. Na
njem je ob štetju živelo 12 326 oseb. Podatek o pogovornem jeziku je nave-
dlo 12 085 oseb. 10 418 se jih je prijavilo za govoreþe italijansko (86%),
1546 za slovensko (13%), 118 za nemško (1%) in trije za »srbsko-hrvaško«
Glede pogovornega jezika je opaziti razliko med ožjo mestno naselbino in
okolico. Podoba pogovornega jezika v mestu (podatki za 7157 prebivalcev)
je bila naslednja: 7130 oseb (praktiþno 100%) je uporabljalo v vsakdanji
praksi italijanšþino, devet oseb slovenšþino, 15 nemšþino in tri srbsko-
hrvaški jezik. Okolica je bila bolj slovenska, þeprav slovenski jezik tudi tam
ni bil v rabi niti pri tretjini prebivalcev. Od okoliþanov (podatki za 4928
oseb) je 3288 (67%) ljudi v pogovoru uporabljalo italijanšþino, 1537 (31%)
13
Piranske priimke raziskuje Marino BONIFACIO, I Cognomi di Pirano, Atti e
memorie della Società istriana di Archeologia e storia patria 88, Trieste 1988, 315–357;
IDEM, Antichi casati di Pirano d'Istria: I Pagliaro dalle origini ai giorni nostri, Trieste 1990;
IDEM, Antichi casati di Pirano d'Istria: I Contento, Atti e memorie della Società istriana di
archeologia e storia patria 92, Trieste 1992; IDEM, Antichi casati di Pirano d'Istria: Indrigo,
Trieste 1995; IDEM, Cognomi del comune di Pirano e dell'Istria (IV) (Lasa pur dir), Pirano,
Comunità degli Italiani »Giuseppe Tartini« Pirano, Edizioni Il Trillo, 2011.
537
Darja Miheliþ
slovenšþino, 103 (2%) nemšþino in nihþe srbsko-hrvaškega jezika. Nedvo-

mno drži, da je bila jezikovna podoba piranskega obmoþja pred sto leti izra-
zito romansko-italijanska, korenite spremembe v njej pa so nastopile v pre-
teklem stoletju, zlasti v njegovi drugi polovici.
PIRANSKA MESTNA STRUKTURA, STANOVANJSKA PRAVICA
Kot naslov bivališþa 502 kandidatov za zakon sreþujemo 355 razliþnih

hišnih številk na Piranskem. Nekatere se omenjajo kot bivališþe veþ bodoþih
zakoncev. V teh primerih gre vþasih za sorodnike, ki živijo v isti hiši, ali pa
so bile na teh naslovih veþje hiše, kjer je živelo veþ družin. Najnižja hišna
številka, ki jo formularji omenjajo, je 2, najvišja pa 1209.14
Hišne številke in družinska imena omogoþajo zakljuþke o stanovanjski
»pravici« nad hišami v mestu. Priimki, ki so v tem pogledu najopaznejši, so
Fonda (pripadniki te družine se omenjajo v zvezi s 25 hišami), Petronio (ži-
veli so v 23 hišah), Fragiacomo (16 hiš), Giraldi (živeli so na 14 naslovih),
Bonifacio, Ruzzier in Tamaro (po 13 naslovov), Parenzan (11 hišnih števi-
lk), Pitacco in Ravalico (po 10 bivališþ). Hiše teh družin si niso bile nujno
blizu.
Omembe mikrotoponimov omogoþajo tudi lokacijo nekaterih hiš z do-
loþenimi hišnimi številkami. Nižje hišne številke so bile locirane bliže mest-
nemu jedru. Sodeþ po mikrotoponimih pa ni videti, da bi bilo oštevilþenje
hiš opravljeno sistematiþno.
PIRAN V OGLEDALU V VIRU OMENJENIH POKLICEV
Poklicna struktura nekdanjih Piranþanov, ki jo omenjajo pregledani por-

oþni formularji, odseva tako gospodarsko podobo nekdanjega Pirana, kot tudi
njegovo skrb za vsestransko urejeno življenje ter kulturni in verski utrip.
Gospodarstvo Pirana je temeljilo na kmetijstvu, zlasti na poljedelstvu,
s katerim se je ukvarjalo 45% v formularjih omenjenih oseb. Tozadevni po-
klici so: poljedelec, kmet, poljedelec-kolon, poljedelec-mornar, poljedelec-
posestnik, posestnik, zasebnik-posestnik. Piranþani so bili vešþi morjeplov-
ci,15 kar je razvidno iz velikega števila mornarjev, ki znašajo med omenje-
nimi poklici (mornar, mornar-krmar, mornar-kapitan) 15%. Poznavanje
morja je bilo bistveno tudi za številne (5%) domaþine, ki so se poklicno pre-
14
Prva nižja hišna številka od te je 987. Vrzel med njima vzbuja sum, da se je zapi-
sovalec zmotil in v rubriko o hišni številki vpisal ženinov naslov v Trstu.
15
Nadja TERýON, Organizacija pristaniške in pomorsko-sanitetne službe v avstrij-
ski monarhiji, Annales 3, Koper 1993, 243–256.
538
življali z ribolovom (ribiþi). Nedvomno so številni Piranþani živeli od solar-

stva, ki pa ga med poklici ne zasledimo, morda se skriva za poljedelci in po-
sestniki. Med ostalimi gospodarskimi poklici prednjaþijo obrtniki. Nekateri
se omenjajo preprosto kot obrtniki, mojstri, pri veþini pa je poklic podrobne-
je opredeljen. Od prehrambenih strok se v zapisih pojavi mlinar in veþ me-
sarjev. V Piranu je že po tradiciji delovalo veliko število þevljarjev (þevljar,
þevljar-krpaþ), kar se kaže tudi v poroþnih formularjih. Tekstilnih obrtnikov
je znanih malo, v zapisih sreþamo enega tkalca in dva krojaþa, morda sme-
mo sem prišteti tudi t. i. manufakturista. Številni Piranþani so se ukvarjali z
lesno obrtjo: tesarstvom, kolarstvom, sodarstvom, ladijskim smolarstvom
(poklici: tesar, tesar-posestnik, kolar, sodar, kalafat). Med kovinarskimi obr-
tniki so po številu zlatarji prekašali kovaþe in kljuþavniþarje (poklici: zlatar,
pozlaþevalec, kovaþ, kovaþ-posestnik, kljuþavniþar). Za izgradnjo mestnih
objektov so skrbeli številni piranski zidarji in kamnoseki ter veþ steklarjev
(poklici: zidar, vodja zidave-posestnik, kamnosek, steklar), zapisi pa ome-
njajo tudi arhitekta in naþrtovalca stavb. V mestu so delovali brivci, znana
sta tudi lasuljar in kopališki mojster. To pa ni vse: poleg strojnikov, mehani-
ka in urarja naletimo tudi na železniþarja in vlakovodjo ter na zaposlenega v
industriji sardin. Število trgovcev v tedanjem Piranu ni bilo zanemarljivo,
eden med njimi se je celo ukvarjal s knjigotrštvom (poklici: trgovec, /trgov-
ski/ agent, trgovec-posestnik, kramar, špecerist, prodajalec knjig). Od go-
stinskih poklicev poroþni formularji omenjajo krþmarje, kavarnarja, slašþi-
þarja, gostišþarja-hotelirja in prodajalca toplih napitkov. Pomožna dela so
opravljali nosaþi, vozaþ (krmar?), delavci, sluge, dekle.
Piranska uprava je skrbela za urejeno mestno življenje. Za mestno
okolje in njegovo varnost so skrbeli mestni þuvaji, stražarji, vratar. Zvonje-
nje je sodilo v delovno podroþje zvonarja, za razsvetljavo v mestu pa je skr-
bel prižigalec luþi. Mesto je imelo mestno jeþo z nadzornikom-varnostni-
kom, bolnišnico/ubožnico s posebnim upraviteljem, pa tudi mestno shrambo
s posebnim oskrbnikom. Od osebja, ki je skrbelo za zdravstvo, se omenjajo
doktor medicine, zdravnik, dva kirurga, farmacevt, študent medicine. Vrste
piranskih uradnikov, kot jih kažejo poroþni formularji, so bile številne. Med
njimi je bilo dosti raþunovodij, finanþnikov in davkarjev, pa tudi cenilec in
merilec polj, veþ pisarjev, notarjev, raznovrstnih kurirjev (obþinski, magi-
stratski, sodni). V sodnih zadevah so sodelovali sodni adjunkti, znan je tudi
poklic advokata. Za posmrtne ostanke Piranþanov je skrbel grobar. Nekaj
oseb si je služilo kruh z vojaškimi poklici (plaþanec, vojak, vojak-naþelnik
kohorte pešcev, vojak-podstotnik).
Mesto kaže zanimivo podobo tudi v kulturnem in znanstvenem pogle-
du. V njem je delovalo veþ šolskih mojstrov, profesorjev, doktor teologije,
539
Darja Miheliþ
doktor civilnega prava-posestnik, dva slikarja, kipar, dva glasbena mojstra.

V zvezi z opravljanjem poroþnih obredov spoznamo nekatere cerkvene ose-
be, ki so živele v Piranu: župnika, kanonike, cerkvenega ministranta, þlana
minoritskega reda.
Poklici so pogosto prehajali od oþeta na sina. Pri 320 ženinih sreþamo
188 (59%) primerov, ko je sin opravljal isti poklic kot njegov oþe. Formu-
larji omenjajo poklice dveh generacij, ženinov in njihovih oþetov. Primerja-
va poklicev starejše in mlajše generacije kaže, da se slednja preusmerja od
tradicionalnih poklicev kmetov in ribiþev, kjer je relativni delež oþetov veþ-
ji, v (verjetno) donosnejši mornariški in druge poklice.
SKLEP
Pomen cerkve in poroke je imel okrog 1890 v katoliški Evropi drugaþ-

no težo kot danes.16 Loþitve in nezakonski otroci so bili relativno redki. Seve-
da so bile tudi zunajzakonske skupnosti tistemu þasu manj poznane, kar pa ne
pomeni, da jih ni bilo.17 Starostna struktura mladoporoþencev niti ni tako
razliþna od sodobne, res pa je, da je bila tedaj meja polnoletnosti za sedem let
višja kot danes, kar pa narave ni oviralo. Tako je bilo veliko mladoporoþen-
cev ob poroki še mladoletnih. Morda preseneþa veliko število vdov in vdov-
cev, ki so se odloþili za ponovno poroko. Pri izbiri datuma za poroko danda-
nes predpustni þas nima posebne teže, med dnevi v tednu pa se sodobni ženini
in neveste najraje odloþajo za soboto (in ne za sredo, kot v nekdanjem Pi-
ranu). Preseneþa široka razširjenost nekaterih starih piranskih priimkov in
zlasti nekaterih tradicionalnih osebnih imen, ki so danes povsem nemodena.
Piran je v preteklem stoletju doživel najveþje spremembe v etniþni in jezikov-
ni sestavi svojega prebivalstva in v strukturi gospodarstva. V jezikovno-etniþ-
nem pogledu se je uveljavil slovenski element, v gospodarstvu pa sta se kme-
þki in poljedelski poklic umaknila v ozadje, ribolov pa je v veliki meri zdrknil
na stopnjo dopolnilne popoldanske obrti.
16
O tem z obsežno literaturo: MOGOROVIû CRLJENKO, o. c. kot v op. 3.
17
V piranskem kapiteljskem arhivu sem med drugim gradivom naletela tudi na
moškega, ki se je poroþil z žensko, s katero je imel prej že štiri nezakonske otroke.
540
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɚɪʁɚ Ɇɢɯɟɥɢɱ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ
ȾȿɆɈȽɊȺɎɋɄȺ ɋɅɂɄȺ ɂɋɌȺɊɋɄɈȽ ȽɊȺȾȺ ɉɂɊȺɇȺ

ɈɄɈ 1890. ȽɈȾɂɇȿ
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ
Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɨɤɨ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ.

Ɏɨɤɭɫɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɞ ɉɢɪɚɧ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɡɚɥɟɻɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɨɤɨ 322
ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɨ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢɦ ɛɪɚɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ 1889–1892. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɱɭɜɚʁɭ
ɭ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ ɭ ɉɢɪɚɧɭ.
ɇɚ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ, ɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɨ ʁɟ 12.326 ɥɢɰɚ – 6.311
ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɢ 6.015 ɠɟɧɚ. ɍ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ 1889–1892, ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɚ ɫɭ 322 ɛɪɚɤɚ ɭ
ɰɪɤɜɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 644 ɫɭɩɪɭɠɧɢɤɚ. Ȼɭɞɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɭɞɨɜɰɢ ɢɥɢ
ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ, ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɭɥɨɡɢ ɞɜɚ ɩɭɬɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɚɦɚ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ 1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɛɪɚɤ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 320 ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɢ
ɠɟɧɚ, ɨɞɧ. 5,2% ɭɤɭɩɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɉɪɢɚɧɚ, ɢɥɢ 5,1% ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɢ 5,3%
ɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɝɨɪɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ȼɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɭɲɤɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ
ɠɟɧɫɤɭ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ, ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ,
ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɢ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɥɢ ɧɟɨɠɟʃɟɧɢ.
Ɉɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɛɪɚɤɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɦɥɚɞɟɧɰɟ ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ
ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɞɚɬɭɦɭ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ, ɚɞɪɟɫɢ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɟɦɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɨɮɟ-
ɫɢʁɚ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ; ɬɚɤɨɻɟ, ɬɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɢ ɢɦɟ, ɫɬɚʃɟ (ɠɢɜɢ/ɭɦɪɥɢ) ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɚ
ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɨɱɟɜɚ, ɢɦɟ, ɞʁɟɜɨʁɚɱɤɨ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɦɚʁɤɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɤ ɭɞɨɜɚɰ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ, ɬɟ ɢɦɟ ɢ
ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɩɪɭɠɧɢɤɚ. Ɉɛɚ (ɦɭɲɤɚ) ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɩɨ
ɢɦɟɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɭ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɢ, ɬɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɢɦɟ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɚ ɢ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫ (ɠɢɜɢ/ɭɦɪɥɢ) ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɨɱɟɜɚ. ɀɟɧɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɢ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ
ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɭɥɨɝɟ: ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɢɧɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ, ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɛɢɜɲɚ ɫɭɩɪɭɝɚ, ɦɥɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɥɚɞɢɧɚ
ɦɚʁɤɚ. Ɇɭɲɤɚɪɰɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɭɥɨɝɚɦɚ: ɤɚɨ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ
ɨɬɚɰ, ɦɥɚɞɢɧ ɨɬɚɰ ɢɥɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɛɢɜɲɢ ɫɭɩɪɭɝ ɦɥɚɞɟ; ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭ
ɭɥɨɡɢ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤɚ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɨɱɟɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɢ
ɱɢɧ. ɍ ɬɨɤɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɦɨ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ, ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɥɨ ʁɟɞɚɧɚ-
ɟɫɬ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɚ ɭɞɚ-
ɥɚ ɤɨɞ ɤɭʄɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ.
Ȼɪɨʁ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɟʄɭ ɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɨɞ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟ-
ɧɢɦɚ ʁɟ 1.740 ɦɭɲɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɢ 750 ɠɟɧɚ. ɋɬɜɚɪɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɨɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢ ɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ. ɋɢɧɨɜɢ ɢ ɤʄɟɪɤɟ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɢ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɩɨ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢɦɚ. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɚ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɦ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ, ɲɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɟɤɢɯ
541
Darja Miheliþ
ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚ (ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ) ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɞʁɟɰɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɦɚ, ɫɜɟɰɢɦɚ

ɢ/ɢɥɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɰɪɜɤɢ. ɂɡɚ ɢɦɟɧɚ ɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɢ ɤɪɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɛɚɪ
18.667 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ, ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ 1.569 ɠɢɜɢɯ, ɲɬɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɢ 13% ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ ɫɬɚ-
ɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ.
ȼʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ȼɪɨʁɧɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɛɢ-
ɥɚ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɡɢɦɭ. ȴɭɞɢ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɜɨʂɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜʁɟɧɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɞɚɧɢɦɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ
ȼɚɫɤɪɫɚ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ, ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɦʁɟɫɟɰ ɫɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɦ ɛɪɨ-
ʁɟɦ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ, ɚ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ ɫ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɢɦ. ɇɚʁɩɨɩɭɥɚɪɧɢʁɢ ɞɚɧɢ ɡɚ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɫɪɢʁɟɞɚ ɢ ɫɭɛɨɬɚ, ɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɚɪ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɜʁɟɧɱɚɜɚɨ ɩɟɬɤɨɦ ɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɥɨ.
ɍ ɐɪɤɜɢ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ ȭɨɪɻɚ ɨɛɚɜʂɚɧɨ ʁɟ 50% ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɫɤɥɨ-
ɩɢɨ ɩɢɪɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɚɪɨɯ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤ Ɏɟɥɢɤɫ ɋɢɤɢʄ. ȼʁɟɧɱɚʃɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɜɚ „ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ” ɫɜʁɟɞɨɤɚ, ȭɨɪɻɨ ȼɢɟɡɨɥɢ ɢ ɡɜɨɧɚɪ Ⱦɨɦɟɧɢɤɨ
Ɇɚɪɚɫɩɢɧ.
ɇɢɫɭ ɫɜɢ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɤ ɛɢɥɢ ɪɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ. ȵɢɯ ɱɚɤ 24% ɛɢɥɨ
ʁɟ ɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɧɟɝɞʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɞʁɟ, ɲɬɨ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɢ ɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɨɛɢɥɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɰɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɫɚ
ɨɛɚɥɟ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɡ ɂɫɬɪɟ. ɉɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɚ (ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ) ɨ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɛɢɜɚɥɢɲɬɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɉɢɪɚɧ.
Ⱦɜɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɚɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ (ɡɚɩɨɫɥɟʃɚ) ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɉɭɥɚ
ɢ Ɍɪɫɬ.
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ?
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɪɚɤɨɜɚ ɫɤɥɚɩɚɥɨ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɢ
ɛɥɢɠɟ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ? – Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ
ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ „ɢ ɦɥɚɞɟ”. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɤɭʄɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ
ɪɚɡɞɚʂɢɧɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɤɚ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ. ȴɭɞɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ
ʁɟɞɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ ɜʁɟɧɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɨɞ ɨɧɢɯ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɭʄɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢʁɟ.
ɑɟɬɢɪɢ ɭɡɚɫɬɨɩɧɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɨɜɢɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟɦ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɭ ɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɛɪɚɱɧɢ ɩɚɪ (ɨɞɧ. ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ
ɡɚ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɟ) ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞʁɟɰɟ. Ʉɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɦɚ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɬɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɜʁɟɧ-
ɱɚʃɚ ɛɪɚʄɟ ɢ ɫɟɫɬɚɪɚ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ? ɇɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬ ɢɥɢ 13% ɫɜɢɯ
ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂɚ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ
ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɞʁɟɰɨɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɨɫɚɦɧɚɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɞɜɢ-
ʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɢ. ɉɨɪɨɞɢɰɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɟ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ ɞɜɢʁɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ. ɍ ɞɨ-
ɬɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɢʁɟɬɟ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɬɟʂ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɨ ɭɞɨɜɚɰ (ɭɞɨɜɢɰɚ) ɜʁɟɧɱɚʁɭ ɭɛɪɡɨ ʁɟɞɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
ɍ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɞɨɛɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɠɟɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɭɞɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ? ɋɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɫɟ
ɞɚ ɫɚɡɪɢʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɢ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɇɚɥɨʂɟɬɧɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ
ɞɨɡɜɨɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɞɚʁɭ/ɠɟɧɟ. Ȼɢɥɚ ɫɭ 234 ɬɚɤɜɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ, ɢɥɢ 36%. ɉɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɛɪɚɱ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭ, ɦɧɨɝɢ „ɧɨɜɨɜʁɟɧɱɚɧɢ” ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɞɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɭɞɨɜɢɰɟ: 89 ɢɥɢ 14%.
ɋɬɚɪɨɫɧɚ ɞɨɛ ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɤ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɫɟɝɭ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɦɭɲ-
ɤɚɪɚɰɚ ɠɟɧɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɢ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɢ-
ɲɟ ʃɢɯ ɭ ɞɨɛɢ ɨɞ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. ɋɬɚɪɨɫɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɨɧ ɡɚ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɟ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ
ɢ ɠɟɧɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɟɡɞɟɫɟɬ ɨɫɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɍɪɢ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɭɞɚɥɟ ɭ ɞɨɛɢ ɨɞ ɲɟɫɧɚɟɫɬ, ɚ ɧɚʁɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ „ɦɥɚɞɚ” ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɝɨ-
542
ɞɢɧɟ. ɇɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɞʁɟɜɨʁɤɟ ɭɞɚɜɚɥɟ „ɢɡ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ”. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɛɚɪ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬɞɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɦɚɥɨʂɟɬɧɟ
ɦɥɚɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɦɪɥɚ ɨɤɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɜʁɟɧɱɚʃɚ, ɩɨ ɱɟɦɭ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤ-
ʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɫɦɪɬ ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɬɪɭɞɧɨʄɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɪɨɻɚ-
ʁɟɦ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɟɜɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ ɢ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ (ɦɚɥɨʂɟɬɧɟ).
Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɥɚɞɟ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɲɚɪɨɥɢɤɭ
ɫɥɢɤɭ. ɍ ɞɜɚ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ, ɦɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɟɞɚɦɧɚɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɚ, ɢɥɢ
ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɨɫɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɦɥɚɻɚ ɨɞ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ. Ɇɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɛɢɨ ɫɬɚɪɢ-
ʁɢ, ɭɡ ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɚɪɬɧɟɪɚ – ɞɨ ɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ, ɚ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɟ.
Ɋɨɻɟɧɞɚɧɢ ɦɥɚɞɢɯ ɢ ɦɥɚɞɨɠɟʃɚ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚʁɭ ɛɢɨɪɢɬɚɦ ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ: ɨɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭʁɭ ɦʁɟɫɟɰ ɪɨɻɟʃɚ (ɢ ɡɚɱɟʄɚ) ɧɨɜɨɜʁɟɧɱɚɧɢɯ. ȼɟʄɢ-
ɧɚ ɧɨɜɨɜʁɟɧɱɚɧɢɯ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɭ (ɚ ɡɚɱɟɬɢ ɭ ɚɩɪɢɥɭ), ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɦɚʃɢɧɚ ɪɨɻɟ-
ɧɚ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ (ɚ ɡɚɱɟɬɚ ɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭ).
Ⱥ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɢɦɟɧɢɦɚ? ȿɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɨɤɨ 120 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ
ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɦɭɲɤɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ. Ⱦɚɥɟɤɨ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢɦɟ ɭ ɉɢɪɚɧɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɂɜɚɧ (ȳɨɜɚɧ,
Joannes, Giovanni) ɡɚ ɦɭɲɤɚɪɰɟ ɢ Ɇɚɪɢʁɚ (Maria) ɡɚ ɠɟɧɟ. ɑɟɬɜɪɬɢɧɚ (24%)
ɥɢɰɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɟɜɢɞɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ, ɚ
ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ʁɟ Ɏɨɧɞɚ (Fonda). ɋɬɚɪɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɚ ɢ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ
ɭɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚʁɭ ɧɚɞ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ.
ɍ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɩɢɫɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ, ɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,
ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ.
Ɉɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬ ɲɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ
ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ, 13% ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ, 1% ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢ, ɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɢ ɨɫɨɛɟ ɪɟɤɥɟ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɫɟɛɟ
ɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɟ „ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ”. ɍ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɭɪɛɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɟʂɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ 100% ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɞɟɜɟɬ ɢɯ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ, ɩɟɬ-
ɧɚɟɫɬ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢ, ɚ ɬɪɨʁɟ „ɫɪɩɫɤɨɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢ”. ɍ ɨɤɨɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢ
ʁɟɡɢɤ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɟʄɢɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɩɢɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɢɡ
1890. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɝ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɢɪɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ
ɪɨɦɚɧɫɤɨ-ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ; ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨɲɥɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨ ɞɪɚɫɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɚɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɞʁɟɥɢ-
ɦɢɱɧɨ ɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ.
Ⱦɚ ɫɚɞ ɦɚɥɨ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɚɦɨ ɲɢɪɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ. ɉɟɬɫɬɨ ɞɜɚ
ɤɚɧɞɢɞɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɛɪɚɤ ɞɚɥɚ ɫɭ 335 ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɤɭʄɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ.
ɇɚʁɧɢɠɢ ɤɭʄɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɢɦɚ ʁɟ 2, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ 1209. ɇɢ-
ɠɢ ɤɭʄɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɛɥɢɠɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɭ ɝɪɚɞɚ. Ʉɭʄɧɢ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɡɢ-
ɦɟɧɚ ɧɚɦ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɦɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɧɚ ɛɨɪɚɜɚɤ, ɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɛɪɨʁ ʃɢɯ ɧɨɫɟ ɪɨɦɚɧɫɤɨ-ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɡɢɦɟɧɚ. Ʌɢɫɬɚ
ɦɢɤɪɨɬɨɩɨɧɢɦɚ ɧɚɦ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɦɨ ɥɨɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɟɤɢɯ ɤɭʄɚ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɤɭʄɧɢɯ ɛɪɨʁɟɜɚ.
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɚɧɢɦ ɜʁɟɧɱɚɧɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢɦɚ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɭ
ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɚ, ɦɨɪɧɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ, ɪɢɛɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ, ɭɝɨɫɬɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ, ɡɚɧɚɬɢ ɢ ɫɪɨɞɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɡɞɪɚɜ-
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Darja Miheliþ
ɫɬɜɨ; ɭ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɰɢ, ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɰɢ, ɢ ɞɪ., ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɰɢ,

ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɟ. Ɂɚɧɢɦɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ (45% ɧɚ-
ɜɟɞɧɟɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ) ɫɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ. ɉɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ
ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɬɜɭ, ɚ 5% ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɪɢɛɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ. ɍ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɫɨɥɚɧɚɦɚ – ɦɨɠɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɤɪɢʁɭ ɢɡɚ
ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɡɟɦʂɨɪɚɞɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɡɟɦʂɨɩɨɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ. ɉɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚ-
ʃɚ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɢɡɚ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɧɟɤɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɢʁɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ ɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ, ɛɪɨʁɱɚɧɨ ɞɨɫɬɚ ʁɚɤɢ. Ɂɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɩɪɟɧɨɲɟɧɚ ɫɚ
ɨɰɚ ɧɚ ɫɢɧɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɦɟɻɭɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɫɤɨ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ. ɍ
ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ, ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɦɢʁɟʃɟɧɚ:
ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ ɡɚɧɢɦɚʃɚ ɩɨɜɭɤɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɭ, ɚ ɪɢɛɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ
ɦʁɟɪɢ ɫɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟɩɨɞɧɟɜɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɉɢɪɚɧɫɤɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭɪɟɞɚɧ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɠɢɜɨɬ. ɍɪɛɚɧɨ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɟ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɯ ɱɭ-
ɜɚɪɚ, ɫɬɪɚɠɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɚɪɚ ɤɚɩɢʁɚ. Ɂɜɨɧɚɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɡɚɞɭɠɟɧ ɡɚ ɡɜɨʃɟʃɟ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ
ɡɜɨɧɢɦɚ ɚ ɮɟʃɟɪʇɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɚɥɢɨ ɭɥɢɱɧɚ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɚ. Ƚɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚɬ-
ɜɨɪ ɫɚ ɱɭɜɚɪɨɦ-ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɚ, ɛɨɥɧɢɰɭ/ɫɢɪɨɬɢɲɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɭɩɪɚɜ-
ɧɢɤɨɦ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨ ɫɤɥɚɞɢɲɬɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɱɭɜɚɪɟɦ. Ɉɫɬɚɰɢ ɩɪɟɦɢɧɭɥɢɯ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɪɢɡɢ ɝɪɨɛɚɪɚ. ȼʁɟɧɱɚɧɢ ɥɢɫɬɨɜɢ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʁɭ
ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɭ ɫɥɢɤɭ ɩɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ. Ƚɪɚɞ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɭɞɨɦʂɚɜɚɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɥɢɰɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɱɢɧɨɜɚ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɪɚ, ɭ ɉɢɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɰɜʁɟɬɚɥɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɢ
ɲɤɨɥɫɬɜɨ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɭ ʁɟ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɭɱɢɬɟʂɚ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ ɬɟɨɥɨɝɢ-
ʁɟ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɞɜɚ ɫɥɢɤɚɪɚ, ɤɢɩɚɪ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɭɱɢɬɟʂɚ ɦɭɡɢɤɟ. Ɂɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ
ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɚ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ, ɯɢɪɭɪɝɚ ɢ ɞɜɚ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɭɬɚ; ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɦɟɞɢɰɢɧɟ.
ɋɥɢɤɚ ɉɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɡɚɞʃɨʁ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ 19. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɦɢʁɟ-
ɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɨɛɚɥɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɟ Ʉɨɩɪɚ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɱɢɬɨ Ɍɪɫɬɚ, ɧɚʁɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢʁɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɥɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢɦɩɨɡɚɧɬɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɪɬɪɟɬ.
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ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ: ɭɫɬɚɧɰɢ, ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɚ, ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ...
ɍȾɄ 325.83:94(497.11)“17“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15029

ɋɊȻɂȳȺ ɇȺ ɉɍɌɍ ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɇɈȽ ɈɋɅɈȻɈȭȿȵȺ:

ɍɋɌȺɇɐɂ, ȺɍɌɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ, ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȺ (17881813)
Ⱦɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ɍ. Ȼɚɬɚɤɨɜɢʄ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɭ ɟɩɨɯɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 18. ɜɟɤɚ,

ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ, ɛɨɪɟʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɢ ɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɟ ɭ ɢɦɟ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɉɨɪɬɟ, ɩɨɫɬɟ-
ɩɟɧɨ ɫɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨ-
ɥɭɰɢʁɚ (1804–1813), ɛɪɡɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɛɭɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɥɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɪɚɬ ɡɚ ɧɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ. Ȼɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ
Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɨɛɟɥɟɠɟɧɚ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɭɫ-
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɨɛɧɨɜɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ.
ɋɜɨʁɢɦ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɲɢɪɨɦ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɨɞ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɞɨ ȼɨʁɧɟ Ƚɪɚɧɢ-
ɰɟ ɢ ɧɚ ʁɭɝɭ ɞɨ Ƚɪɱɤɟ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɫɜɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥ-
ɧɨɝ ɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ. ɍɩɪɤɨɫ ɩɨɪɚɡɭ 1813, ɩɭɬ ɤɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨʁ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɲɢɪɨɦ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɟɱɢ: ɋɪɛɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɰɢ ɢ
ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɭ 18. ɜɟɤɭ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ 18041813, ɛɚɥɤɚɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɨɞʁɟɰɢ, ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ, ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɚ.
ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾɋɄɂ ɉȺɒȺɅɍɄ ɉɊȿȾ ɉɊȼɂ ɍɋɌȺɇȺɄ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ XVIII ɜɟɤɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨ-

ɜɢɧɢ, ɛɢɥɨ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɨ ɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɢɫɤɭɲɟʃɢɦɚ: ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɢ
ɫɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɰɢ; ɨɩɚɞɚʃɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚʃɟɦ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɧɟɪɟɞɢ
ɢ ɩɨɛɭɧɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɧɢɦ, ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚɦɚ, ɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɨ
ɪɚɫɬɪɨʁɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɭ ɚɧɚɪɯɢʁɭ. ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɭɛɪ-
ɡɚɧɨɝ ɪɚɫɥɨʁɚɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɭɦɧɨɠɚɜɚʃɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɟɞɚ. Ɇɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɢɥɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɧɨɜɟ
ɢɡɜɨɪɟ ɡɚɪɚɞɟ, ɭɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ. Ɉɞ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ
ɩɟɲɚɞɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɫɭ, ɨɝ-
ɪɟɡɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɪɭɩɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚ, ɫɜɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɚɥɢ ɯɪɢɲ-
ʄɚɧɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɢ
ɫɚ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɱɚɪɲɢʁɨɦ, ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɡɢɬɫɤɢ
ɫɥɨʁ, ɧɟɩɨɤɨɪɚɧ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɨʁ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ. ɉɨ ɪɭɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɞ-
545
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ɍ. Ȼɚɬɚɤɨɜɢʄ
ɪɭɱʁɢɦɚ, ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɮɟɭɞɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ: ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ

XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɫɟʂɚɲɬɜɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɧɢ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɢ: ɱɢɬɥɭɤ-ɫɚɯɢɛɢʁɟ. ɇɨɜɢɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢɦɚʃɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ, ɩɪɟɜɟ-
ɞɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɤɦɟɬɨɜɚ, ɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɟ: ɨɫɢɦ ɞɟ-
ɫɟɬɤɚ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɚɦɚ, ɭɜɟɞɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɟ ʁɨɲ ɤɪɭɩɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɟ ɫɟɞɦɢɧɟ.
ɇɨɜɟ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɟ ɱɢɬɥɭɤ-ɫɚɯɢɛɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɦɟɬɚɥɟ ɢ ɭɛɢɪɚɥɟ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɢɦ ɦɟɪɚ-
ɦɚ.1
ɉɪɨɰɟɫ ɪɟɮɟɭɞɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ, ɩɪɚʄɟɧ
ɨɫɚɦɨɫɬɚʂɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɫɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɥɟ-
ɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɱɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɢɯ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɉɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɟ ɩɚɲɟ ɢ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɟ ɜɨɻɟ ɫɭ, ɨɞ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɞɨ
Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɫɜɨʁɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɤɪʇɚɥɢʁɚ – ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɫɬɚɪɢɥɢ Ɋɭɦɟɥɢʁɨɦ –
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ. ɇɟɦɨʄɧɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɟ ɩɚɲɟ ɫɦɟɧɢ
ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɭɞɪɭɠɟɧɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɤɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ȼɢ-
ɫɨɤɚ ɉɨɪɬɚ ʁɟ, ɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɚʂɟɝ ɲɢɪɟʃɚ ɚɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɛɟɝɚɜɚɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɧɢɦ ɦɟɪɚɦɚ. ɂɡ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɢɜɚ-
ɧɨ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ: ȼɢɫɨɤɚ ɉɨɪɬɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɟ ɩɚɲɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɡɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɭ-
ɩɚɦɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚɞ ɨɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɭ ɛɟɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɝɪɚ-
ɛɢɥɢ ɜɥɚɫɬ. Ȼɨɝɚɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɏɚɛ-
ɡɛɭɪɲɤɨʁ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɢ, ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɨɦ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɬɪɝɨ-
ɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɦ Ɇɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɨɦ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢɥɚ
ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɨɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɬɜɪɻ-
ɚɜɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɫɬɢ, ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɫ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɜɨʁɧɨɦ
ɩɨɫɚɞɨɦ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɢɡ ʃɟ ɥɚɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɨ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɫɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ,
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɡɢɜɚɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɨɦ. 2
ɍɤɭɩɚɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɨ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɚ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɟ 1766. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɧɟɥɨʁɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɞɚ-
ɧɢɰɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɧɚɰɚ ɢ Ɋɭɫɚ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɤɚɠʃɟɧɢ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟɦ ɉɟʄɤɟ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢ-
ʁɟ. ȼɚɫɟʂɟɧɫɤɚ ɩɚɬɪɢʁɚɪɲɢʁɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚɞ ɛɨɝɚ-
1
ȼɢɞɢ: ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ 17801804,
ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1906, Ȼ. ɇɟɞɟʂɤɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɢɧɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1936, 84–144; ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ 1956, ɞɨɤ. 7–35, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ V–1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɋɄɁ, 1981, 7–24.
2
T. Stoianovich, Factors in the Decline of Ottoman Society in the Balkans, Slavic
Review 4 (1962) 623–632; ɂɫɬɢ, The Social Foundations of Balkan Politics 1750–1941,
Balkans in Transition, Berkeley 1963, 297–315; ȼ. ɉ. Ƚɪɚɱɟɜ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɧɢɚ Ɉɫ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɢɢ ɧɚ ɪɭɛɟɠɟ XVIII–XIɏ ɜɜ., ɇɚɭɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1990.
546
ɬɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɢɱɚɧɫɤɚ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɪɟɞɨɦ, ɨɞ

ɋɤɨɩʂɚ ɞɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ, ɢ ɨɞ ɉɟʄɢ ɞɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɝɪɱɤɟ ɚɪɯɢʁɟɪɟʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ
ɞɨ ɬɢɯ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɦ ɨɬɤɭɩɨɦ. Ƚɪɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɟ
ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɜɟɪɟ, ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ
ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɲɤɨɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɟɠɧɨ ɨ
ɭɛɢɪɚʃɭ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɚɫɬɜɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɡɨɜɚɥɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ
ɭɥɨɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɭ ɟɩɚɪɯɢʁɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɫɬɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟ-
ɧɨ ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɧɟɩɢɫɦɟɧɨɫɬɢ: ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ, ɫɚɦɨ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɢ ɢ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ ɡɧɚɥɢ ɞɚ
ɱɢɬɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɢɲɭ. Ɉɬɭɻɟɧɨɫɬ ɝɪɱɤɢɯ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɝɧɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ-
ɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɤɨ ɰɪɤɜɟ, ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʁɭ ɨɤɨ ɯɚʁɞɭɱɤɢɯ
ɜɨɻɚ, ɩɚɪɨɯɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɢɡɜɨɡɨɦ
ɫɬɨɤɟ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ, ɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɢɬɢ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɢ ɲɢɪɟʄɢ ɤɪɭɝ
ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɨɫɥɨɧɚɰ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɢʁɢ, ɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱ-
ɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢʁɢ ɫɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨʁ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɢ: ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɭ
ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ʁɚɱɚɥɟ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɟɪɢʁɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɭ XVIII ɜɟ-
ɤɭ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢ ɚɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ. ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ
ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ ʁɚɱɚɥɢ ɫɜɟɫɬ ɨ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɭ. 3
ȼɭɤ ɋɬ. Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɧɚɲɟɝ
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ „ɫɜɨʁ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɢɦɚ” ɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ 1788.4 ɉɨɫ-
ɥɟɞʃɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ (17881791) ɨɛɟɥɟɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɋɪɛɚ
ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ Ʉɨɱɟ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄɚ. ɉɨ ʃɟɦɭ ʁɟ
ɱɢɬɚɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɢɦɟ Ʉɨɱɢɧɚ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɠɢɜɟɥɚ ɢɞɟ-
ʁɚ ɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ. ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞ-
ɧɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɭ ɞɜɚ
ɦɚɯɚ (16881690, ɢ 17181739), ɞɨɜɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɚɞ-
ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɭ. ɉɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɫɚɜɟɡɚ ɫ Ɋɭɫɢʁɨɦ (1781), Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɲɥɚ
ɭ ɪɚɬ 1788, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɬ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ
Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ. ɍɨɱɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɟ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ, Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ
ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɟɦɢɫɚɪɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɦɪɟɠɭ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɪɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɩɨɞɢʄɢ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɡɚɫɥɚ-
ɧɢɤ, ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɤɥɚ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨ Ɇɢɯɚʂɟɜɢʄ, ɡɚɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ
3
Ⱦ. ȳ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɉ ɯɚʁɞɭɰɢɦɚ II, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1931, 127–133, ɋ.
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɏɚʁɞɭɱɢʁɚ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɭ XVIII ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986.
4
ȼ. ɋ. Ʉɚɪɚʇɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɚɲɟɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɬ-
ɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɝɥɚɜɢɰɚ ɨɜɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɋɤɭɩʂɟɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɟɬɧɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ 1, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1898.
547
ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɟ, ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɟ ɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɟɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚ-

ɰɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɬɭɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢ ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ
ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ (ɩɚɬɟɧɬɢ) ɫ ɩɨɡɢɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɭɥɚɡɚɤ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɤɧɟɡ
ɭ ɉɨɫɚɜɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɟɧ ɰɚɪɭ ȳɨɫɢɮɭ II ɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ Ɏɟɧɟɤɭ. ɐɚɪ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ: „ȳɚ ɫɚɦ
ɫɩɪɟɦɢɨ 300.000 ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɢ ɯɨʄɭ ɢ ɦɢɫɥɢɦ ɞɚ ɜɚɲɟ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ
ɨɱɢɫɬɢ, ɧɨ ɯɨʄɟ ɥɢ Ȼɨɝ ɞɚɬɢ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɦ. ȼɢ ɫɚɞ ɢɞɢɬɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɚʁɬɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɢ
ɭɤɥɚʃɚʁɬɟ ɝɚ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɪɨɛɢ, ɚ ɦɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɛɪɢɝɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɜɚɫ.”5
ɍɨɱɢ ɪɚɬɚ, ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭ, ɫɚɡɧɚɜɲɢ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɨɦ, ɩɨ-
ɝɭɛɢɥɟ ɨɤɨ 65 ɭɝɥɟɞɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɢɡ ɰɟɥɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ, ɢɡɚɡɜɚɜɲɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɤɨ ɜɪɟʃɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɱɭɧ ɫ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ. ɍ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚ-
ʁɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɭɡɦɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɚ, ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɚɰɚ ɢɡ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɟ ɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ
ɡɚɬɢɦ ɭ ɋɪɟɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧ ɭɜɟɠɛɚɧ ɢ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨ-
ʂɚɱɤɢ ɨɞɪɟɞ ɮɪɚʁɤɨɪɚ (Freicorps) ɫ Ɇɢɯɚʂɟɜɢʄɟɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ.
ɄɈɑɂɇȺ ɄɊȺȳɂɇȺ
ɉɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɧɨɜɨ ɠɚɪɢɲɬɟ ɨɬɩɨ-

ɪɚ, ɭ ɫɪɟɞɢɲʃɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ, ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ ɢ ɉɨɦɨɪɚɜʂɭ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɭ-
ʁɭʄɢ ɝɟɪɢɥɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɢ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɨɤɪɲɚʁɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɤɨ-
ɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ, ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ Ʉɨɱɚ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄ. Ɉɧ ɫɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ
ȭɨɪɻɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɜɨɠɞ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ, ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɨɛʁɚɜɢ ɪɚɬɚ, ɮɟɛɪɭ-
ɚɪɚ 1788, ɫɤɥɨɧɢɨ ɭ Ʉɨɜɢɧ, ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɜɚɪɨɲ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɚ. Ʉɨɱɚ
Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɩɨ ɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ, ɢɦɚɨ ɨɞɪɟ-
ɻɟɧ ɭɝɥɟɞ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɨɩɟ-
ɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ Ɇɢɯɚʂɟɜɢʄɟɜɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ, Ʉɨɱɚ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɱɟɬɨɦ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨ ɨɛʁɚɜɢ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɲɚɨ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ ɢ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɞɚ ɞɢɠɟ ɛɭɧɭ. ɇɚ-
ɢɲɚɜɲɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɨɞɡɢɜ ɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ, Ʉɨɱɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ
ɩɪɨɞɪɨ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɭ ɢ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ Ʉɪɚɝɭʁɟɜɚɰ. ȵɟɝɨɜɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɫɭ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1788.
ɨɞɧɟɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɩɨɛɟɞɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɨ ɩɪɟɫɟɰɚɥɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ
ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʃɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, ɬɡɜ. ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɞɪɭɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ
ɇɢɲɚ. ɍ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ɡɚɩɚɦʄɟɧɚ ɤɚɨ Ʉɨɱɢɧɚ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɚ, ɩɨɛɭɧɚ ɋɪɛɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ
ɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚ ɨɛɪɢɫɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɬɩɨɪɚ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɟ ʁɚ-
ɱɚɥɨ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɭɥɢɜɚɥɨ ɧɚɞɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɢ-
ɜɚʃɟ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɋɥɚɜɨʂɭɛɢɜ ɢ ɧɟɫɬɪɩʂɢɜ, ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɨɤɥɟɜɚ-
5
ɉɪɨɬɚ Ɇɚɬɟʁɚ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɟɦɨɚɪɢ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1951, 15.
548
ʃɟɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ, ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ Ʉɨɱɚ ɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɬɭʁɟ,

ɢɡɚɡɜɚɜɲɢ ɬɚɤɨ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɟ.
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢ ɫɭ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɞɢ-
ɥɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ, ɭɥɚɡɟʄɢ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɛɨʁɟɜɟ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ
ɧɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɭ ɤɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɢɰɟ, ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɱɢɬɚɜɚ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɭɡ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɯ ɋɪɛɚ, ɧɚɡɜɚɧɚ Ⱦɭɛɢɱɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɨɦ; ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞ Ⱦɭɛɢɰɟ, ɞɭɠ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ, ɩɪɨɬɟɝɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ȼɥɚɲɤɟ ɢ
Ɍɪɚɧɫɢɥɜɚɧɢʁɟ, ɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɋɧɚɝɟ Ʉɨɱɟ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɲɥɟ ɭɫɚɦʂɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦ
ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɫɪɟɞɫɪɟɞɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɚɦɚʃɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɲɟɫɬ ɦɟɫɟɰɢ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢɯ ɛɨʁɟɜɚ ɫ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ, ɭɫ-
ɬɚɧɚɤ Ʉɨɱɟ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄɚ ɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɝɭɛɢ ɧɚ ɫɧɚɡɢ. Ȼɟɡ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ, ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɨɛɭɱɟɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɨɜɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ Ʉɨɱɟ
ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1788, ɞɚ
ɛɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɛɢɰɢ ɤɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ Ȼɪɡɚɫɤɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɯ-
ɜɚʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦ Ʉɨɱɚ Ⱥɧɻɟɥɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ, ɡɚ ɨɩɨɦɟɧɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɭ ɫɟɥɭ Ɍɟɤɢʁɢ,
ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɚɛɨɪɰɢɦɚ ɧɚɛɢʁɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɚɰ. ɍ ɬɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɢ ɤɨʁɚ
ʁɟ ɭɫɥɟɞɢɥɚ, ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ 17 ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ.6
ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɩɪɨɞɪɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɭɛʂɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ 1789, ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ Ʌɚɭɞɨɧɚ.
Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɬɟɪɟɬ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ ɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɯɚʂɟ-
ɜɢʄɟɜ ɮɪɚʁɤɨɪ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ Ɋɚɞɢɱ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤ. ɍɩɪɤɨɫ ɩɨɪɚɡɭ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɚ Ʉɨɱɟ, ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ ɭ
ɩɭɧɨɦ ɨɩɫɟɝɭ: ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ (ɒɚɛɚɰ, ȼɚʂɟɜɨ, ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟ-
ɜɨ, Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɚɰ, Ʉɚɪɚɧɨɜɚɰ, ȶɭɩɪɢʁɚ ɢ ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɚɰ), ɭɫɬɚɧɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɯ-
ɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɢ Ɍɢɦɨɱɤɚ ɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɭɱɢʃɟɧ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɇɨ-
ɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɭ ɮɪɚʁɤɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪ ɋɬɭ-
ɞɟɧɢɰɭ ɛɨɪɢɨ ɢ ɫâɦ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ, ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɜɨɠɞ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ. ɍɫ-
ɬɚɧɚɤ ʁɟ ɤɭɥɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɢɦɚɨ ɭ Ʉɪɭɲɟɜɰɭ, ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɚ, ɝɞɟ
ʁɟ, ɩɪɟɞ ɰɪɤɜɨɦ Ʌɚɡɚɪɢɰɨɦ, ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. 7
ɉɨɛɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɢ ɯɨɞ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɮɪɚʁɤɨɪɚ ɧɚɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɩɪɨɦɟ-
ɧɨɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ (1789) ɢ ɫɦɪɬ
ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ ȳɨɫɢɮɚ II (1790), ɧɚɝɧɚɥɢ ɫɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɭɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨ-
ɜɚʃɟ ɉɪɭɫɤɟ, ȿɧɝɥɟɫɤɟ ɢ ɏɨɥɚɧɞɢʁɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɪɢɦɢɪʁɟ. Ɏɪɚʁɤɨɪɢ ɫɭ
ɫɬɨɝɚ 1790. ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɧɢ ɞɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɭ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɨɞɪɟɞ ɛɢɨ ɪɚɫɩɭɲɬɟɧ. ɇɚɝɥɢ ɤɪɚʁ ɭɫ-
ɬɚɧɤɚ ɧɚɝɧɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɥɢɡɭ 100.000 ɋɪɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɟ,
6
Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ: Ⱦ. ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, Ʉɨɱɢɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ, ɋɄȺ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1930.
7
Ⱦ. ɉɚɜɥɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɚɭɫɬɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ 17881791,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1910.
549
ɫɤɥɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ. Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɟ ɫɭ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɞ-

ɦɚɡɞɟ, ɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɪɟɫɤɢɯ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɚ, ɩɨɡɜɚɥɢ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɚ ɢɦɚʃɚ, ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɚɦɧɟɫɬɢʁɭ ɭɱɟɫɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɛɭ-
ɧɢ. ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɚ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɢɪʁɟ, ɚ 4. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ
1791. ɫ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɨɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɚ ɦɢɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ status quo ante
bellum.
Ƚɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ-
ɧɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɥɢɥɚ ɞɭɠ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɪɟɤɚ ɍɧɚ–ɋɚɜɚ–Ⱦɭɧɚɜ. ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜ-
ɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɡɟɥɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɫɥɨɜɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɝ ɭɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɚ ɚɦɧɟɫɬɢɪɚɧɨ, ɞɨɤ ɫɭ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ ɨɛɟʄɚɧɚ ɝɪɚ-
ɻɚɧɫɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɢ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɚ, ɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɚ-
ɡɭɦɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɲɬɪɢɦ ɦɟɪɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɨɛɟɡ-
ɛɟɞɟ ʁɚɜɧɢ ɪɟɞ ɢ ɦɢɪ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɝɨɪɚɤ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɨ ɚɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɪɨɥɨɦɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍɩɪɤɨɫ Ɇɢɯɚʂɟɜɢʄɟɜɢɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢ-
ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɭ ɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɜɨʁɫɰɢ, ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʃɢɯ ɫɟ
ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɜɨɻɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ, ɤɧɟɡ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ,
ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɚɧ ɲɬɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ ɰɟɞɢɥɭ („ɰɚɪ ɨɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɚ ɦɟɧɟ ɢ ɫɚɜ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ, ɤɚɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɲɟ ɩɪɚɞɟɞɟ ɨɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ”) ɡɚɪɟɤɚɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢʄɢ „ɨɞ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɞɨ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɢ ɤɚ-
ɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɩɭ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɭ ɡɚɩɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ
ɧɢɤɚɞ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɧ ɇɟɦɰɭ ɧɟ ɜɟɪɭʁɟ.”8
ɍ ɁɇȺɄɍ ɊȿɎɈɊɆɂ:
ȾȿɅɂɆɂɑɇȺ ȺɍɌɈɇɈɆɂȳȺ ȻȿɈȽɊȺȾɋɄɈȽ ɉȺɒȺɅɍɄȺ
Ɋɟɮɨɪɦɧɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ, ɋɟɥɢɦ III (1789–1807) ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ʁɚɧɢɱɚ-

ɪɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɨɭɡɞɚɧɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ, ɫɤɥɨɧɚ ɧɟɪɟɞɭ ɢ ɨɝɪɟɡɥɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɢʂɭ, ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɚ
ɡɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɫɬɪɨʁɟɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ. ȳɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɥɚɛɨ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɭ ɨɩɭɫɬɨɲɟɧɢ Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɧɚɫɟɥɢɨ ɢɡɛɟɝɥɭ ɪɚʁɭ, ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɨ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɜɪɚɬɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ. Ⱥɛɭ-Ȼɟɤɢɪ-ɩɚɲɚ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɉɨɪɬɟ, ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ
1791. ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɮɟɪɦɚɧ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɨɡɜɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ.
ɍɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɞ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɨɦ ʁɟ 1793. ɩɨɜɟɪɟɧɚ ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɚ-
ɩɚɲɢ, ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ ɋɟɥɢɦɚ III, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɭɧɢɯ ɨɫɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜʂɚɨ ɫɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɨɦ, ɲɬɢɬɟʄɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɧɭ ɪɚʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɨɝɨɧɟʄɢ ɨɞɦɟɬ-
ɧɭɬɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ, ɩɨɦɨɝɧɭɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɨɝ ɩɚɲɟ ɉɚɡɜɚɧɨɝɥɭɚ ɢɡ
ȼɢɞɢɧɚ, ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ. ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɚ ɩɚɲɚ
ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɡɚɩɚɦʄɟɧ ɤɚɨ „ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɦɚʁɤɚ”. ɉɨ ʃɟɝɨ-
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ɉɪɨɬɚ Ɇ. ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɟɦɨɚɪɢ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1951, 43.
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ɜɨɦ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1793. ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ ɉɨɪɬɢɧɚ ɮɟɪɦɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ

ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɋɪɛɚ: 1) ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɚɪɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ, ɬʁ. ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ ɢ ɨɛɨɪ-ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ, ɤɚɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬ, ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɩɚɲɟ; 2) Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛ-
ɪɚʃɟɧ ɭɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ; 3) ɡɚ Ɍɭɪɤɟ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɢʄɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɯɚ-
ɧɨɜɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɭɥɚɡɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɫɟɥɚ. ɉɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɉɨɪ-
ɬɢɧ ɟɦɢɫɚɪ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɭɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨ-
ɪɟɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ, ɧɚɬɭɪɚɥɧɚ ɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɚɲɢ, ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɚɡɧɟ ɡɚ Ɍɭɪɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɧɚ-
ɩɚɞɚɥɢ ɋɪɛɟ, ɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ „ɰɟɥɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ” ɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɚɤɨ
ɛɢ ɝɚ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɧɚɩɚɥɢ.
Ɍɪɢ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɚ ɮɟɪɦɚɧɚ, ɢɡɞɚɬɚ 1794, ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɚɦɚ ɞɚ
ɦɨɝɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɚɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɢɫɢɧɚ ɩɨɪɟɡɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ
ɞɚɠɛɢɧɚ, ɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɢɠɭ ɢ ɨɛɧɚɜʂɚɭʁɭ ɰɪɤɜɟ. ɉɨ-
ɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɮɟɪɦɚɧɨɦ (1796) ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɧɟɫɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ
ɨɛɨɪ-ɤɧɟɡɨɜɟ (ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ). ɉɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɟɲɬɚʁɢɦɚ, ɫɪɟɞɢ-
ɧɨɦ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1796, ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɡɚ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ ɢɡɚ-
ɛɪɚɥɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ, ɪɟɫɚɜɫɤɨɝ ɤɧɟɡɚ, ɜɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɢɡ ȶɭɩɪɢʁɟ. Ɂɚ ɲɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ
ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɨ 10 ɧɨɜɢɯ ɰɪɤɚɜɚ ɢ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɨʁɚɱɚɧ
ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɚ. „Ʉɧɟɠɢɧɫɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɚ” ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɤɚ
ɡɚɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɩɭɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ. ɋɬɚɬɭɫ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ-
ɥɢɤ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɢɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɠɢɜɚɥɢ Ƚɪɰɢ ɧɚ ɉɟɥɨɩɨɧɟɡɭ ɢ
Ⱥɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɲɤɢɦ ɨɫɬɪɜɢɦɚ.9 ɉɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ
ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢ: ɡɚ ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɢɧɨɝ ɜɟɡɢɪɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɰɜɚɬ ɫɬɨɱɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɨɦ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɫɭɦɭ ɨɞ
ɩɪɟɤɨ 1.300.000 ɮɨɪɢɧɬɢ. ɉɪɟɤɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɤɨ-
ɪɨ ɰɟɥɨɤɭɩɚɧ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɫɬɨɤɟ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ.10
Ƚɥɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɭ ɤɧɟɠɢɧɫɤɟ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɨɪɛɚ
ɫɚ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɦ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ. ɍ ɛɨɪɛɚɦɚ ɫɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ, ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫ-
ɬɚɮɚ ɩɚɲɚ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɟ: ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɢɦ ɧɚɯɢʁɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɨ-
ɲɚʂɭ 1.500 ɋɪɛɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɪɚɧɢɨɰɢ ɢɡ-
ɜɟɫɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɡɚ. ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ 1793. ɢ 1795, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɨɩɚɫɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚɥɢ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɛɨɪɢɥɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɉɨɪɬɢ ɥɨʁɚɥɧɢɦ
Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ. ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɥɟʄɟ
1796, ɚ ʃɨɦ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ. Ȼɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɧɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚɦɚ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɩɪɚɜɢ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫɬɚ-
ɮɚ-ɩɚɲɚ ʁɟ 1797. ɫɚɡɜɚɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɟ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ
ɫɩɪɟɦɢ ɩɨ 1.000 ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ʂɭɞɢ ɡɚ ɛɨɪɛɭ ɫ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɦ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ,
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Ⱦ. ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɋɜɢɲɬɨɜɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ 1791–1794, ɋɄȺ,
10
ȼɢɞɢ: Ⱦ. ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɇɨɥɢɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1984.
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ɩɚ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɚɤɭɩʂɟɧɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɨɞ ɨɤɨ 16.000 ʂɭɞɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɞ-
ɜɨʁɟɧɭ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɭ ɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ. ɉɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ ɂɥɢʁɟ Ȼɢɪɱɚɧɢɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɫɧɚɝɟ ɨɞɧɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɩɨɛɟɞɭ ɧɚɞ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ȼɢ-
ɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɛɢʁɟ ɞɨ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɢ ɡɚɭɡɦɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɭ.
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ ɫɭ 1799. ȼɢɫɨɤɨʁ ɉɨɪɬɢ ɩɨɞɧɟɥɢ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɞɚ ɫɟ, ɩɨ
ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ, ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɨɞ 12 ɧɚɯɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ ɭɩɭɬɢ 300 ɩɭɲɚɤɚ ɢ
100 ɫɟʁɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ. ȵɢɯɨɜ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɧɚɢɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɨʂɚɧ
ɩɪɢʁɟɦ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, ɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɜɟɡɢɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɨ ɛɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɜɟɡɢɪɭ.
ɉɪɟɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɉɨɪɬɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɞɨɲɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɟ
ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɜɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ȿɝɢɩɚɬ. ɉɨɪɬɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭ-
ɬɨɦ Ɉɫɦɚɧ ɉɚɡɜɚɧɨɝɥɭɭ, ɜɢɞɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɢ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɨɝ
ɧɚɦɟɫɧɢɤɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ ɛɢɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɝɞɟ ɫɭ,
ɨɞ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɨɝ ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɚ ɩɚɲɟ ɢɡɧɭɞɢɥɢ „ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ” ɨ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɭ
ɱɢɬɥɭɤɚ. Ɂɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɜɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɱɟɬɜɨɪɢɰɨɦ ɫɬɚɪɟ-
ɲɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɨ ɞɚɯɢʁɚɦɚ (Ⱥɝɚɧɥɢʁɚ, Ʉɭɱɭɤ Ⱥɥɢʁɚ, Ɇɭɥɚ-ȳɭ-
ɫɭɮ, Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ-ɚɝɚ Ɏɨɱɢʄ), ɭɫɩɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚʁɭ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɨɦ ɏɚʇɢ-Ɇɭɫɬɚɮɚ ɩɚɲɟ. ɇɚ
ɭɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ʂɭɞɢ, ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɚ. Ɋɚɞɢ ɛɨʂɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ, ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭ-
ɬɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɜɢ ɯɚɧɨɜɢ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɭɛɚɲɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɦɚ ɫɟʁɦɟɧɚ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɩɨɬɩɭ-
ɧɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɟ. ɍɫɥɟɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɦ-
ɩɥɟɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɢɦɚʃɚ ɭ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɟ ɱɢɬɥɭɤɟ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɭɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɩɨɪɟɡɚ, ɩɪɚʄɟɧɢɯ ɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɦɟɬɢɦɚ, ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ (ɤɭɥɭɤ), ɞɨ-
ɞɚɬɧɢɦ ɨɩɨɪɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɚɦɚ. ɉɨɬ-
ɩɭɧɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧ ɫɬɚɪɢ ɬɢɦɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɜɟɤɨɜɚ ɛɢɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. Ɋɟɮɟɭɞɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɫɭ ɛɢ-
ɥɟ ɩɨɝɨɻɟɧɟ ɢ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɟ, ɱɢʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɨɛɚɪɚʃɚ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ 1802. ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ
ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ. 11
ɇɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɩɨɥɚɤɨ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚɥɨ: ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ
ɫɭ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɟ, ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɛɚɧɤɪɨɬɨɦ, ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢ
ɞɚ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɞɚʂɢ ɢɡɜɨɡ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ, ɫɟʂɚɰɢ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɟ ʁɚɱɢɦ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ
ɩɪɟɤɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɯ ɧɚɦɟɬɚ ɢ ɤɭɥɭɤɚ. ɋɚɦɨɜɨʂɚ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɟ
ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɢʁɟɦ ɡɚɥɚɠɟʃɭ ɫɭɛɚɲɚ ɭ ɫɟɥɚ, ɧɚɫɢɥɧɨʁ ɡɚɩɥɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ, ɫɬɨɤɟ
ɢ ɝɪɚɛʂɟʃɭ ɞɟɜɨʁɚɤɚ. ɇɚɝɥɨ ʁɟ ɨʁɚɱɚɥɚ ɯɚʁɞɭɱɢʁɚ ʊ ɨɞɦɟɬɚʃɟ ɭ ɲɭɦɭ.
ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɫɭ, ɭɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯɚ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɚ ɞɚ
ɢɡɝɧɚʁɭ ɞɚɯɢʁɟ, ɧɚ ɫɚɜɟɬɨɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ ɢ
ɯɚʁɞɭɱɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɦɛɚɲɚ. ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɭ
11
Ⱦ. ɉɚɧɬɟɥɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ (17941804),
ɋɄȺ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1949; Ⱦ. ȳɚɧɤɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, 38–55.
552
ɋɪɟɦɭ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɭ ɨ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɦɚ ɛɭɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨ-

ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɢ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɢ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨɦ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɉɨɱɟɬ-
ɧɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ ɡɛɚɰɟ ɞɚɯɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɟ
ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ.
ɋɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ, ɫɚɦɨ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞ-
ɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɟɦ ɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɭ ɫɩɨʂɧɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɚɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɥɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ
ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ. ɍɩɪɤɨɫ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɡʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɫɩɪɟɦɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɟ ɧɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ
ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɫɜɟɞɨɱɢ ɭɫɩɨɫ-
ɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɬɚʁɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɜɚɰɢɦɚ ɜɚɧ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ:
ɨɞ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ ɞɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ʁɭɠɧɟ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ.
ɋɊȻɂ ɍ ɏȺȻɁȻɍɊɒɄɈȳ ɆɈɇȺɊɏɂȳɂ:

ȾȿɎɂɇɂɋȺȵȿ ɇȺɐɂɈɇȺɅɇɂɏ ɐɂȴȿȼȺ
ɋɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ (18041813) ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɧɚ-

ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ. ɉɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɭɫ-
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ 1690, ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɧɢɦ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢ-
ɱɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɨ ɬɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɞɚ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ. Ɇɟɪɟ
ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɢɯ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɝɚ ɫɭ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɪɚɡɛɢɥɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɭ ɢɡɨɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɋɪɛɚ
ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢ ɢɯ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɡɪɚɱɟʃɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ. ɇɨɫɢɨɰɟ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɉɨɞɭɧɚɜʂɭ ɡɚɬɚɥɚɫɚɥɟ ɫɭ
ɢɞɟʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɜɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ
ɪɚɡɧɟɥɟ ɲɢɪɨɦ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɍɟɦɢɲɜɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ 1790, ɫɚɡɜɚɧ ɞɚ
ɢɡɚɛɟɪɟ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ, ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚ-
ɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ
ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. 12
Ɉɫɧɨɜɟ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɤɨɞ ɋɪ-
ɛɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɧɢ ɦɨɧɚɯ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚʁɢʄ (17261801), ɩɢɫɚɰ ɜɨɥɭɦɢ-
ɧɨɡɧɟ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɨɜ, ɧɚʁɩɚɱɟ Ȼɨɥɝɚɪ, ɏɨɪɜɚɬɨɜ ɢ
ɋɟɪɛɨɜ ɢ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ, „ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ȼɨɥɬɟɪ”, ɩɢɫɚɰ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɩɨɭɱɧɢɯ
ɢ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɫɤɢɯ ɫɩɢɫɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ ɢɧɫɩɢɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɭ ɜɟɤɨɜɚ.
12
ɋ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɇ. ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɟɦɢɲɜɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɚɛɨɪ 1790, Arhiv Vojvodine, ɇɨ-
ɜɢ ɋɚɞ ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ, 1972; ɇ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɋɪɛɢ ɭ ʁɭɠɧɨʁ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ, Ɂɛɨɪɧɢɤ Ɇɚɬɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ. ɋɟɪɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɤʃ. 26,
ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1960, 18–39; D. Ĉorÿeviü, Balkan versus European Enlightment Parallelism
and Dissonances, East European Quarterly X–4, 487497.
553
Ɋɚʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ „ɦɨɧɚɲɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɰɢɡɦɚ”, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɢɜɚɨ

ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ ɫ ɟɩɨɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚʁɢʄɟɜɟ ɩɨɛɭɞɟ ɛɢɥɟ
ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɤɟ: ɫɜɟ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɢɡ ɞɜɚ
ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ – ɧɟɫɥɨɝɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɚɲɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɚʃɤɚʃɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-
ʃɚ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ
ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɢɡɛɟʄɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɝɪɟɲɚɤɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ. Ɋɚʁɢʄ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ
ɜɚɠɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɩɢɲɟ ɋɪɛɢɧ, ɚ ɧɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɡɥɨɧɚɦɟɪɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɰ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɛɧɨɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɫɜɟɫɬ.13
Ɋɚʁɢʄɟɜɢ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɰɢ Ɂɚɯɚɪɢʁɟ Ɉɪɮɟɥɢɧ (ɯɟɪɚɥɞɢɱɤɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɋɬɟ-
ɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ, 1741) ɢ ɉɚɜɥɟ ȳɭɥɢɧɚɰ (Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢʁɟ ɜ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢʁɚ ɫɥɚɜɟɧɨ-ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ), ɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʁɟ
ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɚ. Ɇɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ɫɭ, ɩɪɢɝɪɥɢɜɲɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɬɟɠɢɥɢ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢɫɚʃɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɫɚɜɪɟɦɟʃɢɜɚʃɚ.
ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɇɭɲɤɚɬɢɪɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ 1786. ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɪɚɡɦɢɫɥɟɧɢʁɟ ɨ ɩɪɚɞ-
ɡɧɢɰɢ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ, ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ
ɩɪɚɡɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɪɚɞɧɢɯ ɞɚɧɚ, ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɟ ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ. ɍ
ɫɩɟɜɭ Ʉɪɚɬɤɨɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢʁɟ ɨ ɫɩɨɤɨʁɧɨʁ ɠɢɡɧɢ (Ȼɟɱ 1788), Ⱥɥɟɤɫɢʁɟ ȼɟ-
ɡɢɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɞɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɪɥɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɢɪɢ ɫ ɞɭɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂ-
ɫɬɜɚ.14
Ɂɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɩɪɟɥɨɦ ɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɢɬɭɢɫɚʃɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ
ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɱɢɬɚɧɢɯ ɤʃɢɝɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 1783. ɢ
1788, ɢɡ ɩɟɪɚ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɚ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɛɢɜɲɟɝ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɚ, ɫɥɟɞɛɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨ-
ɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ, ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɟ ɚɧɬɢɤɥɟɪɢɤɚɥɧɢɯ
ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ ȳɨɫɢɮɚ II. Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɢɨ ɡɚ „ɩɪɜɨɝ ɋɪɛɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ
ʁɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɢɡɧɚɞ ɜɟɪɟ”, ɢ ɡɚɬɚɥɚɫɚɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɭ
ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨʁ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɢ: „Ⱦɨɫɢɬɢʁɟ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ɛɚɰɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɦɟ ɭ ɩɥɨɞɧɭ
ɡɟɦʂɭ ɢ ɢɦɭʄɧɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ, ɉɟɲɬɢ ɢ Ɍɪɫɬɭ, ɭ ɜɟʄɢɦ
ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ, ʁɨɲ ɢɡɪɚɧɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɟʄɚɥɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɨɛɢɥɚɬɨ ɩɨɦɚɝɚɥɨ
ɦɥɚɞɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɨɫɬ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɟɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɰɢʂ: ɛɭɻɟʃɟ
ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɫɟʄɚʁɚ. ɇɚɲɢ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɟʂɢ ɢɡ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɫɚ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɦ
ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ, ɛɭɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɨɫɟʄɚʃɟ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ
ɢɞɟʁɚɦɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɫɜɟɬɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɲɢɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ,
13
Ɋɚʁɢʄɟɜɚ ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ ɬɨɦɚ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ 1794–1795, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIX ɜɟɤɚ. ɉɨɧɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɲɬɚɦɩɚɧɚ ɭ Ȼɭɞɢɦɭ 1823. (ȳ. Ɋɚɞɨɧɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ȳɨɜɚɧ Ɋɚʁɢʄ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɢɡɞɚ-
ʃɚ ɋȺɇ, ɤʃ. CCIV, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1952).
14
ɏ. ɀɟɮɚɪɨɜɢʄ, Ɍ. Mɟɫɦɟɪ, ɋɬɟɦɚɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ. ɂɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɢʁ ɂɥɢɪɢ-
ɱɟɫɤɢɯ (1741), (ɩɪɢɪ. Ⱦ. Ⱦɚɜɢɞɨɜ), Ƚɚɥɟɪɢʁɚ Ɇɚɬɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 1972. Ɉ ɢɞɟɨ-
ɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɨɤɜɢɪɢɦɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɨɩɲɢɪɧɢʁɟ: Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɋɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ 17901918,
ɤʃ. I, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1989.
554
ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɲɬɨ ɛɪɠɟ ɢ ɲɬɨ ɭɫɩɟɲɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɭ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɢ

ɩɭɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ Ɋɚɡɭɦɚ. Ɋɨɦɚɧɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɬɚʁ ɪɚɞ ɢɡ ɭɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɞɚ
ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɬɨ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɱɨɜɟɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ.”
ɋɩɢɫɢ ȳ. Ɋɚʁɢʄɚ ɢ Ⱦ. Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɟɻɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɦ ɋɪɛɢ-
ɦɚ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɨɞʁɟɤ, ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ, ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ XIX ɜɟɤɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢɞɟʁɧɢ ɬɟɦɟʂɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ
Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɨɫɭɻɢɜɚɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɡɚ ɞɭɯɨɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ,
ɩɪɟɦɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɫɬ ɭ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɯ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ
ɫɢɝɭɪɧɚ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɚ ɭɧɢʁɚʄɟʃɭ ɢ ɝɟɪɦɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨʁ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢ-
ʁɢ, ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. Ʉɚɨ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮ, Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɡɚɝɨ-
ɜɚɪɚɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɭ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɧɟɫɩɨɪɧɭ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚʃɚ: ɭɫ-
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɫɜɟɬɨɜɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ. Ȼɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɪɭɤɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɚɧ ɨɞʁɟɤ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ
ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɝɞɟ ɨɬɭɻɟɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɚ ʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɚ ɥɚɢɰɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ
ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁɟɜɢ ɻɚɰɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ
ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɤɚɥɭɻɟɪɢ.15,16 ɐɪɤɜɟɧɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɜɢ
ɧɨɫɢɨɰɢ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɥɢ ɧɚ Ɋɭɫɤɨ ɰɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɭ ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɭ ɢ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɝ (ɩɨ Ʉɭɱɭɤ Ʉɚɢɧɚɪʇɢʁ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɦɢɪɭ ɢɡ 1774) ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ ɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ
ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɇɚʁɩɪɟ ʁɟ Ⱥɪɫɟɧɢʁɟ Ƚɚɝɨɜɢʄ, ɚɪɯɢɦɚɧɞɪɢɬ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ ɉɢɜɟ ɭ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɭ ɦɟɦɨɚɪɭ ɩɨɞɧɟɬɨɦ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ (1803) ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚʃɟ „ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ” ɤɨʁɟ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɬɢ ɨɞ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ
ɞɨ ɒɢɛɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ. Ɇɟɦɨɚɪ ɫɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɨɦ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ
1804. ɩɨɞɧɟɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ ɋɬɪɚɬɢɦɢɪɨɜɢʄ, ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬ ɫɪɟɦɫɤɨ-ɤɚɪɥɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ, ɞɭɯɨɜɧɢ ɜɨɻɚ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɍɨɱɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢɡ
1804, ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɢ ɛɚɱɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɚ ȳɨɜɚɧ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄ, ɬɪɚ-
ɠɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɜɟɪɧɭ ɫɚɛɪɚʄɭ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.17
15
ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɨɡɧɨɦ ɞɟɥɭ (Ɇɟɡɢɦɰɭ) Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ
XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɭɩɨɪɧɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ:„ɋɪɛʂɢ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚɦ ɢ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚɦ
ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɡɢɜʂɭ: ɩɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚɧɰɢ.. ɩɨ Ȼɨɫɧɢ Ȼɨɲʃɚɰɢ, ɩɨ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ Ⱦɚɥ-
ɦɚɬɢɧɰɢ, ɩɨ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɰɢ ɢ ɩɨ ɐɪɧɨʁ Ƚɨɪɢ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢ. ɋɜɭɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɝɨ-
ɜɨɪɟ, ɫɨɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɢ ɥɚɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭ, ɪɚɡɜʁɟɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɢɡɝɥɚɲɟ-
ɧɢʁɭ [ɞɢʁɚɥɟɤɬɭ] ɪɚɫɩɨɡɧɚʁɭ. […] ɂ ɧɚʁɩɪɨɫɬɢʁɢ ɋɪɛɢɧ ɢɡ Ȼɚɧɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɡ Ȼɚɱɤɟ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ, ɩɨɝɨɬɨɜɭ ɭ ɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɢ ɢ ɭ
ɋɪɟɦɭ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɪɨɻɟɧɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɛɢɨ ɨɧ ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɨɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝɚ ɢɫ-
ɩɨɜʁɟɞɚɧɢʁɚ.”
16
Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɫɭɻɢɜɚɨ ɜɟɪɫɤɭ ɩɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɫɬ ɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɜɟɪ-
ɚ: „ɇɟ ɪɚɡɞɟʂɭʁɬɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɪɡɢɬɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɟɛɟ ɡɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɝɪɱɤɭ ɢ ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɭ”. (Ɇ. Ʉɨɫɢʄ,
Ⱦɨɫɢɬɟʁ Ɉɛɪɚɞɨɜɢʄ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɢ XVIII ɢ XIX ɜɟɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɋȺɇ, 1952).
17
D. Djordjeviɫ, Les révolutions nationales des peuples balkaniques 18041914, In-
stitut d'histoire, Belgrade, 1965, 1819.
555
ɍɝɥɟɞɧɢ ɩɥɟɦɢʄ ɋɚɜɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ Ɍɟɤɟɥɢʁɚ ɭ ɦɟɦɨɚɪɭ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɦ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨ-

ɧɭ (1805) ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɞ
ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ, ɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬ „ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɢɥɢɪɫɤɨɝ” ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ
ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭ I.18 Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɲɟʃɚ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɤɨɞ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ:
ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ, ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɭ, ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɢʃɚɥɚ ɰɪɤɜɟ-
ɧɚ ɯɢʁɟɪɚɪɯɢʁɚ, ɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨ
ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ, ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɚɭɫɬ-
ɪɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɰɢʁɚ (ɭɡ ɧɨɜɭ, ɬɪɟʄɭ ɜɚɪɢ-
ʁɚɧɬɭ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɡɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɋɪɛ-
ɢʁɢ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ Ɍɟɤɟɥɢʁɢɧɨɝ ɦɟɦɨɚɪɚ ɢɡ 1805, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɩɨɠɟʂ-
ɧɨɦ ɬɟɤ ɩɨɫɥɟ 1810) ɢɫɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɢ ɨɩɨɪɬɭɧɚ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.
Ɍɟɠɢɲɬɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɢɡ ʁɭɠɧɟ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɫɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɢɦ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɬɜɨɦ, ɦɨʄɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁ-
ɧɢɦ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɪɨɦ, ɜɟʄ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1804. ɩɪɟɦɟɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ
ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɝɞɟ ɪɚɫɬɭʄɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɚ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚ ɞɨɛɪɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɭ ɡɚ ɨɩɲɬɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟɝ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. ɉɪɟɦɨʄɧɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɚɝ-
ɪɚɪɧɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɯ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ,
ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɜɨʁɧɨ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɢ ɭ freicorps ɢ ɭ Ʉɨɱɢɧɨʁ ɤɪɚʁɢ-
ɧɢ. ɉɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɩɚɲɚɥɭ-
ɤɚ: ɬɟɠɢɧɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚɥɚ ʁɟ, ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɜɢ-
ɲɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɟ ɭ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɭ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ, ɭ Ɇɚɤɟɞɨ-
ɧɢʁɢ, ɭ Ɋɚɲɤɨʁ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ (ɇɨɜɨɩɚɡɚɪɫɤɢ ɫɚɧʇɚɤ). ȼɟʄ 1803. ɩɪɨɬɚ Ɇɚɬɟʁɚ
ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ ɛɨɪɚɜɢ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɝɞɟ ɫɚ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɢɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚɦɚ
ɜɨɞɢ ɬɚʁɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɟ ɨ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢ-
ɧɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫ ɬɢɦ, ɫɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɰɪɤɜɟɧɢɦ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ-
ɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɨʁ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɛɥɢɫɤɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɟ ɨ ɧɚɛɚɜɰɢ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ʁɟ, ɭɨɱɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɨɛ-
ɢɲɚɨ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɱɢɬɚɜ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ, ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭɱɢ ɫɟ ɫ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɢɦ
ɩɪɜɚɰɢɦɚ ɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɟɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɭ. ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɚ ɉɟɬɚɪ I
ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ȵɟɝɨɲ ʁɟ ɭɨɱɢ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɢɝɭɦɚɧɭ ɦɚɧɚɫɬɢɪɚ Ⱦɟɱɚɧɚ
ɭ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɢ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ „ɢɦɚɦɨ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ ɦɢ ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞ-
ɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɤɨɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɚ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ.”19
18
ȼɢɞɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɨɪɢɝɢɧɚɥ ɭ: ɋ. Ɍɟɤɟɥɢʁɚ, Ɉɩɢɫɚɧɢʁɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨ-
ɝɪɚɞ, 1966, 379399; Ⱦ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɋɚɜɚ Ɍɟɤɟɥɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɭ, Ɂɛɨɪ-
ɧɢɤ Ɇɚɬɢɰɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ 7, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1954, 118125; ɇ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ, ɋɚɜɚ Ɍɟɤɟɥɢʁɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ XII–XIII (19611962), Ȼɟoɝɪɚɞ 1963, 112 .
19
Ⱦ. Ɍ. Ȼɚɬɚɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɱɚɧɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1989, 13.
556
ɉɈɑȿɌȺɄ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ ɊȿȼɈɅɍɐɂȳȿ, 18041807.
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ Ʌɟɨɩɨɥɞ ɮɨɧ

Ɋɚɧɤɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɨ Die serbische Revolution, ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɚ-
ɥɭɤɭ ɭ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɭ 1804. ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ „ɫɟɱɚ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ” ɫɢ-
ɦɭɥɬɚɧɨ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟʃɟ ɧɚʁɭɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ. Ɉɫɟɬɢɜɲɢ
ɜɪɟʃɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɭ, ɞɚɯɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɥɟ ɨɞ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ:
ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄɚ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɝ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɨɮɢɰɢɪɭ ɭ Ɂɟɦɭɧɭ, ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɟɩʃɟ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɥɚ ɢɯ ɞɚ
ɩɨɝɭɛɟ ɧɚʁɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɟ, ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ. Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ
ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɪɭ ʁɟ ɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɱɟɧɨ ɨɤɨ 70 ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ,
ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ, ɂɥɢʁɚ Ȼɢɪɱɚɧɢɧ, Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɑɚɪɚɩɢʄ, ɤɧɟɡ
ɉɟɬɚɪ ɢɡ Ɋɟɫɚɜɟ, ɚ ɢ ɦɨɧɚɫɢ ɏɚʇɢ Ɋɭɜɢɦ ɢ ɏɚʇɢ ȭɟɪɚ. Ɉɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɪɟ-
ɲɢɧɟ, ɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɢ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ, ɫɤɥɨɧɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɲɭɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɫ ɧɚɩɚ-
ɞɢɦɚ ɧɚ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɚ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɚ. ɇɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɤɧɟɡɨ-
ɜɚ, ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ, ɢ ɯɚʁɞɭɤɚ ɭ Ɉɪɚɲɰɭ, ɧɚ ɋɪɟɬɟʃɟ, 14. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1804, ɡɚ ɜɨ-
ɻɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ 300 ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɢɡɚɛɪɚɧ ɧɚʁɨɞɥɭɱɧɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚɦɚ, ɢɫɤɭɫɧɢ ɛɢɜɲɢ ɮɪɚʁ-
ɤɨɪ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ɍɨɩɨɥɟ. ɍɱɟɫɧɢɰɢ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɫɜɢɯ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬ ɧɚɯɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ.20
20
L. Ranke, Die serbische Revolution, Perthes, Hamburg 1829, ɞɨɩɭʃɟɧɨ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ;
L. Ranke, Serbien und die Turkei in neunzehnsten Jahrhudert, Leipzig 1879; Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ȼɭ-
ɤɢʄɟɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ I–II, Ⱦɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɚ, Ȼɟoɝɪɚɞ, 1907–1912; Grégoire Yakch-
itch [Ƚɪɝɭɪ ȳɚɤɲɢʄ], L’Europe et la résurection de la Serbie 1804–1834, Hachette, Paris,
1907; Émile Haumant, L’armée de Karageorges, Yougoslavie, Paris, Association des Étu-
diants Serbes, Croates et Slovènes 1927; ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ ȶɨɪɨɜɢʄ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ɢ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ, Ɂɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɚ ɂ. Ʉɨɥɚɪɰɚ, 1937; ɋ. ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ, ȼɚɫɤɪɫ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ, ɉɪɨ-
ɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1954. ȼɢɞɢ ɧɨɜɢʁɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ: M. B. Petrovich, A History of Modern
Serbia, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1976, vol. I, 27–81; Ⱦ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɂɡ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɋ. ȴɭɛɜɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1979; Ɋ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪɢɥɨɡɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, ɋ. ȴɭɛɜɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1980; ȼ. ɋɬɨʁɚɧɱɟɜɢʄ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ 1804–1813, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɭɡɟʁ, Ʌɟɫɤɨɜɚɰ, 1980; ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
V–1, ɋɄɁ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1981, 25–63; W. S. Vucinich (ed.), The First Serbian Uprising 1804–
1813, Columbia University Press, Boulder & New York, 1982; ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ
ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ 1804. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ (ɭɪ.), ɋȺɇɍ, ɇɚɭɱɧɢ ɫɤɭɩɨɜɢ, ɤʃ. XVIII,
Ɉɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤɚ, ɤʃ. 5, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1983; L. P. Meriage, Russia and the First
Serbian Insurrection, Garland, New York & London, 1987; ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ,
18041815, (ɭɪ. ɑ. ɉɨɩɨɜ), ɉɥɚɬɨɧɟɭɦ, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ, 2004; D. T Batakoviü, A Balkan-Size
French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective, Balcanica,
XXXVI (2005) 113–128; ɑ. ɉɨɩɨɜ, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ 1804–1918,
ɋɄɁ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2008. ɋɜɟɞɨɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɚ: Ⱦ. ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ, Ʉɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɭɫ-
ɬɚɧɤɭ 1804, ɋɄɁ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1980; ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɢ: Ⱥ. ɂɜɢʄ, ɋɩɢɫɢ ɛɟɱɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɨ ɉɪɜɨɦ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɭ, I–X, ɋɄȺ/ɋȺɇɍ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ–ɋɭɛɨɬɢɰɚ–Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 19351977; ɋ.
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Ɇɟɻɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɜɨɻɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɥɢ ȳɚɤɨɜ ɇɟɧɚɞɨɜɢʄ

ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧɨɜɚɰ ɩɪɨɬɚ Ɇɚɬɟʁɚ; ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɜɨ-
ɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ ɋɬɨʁɤɨɜɢʄ, ɉɟɬɚɪ Ⱦɨɛɪʃɚɰ, ɭ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ɋɬɟɜɚɧ ɋɢɧ-
ɻɟɥɢʄ, ɚ ɤɧɟɡ ɋɢɦɚ Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɢ ȳɚɧɤɨ Ʉɚɬɢʄ ɭ ɒɭɦɚɞɢʁɢ. ɇɚɫɩɪɚɦ ɩɪɟ-
ɤɨ 200.000 ɋɪɛɚ ɭ ɨɤɨ 1.800 ɫɟɥɚ ɭ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɤɨ 40.000 „ɰɚɪ-
ɫɤɢɯ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ” ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɠɢɜɟɥɢ ɭ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ: ɬɪɝɨɜɰɢ, ɫɩɚɯɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɧɚɬɥɢʁɟ,
ɭ ɦɚɥɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ, ɜɟʄɢɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɢ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɥɢ Ⱥɪɛɚɧɚɫɚ. ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɭɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɜ-
ʂɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɯ ɞɚɯɢʁɚ, ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɚ: ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɫɭ ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧɚ ɞɚɯɢʁɫɤɚ ɭɩɨ-
ɪɢɲɬɚ ɩɨ ɫɟɥɢɦɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɨ ɦɚʃɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚ-
ɭɡɢɦɚɧɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɤɨ ɜɟʄɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ. ɉɪɜɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɡɟɥɢ
ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ȼɚʂɟɜɨ, ɉɨɠɚɪɟɜɚɰ, ɒɚɛɚɰ ɢ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɨ. „ɐɚɪɫɤɢ
Ɍɭɪɰɢ” ɧɢɫɭ ɞɢɪɚɧɢ: ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɦ ʁɚɦɱɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɛɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɢɯ
ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ ɛɨɪɛɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɢɤɚ ɨɞ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɨɜɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ.
Ⱥɦɛɢɰɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ɫɬɚɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ
ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɫɚɞɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɚ ɜɟʄ 1804. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɭ
Ɉɫɬɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɫɜɢɯ ɧɚɯɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱ-
ɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚ, ɪɟɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ɨɛɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɥɨʁɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ
ʃɟɝɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭɚɬɨɧɨɦɧɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɢɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ,
ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɨʁ ɉɨɪɬɢ ɡɚɦɨɥɢ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ: „Ɇɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ
ɧɟɦɚɦɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɟ ɞɨ ɩɪɢɛɟɝɧɭɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɥɚ ɪɭɫ-
ɤɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɫ ɛɟɞɧɟ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɟ... ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ
ɲɬɨ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ: Ʉɪɮ, ȼɥɚɲɤɭ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ...” ɇɚ ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɢɤɚ, ɧɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ʁɟ, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɞɡɨɪɨɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ,
ɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɚ ɋɥɚɜɨɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋɪɟɦɚ, ɭ ɦɚʁɭ 1804. ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ
ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɞɚɯɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢ ɧɟɭɫɩɟɯɨɦ.
ɉɪɟɦɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɧɨ, ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭʄɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɫ ɉɨɪɬɨɦ,
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɟɧɚ ɢɡ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɚɦɚ: ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɧɚɛɞɟɜɚʁɭ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɨɪɭɠ-
ʁɟɦ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɢɯ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɛɚɪɭɬɨɦ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɞɚɯɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟ-
ɧɨ ɫɥɚʃɟ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ. ɉɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢ ɋɪɛɚ, ɩɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɫ
ɧɟɫɤɪɢɜɟɧɢɦ ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢʁɚɦɚ. 21
Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, Ƚɪɚɻɚ ɛɟɱɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ ɨ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɭ, ɤʃ. I (18041810) ɋȺɇɍ,
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1986; ɋ. Ⱥ. ɇɢɤɢɬɢɧ, ɉɟɪɜɨɟ ɫɟɪɛɫɤɨɟ ɜɨɫɬɚɧɢɟ 1804–1813.ɝɝ. ɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɚ (ɭɪ.
ȼ. ɑɭɛɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ), ɇɚɭɤɚ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1980.
21
ɋ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ȼɨʁɜɨɞɢɧɚ ɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ, Ɇɚɬɢɰɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ,
ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 1974.
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ɉɨɧɭɞɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɻɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɬɨ-

ɪɚɬ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ, ɭɨɱɢ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɭ Ɉɫɬɪɭɠɧɢɰɢ (ɫ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɢɧɰ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɡɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ), ɩɨɥɚɫɤɚɥɚ ʁɟ
ɰɚɪɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭ I: ɩɪɟɦɞɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧɚ, ɨɜɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɚ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚ
ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɜɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ
ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɡɨɧɨɦ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ. ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪ ɢɡɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɨɝ ɞɚ
ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢ ɫɚɜɟɬɭʁɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɜɨɻɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɛɟɝɧɭ ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɭ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɭ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɭɥɨɝɚ ɞɨɞɟʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɭ ɋɬɪɚɬɢɦɢ-
ɪɨɜɢʄɭ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ ɞɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ „ɡɚ ɫɚɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨ-
ɠɟ ɩɪɢɩɚɫɬɢ ɧɢɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨɫɢɦ ɉɨɪɬɢ.”
ɂɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɉɨɪɬɟ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ɞɚ ɭɦɢɪɢ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɭ ɪɚʁɭ, ɛɨɫɚɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɢɪ Ȼɟʄɢɪ-ɩɚɲɚ, ɫɬɢɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ 1804, ɭɨɱɢ ɛɟɤɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ-
ɯɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɜɨɻɚ ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. ɍɡ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ, ɞɚɯɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɭ
ɛɟɤɫɬɜɭ, ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ, ɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɨɝɭɛʂɟɧɟ. Ȼɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɢɪ ɤɚɨ ɭɫɬɭɩɚɤ
ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɨɛɟʄɚɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɢɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ 1793. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɪɟɦɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɧɚʁɞɭɛʂɭ ɥɨʁɚɥɧɨɫɬ
ɉɨɪɬɢ ɢ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɭ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɜɚɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ
ɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɫɢɥɚ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɚ
ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɚ.22 ɋɜɟɫɧɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɰɢ Ȼɟɱɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ, ɧɚ
ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɋɪɛɚ ɢɡ ɤɪɭɝɚ ɦɢɬɪɨɩɨɥɢɬɚ ɋɬɪɚɬɢɦɢɪɨɜɢʄɚ, ɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ ɭ ɫɟɩ-
ɬɟɦɛɪɭ 1804. ɭɩɭɬɢɥɢ ɬɪɨɱɥɚɧɭ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɭ (ɉɪɨɬɚ Ɇɚɬɟʁɚ, ȳɨɜɚɧ ɉɪɨ-
ɬɢʄ, ɉɟɬɚɪ ɇɨɜɚɤɨɜɢʄ ɑɚɪɞɚɤɥɢʁɚ), ɞɚ ɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢ
ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ, ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭ ɧɨɜɰɭ, ɨɪɭɠʁɭ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɢ. ɍ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɦɨɥɛɢ ɧɚɝɥɚ-
ɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ „ɋɪɛɢ ɧɢɤɚɞ ʁɟɞɧɨɞɭɲɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɢɫɥɢɥɢ ɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɭ ɫɜɨ-
ʁɟ ɨɬɚʇɛɢɧɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɝɚ ɭɫɪɞɧɢʁɟ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɧɚɫ. Ȼɨɠɚɧɫɤɨɦ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞ-
ɧɨɦ ɢ ɜɟɱɧɨɦ ɜɟɡɨɦ ɤɪɜɢ, ʁɟɡɢɤɚ ɢ ɜɟɪɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ Ɋɭ-
ɫɚ... ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɚ ɫɪɟʄɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ... ɧɚ ɱɜɪɫɬɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ ɩɨɫ-
ɬɚɜɢɬɢ.”23 ɂɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɠɟɥɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɰɚɪɫɤɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɚ ɢɡɞɟʁɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɧɚ
ɉɨɪɬɢ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɚɧ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɨɦ, ɩɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɭ
ɧɚ Ⱥɪɯɢɩɟɥɚɲɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ. Ɋɭɫɤɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɡɪɢɜɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɢʁɚ-
ɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɚ ɫɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɨɦ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɢɩɚɤ,
ɭɡ ɦɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɞɚɪ, ɨɛɟʄɚɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɠɟʂɟ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ: ɫɚ-
ɜɟɬɨɜɚɧɨ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɭɩɭɬɟ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɉɨɪɬɭ ɢ ɬɚɦɨ ɢɡɧɟɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜɟ.
22
Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɭ: Ɍɭɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ 1804. ɋɩɢɫɢ ɰɚɪɫɤɟ
ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɢʁɟ 1789–1804, ɤʃ. I (ɩɪɢɪ. ɏ. ɒɚɛɚɧɨɜɢʄ), ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɇɊ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ,
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ɂɡ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɫɚ ɛɚɱɤɢɦ ɜɥɚɞɢɤɨɦ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɦ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɦ ɨɤɨ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ
ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɚ, ɜɟʄ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɧɚɡɪɟɬɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɬɟɠʃɚ ɡɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɲʄɭ ɤɚɨ
ɤɨɧɚɱɧɢɦ ɰɢʂɟɦ.
559
ɍɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ, ɨɯɪɚɛɪɟɧɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ

ɪɭɫɤɢɦ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɟɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɜɟʄ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ 1805. ɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɭ ɉɟʄɚɧɢɦɚ,
ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ: ɨɞ ɉɨɪɬɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɢ
Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɢɫɟɥɟ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɞɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢ-
ʁɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ ɢ 12 ɨɛɥɚɫɧɢɯ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɤɪɭɝ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɧɟɭɫ-
ɩɟɥɢɯ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɟɧɭɥɢ ɭ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ.
ɉɨɛɟɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɧɚ ɂɜɚɧɤɨɜɰɭ 1805, ɨɡɧɚ-
ɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɭ: ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɭɡɞɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɦɨ-
ɝɭ ɫɚɦɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭ ɨ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨʁ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ. ɇɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ
ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɨ: ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɮɚɬɜɨɦ, ɲɟɢɤ-ɭɥ-ɢɫɥɚɦ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɟ
ɡɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɟ ɜɟɪɟ ɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʇɢɯɚɞ, ɫɜɟɬɢ ɪɚɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋɪɛɚ.
ɂɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɫɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢ-
ɤɨɜɚɬɢ. ɍ ɩɢɫɦɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɦɚ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɦ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬɢɦɚ, ɭ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɦɚ ɧɚ-
ɪɨɞɭ ɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɰɢ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ
„ɫɪɛɫɤɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬ” (ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɰɚɪɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭ I, 1805). ɍ ɩɭɧɨɦɨʄʁɭ ɢɡɞɚ-
ɬɨɦ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬɢɦɚ 1. (12) ɦɚʁɚ 1805. ʁɚɫɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɧɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ: „ɦɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɢɜɢ ɨɛɚ ɱɢɧɚ ɢ ɪɟɞɚ,
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɥɚɢɱɤɨɝ, ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɰɢ, ɤɚɤɨ ɢɝɭ-
ɦɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɩɪɟɫɜɢɬɟɪɢ ɢ ɻɚɤɨɧɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ-ɧɚɱɟɥɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɧɚ-
ɱɟɥɧɢɰɢ, ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ ɢ ɜɢɥɚʁɟɬ ɫɪɛɫɤɢ.” ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɭ ɢɡ ɉɟʄɚɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ
ɚɩɪɢɥɚ 1805, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɐɪɧɢ ȭɨɪɻɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɭ ɧɢɡɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɢɡ ɧɚɯɢʁɟ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɟ. ɍ ɩɭɧɨɦɨʄʁɭ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɰɢ-
ɦɚ ɡɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ (Ɉɫɬɪɭɠɧɢɰɚ 11/23. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 1806), ɧɚ-
ɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɟɥɨɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɞ „ɫɩɚɫɢɬɟʂɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ” ɭ ɢɦɟ „ɧɚɪɨ-
ɞɚ ɧɚɲɟɝ [...] ɭ ɢɦɟ ɫɜɢʁɭ ɋɟɪɛɢʁɚɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɋɟɪɛɢʁɚɧɰɟ”. ɍ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɭ
„ɭ ɢɦɟ ɰɟɥɟ ɫɟɪɛɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɑɟɪɧɢ Ƚɟɨɪɝɢʁɟ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɢ
ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ”.24 ȳɟɞɚɧ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɟɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɜɟɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ
ɞɚɧɚ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ 1806. ɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚʁɭ „ɤɚɨ
ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞ ɤɪɚʂ[ɤɧɟɡ] Ʌɚɡɚɪ ɢɡɚɲɚɨ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ, ɫɜɢ ʄɟ ɧɚ Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɢɡɚ-
ʄɢ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɠɟ ɭ ɪɭɤɚɦɚ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɝ ɤɪɚʂɚ [ɂɫ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɭ ȳɨɜɚɧɚ Ɋɚʁɢʄɚ] ɢ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɪɟɤɚɱ ɛɭɧɟ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɦ ɪɚɡɭ-
ɦɭ.”25
ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɜɨʁɧɨ ɩɚɰɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ɫɟ ɞɜɨ-
ɫɬɪɭɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɚɡɨɦ: ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ, ɩɪɟɦɞɚ ɛɪɨʁɱɚɧɨ ɧɚɞɦɨʄɧɚ,
ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɲɚɪɭ (13. ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ 1806), ɝɞɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɢɧɭɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ
ɛɪɨʁ ɧɚʁɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢʁɢɯ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɟɝɨɜɚ, ɨɞ Ʉɭɥɢɧɚ ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧɚ ɢ ɋɢɧɚɧ-
24
Ɋ. ɉɟɪɨɜɢʄ, ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ. Ⱥɤɬɚ ɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ʁɟɡɢɤɭ, ɤʃ. I,
18041808, ɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɤʃɢɝɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1978, 124, 125, 149.
25
Ɋ. Ɍɪɢɱɤɨɜɢʄ, ɉɢɫɦɨ ɬɪɚɜɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɜɟɡɢɪɚ ɢɡ 1806. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ,
21. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1965.
560
ɩɚɲɟ ɢɡ Ƚɨɪɚɠɞɚ, ɞɨ ɩɚɲɟ ȼɢɞɚʁɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ɂɜɨɪɧɢɤɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɨɪɚɡ ɩɨɱɟɬ-

ɤɨɦ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɧɟɥɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɛɪɨʁɧɢʁɢɦ ɢ ɛɨʂɟ ɨɩɪɟɦʂɟɧɢɦ
ɪɭɦɟɥɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɭ ɛɨʁɭ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɥɢɝɪɚɞɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ,
ɭ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ 1806. ɡɚɭɡɟɬ ʁɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɚ, ɚ ɭ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɭ ʁɟ
ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɚ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚ. ɍ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨʁ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ, ɱɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ
ɜɟʄ ɛɪɨʁɚɥɚ 50.000 ɛɨɪɚɰɚ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɪɚɬ Ɋɭ-
ɫɢʁɟ ɫ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚɦɚ. ɍ ɩɟɬɢɰɢʁɢ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɭ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ, ɨɫɨ-
ɤɨʂɟɧɢ ɩɨɛɟɞɚɦɚ, ɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ „ɫɜɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɏɟɪɰɟ-
ɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɟ ɫ ɪɚɞɨɲʄɭ ɫʁɟɞɢɧɢɥɢ ɢ ɡɚ
ɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɨɜɭ ɚɪɦɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɞɜɟɫɬɚ ɯɢʂɚɞɚ” ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ.26
Ɇɢɫɢʁɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɉɟɬɪɚ ɂɱɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɨɦ
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɢ Ɇɥɚɞɟɧɚ Ɇɢɥɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ, ɩɪɟ ɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɧɚ Ɇɢɲɚɪɭ ɢ Ⱦɟɥɢ-
ɝɪɚɞɭ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɩɭɧɨɦɨʄʁɟ ɭ „ɢɦɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ”, ɢɦɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ
ɞɚ ɭɡ ɪɭɫɤɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ, ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɨ ɛɭɞɭʄɨʁ ɫɚɦɨ-
ɭɩɪɚɜɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɂɱɤɨ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɜɚɧ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɭ ɉɨɪɬɭ ɬɟɤ
ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɪɚɡɚ ɤɨɞ Ɇɢɲɚɪɚ ɢ Ⱦɟɥɢɝɪɚɞɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ
ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɢɡɚɻɟ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɟ ɪɚʁɟ: ɋɪɛɢ ɛɢ ɝɨɞɢɲ-
ʃɢ ɞɚɧɚɤ ɩɥɚʄɚɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɤɪɚɬɧɨ; ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɜɟɡɢɪɚ ɡɟɦʂɨɦ ɛɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɨ ɮɢ-
ɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤ (ɦɭɯɚɫɢɥ) ɤɨʁɟɦ ɛɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ ɩɪɟɞɚɥɢ ɩɨɪɟɡ
ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɟɧ ɡɚ ɉɨɪɬɭ; ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɪɚɧɢ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ, ɤɪʇɚɥɢʁɟ
ɢ „ɡɥɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢ”, ɞɨɤ ɛɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɟ. ɍ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɚɤ ɉɨɪɬɟ,
ɱɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨ ɫɚɫɥɭɲɚɥɚ ɢ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɥɚ ɫɬɚɪɟ-
ɲɢɧɫɤɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɋɪɛɢ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɥɢ ɨɞ Ɋɭɫɚ ɢ
ɫɩɪɟɱɢɥɢ ɞɚʂɢ ɡɚɩɥɟɬɢ ɭ ȼɥɚɲɤɨʁ ɢ Ɇɨɥɞɚɜɢʁɢ, ȼɢɫɨɤɚ ɉɨɪɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟ-
ɛɚɧ ɮɟɪɦɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚɦɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢɡɞɚɥɚ ɬɟɤ ɭ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɭ 1807, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ
ɡɛɨɝ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɪɭɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɟ ɜɟʄ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɥɟ ɨɞ
ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ.27
ɂɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɪɭɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ 1806, ɨɯɪɚɛɪɢɥɨ ʁɟ
ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɟ ɞɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɲɭ ɤɪɚʁʃɢ ɰɢʂ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ ɧɟ-
ɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɋɪɩɫɤɨ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɞɚ
ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭɦɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɭ ɫɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɨɦ ɉɨɪɬɨɦ,
ɛɭɞɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɦ ɫɢɥɚɦɚ. Ɋɭɫɤɚ
26
Ɇ. ȭɨɪɻɟɜɢʄ, Ɉɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ 18041806, ȼɨʁɧɨɢɡɞɚ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1967.
27
ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɛɢ ɞɨɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɫɥɟɞɧɨɝ „ɛɚɲ-ɤɧɟɡɚ” ɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɧɟ ɧɚɯɢʁɫɤɟ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɟ; ɝɨɞɢɲ-
ʃɢ ɞɚɧɚɤ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚɥɢ ɛɢ ɤɧɟɡɨɜɢ; ɫɩɚɯɢʁɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɨ ɨɛɟɲɬɟʄɟɧɟ; ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɛɢ
ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢɥɨ ɛɨɝɨɫɥɭɠɟʃɟ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɰɪɤɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɚɪɚɥɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ; ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ
ɛɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɢ ɨɧɢ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɭʁɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɬɜɪɻɚɜɚɦɚ; ɩɚɲɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɡɚɯɬɟɜ ɋɪɛɚ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɫɦɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ.
561
ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɚ ɢɡɚɲɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɫɪɟɬ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ, ɫɦɟɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɜɨ-

ɪɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɲɢɪɭ ɛɚɡɭ ʁɭɠɧɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚ. ɇɚ
ɜɚɠɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɡɚ ɱɢɬɚɜ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɤɟ
ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ ɂɩɫɢɥɚɧɬɢ, ɜɥɚɲɤɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ. Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɚɪ I ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1806. ɞɚɪɨɜɚɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢɦɚ 4.000 ɞɭɤɚɬɚ. Ʉɨɦɚɧ-
ɞɚɧɬ ɞɭɧɚɜɫɤɟ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ɇɢɯɚɟɥɫɨɧ ɞɨɛɢɨ ʁɟ 1807. ɫɭɦɭ ɨɞ
13.000 ɪɭɛɚʂɚ ɞɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɜɟɡɭ ɫ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɦ. Ɉɯɪɚɛɪɟɧ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪ-
ɲɤɨɦ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɨɦ Ɇɢɯɚɟɥɫɨɧɚ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɨ ɨɞ ɂɱɤɨ-
ɜɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɨ ɫɜɟ ɜɟɡɟ ɫɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɨɦ. ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɚ ɋɢɦɚ
Ɇɚɪɤɨɜɢʄ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1807. ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɉɨɪɬɢɧɨɦ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɭ ɞɚ „ɋɪɛ-
ɢʁɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɦ, ɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɟ ɩɥɚʄɚ ɞɚɧɚɤ,
ɧɟɝɨ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɩɨɞɢʄɢ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɢɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɢɤɚ.”28
ɇȿɁȺȼɂɋɇɈɋɌ, ɊɍɋɄɈ ɉɈɄɊɈȼɂɌȿȴɋɌȼɈ,

ɋɍɄɈȻɂ Ɇȿȭɍ ɋɌȺɊȿɒɂɇȺɆȺ
ɍ ʁɭɧɭ 1807. ɤɨɞ ȼɢɞɢɧɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɫ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨʁ-

ɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɂɫɚʁɟɜɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɲɥɚ ɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɭ. ɍɡ ɫɚɞɟʁɫɬɜɨ ɫ ɪɭɫɤɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ 1807. ɭɫɥɟɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɭɫɩɟɫɢ
ɭ ɛɢɬɤɚɦɚ ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɚʁɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɒɬɭɛɢɤɭ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ ɍɠɢɰɚ 1807, ɭ
Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɲɚɥɭɤɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ. Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɰɢʂ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɧɟɨɱɟɤɢ-
ɜɚɧɨ ɦɚɥɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ, ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɦɢɲʂɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛ-
ɪɚɬɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ. Ɂɚɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ, ɩɭɤɨɜɧɢɤ
ɉɚɭɥɭɱɢ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢɦ ɜɨɻɚɦɚ ɜɟʄ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ 1807. ɩɨɞɧɟɨ ɧɚɰɪɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɭ 13
ɬɚɱɚɤɚ (ɉɚɭɥɭɱɢʁɟɜɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ) ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ, ɤɚɞ
ɫɬɟɤɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ, ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɟ ɛɢɪɚɬɢ ɭɡ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ
Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ, ɞɨɤ ʄɟ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɝɚɪɧɢɡɨɧɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɢ. ɍ ɩɪɢɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɋɪɛɚ, Ɋɭɫɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ, ɤɚɞ ɛɢ ɫɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɲɬɢʄɟɧɢɰɢ ɨɛ-
ɪɚɬɢɥɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɭɜɟɤ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɟɪɫɤɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ, ɟɬɧɢɱɤɭ ɢ ʁɟɡɢɱɤɭ
ɫɪɨɞɧɨɫɬ. ɉɚɭɥɭɱɢ ʁɟ ʁɚɜʂɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ
„ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɭ, ʁɟɡɢɤ, ɨɛɢɱɚʁɟ ɢ ɪɚɬ, ɤɨʁɟ Ɋɭɫɢ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ
Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, ɢɫɬɨɜɟɬɧɨɫɬ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ, ɬɟ ɞɨɛɪɨɱɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɩɪɟɫɜɟɬɥɨɝ ɝɨɫ-
ɩɨɞɚɪɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ, ɚ ɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ
ɫʁɟɞɢʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɫɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚ.” ɋɜɟ ɬɨ ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢ-
ɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ: ɫɜɟɱɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɨ ɞɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟʄɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ
28
Ƚ. ȿ. Ɇɚɪɟɬɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, Ɏɢɥɢɩ ȼɢɲʃɢʄ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1987, 143.
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ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɫ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ

ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɢɦɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ. 29
ɇɟɞɭɝɨ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɜɨʁɧɨ-ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɚɝ-
ɟɧɬ Ʉɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɢɧ Ɋɨɞɨɮɢɧɢɤɢɧ (1807–1809) ɫɚ ɡɚɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɝɥɟɞɚ ɜɨʁ-
ɧɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨ.
ɉɨɪɟɤɥɨɦ Ƚɪɤ, Ɋɨɞɨɮɢɧɢɤɢɧ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɦɟɲɚɨ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ
ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɩɨɧɚɲɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɬɢɨɧɢɤ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢ-
ɦɚ. ȵɟɝɨɜɢ ɫɚɦɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɰɢ, ɦɟɻɭ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɬɭ-
ɦɚɱɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɜɨʂɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɟ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɻɚɜ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɭ
ɧɚɪɨɞɭ. ȵɟɝɨɜɨ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɯ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɚ ɭ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨɦ ɜɨɻ-
ɫɬɜɭ (ɫɭɤɨɛ ɜɨɠɞɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɢ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɟ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ
ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɋɨɜʁɟɬɭ) ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɫɭ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɬɨɜɚɥɢ Ɋɨɞɨɮɢɧɢɤɢɧɚ ɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ 1807. ɡɚɩɚ-
ɥɨ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɟ. ɉɨɪɚɡɢ ɭ ɪɚɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɰɚ-
ɪɚ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ I ɞɚ ɫɤɥɨɩɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ Ɍɢɥɡɢɬɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ
ɭɬɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ. ɉɪɢɦɢɪʁɟɦ ɫ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɭ ɋɥɨɛɨ-
ɡɢʁɭ (ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 1807), ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɩɨɜɭɤɭ ɢɡ ɋɪɛ-
ɢʁɟ ɭ ȼɥɚɲɤɭ. Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɪɢɦɢɪʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞ ɡɢɦɟ 1807. ɞɨ ɥɟɬɚ 1808. ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɨɤɪɲɚʁɚ ɫ Ɉɫɦɚɧ-
ɥɢʁɚɦɚ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɡɚɬɢɲʁɚ ɧɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɢɦɚ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ, ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɢ ɛɪɢɝɨɦ Ɋɭ-
ɫɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ, ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɨɞɟ ɫ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨɦ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ, ɩɨɧɭɞɚ, ɭɡ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧɚ: ɤɚɨ ɭɫɥɨɜ
ɬɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɛɟɡɛɟɞɢɥɢ ɪɭɫ-
ɤɢ ɰɚɪ ɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɢ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɉɨɪɬɟ. Ɉɛ-
ɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢ ɋɪɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭ ɫ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢɦ, ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ
ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɛɚɜɤɭ ɯɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɤɭɩɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɟ,
ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɫɤɭ ɩɨɞ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɛɟɱɤɨɝ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪɚ (Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪ-
ɻɟ ʁɟ ɧɭɞɢɨ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɚʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɫ ɬɢɦ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɭɤ-
ʂɭɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ), ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɭ ɨɦɟɬɟɧɢ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɪɭɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞ-
ɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɭ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ.
ɇɚ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɤɭ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ I ɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ ɭ ȿɪɮɭɪɬɭ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞ-
ɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɬɢɰɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɪɭɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ ʁɟ ɨɞɭ-
ɫɬɚɨ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ,
ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢɩɨ-
ʁɟɧɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ. ɉɨ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɢ ɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɨʁ ɭ ȿɪɮɭɪɬɭ (27. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ
1808) ɡɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟ-
29
ȿ. Ⱥɪɚɬɨ, Ɏɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ, Ɉɫ-
ɥɨɛɨɞɢɥɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɨɞ XVI ɜɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1976, 153154.
563
ɪɢʁɟ. Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ 1808, ɭ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɝɪɚ-

ɧɢɱɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ, ɞɜɟ ɞɟɩɭɬɚ-
ɰɢʁɟ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ ɭ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɧ ɭ ȳɚɲɢʁɭ, ɩɨɞɧɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɝ ɨ ɨɛɧɨ-
ɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɨɫɢɦ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ, ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ, Ȼɨɫɧɭ, ɋɬɚɪɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɟ ɋɪɛ-
ɢɦɚ. Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɭɜɟɪɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɜɟʄ ɫɤɥɨ-
ɩɢɥɨ ɬɚʁɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɫɚ ɫɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɜɚɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ɍɚʁ
ɩɥɚɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɢɲɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɢɨ ɢɡ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɝ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɭɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ.30 ɋɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɋɪɛɚ ɭ
ʁɭɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɭ, ɡɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɩɨɠɟʂɚɧ, ʁɟɪ ɫɟ
ɧɢʁɟ ɭɤɥɚɩɚɨ ɭ ʃɟɧɟ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɨʁ ɫɧɚɡɢ
ʃɟɧɢɦ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ.
ɇɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ ɪɚɬɚ ɫ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɚɦɚ (1809) ɩɨɫɥɟ ɞɜɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝ ɩɪɢɦɢɪ-
ʁɚ, Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɡɨɜɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ ɛɨɪɛɭ,
ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɭɫɤɨɪɨ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɚʄɢ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ, ɚ ɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɦ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɨɪɚɠɟɧɟ Ɍɭɪɤɟ ɧɚɬɟɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɩɨɞɚɪɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ ɩɨɞ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɚ. Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ, ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫ ɭɫɬɚ-
ɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɯɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɰɪɧɨɝɨɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ, ɠɟɥɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɡɚ
ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɤɨɦɭɧɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɚ ɢ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɚ, ʁɟɞɧɭ
„ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɭ ɥɢɧɢʁɭ” ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɐɪɧɨɝ ɞɨ ȳɚɞɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ.
Ɋɭɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢɫɭ ɢɡɛɢɥɟ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɦɨ-
ɪɚɥɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɭɻɟ ɭ ɠɟɫɬɨɤɟ ɨɤɪɲɚʁɟ ɫ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ. 31
Ɉɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ 1809. ɜɨɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɰɚ: ɩɪɜɢɦ, ɩɨɞ ɜɨɻ-
ɫɬɜɨɦ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɇɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɡɚɪɚ, ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɦɨ ɫɚɫɬɚɧɭ ɫ
ɐɪɧɨɝɨɪɰɢɦɚ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɛɟɥɟɠɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɟɯɟ, ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɭ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɇɢɲɭ ɟɤɫɩɟɞɢɰɢʁɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɥɚ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɨɦ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɩɨɪɚɡɚ
ɧɚ ɑɟɝɪɭ ɢ ɩɨɝɢɛɢʁɟ ɋɬɟɜɚɧɚ ɋɢɧɻɟɥɢʄɚ (ɨɩɤɨʂɟɧ, ɱɢɬɚɜɨ ɭɬɜɪɻɟʃɟ ʁɟ
30
ɍ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫ ɤɧɟɡɨɦ ɉɪɨɡɨɪɨɜɫɤɢɦ, ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɞɟɩɭɬɚɬ ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ
ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɛɟʄɚɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ɇɢɯɟɥɫɨɧ ɭ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɭ ɨɞ 23. ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ
1807: „ɒɬɚɜɢɲɟ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɢɞɧɨ ɡɚ ɋɪɛɟ ɞɚ ɩɥɚʄɚʁɭ ɞɚɧɚɤ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ.
ɐɟɨ ɧɚɪɨɞ ʁɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɲɬɟɧ ɢ ɨɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɨɧ ɝɚʁɢ ɧɚɞɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ. Ʉɧɟɡ
ɉɪɨɡɨɪɨɜɫɤɢ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥ Ɇɢɯɟɥɫɨɧ ɛɢɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɚɧɬ, ɛɟɡ
ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɨɛɟʄɚʃɚ, ɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɚɠɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɨ ɫ
ʃɟɧɢɦ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɟɦ. ɋɪɛɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɚɥɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɰɚɪɟɜɢɧɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɭ
ʂɭɛɚɜ ɪɚɬɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɫɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ.” ɍ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɨɦ Ƚɨɥɟɧɫɢɱɟɜ
Ʉɭɬɭɡɨɜɢɦ, ȳɭɝɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚɨ ɞɚ „ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦɚ 164.000 ɡɚɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɛɨɪɚɰɚ
ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, ɛɨɪɢʄɟ ɫɟ ɱɚɤ ɢɚɤɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɟɛɢ... ɧɢɬɢ ʄɟ ɢɡɞɚɬɢ
ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɟɝɥɢ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ; ɨɧɢ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɬɭʄɢ ɩɨɥɚɠɭʄɢ ɧɚɞɭ ɭ Ȼɨɝɚ ɢ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ
ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɛɪɚʄɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.” (ɇɚɜ. ɤɨɞ. Ƚ. ȳɚɤɲɢʄ, Ȼɨɪɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ
17881816, Ƚɟɰɚ Ʉɨɧ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1937, 8082).
31
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ V–1, 4753.
564
ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ ɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯ), Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɐɪɧɟ Ƚɨɪɟ

ɢ ɤɪɟɧɭɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɞɨɪ ɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. Ɋɭɫɤɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ɋɨɞɨɮɢɧɢɤɢɧ, ɩɪɟɛɟɝɚɨ ʁɟ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ.
ɇɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɨɦ Ɋɭɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɯ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɥɢ
ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ, ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ ɭ
ɨɤɜɢɪɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ, ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ Ⱥɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɢ ɭ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɭ. ɉɨɧɭɞɚ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɭʁɟ ɭ ɢɡɦɢɪɟʃɭ ɫ ɉɨɪ-
ɬɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɥɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ʁɟɪ ɤɧɟɡ Ɇɟɬɟɪɧɢɯ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɪɩ-
ɫɤɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ: ɫɚɡɧɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɧɢ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢ
Ɋɭɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɭ: Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɚ ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɚ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɋɪɛɢ „ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɚɝɞɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɭ ɦɢɫɚɨ ɨ
ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ.”32 ɂɫɬɨɝ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɋɪɛɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɢɫɡɚ, ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚ-
ɬɢɥɢ ɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɭ I. ɉɨɫɟɛɚɧ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟɜ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ, Ɋɚɞɟ ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄ,
ɋɪɛɢɧ ɢɡ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɚ ɭ ȼɨʁɧɨʁ Ʉɪɚʁɢɧɢ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ʁɟ 1809. ɩɪɟɤɨ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬɚ
ɭ Ȼɟɱ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ. ɍ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɰɢ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨʁ ɇɚ-
ɩɨɥɟɨɧɭ ɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ la Grande Nation ɡɚ ɋɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɨ-ɋɟɪɛɟ; ɢɫɬɢɰɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɭ ɛɢ Ɏɪɚɧ-
ɰɭɫɤɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ: „ɋɥɚɜɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ
ɩɨɞɜɢɝ ȼɚɲɟɝ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɪɚɡɫɟʁɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɜɟɬɭ... ɨɛɪɚɬɢ ɩɨɡɨɪ
Ɍɜɨʁ ɢ ɧɚ ɋɥɚɜɟɧɨ-ɋɟɪɛɨɜ, ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʄɟɲ ɧɚʄɢ ɦɭɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɜɟɪɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɨ
ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɬɟʂɭ; ɜɪɟɦɟ ɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʄɟ ɨɜɭ ɢɫɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢ
ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨɝɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ.”33
ɍ ɩɪɨɩɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɭ ɇɟɩɨɤɨɥɟɛɢɦɟ ɦɢɫɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɜɨʂɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ „ɫ ɜɨʂɨɦ ɢ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟʃɟɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɜɪɯɨɜɧɨ-
ɝɚ ɜɨɠɞɚ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɉɟɬɪɨɜɢʄɚ” ɧɚɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ „ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɚ ɧɢɤɨɦ. ɋɭɜɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɨɧ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɬɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɦɭɱɢ-
ɬɟʂɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɰɪɧɨɦ ɤɪɜʂɭ ɤɭɩɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɛɢ ɢ ɨɬɟɱɟɫɬɜɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ; ɢ ɢɡ ɨɜɨɝɚ
ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɬɢ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟɝ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɚ.”
ɍɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ ɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɫ Ȼɨɫɧɨɦ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɨɦ, ɩɨɞ
ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɨɦ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨɦɟ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ
ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɬɢ. ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɭ ʁɟ, ɭɡ ɧɚɩɨɦɟ-
ɧɭ ɞɚ ɢɦ Ɋɭɫɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɢ ɨɛɟʄɚɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ, ɧɭɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ
ɭɜɟɞɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ, ɧɚɝɨɜɟɲɬɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɭɡ ʃɢɯ, ɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ Ɏɪɚɧ-
32
Ƚ. ȳɚɤɲɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 9697.
33
Ɇ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɢɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ (ɝɪɚɻɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ
ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ), ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɚ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɢʁɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1904, ɞɨɤ. ɛɪ. 402, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 16 (28) ɚɜ-
ɝɭɫɬɚ 1809. ɍ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɭ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ʁɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɟɧ ɤɚɨ „ɜɟɪɯɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɬɟʂ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɫɟɪɛ-
ɫɤɨɝɚ” ɢ „ɉɪɚɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɭʁɭɲɱɢ ɫɨɜʁɟɬ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɪɛɫɤɢ”. ȼɢɞ. ɬɚɤɨɻɟ: Lettres de Kara-
georges Pétrovitch prince des Serbes à Napoléon Ier pour lui demander sa protection et son
aide 16 août 1809, Paris [s.n.], 1931.
565
ɰɭɫɤɟ, ɛɢɬɢ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɫɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɰɢ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ, ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɧɟ

ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɢɬɨɦ ɧɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɟ. ɍɡ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɭ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɭ
ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ɛɢ ɥɚɤɨ ɞɢɝɚɨ ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ-
ɬɢ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋɚɜɟ ɢ ɍɧɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɩɨʁɢ-
ɬɢ ɫɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɡɢɦɚ ɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ.34
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɨ ɫ ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄɟɦ, ɭ ȴɭɛʂɚɧɭ, ɫɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɂɥɢɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢ-
ʁɚ, ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɬ, ɤɚɩɟɬɚɧ ɇɢɤɨɥɚ ɒɤɭʂɟɜɢʄ ɢɡ Ɇɨɫ-
ɬɚɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɨɠɞɨɜɭ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɚɨ Ɇɚɪɦɨɧɭ. ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄ ʁɟ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡ ɩɨ-
ɧɨɜɨ ɭɩɭʄɟɧ 1810, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɚ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɢ
ɩɨɞ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɋɪɛɟ ʁɟɪ ɭ Provinces Illyriennes ɠɢɜɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ɋɪɛɢ, ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɢ ɫɚɩɥɟɦɟɧɢɰɢ. ȼɭɱɢɧɢʄ ʁɟ, ɩɨɞɧɨɫɟʄɢ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɤɟ, ɩɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɭ
Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ, ɨɫɬɚɨ ɭ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨʁ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɢ ɨɞ ɦɚʁɚ
1810. ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ 1814. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɨ ɬɪɨɲɤɭ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɜɥɚ-
ɞɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɤɚɠɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ,
ɩɪɟɦɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɦʃɚɨ ɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲ-
ɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ. ɉɨɞɫɬɢɱɭʄɢ ɬɚʁɧɨ ɉɨɪɬɭ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ 1806. ɞɚ ɫɢ-
ɥɨɦ ɭɝɭɲɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ, ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɢɡɚ ʃɟɝɚ ɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ, ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ ʁɟ
ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɯɬɟɨ ɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɚɧɟɜɚɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɡɚ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥ-
ɧɭ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɚ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɞɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɡɚɛɨɪɚɜ-
ɢɨ.35
Ȼɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ ɢ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ, Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɨɛɪɚɬɢ Ɋɭɫɢɦɚ ɫ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ. ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ
ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɲɥɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ, ɭɫɬɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɭ 1810. ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢ-
ɥɢ ɢɡɝɭɛʂɟɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɨʁɟɜɚɥɢ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɛɟɞɟ ɤɨɞ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɢɧɚ ɢ
Ʌɨɡɧɢɰɟ, ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɨ ɨɞ ɢɫɯɨɞɚ ɪɭɫ-
ɤɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɧɚ Ⱦɭɧɚɜɭ. Ɋɭɫɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɭɬ-
ɜɪɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1811. ɭɥɚɫɤɨɦ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɩɭɤɚ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ,
ɒɚɩɰɚ ɢ Ⱦɟɥɢɝɪɚɞɚ.
ɍɥɚɡɚɤ ɪɭɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɨɧɢɰɭ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɨɪ
ʁɟ ɨɰɟɧɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɭ, ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ʁɚɤɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɪɭɫɤɢɦ ɭɬɢ-
ɰɚʁɟɦ ɭɡɞɪɦɚɥɨ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ Ⱦɚɥɦɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɥɨ ɩɪɟɬɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɢ
ɧɚɞɟ ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɢɯ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɪɟ-
ɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɚʄɚɥɢ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ. Ɂɚɬɨ
ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɫɦɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɨɞɪɠɢ ɢ
ɞɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɢ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɭɱɜɪɫɬɢ
34
Ɇ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɩɢɫɢ ɢɡ ɩɚɪɢɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɯɢɜɚ, ɞɨɤ. ɛɪ. 403.
35
ɉ. ɂ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨ-ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɡɚ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɭɫɬɚɧɤɚ. ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ
ɢ Ʉɚɪɚɻɨɪɻɟ, Ʉɨɥɚɪɚɰ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1933, 129138. ȼɢɞɢ: Ɇ. Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɨɜɢʄ, ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ
ɢ ɪɭɫɤɨ-ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ, ɂɡ ɧɨɜɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɋɄɁ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1927; D. T. Batako-
viü, La France et la Serbie, 18041813, Balcanica XXIX (1998) 117157.
566
ʁɟɞɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɚ. ȼɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɜɥɚɫɬ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɉɨɪɬɟ

ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ʁɟ, ɫɬɨɝɚ, ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɭɡ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ.36 ɇɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ
ɩɢɬɚʃɭ, Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ XIX ɜɟɤɚ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɬɢɫɤɭʁɟ
Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞɢɲɬɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɢ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɟ ɫɟ, ɩɪɟɤɨ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, ɤɚɨ ɜɨɞɟʄɢ
ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɭ ɞɚʂɟɦ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ. ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ,
ɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɨɞɫɭɞɧɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɭɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ, ɭɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ
ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɫɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɨɦ.
ɉɪɟɞ ɩɪɟɬʃɨɦ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɜɟ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɟ, Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ 1811. ɡɚɩɨ-
ɱɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ, ɞɚ ɛɢ 1812. ɭ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɬɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ
ɭɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢ status quo ante bellum, ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɢɡɪɢɢɬɨ ɩɨ-
ɦɢʃɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ. ɑɥɚɧ VIII ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɨ ʁɟ ɚɦɧɟɫɬɢʁɭ ɡɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜ-
ʂɚʃɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɍɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɨ ɜɨɻɫɬɜɨ ɛɢ-
ɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ. Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɢɡɚɫɥɚɧɢɤ ɂɜɟɥɢʄ ɭɛɟɻɢ-
ɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɭɡɞɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ
ɰɚɪɚ. Ⱦɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɫɟ ɭɜɟɪɢɥɚ ɞɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɚ ɉɨɪ-
ɬɚ ɧɟ ɧɚɦɟɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɩɭɧɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ Ȼɭɤɭɪɟɲɤɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ. ɇɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ
ɋɪɛɢ ɪɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɨɪɛɭ, ɚ ɬɚɞɚ ɢ ɤɧɟɡ Ɇɟɬɟɪ-
ɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɉɨɪɬɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɢɬɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ. Ɍɪɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ ɢɡ Ȼɨɫ-
ɧɟ, ʁɭɠɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ʁɚɱɢɧɟ 100.000 ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɥɟɬɨ 1813. ɧɚɩɚ-
ɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɜɟʄ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ ɪɟɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɥɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ. ɍɫɬɚɧɢɱɤɟ ɜɨɻɟ
ɫɭ ɫ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ (ɨɤɨ 110.000 ɥɢɰɚ) ɩɪɟɛɟɝɥɟ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɭ. ɋɚɦ Ʉɚɪɚ-
ɻɨɪɻɟ, ɩɨɫɥɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɭ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɭɬɨɱɢɲɬɟ ʁɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫ
ɝɥɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɪɟɲɢɧɚɦɚ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ.
ɉɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɡɚɯɬɟɜɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ʁɟɞ-
ɧɚɤɨɫɬ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɫɟʂɚɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɫɟɞɚ, ɉɪɜɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ
ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɋɪɛɢɦɚ ɭ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɢ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɫɭɫɟɞɧɢɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɥɚ ɜɟɪɭ ɭ ɦɨ-
ɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɚ. ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɡ
ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɞɭɛɨɤɨʁ ɫɟɧɰɢ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ,
ɫɭɞɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɭɫɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɭ ȳɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪ-
ɲɤɚ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɨɲʄɭ ɩɪɚɬɢɥɚ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ
ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɞ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɡɨɧɨɦ ɫɜɨɝ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ.
Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɨ ɨɞ Ɋɭɫɚ, ɡɚ ɋɪɛɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɨʁ ɉɨɪɬɢ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚɨ ɢ
ɧɨɜɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪ, ɤɧɟɡ Ʉɥɟɦɟɧɫ ɮɨɧ Ɇɟɬɟɪɧɢɯ: ɢɡɞɟʁɫɬɜɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ
ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɨ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɨʁ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ
ɧɢɡ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɯ, ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɤɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɋɪɛ-
36
Correspondance de Napoleon Ier, t. XXI, 2 août 181031 mars 1811. Impr.-
Impériale, Paris, 1861, doc. No 17518; ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ: ɉ. ɂ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞɟɥɨ, 162163.
567
ɢʁɨɦ. ɇɢ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ, ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢ ɬɟɠʃɟ

ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɢɤɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɲʄɭ.
ɋɪɩɫɤɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɤ (18041813) ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɧɚɰɢɨ-
ɧɚɥɧɟ ɟɦɚɧɰɢɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ, ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɨɫ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɭ, ɭɡ ɬɟɠʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨ-
ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɠɚʁɚ.
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɫɟʂɚɱɤɢ ɩɨɫɟɞ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɝɪɚɻɟɜɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ
ɧɨɜɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ, ɛɟɡ ɚɪɢɫɬɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɬɟʄɢɯ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ, ɫɚ ɫɧɚ-
ɠɧɢɦ ɟɝɚɥɢɬɚɪɧɢɦ ɬɟɠʃɚɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɨ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ.
ɇɚɱɟɥɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɚɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚ-
ɜɚ, ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ
ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɋɪɛɚ ɢ ɦɭɥɬɢɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɟ
ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɢɡɦɭ.
ȳɚɤɨɛɢɧɫɤɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ l'Etat nation ɨɛɧɨɜɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɱɟɥɭ ɫɭɜɟ-
ɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧ ɫ ɧɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɨɦ Volk-ɚ ɤɚɨ ɡɚ-
ʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ʁɟɡɢɤɚ, ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɨɛɢɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɩɥɢʄɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟ-
ɧɨ ɫɟ ɫɩɚʁɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɭ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭ, ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨ
ɨɩɪɟɞɟʂɟʃɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɢɯ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ.
Prof. Dušan T. Batakoviü Ph.D.

Institute for Balkan Studies
Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade
SERBIA ON THE ROAD TO NATIONAL LIBERATION:

REBELLIONS, AUTONOMY, REVOLUTION (17881813)
Summary
It was not by chance that the first Balkan revolution (1804-1813), at the
beginning of the era of nationalism, occurred in Ottoman-held Serbia. In this nort-
hern province of the Ottoman Empire, bordering the Habsburg Monarchy on the
Danube and Sava Rivers, the central authority was the weakest while foreign influ-
ence was stronger than elsewhere within Turkey-in-Europe. Central Serbia (i.e 12
nahis of the pashalik of Belgrade) was populated predominantly by Christian
Orthodox Serbs, who had more dynamic and profound contacts with the Western
world. Frequent wars, forced migration and resettlement campaigns on the shifting
borderland between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires made ties between the
Christian Orthodox Serbs more intensive, in spite of various social and political
statuses that they enjoyed under different imperial realms. The logistic support of
568
the Habsburg Serbs for their brethren in Ottoman-Serbia proved to be a fundamen-

tal element in the establishment of Serbia’s own institutions.
The first phase of national emancipation was related to the semi-autonomous
status enjoyed by the Serbian population after a series of wars and rebellions, when
they achieved necessary military experience, and by guarding the Ottoman system
against renegade janissaries, obtained significant privileges prior to the 1804 Ser-
bian revolution. Out of thirty-three petitions submitted by the Serbs from the pas-
halik of Belgrade to the Ottoman sultan from 1793 to 1806, only five referred to
the agrarian problems while twenty-eight others were related to the extent of their
local autonomy. Growing discontent of Serbia’s population by outlawed janissaries
that usurped their power within the pashalik of Belgrade, severely limiting the
autonomy obtained from sultan Selim III, eventually triggered a new, wide-scale
insurrection (1804) that turned into both a social and a national revolution after
1807, when insurgents, encouraged by the Russian presence in the Danubian prin-
cipalities and afterwards in Serbia as well, proclaimed independence from Constan-
tinople. In spite of repeated efforts to obtain political support and imperial protec-
tion from both from Vienna and Paris for the insurgent Serbia, its leader Karageor-
ge Petroviü was bound to follow the geopolitical schemes of Russia who was
directly involved in the Balkans, including Serbia. Although the First Serbian
Insurrection, labelled by Leopold von Ranke as the Serbian Revolution, was crus-
hed by the Ottomans in 1813, after its leaders rejected the autonomy envisaged by
the 1813 Bucharest Treaty, the way to the national liberation, followed by the abo-
lition of feudal ties and gradual cultural recovery, was already open.
569
570
L’autriche-Hongrie et la Bosnie-Herzegovine 18781918: un malentendu fatal
UDK 323:94(497.15)“1878/1918“ DOI:10.7251/ZRANURS15030

L’AUTRICHE-HONGRIE ET LA BOSNIE-HERZEGOVINE 18781918:

L’HISTOIRE D’UN MALENTENDU FATAL
Slobodan Šoja
Historien et Diplomat
Abstrait: Ce texte traite de la véritable nature de la politique de l’Aut-

riche-Hongrie envers la Bosnie-Herzégovine après le Congrès de Berlin ainsi
que de toutes les ambigüités de cette politique à la fois civilisatrice et désho-
norante mais surtout oppresseur pour la population autochtone. Ce dernier
aspect de la politique austro-hongroise fut, en effet, décisif pour le sort de la
Double Monarchie qui s’est trouvée – surtout grâce à sa politique anti-natio-
nale en Bosnie-Herzégovine – confrontée à un monde aux aspirations com-
plètement différentes. Les deux mondes étant incompatibles, le choc entre
eux fut inévitable et fatal.
Deuxième grand sujet de cet article est la naissance du mouvement
des jeunes révolutionnaires, membres de la Jeune Bosnie, dont la naissance
est liée à la politique de l’Autriche-Hongrie qui empêchait l’essor des mou-
vements nationaux des Slaves du sud et la coopération de tous ces mouve-
ments visant à la création d’un Etat (yougo)slave indépendant. La politique
répressive et autocratique de l’Empire des Habsbourg fut la raison principale
de la formation de la Jeune Bosnie dont les membres furent des contestataires
acharnés et irréductibles de l’Autriche-Hongrie.
En comparant ces deux conceptions du futur des Balkans, l’auteur
conclu que dans le drame balkanique et mondial de 1914, il est plus impor-
tant de réfléchir sur les idées et les ambitions du comte Leopold Berchtold et
son entourage que sur celles de Gavrilo Princip et ses amis.
Mots-clés: Bosnie-Herzégovine, Yougoslavie, Balkans, Autriche-Hon-
grie, Nationalisme yougoslave, Jeune-Bosnie, Ivo Andriü, Benjamin Kállay,
Gavrilo Princip.
Lorsque le dimanche 28 juin 1914, un peu avant onze heures du matin,

Gavrilo Princip assassina l'archiduc François-Ferdinand et son épouse So-
phie Hohenberg, personne ne pouvait imaginer qu'il avait, en réalité, mortel-
lement blessé un empire multiséculaire. De plus, deux balles de pistolet suf-
firent pour accélérer l’histoire du monde entier et pour mettre fin à l'exis-
tence de quatre empires et la naissance ou la renaissance de plusieurs Etats
571
Slobodan Šoja
slaves. Un résultat surévalué, certes, mais plus qu'impressionnant pour un

très jeune garçon ordinaire, grandi dans un pays marginal.
Pour comprendre les motifs et les raisons directs de l’attentat de Sara-
jevo en 1914, il faut connaître les caractéristiques principales de l’admini-
stration austro-hongroise en Bosnie-Herzégovine et ses rapports avec la po-
pulation autochtone. Il est nécessaire de donner cet aperçu afin de mieux
comprendre les positions et les réactions des acteurs historiques en 1914.
L’Autriche-Hongrie n’est restée en Bosnie-Herzégovine que quarante ans.
Cela ne suffit même pas à la meilleure administration du monde de séduire
la population locale et de la convaincre que c’est l’administration idéale
dont elle a besoin. Nous savons depuis longtemps que le comportement des
nouvelles autorités envers la population locale n’était pas exemplaire et, au
moment de l’attentat, une forte majorité des autochtones rêvait du départ de
l’Autriche-Hongrie. On peut même affirmer que c’est déjà en 1878 qu’a co-
mmencé le chargement du pistolet de Gavrilo Princip et qu’une armée de
mécontents, de pauvres et de tous ceux qui aspiraient à la liberté et à l’unifi-
cation yougoslave avaient participé à ce chargement.
L’OCCUPATION DE BOSNIE-HERZEGOVINE EN 1878:

CHOC DES CULTURES
L’été 1878 en Bosnie-Herzégovine n’était pas comme les autres. Le

13 juillet 1878 au Congrès de Berlin les grandes puissances ont mandaté
l’Autriche-Hongrie d’occuper la Bosnie-Herzégovine1. Les motifs habs-
bourgeois d’occuper et d’administrer la Bosnie-Herzégovine ont été de na-
ture politique, stratégique et économique et ils pouvaient s’appliquer égale-
ment à la politique balkanique de l’empire en général2. Sur le plan politique,
le but principal de l’Autriche-Hongrie a été d’empêcher les plans et les pro-
jets nationaux serbes et yougoslaves, incompatibles avec l’avancée habs-
bourgeoise en direction des Balkans. Sur le plan stratégique, l’essentiel a été
d’assurer une position dominante de contrôle des principales routes balka-
niques. Et sur le plan économique, la Bosnie-Herzégovine était intéressante
1
Voir plus dans Grgur Jakšiü, Bosna i Hercegovina na Berlinskom kongresu: raspra-
va iz diplomatske istorije [La Bosnie-Herzégovine au Congrès de Berlin: une étude de
l’histoire diplomatique], Belgrade 1955.
2
Momtchilo Nintchitch, La crise bosniaque (19081909) et les puissances europée-
nnes, 2 vol., Paris 1937.
572
à cause de sa richesse en matières premières et surtout parce qu’elle consti-

tuait un passage commercial important avec l’Orient3.
En Bosnie-Herzégovine occupée tout était à faire. L'Autriche-Hongrie
y arrive après une guerre de trois ans qui a ravagé le pays. Le retard par rap-
port au reste de l’empire était énorme. L'industrie et les investissements
n'étaient pas très présents en Bosnie-Herzégovine pendant la période avant
18784. L’objectif de la politique économique de l’Empire des Habsbourg a
été d’introduire les mesures nécessaires afin de rendre ses provinces occu-
pées plus riches et d’améliorer la situation économique et sociale de la po-
pulation. Consciente de sa mission civilisatrice5 sur cet ancien territoire ot-
toman, la Double Monarchie savait très bien ce qu’il fallait faire et comment
le faire, en commençant par la réforme de l’administration et jusqu’à la ré-
forme même des mœurs qui maintenaient la Bosnie-Herzégovine dans le
passé. Le ministre des Affaires étrangères, Haymerle, était même très ambi-
tieux6. Il souhaitait faire de la Bosnie-Herzégovine un modèle pour les aut-
res pays balkaniques, surtout ceux qui se trouvaient sur le chemin vers Salo-
nique.
Ainsi, mouillée depuis 1463 dans le monde et l’esprit ottomans, la
Bosnie-Herzégovine changea brusquement de direction en août 1878 et en-
tra, malgré elle, dans le giron de la civilisation occidentale. Ce grand chan-
gement, imposé par le nouveau conquérant et le nouvel Empire, a divisé la
population locale. Les orthodoxes7 et les musulmans8 du pays ont laissé ou-
3
Tomislav Kraljaþiü, Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini 18821903 [Le régime de
Kállay en Bosnie-Herzégovine 18821903], Sarajevo 1987, 1838.
4
Ilijas Hadžibegoviü, Postanak radniþke klase u Bosni i Hercegovini i njen razvoj do
1914. godine [La naissance de la classe ouvrière en Bosnie-Herzégovine et son développe-
ment jusqu'à 1914], Sarajevo 1980, 11–32; Branislav Begoviü, „Strani kapital u šumskoj
privredi Bosne i Hercegovine za vrijeme otomanske vladavine” [Le capital étranger dans
l'économie forestière en Bosnie-Herzégovine pendant l'époque ottomane], Radovi Šumarskog
fakulteta i Instituta za šumarstvo i drvnu industriju u Sarajevu, V (1960), 52–53, 139, 181,
212227.
5
Robin Okey, Taming Bosnian nationalism: the Habsburg 'civilizing mission' in
Bosnia, 18781914, Oxford, 2007, 29–34.
6
Ferdo Hauptmann, Djelokrug austrougarskog zajedniþkog ministarstva ¿nansija
[Les compétences du Ministère commun des finances de l'Autriche-Hongrie], Glasnik
ADABiH III (1963), 17 ; Ferdo Hauptmann, Andrassyjeva politiþka baština i bosanska poli-
tika Austro-Ugarske nakon okupacije [L'héritage politique d'Andrássy et la politique bosnie-
nne de l'Autriche-Hongrie après l'occupation], Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, VI
(19701971), 452.
7
La population orthodoxe serbe ni diminua ni augmenta pendant l'époque austro-
hongroise. Elle représentait en 1879 42,9% de la population totale, en 1885 42,7%, puis
42,9% en 1895 et 43,5% en 1910.
573
Slobodan Šoja
vertement savoir à la Double Monarchie qu’elle n’était pas la bienvenue en

Bosnie-Herzégovine. En revanche, la population catholique9 fut loyale et la
seule qui s’était réjouie de l’arrivée de l’Autriche-Hongrie. Ainsi, pendant
plus de trente ans, la résistance silencieuse des musulmans et orthodoxes
devra cohabiter en Bosnie-Herzégovine avec l’enthousiasme non dissimulé
des catholiques10.
Les premières trois décennies, les musulmans étaient, sous différentes
formes, les plus résistants à la nouvelle occupation. La première fut la forme
classique : le choc direct et armé11. Lorsque l’armée impériale tenta de con-
quérir le pays „avec un orchestre de musique”, comme on le pensait et
comme on le disait, une résistance armée très farouche fut réservée au géné-
ral Josip Filipoviü qui commandait les troupes austro-hongroises. Un millier
de morts et environ quatre mille blessés fut la conséquence de l’occupati-
on12. Deuxième forme de résistance fut d’ordre mental : ne pouvant pas ac-
cepter les nouvelles autorités chrétiennes, une partie de la population fidèle
au Sultan décida de quitter la Bosnie-Herzégovine. Cela explique, en partie,
la raison de la baisse de la population musulmane en Bosnie-Herzégovine.
La troisième forme fut très particulière. Il s’agit de la résistance pas-
sive appropriée à la population conservative de Bosnie-Herzégovine, habi-
tuée et éduquée pendant des siècles d’affronter les changements brusques et
moderne avec une grande suspicion, voire mépris. Les musulmans étaient
persuadés que le Sultan reviendra et que le Kaiser sera chassé. Ceux qui ne
voulaient pas quitter le pays ont trouvé une solution pour faire semblant que
l’Empire Ottoman vivait encore en Bosnie-Herzégovine. Originale et dé-
gourdie, la population musulmane s’est repliée sur elle-même dans les en-
droits où „le Boche” ne s’aventurait guère, notamment au cœur de la vielle
8
Les musulmans connurent une petite baisse de la population au cours de l'occupation
autrichienne. En 1879 ils représentaient 38,7% de la population totale, en 1885 36,9%, puis
35 % en 1895 et 32,2% en 1910.
9
Les catholiques ont augmenté le plus leur population entre 1878 et 1914. De 18,1 en
1879, les catholiques représentèrent 19,9% de la population totale en 1885. En 1895 ils étaient
21,3%, et finalement 22,9% en 1910.
10
Sur la période austro-hongroise en Bosnie-Herzégovine voir une excellente étude
en allemand, traduite en serbo-croate: Sreüko M. Džaja, Bosnien-Herzegowina in der öster-
reichisch-ungarischen Epoche (18781918): die Intelligentsia zwischen Tradition und
Ideologie, München, 1994; (Sreüko M. Džaja, Bosna i Hercegovina u austrougarskom raz-
doblju 18781918: inteligencija izmedju tradicije i ideologije, Mostar 2002).
11
Nauþni skup „Otpor austrougarskoj okupaciji 1878. godine u Bosni i Hercegovini“
[Colloque scientifique : La résistance en Bosnie-Herzégovine contre l’occupation de l’Autric-
he-Hongrie], Sarajevo 1979.
12
László Bencze, The Occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878, New York
2005.
574
ville, Bašþaršija, une ruche ottomane par excellence. Tout a été déjà cons-
truit dans l’ancien style: impossible donc que le conquérant impose sur cette
zone un nouveau style architectural. Il n’a qu’à chercher ailleurs les espaces
pour l’expansion de l’architecture de l’Europe centrale. Quelques incendies
à Bašþaršija ont été toujours attribués aux Autrichiens qui, selon les « réfu-
giés », tentaient à tout détruire afin d’effacer des traces de l’architecture ot-
tomane. C’est ainsi qu’un système des permanences a été spontanément or-
ganisé. Il y avait toujours quelqu’un qui veillait à ce que l’incendie qu’on
croyait imminente ne se propageât pas.
Cachés dans cet oasis de l’architecture et du quotidien ottomans, ses
habitants défiaient à la fois le temps et le conquérant. Ils s’étaient tellement
bien cachés que l’historiographie yougoslave ne les a pas retrouvé et, par con-
séquent, ne s’est jamais occupée de cette forme de résistance. Certains de ces
réfugiés volontaires passaient toute la journée dans des cafés enfumés, silen-
cieux et triste, buvant des cafés innombrables et fumant sans cesse. Les voya-
geurs étrangers nous reproduisent parfois cette ambiance13. Ils avaient sou-
vent impression de se trouver au Moyen Orient. Et en réalité, ils se trouvaient
dans un refuge temporaire et absurde, fuyant la modernité. Ainsi à Sarajevo
après 1878 existaient parallèlement deux mondes différents, vivant dans des
siècles différents. A quelques mètres seulement les gens se saluaient à deux
façons totalement opposées : on entendait les salutations séculaires de sélam
aleïkoum, merhaba, mashallah, inshallah, d’un côté et quelques mètres, ou
quelques siècles, plus loin les nouveaux passants dans les rues centrales de
Sarajevo, venus de l’Empire, disaient les un aux autres : Habe die Ehre, Küss
die Hand etc. Drôle de mélange de la Gemütlichkeit viennoise et de la fami-
liarité et la simplicité sarayévienne14. Le ton, pourtant, a été donné par la civi-
lisation occidentale, incomparable avec ce microcosme des rebelles passifs de
Bašþaršija, comptant le temps à reculons. En résumé, l’handicape principal de
la Double Monarchie dans sa mission civilisatrice en Bosnie-Herzégovine fut
la longue occupation ottomane, demi-séculaire, occupation qui a forgé en
Bosnie-Herzégovine un trait de caractère et une mentalité complètement op-
posés de ceux dont l’Empire des Habsbourg fut l’incarnation. On proposait la
modernité et la nouvelle culture à une population qui fuyait la modernité tout
13
Voir par exemple l'excellent livre de Guillaume Capus, A travers la Bosnie et
l’Herzegovine: etudes et impressions de voyage, Paris 1896.
14
Momo Kapor, écrivain serbe né à Sarajevo, dans son excellent roman Le tapis vert
du Monténégro (éditions L'Age d'Homme), donne une merveilleuse image de ce croisement et
de cet enchevêtrement des civilisations. Il y parle du combat de „ l’Occident calculateur
contre l’Orient irrationnel. Jean Sébastian Bach contre un muezzin enroué criant du sommet
d’un minaret. La spéculation catholique ou l’inertie orthodoxe contre le fatalisme islamique.
La neige des glaciers alpins contre la fumée d’un narghilé…”
575
Slobodan Šoja
en méprisant la culture. Si les élites musulmanes avaient salué la nouvelle

administration, c’était pour des raisons pragmatiques, mais les masses, trop
habituées à l’ancien, n’ont jamais accepté le nouvel empire d’autant plus que
leur situation sociale ne s’était pas du tout améliorée.
Les Serbes ont également participé à la résistance armée en août 1878.
La population orthodoxe du pays s’est insurgée par l’inertie parce que la ré-
volte constituait une partie significative de leur histoire pendant l’occupa-
tion ottomane. Alors que le mécontentement des musulmans était lié à la
disparition de la domination turque et musulmane et de différents privilèges
que cette couche de population jouissait dans la société, les Serbes espé-
raient voir l’unification de la Bosnie-Herzégovine avec la Serbie.
La question principale par laquelle les Serbes devaient juger le nouveau
dominateur en Bosnie-Herzégovine fut la question sociale, plus précisément
la question agraire. Le changement du pouvoir en Bosnie-Herzégovine en
1878 a donné l'espoir aux serfs chrétiens que l'Autriche-Hongrie mettra fin à
leur calvaire social. Ils croyaient que le nouveau gouvernement allait apporter
des nouvelles conditions de vie, nettement améliorées. Rien ne changea pour-
tant. La réforme agraire a été reportée pour une période indéfinie.
Beaucoup d’études historiques sur la question ont été publiées15, mais
cette situation sociale est le mieux relatée dans un petit récit d’Ivo Andriü,
intitulé L’histoire du serf Siman. Même s’il s’agit d’un texte littéraire, l’his-
toire est très authentique et sa symbolique mérite d’être étudiée en profon-
deur. Comme tous les paysans de Bosnie-Herzégovine pendant l’époque
ottomane, les serfs avaient différentes obligations envers leur propriétaire te-
rrien. Tant qu’ils pouvaient les serfs respectaient les lois ottomanes, mais
avec l’arrivée de l’Autriche-Hongrie, ils décidèrent de ne plus payer leurs
tributs aux Turcs, espérant que le jour de leur libération sociale était arrivé
avec l’arrivée d’un empire chrétien.
Les attentes trop fortes et impatientes se transforment souvent en dé-
ceptions, encore plus grandes. Le pouvoir chrétien a remplacé le pouvoir
ottoman, certes, mais les lois relatives au statut social des serfs avaient
demeuré. La nouvelle société, constituée sur d’autres valeurs, n’était pas
encore prête d’offrir aux serfs un peu plus de justice. Justice qu’ils n’ont
jamais eue et qui espéraient tant. Le héros de l'histoire d'Ivo Andriü, le mé-
tayer Siman, l’a bien senti. Il avait du mal à comprendre que sa situation
dans la société ne s’était nullement améliorée. Aussi, amer, déçu et désespé-
15
Voir notamment Hamdija Kapidžiü, Agrarno pitanje u Bosni i Hercegovini za
vrijeme austrougarske uprave (18781918) [La question agraire en Bosnie-Herzégovine
pendant l'administration austro-hongroise de 1878 à 1918], ANUBiH Radovi 16 (1973).
576
ré, a-t-il décidé de faire sa propre justice en refusant de remplir ses obliga-
tions envers son propriétaire16.
Toutefois, le pouvoir autrichien ne veut pas remettre en question la pro-
priété foncière et il a laissé les propriétaires musulmans de préserver leurs droits
semi féodaux. Jusqu’à la fin du règne austro-hongrois la question agraire ne
sera pas délibérément résolue. Autrement dit, 90% de la population agricole
aura une raison forte pour manifester son hostilité envers les autorités austro-
hongroises17. De plus, les Serbes ne pardonneront jamais à Vienne ce manque
de bonne volonté et ce refus d’améliorer la situation des paysans. Et si Vienne
avait résolu la question agraire en faveur des paysans chrétiens dans les pre-
mières années de l’occupation? Sur le plan psychologique, la Double Monar-
chie auraient pu gagner si importante faveur des chrétiens, notamment des
Serbes. Mais entre les masses serbes et les élites musulmanes, Vienne a préféré
de séduire ces dernières. C’était une grande occasion manquée qui a clairement
établi la position négative de la majorité de la population serbe envers l’Empire.
A la question agraire s’ajouteront très vite d’autres questions très importantes:
politique, nationale, éducative, culturelle... Les questions immédiatement trans-
formées en malentendus, incompréhensions, problèmes et animosités profondes
qui creusaient l’écart entre les deux.
16
La scène est très révélatrice, témoignant des relations de l’époque. C’est une dis-
cussion entre le serf Siman et son ancien propriétaire, Ibraga, dialogues très historiques et
réels, rapportés par Ivo Andriü:
„ Tu voix, Ibraga, les temps nouveaux sont arrivés, nouvelle justice et le nouveau
juge.
Oui, le Dieu a voulu que les temps changent, mais tu es un homme intelligent, Si-
man, et tu sais bien qu’il n’existe pas le droit donnant à toi ce qui appartient à moi.
Eh, bien si, il en a, Ibraga, il y en a. Ce qui est à toi aujourd’hui appartenait à au-
trefois à mes ancêtres et le jour est venu que les choses redeviennent comme avant.
Tu vas trop loin, Siman.
Je peux aller aujourd’hui où je veux.
Tu crois?
Je peux, autant que je veux, Ibraga.
Bon, je suis venu quand même pour récupérer la moitié des prunes qui m’apparti-
ennent par la loi.
Eh, non, c’est fini. Si tu veux manger des prunes, manges autant que tu veux, mais tu
n’emporteras aucune, pas une seule! Je brûle d’envie de te voir repartir les corbeilles vides de
ce même verger d'où tu es toujours rentré les corbeilles pleines. Je fais cela pour le repos de
l'âme de tous les morts depuis quatre cents ans. Pendant quatre cents ans vous étiez nos
maîtres, désormais c’est notre tour et cela pendant quatre cents ans et après on va se mettre
d’accord qui va dominer après, pendant les nouvelles quatre cent années ».
17
Le héros d’Andriü n’est certainement pas le seul à dire, avant de plonger dans l’alco-
hol, une phrase bien plausible : „Le Boche m’a trompé, salaud haineux, mais c’est moi qui a
le droit, c’est moi qui a le droit!”
577
Slobodan Šoja
BENJAMIN KALLAY: LA MODERNISATION

OU LA DIVISION ETHNIQUE
Les deux dernières décennies du XIX siècle de l’histoire de la Bosnie-

Herzégovine furent fortement marquées par l’activité de Benjamin Béni
Kállay, nommé ministre commun des finances en 1882, et par conséquent
administrateur des provinces occupées18. Ce diplomate hongrois, bon con-
naisseur des Balkans avait de très grandes ambitions et voulait changer tota-
lement le destin et l’image de la Bosnie-Herzégovine19. Tâche plus facile à
imaginer qu’à réaliser. Cependant, Kállay s’est donné une autre tâche, bien
avant d’être en mesure de pouvoir changer le sort et l’histoire de la Bosnie-
Herzégovine. Cela remonte aux temps où il était le consul de l’Autriche à
Belgrade. Après l’entretien avec le premier ministre serbe, Jovan Ristiü, le
10 novembre 1868, Kállay note dans son journal: „ce serait vraiment un
grand résultat si j’arrivais à éloigner les Serbes des Croates. La tâche est
énorme, mais je vais agir dans cette direction. Depuis longtemps je consi-
dère que ces deux peuples ne peuvent être des amis car les deux aspirent à
l’hégémonie. Leurs revendications envers la Bosnie-Herzégovine sont iden-
tiques. La question de ces provinces est donc cette pomme d'Eris qui, habi-
lement et à temps utile jetée parmi eux, pourrait aliéner les uns des autres”20.
Plus tard, le 10 avril 1877, peu avant de devenir le Sektionschef à Ballplatz,
dans un mémorandum envoyé à l’empereur François-Joseph, Benjamin
Kállay avait défini sa philosophie politique comment administrer la Bosnie-
Herzégovine: „la division religieuse en Bosnie-Herzégovine constituait une
occasion avantageuse pour les autorités habsbourgeoises dont il fallait profi-
ter”21. Il ne changera pas cette philosophie jusqu’à sa mort.
Son activité en Bosnie-Herzégovine eut deux visages bien différents.
D’un côté, Kállay réussit à faire nettement progresser le pays sur les plans
administratif, économique et culturel. La modernisation fut rapide et visible
18
Sur Benjamin Kállay et sa politique en Bosnie-Herzégovine, ainsi que sur les politi-
ques hongroise et autrichienne dans les Balkans, voir le livre monumental et incontournable
de Tomislav Kraljaþiü, Kalajev režim u Bosni i Hercegovini 18821903 [Le régime de Kállay
en Bosnie-Herzégovine 18821903], Sarajevo 1987.
19
„Je n'ai d'autres objectifs et pensées que de satisfaire mes ambitions... Je garde
toujours l'espoir qu'un jour je deviendrais le leader d'un peuple”, dans: Dnevnik Benjamina
Kalaja 18681875 [Le journal de Benjamin Kállay], traduit et commenté par Andrija Rade-
niü, Belgrade – Novi Sad, 1976, 175.
20
Cité dans : Tomislav Kraljaþiü, Kalajeva politiþka prošlost i djelatnost do 1882. ɝo-
dine [Le passé politique de Kállay et son activité jusqu’à 1882], Prilozi Instituta za istoriju, 18
(1981), 107.
21
Cité dans Vasilj Popoviü, Kalajev plan o Bosni [Le projet de Kállay sur la Bosnie],
Kalendar Prosvjete za 1936, Sarajevo 1935, pp. 2426.
578
et l’économie était stable et croissante22. Les recettes ont augmentées de 7,3

millions de florins en 1882 à 25 millions de couronnes23 en 1902. En même
temps fut construit 830 km de chemins de fer24. Le grand développement
des communications, des routes et des chemins de fer, était d'intérêt politiq-
ue, militaire et économique. Les locaux engagés dans les travaux ont été bi-
en payés. Les emprunts pour la construction ont été cherchés dans l’Empire
des Habsbourg et dans l'Europe, mais c'est le pays qui devait toujours rem-
bourser les annuités des crédits de son propre budget25. L'industrie de bois
en Bosnie-Herzégovine fut bien développée et la plus importante. Les auto-
rités ont introduit plusieurs mesures afin d’attirer le capital étranger. Le dé-
veloppement de cette industrie fut rapide et les bois de Bosnie-Herzégovine
pouvaient être vendus entre 20 et 25% moins cher que les bois autrichiens,
ce qui alarma les hommes d’affaires dans l’Empire qui parlait même de
Bosnische Gefahr26. Entre 1903 et 1912 les exportations allaient de 80,4
millions à 130,2 millions de couronnes, tandis que les importations s’élevai-
ent de 90,6 en 1903 à 174,7 couronnes en 1912. Il faut ajouter que le déficit
ne fut pas préoccupant parce que les besoins pour l’armée habsbourgeoise
figuraient dans les importations et c’est Vienne qui payait la totalité de ces
frais importants.
Néanmoins, la politique nationale et sociale de Kállay fut un échec to-
tal. Devant le danger de l’explosion des sentiments nationaux, veillant sur-
tout à ce qu’aucune des communautés ne devienne trop forte, Kállay n’avait
d’autre réponse que le contrôle strict et acharné des activités nationales ou
religieuse de chaque communauté, contrôle plein d’interdictions et de priva-
tions. Plus les sentiments nationaux se développaient et se consolidaient,
plus les restrictions policières furent importantes et impitoyables. C’est alors
22
Dževad Juzbašiü: Neke karakteristike privrednog razvitka Bosne i Hercegovine u
periodu od 1878. do 1914. godin” [Les caractéristiques du développement économique de
Bosnie-Herzégovine de 1878 à 1914], Pregled 3 (1984), 233244.
23
En 1891 la couronne remplaça le florin.
24
Dževad Juzbašiü, Izgradnja željeznica u Bosni i Hercegovini u svjetlu austrougarske
politike od okupacije do kraja Kallayeve ere [La construction des chemins de fer en Bosnie-
Herzégovine dans le cadre de la politique austro-hongroise jusqu'à la fin du règne de
Benjamin Kallay], Sarajevo 1974, 115121, 253262.
25
Ferdo Hauptmann, Financiranje bosanskohercegovaþkog željezniþkog programa iz
godine 1913 [Le financement du programme ferroviaire de Bosnie-Herzégovine en 1913],
Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu I (1963), 121.
26
Branislav Begoviü, Razvojni put šumske privrede u Bosni i Hercegovini u periodu
austrougarske uprave (18781918), sa posebnim osvrtom na eksploataciju šuma i
industrijsku preradu drveta [Le développement de l'industrie forestières en Bosnie-
Herzégovine pendant l'administration austro-hongroise (18781918), avec aperçu particulier
sur l'exploitation des forêts et le façonnage industriel des bois], Sarajevo 1978, 59, 162.
579
Slobodan Šoja
qu’à la surprise générale, vers la fin des années 1880 et au début des années
1890, Kállay prit une décision parfaitement illogique. En plein envol des
sentiments nationaux serbes et croates, Kállay – le même « visionnaire » de
1868 qui voulut exacerber et augmenter des divisions religieuses en Bosnie-
Herzégovine et en profiter politiquement – entama le processus de la forma-
tion d’une seule nation en Bosnie-Herzégovine27. Autrement dit, il fallait di-
minuer ou éliminer le sentiment national existant parmi les différentes co-
mmunautés et le remplacer par un sentiment d’appartenance à la nation bos-
niaque, une nouvelle nation faisant partie de ce grand empire multinational.
Il était toujours difficile de gérer la question nationale en Bosnie-Her-
zégovine même si on proposait des solutions heureuses. Et la formule de
Kállay, même à court terme, ne fut pas du tout heureuse. Mettre l’accent sur
les divisions et lancer par la suite l’idée de formation d’une seule nation aux
moments où les sentiments nationaux grandissaient, constituait une politique
fatale à long terme. Déjà en 1895, Kállay avoue que cette conscience ne
s’est pas répandue dans le pays. Benjamin Kállay a tout simplement travail-
lé contre la nature. Il en était parfaitement conscient et il a même intégré
dans sa philosophie et sa pensée politique que le sens de son règne consistait
à s’opposer à la création d’un Etat démocratique28. Selon Ivo Andriü „le sys-
tème des lycées autrichiens en Bosnie n'avait qu'un seul but : étouffer tout
germe de l'idée d'indépendance ainsi que tout penchant vers quelque chose
d'original, créatif ou supérieur”29.
L’histoire peut souvent être injuste avec certains de ses héros du passé,
notamment si elle les juge exclusivement d’après ce qu’ils n’avaient pas fait.
L’historiographie, yougoslave en particulier, se souvient surtout de Kállay qui
a échoué dans sa tentative mal engagée de créer contre nature une nation arti-
ficielle sur le territoire de Bosnie-Herzégovine. On oublie toujours que le sens
de son action a été également la modernisation de la société en général, de
l’administration et de la technologie. Il s’agit d’un travail extraordinaire et ces
résultats positifs sont inséparables de sa politique nationale malmenée.
Le premier aspect de son activité, la modernisation et l’européisation
du pays, eut un effet positif sur tout ceux qui furent satisfaits parce que
l’anarchie et la corruption – dominant la vie quotidienne pendant l’époque
27
Tomislav Kraljaþiü, op. cit., 186308.
28
Milorad Ekmeþiü, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918 [La création de la Yougoslavie
1790-1908], Belgrade 1989, vol. II.
29
Dans son conte Crveni cvet (La fleur rouge), Andriü se souvient d'un professeur fa-
natique de loyauté. Après quelques années, dit Andriü, „ son travail pédagogique se trans-
forma en lutte acharnée contre la jeunesse, les caprices juvéniles, contre le besoin permanent
des jeunes de jeux, rires, changements ou des nouvelles”.
580
ottomane – étaient disparues et la loi et l’ordre étaient introduits par la Do-

uble Monarchie. Les personnes qui avaient un esprit entrepreneur ont parfai-
tement profité de ces nouvelles conditions et se sont vite enrichies. Ainsi,
dans la deuxième génération de la population locale, toute religion confon-
due, on trouvait une couche sociale loyale à l’Empire des Habsbourg qui
n’était pas prête à se battre contre lui. Ce groupe va constamment augmenter
mais restera toujours minoritaire, limité aux gens riches et privilégiés dans
la mer des mécontents, privés de droits ou persécutés.
Au début du XXe siècle apparaîtra sur la scène politique une nouvelle
génération qui entrera souvent en conflit avec la génération précédente. Dans
une lettre écrite en 1911, l’idéologue du mouvement des jeunes de Bosnie-
Herzégovine, Vladimir Gaüinoviü a brutalement témoigné de ce conflit des
générations en parlant de „nos pères, nos dictateurs, nos tyrans”30 qui forcent
leurs enfants de vivre paisiblement et dans la loyauté. Par l’instinct et le souci
paternel, certes, mais aussi parce qu’ils croyaient que le progrès économique
et culturel, réalisés par Vienne devaient ramener leurs enfants au moins vers
le respect envers l’Empire. C’est le contraire qui s’est produit31. Rien de plus
simple que s’opposer aux autorités après s’être opposé aux parents. Et cette
force d’opposition ne s’explique pas, elle ne se définit pas, elle est spontanée
et insaisissable. Et deviendra fatale le 28 juin 1914.
GAVRILO PRINCIP, LA JEUNE BOSNIE ET LA JEUNE ȳOUGOSLAVIE
Le milieu où Gavrilo Princip est né le 13 juillet 1894 l’a fortement

marqué. Le progrès que l’Autriche-Hongrie a accompli sur tous les plans en
Bosnie-Herzégovine, concentré dans les villes, n’est pas allé jusqu’au vil-
lage d’Obljaj, le lieu de naissance de Princip. A l’ouest de la Bosnie, près de
la Croatie, dans ce village pauvre et abandonné, Gavrilo a vécu sa tendre
enfance en souffrances, autour des autres qui souffraient. Sa famille pour-
tant, n’était pas la plus pauvre. Son père se déplaçait beaucoup et gagnait ce
qu’il fallait pour vivre normalement. C’est la raison pour laquelle il décida
d’assurer l’éducation à ses enfants. Le fils aîné, Jovo, est ainsi parti pour
Sarajevo. Le père de Gavrilo, Petar, avait une liaison amoureuse avec une
30
Vojislav Bogiüeviü, Mlada Bosna. Pisma i prilozi [La Jeune Bosnie. Les lettres et
les autres documents], Sarajevo 1954, 57.
31
Une scène dans la cathédrale orthodoxe à Sarajevo est très révélatrice. Lorsque,
pendant la messe, le chef de l’église orthodoxe en Bosnie-Herzégovine, le Métropolitain Le-
tica, les mains en l’air et le regard vers le ciel, bénissait l’Empereur François-Joseph – dont le
portrait de deux mètres se trouvait dans sa chambre à coucher – tout le monde s’est agenouillé
sauf les jeunes écoliers. (cf. Vladimir Dedijer, Književnost i istorija [La littérature et
l'histoire], Belgrade 1985, 171.)
581
Slobodan Šoja
catholique du village voisin. Son père ne lui permit pas de se marier et à

l’âge de 30 ans il épousera une fille de 17 ans, Marija. Elle est dynamique,
décidée, adroite, franche, libre, indépendante, pas trop pratiquante... Gavrilo
était celui que, parmi ses huit enfants, elle aimait le plus, tellement il lui res-
semblait. Les biographes de Princip ont noté qu’il avait commencé à mar-
cher lorsqu'il n'avait que neuf mois32. A l’école, Gavrilo était un excellent
élève et passionné de lecture. Il collectionne déjà des livres et lit beaucoup.
Il est curieux, honnête. Sa mère témoignait qu’il était toujours prêt à se
battre lorsqu’il sentait que quelque chose n’était pas juste. Il n’avait pas peur
d’affronter même celui qui est plus âgé que lui ou plus fort que lui. Il fallait
justifier le nom de famille.
C’est en 1907 qu’il quitte définitivement son village natal. Son frère aîné
Jovo a, installé près de Sarajevo, à Hadžiüi, avait djéà entamé une modeste car-
rière d’entrepreneur, commerçant en bois et en charpentes. Il va finir par y ou-
vrir une scierie. Si Jovo ne s’était pas débrouillé et devenu aisé, Gavrilo serait
resté dans sa maison natale. A Sarajevo, Princip a failli s’inscrire dans l’école
militaire, étant donné qu’elle était gratuite. On imagine mal aujourd’hui Gavrilo
Princip porter l’uniforme de la K.u.K bewaffnete Macht. En dernière minute le
frère de Gavrilo changea d’avis et il l’inscrit dans l’école de commerce. Il est
toujours un excellent élève et encore plus passionné de lecture. « Les livres
constituent ma vie », dira-t-il à plusieurs reprises. Seul, indépendant, entouré de
livres, il commence à réfléchir et à construire sa philosophie du monde et de la
vie. Il faut savoir et toujours souligner qu’il s’est formé tout seul. Il lit tout le
temps, à l’école, pendant les cours sous la tablette, chemin faisant, pendant le
repas… le soir, en cachette, parce que les propriétaires des petites chambres à
bas prix ne permettaient pas le gaspillage de l’énergie. Il aime lire Alexandre
Dumas père, Eugène Sue, Xavier de Montépin, Victor Hugo, Guy de Maupas-
sant, Walter Scott, les romans policiers… Maigre et de petite taille, il n’aimait
pas le surnom Gavrica, ce qui signifie le petit Gavrilo. Amateur de Victor Hu-
go, il préfère qu’on l’appelle Gavroche. La Bosnie-Herzégovine multiethnique
l’attire de plus en plus. Parmi ses amis proches, il compte des musulmans, des
catholiques, des juifs. Il ne voyait autour de lui que des frères en souffrance. Ce
trait de caractère de Gavrilo Princip est le plus important et le moins accentué
dans l’historiographie, surtout l’historiographie contemporaine.
En 1911 on distingue déjà un garçon plein d'énergie et de ténacité. On
le voyait se promener dans les rues portant les badges en couleurs rouge-
32
Sur la vie de Gavrilo Princip voir: Drago Ljubibratiü, Gavrilo Princip, Beograd,
1959; Božidar M. Tomiü, Poreklo i detinjstvo Gavrila Principa [Les origines et l’enfance de
Gavrilo Princip], Nova Evropa, 26 octobre 1929 ; Božidar M. Tomiü, Rod i dom Gavrila
Principa [La famille et la maison de Gavrilo Princip], Narodna odbrana, 4649 (1939).
582
bleu-blanc-rouge, symbole de l’organisation progressiste serbo-croate, créée

vers la fin de l'année 1911. Le président de cette organisation fut Ivo Andriü
et Princip figurait parmi les premiers membres. Les radicaux les appelaient
les caméléons. Le nom des radicaux fut donné à tous ceux qui étaient exclu-
sivement serbes ou croates et qui ne se mélangeaient guère entre eux. Dans
ce sens il est caractéristique une lettre de Gavrilo Princip, en date du 17 avril
1912, à son camarade de l’école Marko Maglov, alors étudiant en médecine
à Prague: „Nous avons ici deux groupes : les nationalistes serbes qu’on ap-
pelle les radicaux et les progressistes [...] Les Croates se sont joints à nous et
nous avons commencé à travailler. Les radicaux nous ont immédiatement
attaqué, en nous reprochant que nous n’étions pas de véritables Serbes. Par-
mi nous se sont établis la haine et l’abîme […] On ne pouvait rien faire par-
ce que les affaires personnelles jouent ici un rôle plus important que les af-
faires communes”33.
Il faut savoir que la grande majorité des Serbes et de Croates de Sara-
jevo étaient des radicaux et qu’ils suivaient très attentivement ce qui se pas-
sait dans la vie politique en Croatie et en Serbie. Il n’y avait pas beaucoup
de contacts entre eux. De l’autre côté, à partir de 1911, la jeunesse progres-
siste serbo-croate a fait les premiers pas vers le rapprochement de deux na-
tions. Les musulmans participaient également dans ce processus, plus préci-
sément ceux qui commençaient à se déclarer serbes ou croates. Les jeunes
progressistes étaient les premiers et les seuls à le faire. Il faut également sa-
voir que la grande majorité des Serbes et de Croates de Bosnie-Herzégovine
prônaient la politique de l’utilisation des moyens légaux en vue d’obtention
de quelques avantages politique ou autre. Ils préféraient les négociations et
la ténacité. Un seul groupe, complètement minoritaire et isolé, celui des
jeunes indomptables, avait suivi son propre chemin, où ils ont vécu entre
l’incompréhension et le danger, entre l’outrage et la trahison34. C’étaient des
membres de la Jeune Bosnie, organisation non officielle de la jeunesse pro-
gressiste serbo-croate, qui regroupait les jeunes qui ne reconnaissaient pas
de frontières religieuses, nationales et même étatiques. Ce fut un mouve-
ment que personne ne pouvait arrêter. Autant ils étaient en Bosnie-Herzégo-
vine pour une étroite coopération multi-religieuse, autant ils étaient tous, à
la différence des radicaux majoritaires, pour la formation de la Yougoslavie.
33
Vojislav Bogiüeviü, Mlada Bosna. Pisma i prilozi [La Jeune Bosnie. Les lettres et
les autres documents], Sarajevo 1954, 130133.
34
Slobodan Šoja, Bila jednom jedna omladina. Mlada Bosna izmeÿu muþeništva i ne-
razumijevanja [Il était une fois une jeunesse. La Jeune Bosnie entre le martyre et
l’incompréhension], Politeia 7 (2014), 107125.
583
Slobodan Šoja
Les trois premiers mois de l’année 1912 restèrent marqués par la solidari-
té entre la jeunesse yougoslave. Après l’introduction du régime despotique de
Slavko Cuvaj en Croatie, en janvier 1912, les jeunes croates organisèrent im-
médiatement les grandes manifestations à Zagreb afin de s’insurger contre ce
régime. Elles étaient immédiatement suivies des manifestions de solidarité à
Sarajevo, en février 191235. Ce fut le baptême de feu pour Gavrilo et ses amis.
En premières lignes, Princip se trouvait parmi ceux qui ont été blessés lors des
affrontements avec les gendarmes, commandés par un Hongrois. Le sabre a
touché Gavrilo Princip le long du dos en déchirant complètement son costume
et en laissant des égratignures sur sa peau. Il ne manquait qu’un ou deux centi-
mètres pour le toucher mortellement, comme ce fut le cas avec un élève mu-
sulman qui périt dans ces affrontements. A partir de cette date, la politique de
Landesregierung à Sarajevo va se radicaliser36 et l’année suivante, au mois de
mai, le gouverneur du pays, le général Oskar Potiorek, va introduire Ausnah-
megesetze, les mesures extraordinaires très strictes, en interdisant toute organi-
sation ou association serbe. Le résultat en fut fatal : lors du procès en octobre
1914 contre les complices dans l’attentat du 28 juin, les jeunes ont répété à plu-
sieurs reprises que les mesures de Potiorek les avaient consterné et encouragé
de perdurer dans leur combat. Ces mesures ont donc bien renforcé la solidarité
des jeunes en Bosnie-Herzégovine mais aussi sur l’espace yougoslave, solidari-
té qui se transformera en un mouvement révolutionnaire général, solidarité qui
ressemblait à un poison contre laquelle la Double Monarchie n’avait pas de
contrepoison.
En automne 1912 Princip s’installe à Belgrade37. Lors de son séjour il
est discret et ne fréquente que ses compatriotes de Bosnie-Herzégovine. Il
continue à lire passionnément et il rêve toujours les mêmes rêves. Et puis un
jour, à l’adresse d’un ami de Princip, Nedeljko ýabrinoviü, arrive à Belgrade
une enveloppe en provenance de Bosnie-Herzégovine, datée du 17 mars
1914. Dans l’enveloppe il n’y avait qu’une petite coupure de presse, plus pré-
cisément une information très courte que François-Ferdinand devait venir en
Bosnie-Herzégovine pour assister aux manœuvres militaires. A l’intérieur de
cette lettre il n’y aucun autre papier ou message. Dès la réception de la lettre,
35
Slobodan Šoja, La jeunesse yougoslave de l'Autriche-Hongrie au début du XX°
siècle et sa perception des Guerres balkaniques, Etudes danubiennes, t. 29, n° 1–2, 2013, 47.
36
Hamdija Kapidžiü, Previranja u austrougarskoj politici u Bosni i Hercegovini 1912
godine [Les désarrois de la politique austro-hongroise en Bosnie-Herzégovine en 1912], dans
Bosna i Hercegovina pod austrougarskom upravom. ýlanci i rasprave [La Bosnie-Herzégo-
vine sous l’administration austro-hongroise], Sarajevo 1968, 112.
37
Sur le séjour de Princip à Belgrade voir Ratko Parežanin, Gavrilo Princip u Beogra-
du: Mlada Bosna i Prvi svetski rat [Gavrilo Princip à Belgrade: La Jeune Bosnie et la Premi-
ère guerre mondiale], Belgrade 2013.
584
ýabrinoviü la montra à Princip. Il l’a lu, raconte ýabrinoviü, et ne dit rien. Le

soir, pendant le dîner, Princip demande à ýabrinoviü de sortir à l’extérieur
afin que personne ne les entende et lui propose de commettre l’attentat. Après
de petites hésitations, j’ai accepté, dit ýabrinoviü. Nous nous sommes donnés
la parole en se serrant la main. Voici l’histoire la plus courte, la plus simple
et la plus claire sur l’Attentat de Sarajevo. L’idée de l’attentat a été complè-
tement spontanée et elle était le résultat du malentendu incurable existant
entre une partie de la population de Bosnie-Herzégovine et la Double Monar-
chie. Personne ne s’est mêlé ni influencé la décision de ýabrinoviü et Princip
qui ont vite trouvé le troisième complice, Trifko Grabež, jeune lycéen de Sa-
rajevo habitant ensemble avec Princip et ýabrinoviü à Belgrade. Une fois
l’équipe formée, elle avait besoin des armes. Le trio connaissait un certain
Djuro Šarac, leur ami de l’école de Sarajevo, un peu plus âgé qu’eux. C’est
par l’intermédiaire de Šarac que la Main noire est entrée en contact avec les
trois complices. Le soutien de la Main noire était logistique et non pas idéolo-
gique. Cette organisation militaire secrète a organisé les entraînements pour
apprendre aux garçons de tirer, parce qu’ils n’ont jamais vu le revolver. Mais
la grande question qui se pose est la suivante: qui a cherché qui et pourquoi ?
Qui a fait le premier pas ? Ce sont les membres de la Jeune Bosnie qui se sont
adressés non à la Main noire mais à ceux qui pouvaient leur donner des
armes. Est-ce que c’était la Main noire où une société de chasse de Niš ou
d’autres villes ou villages, cela leur était parfaitement égal. Ce sont des armes
dont ils avaient besoin et rien de plus.
Le 28 mai 1914, les complices passent en Bosnie-Herzégovine clandesti-
nement. Il leur restait un mois de vie en liberté. Et ce fut une véritable liberté
que les services de l’ordre de Sarajevo n’avaient aucunement perturbée ! En
effet, même si les policiers savaient que ýabrinoviü et Princip, qualifiés déjà
comme dangereux, étaient en ville, personne ne les a dérangé. Etrange. En gé-
néral, l’attentat de Sarajevo est un exemple rare du hasard : la victime s’arrête à
deux pas de l’assassin qui, en plus, est un tireur sans aucune expérience. Pour-
tant, ses deux balles ont été mortelles. Si on rajoute que la sécurité fut d’un ni-
veau lamentable, qu’aucun des dizaines de milliers de soldats que François-
Ferdinand inspectait à la veille n’est arrivé pour assurer sa protection, on pour-
rait peut-être oser se poser timidement la question si François-Ferdinand, chas-
seur passionné, était envoyé en Bosnie-Herzégovine délibérément au moment
où la saison de la chasse venait de commencer ? Une chasse particulière et iné-
dite où l’héritier du trône ne sera pas le chasseur mais le chassé. Bref, si
l’attentat était inévitable à cause des sentiments très réchauffés de la Jeune
Bosnie, il fut possible grâce à l’absence de sécurité et au choix du jour de visite.
585
Slobodan Šoja
L’attentat de Sarajevo constitue la finale inévitable d’une obsession

suicidaire juvénile de tuer les symboles de l’oppression et des souffrances,
en se sacrifiant en même temps. En fait, Nedeljko ýabrinoviü et Gavrilo
Princip ont fait ce que beaucoup de jeunes rebelles évoquaient dans leurs
écrits. Trois mois avant l’attentat de Princip, dans un quotidien de Sarajevo,
le poète Jovo Varagiü, 26 ans, membre de la Jeune Bosnie, explique le mie-
ux la philosophie et sens de la vie des membres de la Jeune Bosnie: „Nous
préparons le terrain pour les événements nouveaux et il nous appartient une
tâche noble de creuser des chemins périlleux au prix de nos propres vies,
notre paix et notre bonheur. Un amour inexplicable et passionné envers not-
re peuple et notre pays est en train de remplir nos cœurs. Il ne s’agit pas
d’amour romantique et sentimental, c’est un amour étroitement lié aux ca-
banes ruinées de nos métayers, à leurs champs en jachère et à leur statu né-
cessiteux. En un mot, dans nos cœurs se reflètent les maux de notre pays,
mais dans le sens propre du terme. Dans chaque cœur bat le cœur de l’autre
et de nous tous. Les générations d’aujourd’hui sont appelées à préparer la
vie plus digne des futures générations. C’est un instinct d’une mère qui
s’occupe de ses enfants, un instinct de la conservation personnelle”38.
A la veille de l’attentat, le 27 juin 1914 au soir, Gavrilo Princip a pro-
mis à Žerajiü qu’il allait le venger le lendemain. Ses coups de révolver vont
témoigner très brutalement de l’incompatibilité et du malentendu fatal exis-
tant entre l’Empire des Habsbourg et des Slaves du sud. Malentendu sponta-
né, naturel et irrémédiable. Risto Raduloviü, écrivain serbe, éditorialiste et
rédacteur en chef de Narod39, un des principaux journaux au début du XXe
siècle en Bosnie-Herzégovine a résumé ces rapports de façon simple et clair:
„même le meilleur gouvernement autrichien en Bosnie-Herzégovine est un
gouvernement ennemi pour nous”. Pero Slijepþeviü, membre de la Jeune Bos-
nie, futur grand critique littéraire, se souvient d’une phrase si révélatrice d’un
musulman du peuple s’adressant aux nouvelles autorités: „vous êtes sages,
vous travaillez bien, mais on ne vous aime pas et qu’est-ce que vous pouvez
faire !? On ne vous aime pas même si vous versiez de l’or sur nous!”40.
L'attentat de Sarajevo est en fait la conséquence d'un choc inévitable
entre deux conceptions totalement opposées, relatives à la cartographie poli-
tique des Balkans, celle de l'Empire des Habsbourg qui visait la conquête du
maximum de l'espace balkanique et celle de ses sujets balkaniques qui rê-
38
Srpska rijeþ, le 14 mars 1914.
39
Nation.
40
Les deux citations dans : Pero Slijepþeviü (éd.), Napor Bosne i Hercegovine za oslo-
boÿenje i ujedinjenje [Le combat de Bosnie-Herzégovine pour la libération et l’unification],
Sarajevo 1929, 12.
586
vaient de la libération du territoire yougoslave. Les idées de la liberté se sont

développées en Bosnie-Herzégovine non grâce à l’occupation autrichienne
mais à cause de l’occupation autrichienne. Le monde s’est enflammé en
1914 non parce qu’il y avait des têtes échauffés prêts à se sacrifier pour la
construction d’un monde nouveau fondé sur les valeurs morales et sur
l’amour fraternel, mais parce qu’il y avait des têtes froides prêtes à sacrifier
la paix du monde pour ses intérêts égoïstes. Autrement dit, dans le drame
balkanique de 1914, transformé en drame mondial, il est plus important de
réfléchir sur les idées et les ambitions de Berchtold et son entourage que sur
celles de Gavrilo Princip et ses amis.
ɋɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɒɨʁɚ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɚ
ȺɍɋɌɊɈɍȽȺɊɋɄȺ ɂ ȻɈɋɇȺ ɂ ɏȿɊɐȿȽɈȼɂɇȺ 18781918:

ɉɊɂɑȺ Ɉ ȳȿȾɇɈɆ ɎȺɌȺɅɇɈɆ ɊȺɁɆɂɆɈɂɅȺɀȿȵɍ
Ɋɟɡɢɦɟ
Ɍɟɤɫɬ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ

Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɥɢɰɟɦ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱʁɟɦ ɬɟ
ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɫɤɚ ɢ ɩɨɧɢɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɚ ɚɥɢ,
ɢɡɧɚɞ ɫɜɟɝɚ, ɬɥɚɱɢɬɟʂɫɤɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ. Ɉɜɚʁ
ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢ ɚɩɫɟɤɬ ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɧ ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ
Ⱦɜɨʁɧɟ Ɇɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ, ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɚɧɬɢɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ
ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ, ɧɚɲɥɚ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɨɦ
ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɯ ɫɬɪɟɦʂɟʃɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɪɢʁɟɞɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɟɤɨɦɩɚɬɢɛɢɥɧɚ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɫɭɤɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʃɢɯ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɢɡɛʁɟɠɚɧ ɢ ɤɨɛɚɧ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ ʁɟ ɪɚɻɚʃɟ ɨɦɥɚɞɢɧɫɤɨɝ
ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪ-
ɫɤɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɛɭɻɟʃɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ
ɤɨɞ ȳɭɠɧɢɯ ɋɥɨɜɟɧɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢɬɢ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ
ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ (ʁɭɝɨ)ɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ⱥɭɬ-
ɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢɜɧɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ
ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ Ɇɥɚɞɟ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɱɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɝɨɪʂɢɜɢ ɢ ɧɟɫɚɜɥɚɞɢɜɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ-
ɧɢɰɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɟ.
ɉɨɪɟɞɟʄɢ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɭ ɢ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨ-
ɜɟɧɫɤɭ, ɚɭɬɨɪ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɚɦɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɢ-
ɬɢ 1914. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɩɢɬɚɬɢ ɭɥɨɝɭ, ɢɞɟʁɟ ɢ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɟ ɝɪɨɮɚ Ʌɟɨɩɨɥɞɚ
Ȼɟɪɯɬɨɥɞɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɨɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ, ɧɟɝɨ Ƚɚɜɪɢɥɚ ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɞɪɭɝɨɜɚ.
587
Slobodan Šoja
588
ɒɜɟɞɫɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ Kɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ: ȺȾ „Ʉɨɫɦɚɢ” ɢɡ ɏɟɥɫɢɧɛɨɪʁɚ
ɍȾɄ 622.33.06(497.11)“18“ DOI: 10.7251/ZRANURS15031

ɒȼȿȾɋɄɂ ɄȺɉɂɌȺɅ ɍ ɊɍȾȺɊɋɌȼɍ ɄɊȺȴȿȼɂɇȿ ɋɊȻɂȳȿ:

ȺȾ „ɄɈɋɆȺɂ” ɂɁ ɏȿɅɋɂɇȻɈɊȳȺ
Ɇɪ Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ɍɨɩɚɥɨɜɢʄ
ɉɟɞɚɝɨɲɤɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɋɬɨɤɯɨɥɦ, ɒɜɟɞɫɤɚ
Ⱥɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ

ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁ ɞɚɬɢɪɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ.
ɋɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨ-
ɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɞ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɨɬɨɦɚɧ-
ɫɤɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ. ɍ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ 19. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ
ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ɞɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɨʁ ɪɟɠɢʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɢɡɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɤɨɧɰ-
ɟɫɢʁɚ, ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɭ ɡɚɦɪɥɢɦ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ. ɋɜɢ ɨɜɢ
ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢ ɫɭ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɛɢɥɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝ ɞɚɯɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ
ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ 1907. ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɪɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɤɨɫɦɚʁ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. ɉɪɟɜɚɫɯɨɞɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɨɜɨɝ ɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɚɡ-
ɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɦ
ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1907. ɞɨ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ 1915.
ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɋɚɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɜɪɫɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɜɟ-
ɧɢʁɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɞɨɦɚʄɟɝ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɝ ɩɨɪʁɟɤɥɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: Ʉɨɫɦɚʁ, ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɨɥɨɜɨ, ɫɪɟɛɪɨ, ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ,
ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ, Ⱥɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ „Ʉɨɫɦɚɢ”.
ɍ ɢɫɰɪɩɧɨʁ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɢ ɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪ-

ɫɬɜɭ Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢɧe ɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɢɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɤɚ Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄ ɫɟ
ɫɭɫɪɟɥɚ ɫ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦ ɪɟɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɚ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ 1907.
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɭ ɡɚɦɪɥɢɦ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. Ɉɫɥɚʃɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɪɧe ɢɡɜɨɪe, ɤɨɥɟɝɢ-
ɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɥɚ aɧɚɥɨɝɧɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɧɨɪɜɟɲɤɨɦ
ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɢɡ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɚ ɢɡɚ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɛɟɥɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɚ-
ɩɢɬɚɥ. ɉɪɟɫɭɞaɧ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚ ʃɭ je ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨ ɧɨɪɜɟɲɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɩɨɞɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɛɟɥɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɨ ɭ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤɭ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ, ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɟ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɤɚɡɢ-
ɜɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɢ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɭ,
ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɬɚɱɧɟ.1 ɐɢʂ ɧɚɦ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɞɚɬɚ-
1
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɋɬɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɞɨ 1918, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɢɧɫɬɢ-
ɬɭɬɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ, ȳɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ XX ɜɟɤɭ 4, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1970, 384–386.
589
Ⱦɭɲɚɧ Ɍɨɩɚɥɨɜɢʄ
ɤɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɭɞɢ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɚ ɝɪɚɻɚ, ɩɪɭɠɢɦɨ ɧɨɜɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʃɚ ɨ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɢ

ɨɛɢɦɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ
ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ 1907. ɞɨ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ 1915. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
***
ȿɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɩɥɚɧɢɧɟ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁ ɞɚ-

ɬɢɪɚ ʁɨɲ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɲɢɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɢɦɚ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ
ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ oɜɨɝ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɝ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɞɚ je ɭ ɚɬɚɪɢɦɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢɯ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ Ȼɚɛɟ, Ƚɭɛɟɪɟɜɰɚ ɢ ɋɬɨʁ-
ɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɨɡɧɨɚɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɨɞɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɪɚɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. ɍ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ Ɋɢɦʂɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɢɝɥɢ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɟ, ɚ ɭ ɋɬɨʁɧɢɤɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɢ ɦɚʃɢ ɤɚɫɬɪɭɦ.2
ȼʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɢ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟ-
ɤɨɜɧɨʁ ɫɪɩɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɭɫ-
ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ. ɍ ɛɟɱɤɨɦ Ɋɚɬɧɨɦ ɚɪɯɢ-
ɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɝɪɚɻɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɤʁɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚ-
ɜɟ ɭ XVIII ɜɢʁɟɤɭ (1718–1739) ɛɢɨ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧ ɪɚɞ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɥɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɤɨɫ-
ɦɚʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɪɟɫɬɚɭɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ
ɨɩɟɬ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɪɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ.3
Ȼɢʄɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɱɢɬɚɜ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɩɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ
ɧɭɠɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɬɥɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ.4
ɉɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɰɭ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɢɨɧɢɪɫɤɚ ɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚ-
ʃɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɯ ɛɨɝɚɬɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɪɭʇɛɢ ɤɧɟɡɚ Ɇɢɥɨɲɚ ɨɞ 24.
ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɞɨ 28. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1835. ɨɛɚɜɢɨ ɲɟɮ ɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɛɚɪɨɧ
ɏɟɪɞɟɪ.5 ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɬɟɤɨɜɢɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨ-
ɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ ɬɚɞɚ ɭɰɪɬɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɦɚɩɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɤɚɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨ
ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɜɚ. Ɉɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɚɥɟ ɩɨɫʁɟɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ, ɡɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɥɨɝɨɞɚɜɚɰɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɤ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚ-
2
Ɏ. Ʉɚɧɢɰ, ɋɪɛɢʁɚ. Ɂɟɦʂɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɨɞ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIX ɜɟɤɚ
I, ɋɪɩɫɤɚ ɤʃɢɠɟɜɧɚ ɡɚɞɪɭɝɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1985, 343–344. Ɉɞ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɢɞɢ J. F.
Merkel, Imperial Roman Production of Lead and Silver in the Northern part of Upper
Moesia (Mt. Kosmaj Area), Ƚɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɋɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ 23, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2007,
39–78.
3
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 161.
4
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ.ɞʁ., 33; Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɋɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ 1790–1918 II,
ɉɪɨɫɜɟɬɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1989, 73.
5
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 33–35; Ɋ. ȴɭɲɢʄ, Ʉɧɟɠɟɜɢɧɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɚ 1830–1839, Ɂɚɜɨɞ ɡɚ
ɭʇɛɟɧɢɤɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2004, 100–101; Ɇ. ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ, ɉɨɫɟɬɚ ɛɚɪɨɧɚ
ɏɟɪɞɟɪɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɥɚɧ ɡɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɠɟɥɟɡɧɢɰɟ, ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ 18, ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2007,
139.
590
ɫɬɢ, ɨɛɢɥɚɡɟ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ʃɟɧɚ ɪɭɞɧɚ ɛɨɝɚɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ

ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ɨɩɢɪɚɥɚ
ɭɥɚɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɨɜɭ ɝɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ, ɜʁɟɪɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɩɨɫɚɨ
ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɚ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɨɦ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɦɟɻɭ
ɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɥɨɜɨ. Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɥɨɲ ɫɟ ɭ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɭ 1837. ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɏɟɪɞɟɪɭ
ɫ ɦɨɥɛɨɦ ɞɚ ɦɭ ɩɪɟɨɩɪɭɱɢ ɫɚɤɫɨɧɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɥɢ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɤɨ ɨɬɜɚɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɜɢɯ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɝɜɨɠɻɚ, ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɭɝ-
ʂɚ.6
Ɉɥɨɜɨ ɫɭ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ – ɪɭɞɚɪɢ ɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ
ɏɟɪɞɟɪɨɜɚ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɤɨɩɚɥɢ ɭ ɉɨɞɪɢʃɭ. ɋ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɨɦ ɞɚ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɧɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞ-
ɧɢɱɤɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭ, ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ 1837. ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɚ ɭɪɟɞɛɭ ɨ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɭ ɧɚ ɨɬɤɭɩ
ɨɜɨɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ. Ɉɜɚ ɭɪɟɞɛɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɞɨ 1845, ɤɚɞɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬ-
ɤɚ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɤɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ
ɨɩɟɬ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɭ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɭɡ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɚ ɞɚɠɛɢɧɟ ɨɞ 10 %
ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɧɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ. Ⱦɨ ɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨ-
ɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɪɭɞɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɭ ʁɟ-
ɤɭ Ʉɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ, ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ ɪɟɠɢʁɢ 1854. ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɩɪɟɪɚɞɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɚ ɧɚ Ⱥɜɚɥɢ ɢ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɭ. ɉɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ʁɟ
ɛɢɨ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɝ ɞɚɯɚ, ɚ ɞɨ ɧɨɜɟ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ
ɨɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɚ ɞɨʄɢ ʄɟ ɨɩɟɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ
ɪɚɬɚ, 1877. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.7 Ⱦɨɛɪɨ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɲɬɟɧɢ Ɏɟɥɢɤɫ Ʉɚɧɢɰ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ɬɢɦ
ɡɚɛɢʂɟɠɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɧɚɥɨɝɭ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɧe ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ
ɢɧɠeʃɟɪ ɢ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ ɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɲɤɨɥɢ, ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ʉɥɟɪɢʄ, ɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ
ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɚ ɨɤɨ ɫɟɥɚ Ȼɚɛɟ, ɋɬɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ Ƚɭɛɟɪɟɜɰɚ.
Ʉɥɟɪɢʄɟɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɥɨɜɧɟ ɤɨɞ Ƚɭɛɟɪɟɜɰɚ,
ɢɦɚ ɢ ɠɟʂɟɡɧɟ ɪɭɞɟ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɢɧɢ Ȼɚɛɟ ɢɦɚ 427.000 ɤɭɛɧɢɯ ɦɟ-
ɬɚɪɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ 10.500.000 ɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɢ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ
ɭɡɨɪɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɟ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɭ ɢ ɉɲɢɛɪɚɦɭ ɭ ɑɟɲɤɨʁ, ɩɪɨ-
ɰɢʁɟʃɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɨɜɚ ɪɭɞɢɲɬɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɤɨ 1,2 ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɢ
ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ 740 ɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. ȼɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɚɯ
ʁɟ ɩɪɨɰɢʁɟʃɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ 11 ɦɢɥɨɧɚ ɞɢɧɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɨɥɨɜɨ ɢ 4.340.000 ɡɚ ɫɪɟɛ-
ɪɨ,8 ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɡɟɬ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɬɪɨɫɤɚ-
ɜɢ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɰɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɨ ɭɤɚɥɤɭɥɢɫɚɧɨ, ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɩɟɥɚ ɧɚ
24.000.000 ɞɢɧɚɪɚ. ɍ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ, ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1878, Ɇɢɧɢ-
ɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ ʁɟ ɢɡɞɚɥɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɚɬɚɪɭ
ɫɟɥɚ Ȼɚɛɟ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɧɢɤɭ ȳɨɫɢɮɭ ɒɬɚʁɧɥɟɯɧɟɪɭ, ɞɚ
6
Ɇ. ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 140.
7
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 35, 70, 103, 191.
8
Ɏ. Ʉɚɧɢɬɰ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 344.
591
ɛɢ ɜɟʄ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɡɞɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɢɡ-

ɜɢʁɟɫɧɨɝ ɞɪ Ȼɪɢɥɚ ɢ ɉɟɬɪɚ ȳɨɜɚɧɨɜɢʄɚ ɢɡ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ. ȵɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ ɞɨɞ-
ʁɟʂɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɜɪɲɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɨɝ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɛɚɡɟɧɚ ɭɡ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɞɚ ɨɞ ɫɜɚɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɩʂɟɧɟ ɰɟɧɬɟ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ
ɭɩɥɚɬɟ ɢɡɧɨɫ ɨɞ 25 ɩɚɪɚ. ɉɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɫɭ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟ-
ɧɟɫɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɮɢɪɦɭ ”Steinlechner, Freund & Ko” ɭɡ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɞɚ
ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɪɟɬɚɩɚ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ 200.000 ɦɟɬɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɧɬɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨ
ɬɨɦɟ, ɧɨɜɢ ɢɧɜɟɫɬɢɬɨɪ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ 1878. ɩɨɞɢɝɚɨ
ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɭ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟʄɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ Ʌɚɭɪɢɨɧ, ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɨ 1880. ɭɛɚɰɢɨ ʁɨɲ
ɞɜɢʁɟ ɩɟʄɢ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɬɢɩɚ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞ ɥɨɲɢɯ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɧɚ
ɩɟʄɢɦɚ, ɩɪɨʁɟɤɚɬ ɫɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɨ ɧɟɪɟɧɬɚɛɢɥɧɢɦ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɩɪɨɩɚɨ.9 ɇɚɤɨɧ
ɨɜɨɝ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɯɚ ɜɪɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɯ
ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɚ, ɚ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚ ɡɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɭ ɛɢʄɟ ɨɛɧɨɜʂɟɧɚ ɬɟɤ 1907.
ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ.10
***
Ⱦɨɥɚɡɚɤ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ ɜɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɦɟ

ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɰɚ Ɇɚɤɫɟ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ.11 ȵɟɦɭ ʁɟ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ 30. ɞɟɰɟɦɪɚ 1905. ɢɡɞɚɥɨ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ 22. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ
1906. ɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ
ɦɢɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɨɦ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɦ ɛɚɡɟɧɭ. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢ-
ʁɟɜɢʄ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɠɢɜɚɨ ɭɝɥɟɞ ɞɨɛɪɨɝ ɩɨɡɧɚɜɚɨɰɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɞɨɦɚʄɨʁ ɢɧ-
ɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ, ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɞɨ ɬɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɰɚ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɭ ɫɬɪɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ. ɇɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɨʂɭ, ɨɧ ʁɟ ɬɢʁɟɫɧɨ ɫɚɪɚɻɢɜɚɨ ɫɚ
ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɢɧɨɦ Ʌɟɨɦ Ɂɟɧɡɟɫɨɦ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞ 1903. ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɜɨɞɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ ɛɟɥɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ „Société anonyme des Mi-
nes de cuivre de Maidan Pek“.12 ɇɚɤɨɧ ɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɟ, ʃɢɯ ɞɜɨʁɢɰɚ
9
Ɏ. Ʉɚɧɢɬɰ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ.,344–345, Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 161–162.
10
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 162. ɉɨɫɜɟ ʁɟ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɨʁ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢ ɤɨɥɟ-
ɝɢɧɢɰɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɥɚ ɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ.
11
Ɇɚɤɫɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ, ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨɦ ɍɠɢɱɚɧɢɧ, ɩɨ ɡɚɦɢɦɚʃɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɤɭʁɭɧʇɢʁɚ.
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ ɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 1867. ɤɭɩɢɨ ʁɟ ɱɚɫɨɜɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɭ ɪɚɞʃɭ ɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɨʁ ɑɢɤɚ ȴɭ-
ɛɢɧɨʁ ɭɥɢɰɢ ɛɪ. 13. Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ 1890. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ ɩɥɚɰ ɢ ɤɚɮɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɭ Ɉɛɢɥɢ-
ʄɟɜɨɝ ɜɟɧɰɚ ɢ Ʉɧɟɡ Ɇɢɯɚɢɥɨɜɟ ɭɥɢɰɟ. ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ʄɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɫɢɧ Ɇɢɥɭɬɢɧ, ɭɝɥɟɞ-
ɧɢ ɛɟɨɝɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɡɥɚɬɚɪ, 1926. ɩɨɞɢʄɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɚɫɧɨ ɡɞɚʃɟ ɭ ɱɢʁɟɦ ɩɪɢɡɟɦʂɭ ɫɟ ɞɨ ɫɤɨɪɚ
ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢ ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ „Ɋɭɫɤɢ ɰɚɪ“. Ɂɚ Ɇɚɤɫɭ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɟʄɚ ɫɟ ɡɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ
ɨɞ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ ɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɦɚɫɨɧɫɤɟ ɥɨɠɟ „ɉɨɛɪɚɬɢɦ“. Ɉ ɞʁɟɥɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɥɨɠɟ ɢ ɭɥɨɡɢ
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɜɢɞɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚ URL: http://www.mason.co.rs/index.-
php/8-2013-12-08-12-16-14 .
12
Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ.ɞʁ.,150.
592
ɫɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭʁɭ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɭ ɮɢɪɦɭ Rotschild ɢɡ Ɏɪɚɧɤɮɭɪɬɚ

ɞɚ ɭɥɨɠɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ, ɚɥɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɥɢ. ɍ ɜɟɡɭ
ɫɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ ɢ Ɂɟɧɡɟɫ ɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ
ȿɦɢɥɚ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɚ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɚɤɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɢɪɢɬɚ ɭ ɨɛ-
ɥɚɫɬɢ ɝɪɚɞɢʄɚ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɚ ɭ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ ɇɨɪɜɟɲɤɨʁ. Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɨɞ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ „ɛɢɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɚʃɟɦ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɟʄɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬ-
ɚɩɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɚ ɭ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤɭ“.13 ɂɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɫʁɟɬɟ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɢ 1906. (ɧɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɚɧ ɞɚɬɭɦ)
Ɂɟɧɫɟɫ ɭɩɨɡɧɚɨ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɚ ɫ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɭɞɢ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɟɜɚ
ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɚ.14 ɋɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ
ɬɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɦ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɰɭ ɇɢɥɫɭ ɉɟɪɫɨɧɭ ɢɡ
ɏɟɥɫɢɧɛɨɪʁɚ, ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɤɭ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɬɚ-
ʁɚɥɨ ɢɡɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɢɪɢɬɚ ɭ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɢ.15 ɉɟɪɫɨɧ, ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɝɥɚɫ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧ „ɡɚ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɩɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɨɦ“, ɨɞɦɚɯ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɚ-
ɡɚɨ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨɜ ɩɪʁɟɞɥɨɝ.
ɂɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɤɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 1907.
ɛɨɪɚɜɢɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɲɚɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ. Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɞɚ
ɨɛɚɜɢɨ ɪɚɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɨɦ ɇɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ Ʉɨɫɬɨɦ ɋɬɨʁɚɧɨɜɢʄɟɦ
ɤɨʁɢ ɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɛɟʄɚɨ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚʃɭ.16 ɇɚɤɨɧ
ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɭ ɋɤɚɧɞɢɧɚɜɢʁɭ, Ʉɧɭɞɟɫɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɨɦ
ɩɨɫɥɨɞɚɜɰɭ ɩɪɟɞɨɱɢɨ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɭ ɤɚɥɤɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ
ɛɢ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɢ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ
ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ. Ɋɚɱɭɧɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ
13
ɂɫɬɨ, 385. Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɟ, ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨ, ɨ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɩɟʄɢ ɡɚ ɬɨɩʂɟʃɟ ɪɭɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ
ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɇɨɪɜɟɠɚɧɢɧ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɪɚɨ ɭ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɭ 1903. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɂɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɧɨɪɜɟɲɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ
ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1904. ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɟɥɝɢʁɫɤɨɝ „Société
anonyme“ ɢɡ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤɚ ɫ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɨɦ Ɏɪɨɦɨɧɬɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɛɨɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɢ
ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɫɬɭɞɢɪɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɡɜɚɧɢ „Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ“ ɬɨɩʂɟʃɚ ɛɚɤɪɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ
ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɪɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɩɟʄɢ ɦɨɧɬɢɪɚʁɭ ɭ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤɭ. Ɍɢɦ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ʁɟ ɢɡ
ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɚ ɭ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤ 1906. ɭɩɭʄɟɧ ɦɨɧɬɟɪ ȿɞɢɧ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢʁɚɧɫɟɧ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ
ɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɩɭɧɟ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɉ ɬɨɦɟ ɜɢɞɢ Kjell Lund Olsen, Kobbersmelting i Sulitjelma
(Ɍɨɩʂɟʃɟ ɛɚɤɪɚ ɭ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɢ) ɧɚ URL: http://www.sulisavisa.no. Ɉ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɫɨɛɢ-
ɧɚɦɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɜɢɞɢ Emil Knudsen, Nogle iaktagelser ved Pyritsmeltning efter den
saakaldte Knudsen-proces (ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɚ ɡɚɩɚɠɚʃɚ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɬɨɩʂɟʃɟɦ ɩɢɪɢɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɡɜɚɧɢɦ
Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ), Bergverksnyt 1, nr.2, Kristiania 1908, 20–22; ɂɫɬɢ, Pyrite
Smelting by the Knudsen Method as Practised at Sulitjelma, Norway, The Mineral Industry
XVII, New York 1909, p. 315– 23.
14
Tekniska Museets arkiv, Carl Sahlins berghistoriska samling, CS - F3 – 521 A.8. ɇɚ
ɢɫɬɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ „Ɂɟɧɫɟɫ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɨɠɟɧɢo Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧoɜɨɦ ɤʄɟɪɤɨɦ“.
15
Ɉ ɇɢɥɫɭ ɉɟɪɫɨɧɭ (1836–1916), ɩɨɱɚɫɧɨɦ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɡɭɥɭ ɢ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦ
ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɚɥɰɭ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ XIX ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ XX ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɜɢɞɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɭ Karl Hjalmar
Lundgren, Konsul N. Persson, Lund 1919.
16
Svenska Dagbladet, No 59, Den svenska gruvdriften i Serbien, ɩɟɬɚɤ, 1. ɦɚɪɬ 1907.
593
ɩɪɟɬɨɩɢɬɢ 40.000 ɬɨɧɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ, ɨɞ ɱɟɝɚ ɛɢ, ɭɡ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟ

ɛɚɡɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ,17ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ 358.000 ɮɪɚ-
ɧɚɤɚ.18 ɋɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɡ ɬɨɧɟ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɢɡɜɭʄɢ 2.230 ɝɪɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ,
ɬɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɨɞ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɦɟɬɚɥɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɨɤɨ 295.000
ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ. ɋɜɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ, ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨ-
ɜɨʁ ɪɚɱɭɧɢɰɢ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɛɢ 653.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ. Ɉɞ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɫɭɦɭ
ɨɞ 27.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɞɨ Ȼɭɞɢɦɩɟɲɬɟ, ɬɟ 6.500
ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɟ ɬɚɤɫɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ 1 % ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɧɭ ɫɭɦɭ.
ɋɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɚɥɟɪɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ
ɭɥɨɠɢɬɢ 166.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɯ
ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɥɢɨɧ ɬɨɧɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ
ɩɚɤ ɨɰʁɟɧɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɞɨʃɭ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ.19
ɇɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢɨ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɨɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɭ, ɉɟɪɫɨɧ ʁɟ ɫ ɧɟ-
ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɧɢɯ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɚ 22. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1907. ɭ ɏɟɥɫɢɧɛɨɪʁɭ
ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ Ⱥɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɨ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ „Ʉɨɫɦɚɢ”. ɇɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ
ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɟɧ ɢ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɬ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɫɜɪɯɚ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ. ɋɯɨɞɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɫɜɪɯɚ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɨɞ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɟ ɪɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞ-
ɪɭɱʁɭ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦ ɭ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɟɜɨʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɢ. Ɉɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨ-
ɫɚɨ ɭɻɟ ɫ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɨɦ ɨɞ 360.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ ɢɥɢ 500.000 ɮɪɚɧɚ-
ɤɚ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɝɨɪʃɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɨɞ 1.080.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
1.500.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɞʁɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ 3.600 ɤɪɭɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ
5.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ. ɉɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɞɨ ɩɪɜɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɟ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ
ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɲɟɫɬ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɥɭ ɫɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɨɦ, ɇɢɥɫɨɦ
ɉɟɪɫɨɧɨɦ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɨɜɚɨ 25 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɭ
ɬɚɞɚ ɭɲɥɢ: ɬɪɝɨɜɚɰ ɧɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨ Ⱥɭɝɭɫɬ ɋɢɥɜɚɧ, ɝɟɨɞɟɬɚ Ɏɚɛɢɚɧ Ɋɟɢɧɝ,
ɤʃɢɝɨɜɨɻɚ Ʉɚɪɥ Ʉɚɥɦɟɪ, ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ Ʉɚɪɥ ɂɧɝɟɥɫɨɧ ɢ ɯɨɥɚɧɞɫɤɢ ɩɨɱɚɫɧɢ
ɤɨɧɡɭɥ ɋɬɭɪɟ ɉɟɪɫɨɧ ɏɟɧɢɧɝ, ɫɢɧ ɇɢɥɫɚ ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚ, ɫɜɚɤɢ ɫɚ ɩɨ 15 ɚɤɰɢ-
ʁɚ. Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɟɦ ɫɚɡɢɜɭ ɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɭɻɭ Ɂɟɧɫɟɫ
ɢ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɢɦɚ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ
ɬɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɭɠɧɨ ɞɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢ ɤɪɚʂɟɜɭ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɨ ɢ
ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨ. ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɇɢɥɫ ɉɟɪɫɨɧ ɢ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ ɂɧɝɟɥɫɨɧ
17
ɍ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɟ ɫɭ ɭɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ: ɞɧɟɜɧɢɰɟ ɪɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɞɜɚɧɚɟɫɬɨɱɚɫɨɜɧɢ ɪɚɞɧɢ ɞɚɧ ɫ
ɞɜɚ ɫɚɬɚ ɩɚɭɡɟ 2 ɮɪɚɧɤɚ, 35 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɧɭ ɤɨɤɫɚ, 3 ɮɪɚɧɤɚ ɡɚ ɬɨɧɭ ɤɪɟɱɚ, ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬ
ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɟ 1 ɮɪɚɧɚɤ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɢ ɬɨɩʂɟʃɚ 12.25 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɢ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ.
18
ɉɪɢ ɬɨɦɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɚ ɰɢʁɟɧɚ ɨɞ 15 ɩɭɧɞɢ ɫɬɟɪɥɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɢ ɨɥɨɜɚ. Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ
ʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɭ ɜɚɪɢʁɚɧɬɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭɤɚɥɤɭɥɢɫɚɨ ɧɚʁɧɢɠɭ ɬɪɠɢɲɧɭ ɰɢʁɟɧɭ
ɨɥɨɜɚ ɨɞ 12 ɮɭɧɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɥɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɢ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɭɤɭɩɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɚ ɞɨɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɨ
ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɛɢ 430.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ.
19
Tekniska Museets arkiv, Carl Sahlins berghistoriska samling, CS - F3 – 521 A. 8.
594
ɢɡɜɪɲɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁe ɨɞ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ

ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɤɨɪɚɤɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚʃɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ.
ɉɨɱɟɬɧɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɨɞ 360.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɞʁɟʂɟɧ ɭ 100 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɭɩɥɚʄɟɧ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɦɚɪɬɚ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɫɬɢɥɨ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢ
ɪɟɝɢɫɬɚɪɫɤɢ ɢ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɭ ɋɬɨɤɯɨɥɦɭ. ɉɨɫɥɨɜɢ ɨɤɨ ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ
ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɢ ɫɭ 14. ɦɚɪɬɚ.20 ɉɪɟɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ʁɭɧɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ 10. ɦɚʁɚ 1907. Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɭ
ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɞʁɟʂɟɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ.21 Ʉɚɨ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢʁɭ,
Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ, Ɂɟɧɫɟɫ ɢ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ ɞɨɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ 360.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ ɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ.
Ɉɜɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɥɟɞɚɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ
20
Riksarkivet, Patent – och registreringsverket, Registreringshandlingar till AB upphörda
1897 – 196, E3A 917; Riksarkivet, Finansdepartementet 1907, 12, No 35 – 47, EIa 1885.
21
Riksarkivet, UD 1902 års dossiersystem, v. 1452. Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ.ɞʁ., 384.
595
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1907. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɫɬɢɥɨ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɤɢ ɪɟɝɢ-

ɫɬɪɚɰɢɨɧɢ ɢ ɩɚɬɟɧɬɧɢ ɡɚɜɨɞ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɨ ɭɩɥɚɬɭ 60 ɧɨɜɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ
ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ 216.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɭ ɞɨɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ ɞɚ
ɭɩɥɚɬɢ ʁɨɲ 40 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ 144.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ. ɍ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ Ɂɟɧɡɟɫɨɜɢɦ ɢ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨɜɢɦ, ɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɨ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄɟɜɢɦ
ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ. ɇɚʁɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɩɥɚʄɟɧɚ 11. ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ
1908. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɋ ɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɩɨɩɟɨ ɧɚ 720.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ.22
ɉɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1907, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɭ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɨ ɤɨɦɢɫɢ-
ʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɭɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɫɬɪɭɱʃɚɤɚ Ƚɭɫɬɚɮɚ Ƚɪɚɧ-
ɫɬɪɟɦɚ, ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚ ɉɟɪɫɨɧɚ ɏɟɧɢɧɝɚ ɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ȼɢɥɯɟɦɚ ɒɭɬɫɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜ
ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ
ɢ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɟ ɪɭɞɟ.
ɉɪɟɦɚ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫ ɬɢɦ ɪɚɞɨɦ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɟɧ ɧɚ ɭɜɢɞ, ɪɭɞɚɪ-
ɫɤɢ ɚɪɟɚɥ ɨɞ 38 ɤɦ² ɩɪɨɫɬɢɪɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɚɬɚɪɢɦɚ ɫɟɥɚ: ɉɟɪɰɚɧ, Ȼɚɛɟ, ɋɬɨʁ-
ɧɢɤ, Ɋɨɩɨɱɟɜɨ, Ʌɢɫɨɜɢʄ, Ɇɚɧɢʄ ɢ Ƚɭɛɟɪɟɜɚɰ. ɀɟʂɟɡɧɢɱɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɚ Ɋɚ-
ʂɚ, ɧɚ ɩɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ–ɇɢɲ, ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɚ 8 ɤɦ ɨɞ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɯ
ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ 6 ɤɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɟɥɚ Ȼɚɛɟ. ɉɪɨɛɟ ɫɭ
ɭɡɟɬɟ ɫɚ 150 ɧɚɫɥɚɝɚ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢ ɤɪɟɬɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ 3,7
ɞɨ 14, 5%. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɪɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɚ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ
ɨɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ 7, 37 % ɢ 276 ɝɪ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɭ ɬɨɧɢ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ 37
ɝɪ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ ɢɡ 100 ɤɝ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɚɧɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɞɭɛɢɧ-
ɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɛɨɝɚɬɨ ɫɪɟɛɪɨɦ. Ɍɪɨɲ-
ɤɨɜɢ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟʃɟɧɢ ɫɭ
ɧɚ 500.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ. ɋɜɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ, ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɞɨ-
ɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɧɢɜɨɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɬɢ ɨɤɨ
1.600.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ.23 Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɨɜ ɩɪɨɪɚɱɭɧ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ
22
Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɢɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ
ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɤɨɧɫɬɟɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ʁɟ ɦʁɟʃɚɧɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ
ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ 1914. ɢɦɚɦɨ ɫɥɟɞɟʄɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ: Ƚɭɫɬɚɜ Ɍɨɪɧɟɪʁɟɥɦ 4 ɚɤɰɢʁɟ, ɨɩɲɬɢɧɚ
ɏɟɥɫɢɧɛɨɪʁ 6 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, Ⱥɥɦɚ Ʉɚɥɦɟɪ 3 ɚɤɰɢʁɟ, Ʉɚɪɥ ɂɧɝɟɥɫɨɧ 12 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ɇɢɥɫ ɉɟɪɫɨɧ 25
ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, ȺȾ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɚ 50 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, Ɇɚɤɫɚ Ⱥɧɬɨɧɢʁɟɜɢʄ 40 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ, Ʌɟɨ Ɂɟɧɡɟɫ 30 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɢ
ȿɦɢɥ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ 30 ɚɤɰɢʁɚ. ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɚ je ɫɦɪɬ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɚ.
ɉɪɢɦʁɟɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɞɢɨ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɬɤɭɩʂɢɜɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȺȾ ɋɭɥɢɬʁɟɥɦɚ.
Riksarkivet, Patent – och registreringsverket, Registreringshandlingar till AB upphörda 1897 –
196, E3A 917.
23
Ɉɜɚʁ ɢɡɜɨɪ ɫɟ ɬɟɦɟʂɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪ Ƚɪɚɧɫɬɪɟɦ ɭɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟ-
ʂɭ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɭ Ʉɚɪɥɭ ɋɚɥɢɧɭ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ 22. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 1923. ɭ ɭɞɪɭɠɟʃɭ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ
ɜɟɬɟɪɚɧɚ „Sankt Örjens Gille“ ɭ ɋɬɨɤɯɨɥɦɭ oɞɪɠɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɦɭ „O ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨ-ʃɟɦɚɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟʄɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɪɚɞɭ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɪɢɦɫɤɢɯ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɋɪɛɢ-
ʁɢ”. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨɦ Ƚɪɚɧɫɬɪɟɦɨɜɨɦ ɚɪɯɢɜɭ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɢ ɫɦɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ʁɟɞ-
ɧɨɝ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɭ ɤɨɦɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ, 15. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1907, ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ
596
ɞʁɟɥɨɦ ɫɟ ɬɟɦɟʂɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɰɢʁɟɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ

ɬɪɠɢɲɬɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ ɩɨɪɚɫɥɚ.24
ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɭɞɢɲɬɚ ɒɜɟɻɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɢ
33 ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɤɚ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɥ-
ɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɭɞɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɨɫ
ɦɟɬɚɥɚ. ɇɨɜɚɰ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɥɨʃɟɧ „Ʉɥɚɫɢɱɧɨɦ ɚɪɯɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɫɟɦɢɧɚɪɭ“ ɍɧɢ-
ɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɭ ɍɩɫɚɥɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɭɞɟ ɦɭɡɟʁɭ ɭ ɏɟɥɫɢɧɛɨɪʁɭ. ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨʁ
ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɨʁ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɢɡ 1937. ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧ ʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɚɧ ɨɩɢɫ ɨɜɟ ɧɭɦɢɡɦɚ-
ɬɢɱɤɟ ɡɛɢɪɤɟ.25
Ɋɚɞɨɜɢ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɢ ɬɨɩʂɟʃɭ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɞɟɰɟɦ-
ɛɪɭ 1907. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɇɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɤɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ, ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɢɧ-
ɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɧɢɯ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ, ɭɥɨɠɟɧɨ ʁɟ 700.000 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ.26 ɉɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɚ
ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɧɟ ɫ ɩɪɟɬɚɩɚʃɟɦ ɫɬɚɪɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɚɝɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ, ɩɚ
ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɫ ɞɭɛɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɨɦ. Ⱦɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ 1908.
ɩɪɟɬɨɩʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ 42.245 ɬɨɧɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ ɫɚ ɱɢɦɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫ-
ɩɭʃɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɚ, ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚʃɚ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ
ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɤɭ ɢɡɜɥɚɱɟɧɨ ɨɞ 2,44 ɞɨ 6,27 % ɨɥɨɜɚ.
Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɟɜɢɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɰɢʁɟɧɟ ɤɨɤɫɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɦʁɟɫɬɨ
ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢɯ 35, ɩɥɚʄɚɧɨ 55 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɢ. ɋɜɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ, ɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɧɢ ɪɚɞɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɨ ʁɟ 1.472 ɬɨɧɟ ɱɢɫɬɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ 488 ɤɝ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ. ɇɟɲɬɨ
ɦɚʃɢɦ ɬɟɦɩɨɦ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɢɞɭʄɨʁ ɝɨɞɢɧɢ.27
ɂ ɭ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɬɨɩʂɟʃɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɜɪɲɟɧɨ, ɞɚ ɛɢ, ɭɫɥɢ-
ʁɟɞ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɪɚɞɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟɦ ɪɚɬɚ ɫ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɭ
ʁɟɫɟɧ 1912, ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ. Ɉɜɚ ɫɬɚɧɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɲʄɟɧɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨɦ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ.
Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚ ɞɭɛɢɧɫɤɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ
Ɏɟɥɢɤɫɭ ɏɨɮɦɚɧɭ, ɞɭɝɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ Ɇɚʁɞɚɧɩɟɤ ɢ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɡɥɚɬɚ

„ɋɜɟɬɚ ȼɚɪɜɚɪɚ“ ɭ Ʉɭɱɚʁɧɢ, ɞɚ ɝɚ ɭɩɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɪɭɱɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ ɨ ɟɤɫɩɥɨ-
ɚɬɚɰɢʁɢ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɨɝ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɨɞ 7. ɚɩɪɢɥɚ
1908. ɢ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ. Kungliga Biblioteket, Gustaf Abraham Granströms arkiv, ACC165_78,
ämnesordnade handlingar, serie 1, v.13.
24
ɉɪɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɧɨɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɤɭ ɰɢʁɟɧɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɬɪɠɢɲɬɭ
1907. ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ʁɟ 20 , ɚ 1906. 17 ɮɭɧɬɢ ɫɬɟɪɥɢɧɝɚ ɩɨ ɬɨɧɢ. ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, ɛɪ. 1304, ɉɪɨɞ-
ɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɨɥɨɜɚ, ɭɬɨɪɚɤ, 4. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1907. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
25
Ulf Täckholm, Studien über den bergband er Römischen Keisarzeit, Uppsala
1937, 173.
26
Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɢ ɨɰʁɟɧɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɠɟʃɟɪɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɪɚ-
ɱɭɧ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ 1907. ɜɪɲɢɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚ
ɋɪɛɢʁe, ɨɜɚ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɚ ɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ. Tekniska Museets arkiv,
Bror Ortons enskilda arkiv, Ö1 2.1.
27
ɍɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɫɚ Ⱦ. Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ.ɞʁ., 385.
597
ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɛɭɲɟɧ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɧ ɲɚɯɬ ɨɞ ɜɪɯɚ ɞɨ ɞɧɚ. ɇɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ

ɬɪɨɫɤɜɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɛɭɲɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɞɨ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɪɨɛɨʁɚ. ɋɜɟ ɭ ɫɜɟɦɭ, ɩɪɨɛɟ
ɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɭɡɟɬɟ ɫɚ 148 ɦʁɟɫɬɚ. ɂɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɞɚ
ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɧɢ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɫʁɟɤɭ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ 7,60% ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢ 54 ɝɪɚɦɚ ɫɪɟɛɪɚ.
Ɍɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɚ ɤɚɪɬɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ. ɇɚ ɨɜɟ
ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ʁɟ ɭɬɪɨɲɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ 8.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ.28 ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤɚ,
ɭɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ 1913. ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɞɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ
ɱɢɦ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɬɨ ɛɭɞɭ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɟ. ɋ ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɨɞɥɭ-
ɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɬɚɞɚɲʃɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɨɞ 342.289 ɤɪɭɧɚ ɨɬɩɢɲɟ, ɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ
ɢɦɟ ɚɦɨɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɢɯ ɬɪɨɲɤɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭʁɟ ʁɨɲ 90.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ. Ɍɢɦɟ ʁɟ
ɭɤɭɩɧɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɫɦɚʃɟɧ ɧɚ 288.000 ɤɪɭɧɚ. ɍ ɰɢʂɭ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚ-
ʃɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɥɨɝɟ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɧɟ ɟɦɢ-
ɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɬɚɤɨɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɮɚɪɚɧɫ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɚɤɰɢɨɧɚɪɢɦɚ ɞɚ-
ɜɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɞʁɟɥɟ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɢ ɜɟʄɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ
ɫɬɟɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ.29 Ɉɜɚʁ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɞɨɜɟɨ ɞɨ ɠɟʂɟɧɨɝ ɰɢ-
ʂɚ, ɚɥɢ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɟɫɯɪɚɛɪɢɥɨ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɭɥɚɠɟ ɭ
ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ. ɂɡ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɦɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɭ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1918. ɭɩɪɚɜɚ
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɚ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɭ ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɫɚɡɧɚʁɟɦɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ 1915. ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɟ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɟ ɭɥɨɠɟɧ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥ ɨɞ
1.241.739 ɤɪɭɧɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɩɢɨɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɥɚɛɚɪɚɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɭɞɚ,
ɭ ɫɤɥɨɩɭ ɪɭɞɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɭɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɱɢɬɚɜɨ ɦɚʃɟ ɧɚɫɟʂɟ, ɤɚɧɬɢɧɚ, ɭɩ-
ɪɚɜɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɚ, ɞɜɚ ɦɚɝɚɰɢɧɚ, ɲɬɚɥɚ ɢ ɝɚɪɚɠɚ ɡɚ ɥɨɤɨɦɨɛɢɥ ɬɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɨɚɪ
ɡɚ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɧɚɮɬɭ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɟɥɟɧɬɪɢɮɢɰɢɪɚɧ ɚ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɬɭ
ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɫɤɭ ɥɢɧɢʁɭ. ɍ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɠɟʂɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɚɧɢɰɟ ɭ Ɋɚʂɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɫɟ
ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɦɚɝɚɰɢɧ.30 ɋɜɟ ɬɨ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɒɜɟɻɚɧɢ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚ-
ɥɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɨɫɚɨ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ. ɍ ɬɨɦɟ ɢɯ ʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɦɟɥɨ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ
ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɚ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɭ ʁɟɫɟɧ 1915. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.
***
ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ, ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ

ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɧɟ ɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɟ ɭ ɤɨɫ-
ɦɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɋɟɚɝɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ, Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɰɢʂɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ
ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤɪɚʁɟɦ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɨ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫ Ɇɢ-
ɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɪɚɞɚ ɭ Ȼɟɱɭ. ɍ ɢɦɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ȿɦɢɥ
Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɨɞ 1909. ɧɚɥɚɡɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɚ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɟ
28
Riksarkivet, UD 1902 års dossiersystem, v. 1452.
29
Riksarkivet, Patent-och registreringsverket, Registreringshandlingar till AB upp-
hörda 1897196, E3A 917.
30
Riksarkivet, UD 1902 års dossiersystem, v. 1452.
598
ɮɢɪɦɟ „Mitteberg Kupfer A/G” ɢɡ ɋɚɥɡɛɭɪɝɚ.31 ɉɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɬɟɝɥɢ ɞɨ

ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ 1918, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ, ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɚ,
ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɧɝɚɠɭʁɟ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɂɡ-
ɛɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɚɨ ɧɚ ɒɜɚʁɰɚɪɫɤɭ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ, Ɏɟɥɢɤɫɚ Ʉɚɥɨɧ-
ɞɟɪɚ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ, ɭ ɦɚɪɬɭ 1920. ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɚ
ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ʉɨɫɦɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɢɦɟ ɨɞɲɬɟɬɟ ɢɫɩɥɚɬɢ ɫɭɦɚ ɨɞ 14.800.000 ɚɭɫ-
ɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɤɪɭɧɚ ɫ ɪɟɬɪɨɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɤɚɦɚɬɨɦ ɨɞ 5% ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɨɞ 1. ʁɚɧɭɪɚ
1917. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɚɰɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ, ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁ-
ɫɤɟ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢɨɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɦɚʁɚ 1916, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɟɤɫ-
ɩɥɨɚɬɚɰɢʁɚ, ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟ, ɢɡɜɟɡɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɥɢɰɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɩɪɟɬɨɩɢɥɟ
227.726 ɬɨɧɚ ɬɪɨɫɤɚɜɟ.32 Ⱥɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɛɢɥɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ
ɲɬɟɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɟ ɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɨɦ
ɫʁɟɱɨɦ ɲɭɦɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɤɨɧɰɟɫɢɨɧɨɝ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ, ɬɟ ɩʂɚɱɤɨɦ ɢ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟɦ
ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚ ɢɡ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ. ɋ
ɬɢɦ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭ 1920. ɨɞ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɥɨ
ɢɫɩɥɚɬɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɟ ɭ ɜɢɫɢɧɢ ɨɞ 4.385.900 ɮɪɚɧɚɤɚ ɭ ɡɥɚɬɭ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ
ɜɪɚɬɢɥɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɨɩɟɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ. ɋɩɨɪ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɨɬɟɝɚɨ ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ʁɚɧɭɚ-
ɪɚ 1927, ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɡ ɫɜɟɫɬɪɚɧɨ ɡɚɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨɝ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ
ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɦɟ ʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɢɫɩɥɚʄɟɧɚ ɫɭɦɚ ɨɞ
155.631 ɞɨɥɚɪɚ. Ɋɚɞɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɨ ɡɚɨɫɬɚɥɨɦ ɧɨɜɰɭ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɞɟɩɨɡɢɬɚ ɫ ɤɨʁɢɦ
ʁɟ ɲɜɟɞɫɤɨ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɥɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɡɚɫɬɭ-
ɩɚʃɟɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɭ ɋȺȾ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ.33 ɍ ɦɟɻɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɭ,
Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ 1920. ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɫɬɟɱɚʁ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ-ɩɪɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ
ɭɝɚɲɟɧɨ 23. ʁɭɧɚ 1932. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ.34 ɉɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɚ ɭ ɤɨɫɦɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ
ɧɚɤɨɧ 1918. ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɧɚ.
31
Ɉ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧɭ ɜɢɞɢ ɭ Per Munthe – Kaas Sandvik, En Norsk bergingeniør – Julius
Emil Knudsen (1856–1944) (Jɟɞɚɧ ɧɨɪɜɟɲɤɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɢɧɠɢʃɟɪ – ȳɭɥɢɭɫ ȿɦɢɥ Ʉɧɭɞɫɟɧ
1865–1944), Jernkontorets Bergshistoriska utskott H 47, Stockholm 1990, 57 – 69.
32
Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɫɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɚ ɫ ɩɨɞɚɬɤɨɦ ɞɨ ɤɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢ-
ɱɚɪɤɚ Ɇɢɥɢʄ, ɧɚɜ. ɞʁ., 465.
33
Riksarkivet, UD 1902 års dossiersystem, v.1452.
34
Riksarkivet, Patent-och registreringsverket, Registreringshandlingar till AB upp-
hörda 1897 – 196, E3A 917.
599
M.Sc. Dušan Topaloviü

Pedagogical Institute Stockholm, Sweden
SWEDISH CAPITAL IN MINING OF THE KINGDOM OF SERBIA:

JOINT STOCK COMPANY „KOSMAI” FROM HELSINGBORG
Summary
The paper discussed the business activities of the Swedish joint stock company
Kosmai from Helsingborg in Kosmaj mines of lead and silver from it’s founding in
1907. till the occupation of Serbia in World War I at the end of 1915. The com-
pany in 1907. purchased this concession for the sum of 360.000 kroner in shares,
from well known Serbian industrialist Maksa Antonijeviü. He was repeatedly
awarded with this concession by the Ministry of National Economy of the King-
dom of Serbia. Company had a capital of 720.000 kronor partitioned into 200 sha-
res of which the value is reached 3.600 kronor. A key role in the founding of the
Company had famous Swedish industrialist Nils Person, who was the owner of the
copper pyrite mine in the city Sulitjelma in Northern Norway. Launch of
production and smelting of lead began in December 1907, but work did not meet
financial expectations they had before entered the job. After the outbreak of the
Balkan Wars of 19121913, production is fully terminated due to lack of man-
power. Period of suspension of the production, Company was used to complete
research works of concession area, which started in 1907, with the intention to
rebuild production after the war. However, the outbreak of the First World War,
thwart these plans. After the occupation of Serbia, in December 1915, the Austrian
occupation authorities have launched the production of lead in the concession area.
During the war The Company has seemed more unsuccessful attempts to
make a deal with the Austrian Ministry of War in Vienna about the compensation
of their economic interests.
After the war the question of compensation is resolved in March 1920. by
arbitration President of the Swiss Confederation Felix Calonder. Nevertheless, the
Austrians have sought to avoid the completion of their obligations and the dispute
dragged until 1927. After the war the Company has not initiated production in
Kosmaj mines. The activity of the Company is terminated in June 1932.
600
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨ-ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ (ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ) ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚʃɚ
ɍȾɄ 94(=512.161)(497)"13/18" DOI: 10.7251/VETSP0116601V

ȼȿɊɌɂɄȺɅȺ ȿȼɊɈɉɋɄɈ-ɌɍɊɋɄɂɏ (ɈɋɆȺɇɋɄɂɏ)

ɋɍɄɈȻȺ ɂ ɉɊɈɀɂɆȺȵȺ
ɂɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ
Aɩɫɬɪɚɤɬ: Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ (Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ) ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɜɢʁɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ

ɬɟɦɟʂɧɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɜɢɻɟʃɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ. ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧ-
ɬɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɤɚɨ ɜɢɲɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬ. ɇɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ, ɢ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɦɭɥɬɚɧɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɢ: ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɭ ɞɭɯɨɜ-
ɧɨʁ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨʁ, ɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɤɨʁ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ. ɂɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɫɭ
ɭɡɪɨɰɢ, ɦɨɬɢɜɢ, ɥɨɝɢɤɚ, ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ, ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɫɥɚɛʂɟʃɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ,
ɤɚɨ ɢ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɚ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ. ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ-
ɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ „ɞɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ”, ɭɡɪɨɰɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨ-
ɜɚʃɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ. ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɤɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɞɜɚʁɭ
ɫɜʁɟɬɨɜɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɨɫɬɢ.
Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɢɡɪɚɫɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɭ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɫɢɥɭ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɛɟɡɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɭɻɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɭɲɬɚɜɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɫɭɡɞɪ-
ɠɚɧɨɫɬɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɢɡ ɪɚɧɢʁɟɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɫɭ ɜɚɫɤɪɫɧɭɥɢ ɩɨʁ-
ɦɨɜɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɨɫɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɬɜɚɪɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɭɞ-
ɛɢɧɟ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ ɭ ɜɪɬɥɨɝɭ ɩɪɨɠɢɦɚʃɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ.
Ʉʂɭɱɧɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ: ȿɜɪɨɩɚ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ, ɢɫ-
ɥɚɦ, ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɧɟɨɨɫɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ.
ɍɋɉɈɇ ɈɋɆȺɇɋɄɈȽ ɐȺɊɋɌȼȺ ɂ ȿȼɊɈɉɋɄɂ ɈȾȽɈȼɈɊ
ɍɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɜɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ

ɫɜɨɝ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ, ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XIV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɞɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ, ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɥɟ, ɨɩɫɚɞɟ Ȼɟɱɚ
ɤɪɚʁɟɦ XVII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ. Ɉɫɜɢɬ ɧɨɜɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ – ɯɭɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɪɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɚ, ɬɭɪɫɤɨ
ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ (1453), ɩɨɱɟɰɢ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɫɬɜɚ (1455), ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ
ɨɬɤɪɢʄɚ (ɨɞ 1492), ɪɟɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ (ɨɞ 1517) – ɭ ɦɚʃɨʁ ɢɥɢ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɩɨ-
ɜɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. „Ɇɨɞɟɪɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ”, ɡɚɩɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɥɨɪɞ ȹɨɧ ȿɤɬɨɧ
(1834–1902). Ɉɞ 1520. ɞɨ 1580. „ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ” ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ „ɧɚʁɬɟɠɚ
ɢ ɧɚʁɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɚ”.1 ȼɚɫɢʂ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ ʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɤɨɪɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ
1
P. Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe, London 1968.
601
ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ.2 ȿɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜ-

ʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɨɦ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ, ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɨɲ
ɭ ɟɜɪɨɚɡɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɟɩɚɦɚ. ɉɚɫɢɲɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɨɤɭ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɟ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɦ ʁɭɝɨɡɚɩɚɞɭ. ɉɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɚ, ɭɤɨɪɢʁɟʃɟɧɚ ɢ
ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɢɫɬɨɤɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɚɩɫɨɪɛɭʁɭ
ɧɟɡɜɚɧɟ ɝɨɫɬɟ ɢ ɞɚ, ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɚɛɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɨɝ
ɟɬɨɫɚ ɦɨɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ, ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɧɨɜ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɦɭɫɥɢ-
ɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɧɢɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ – ɞɨ Ʉɢɧɟ, ɂɧɞɢʁɟ
ɢ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɇɨɦɚɞɢ ɢɧɜɨɥɜɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɢɫɬɨɤɚ, ɫ ɜɪɟ-
ɦɟɧɨɦ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ, ɫɚɱɭɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɧɨɝɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɚ ɨɛɢʂɟɠʁɚ, ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ ɭ ɧɨɜɨʁ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɢ. ȵɢɯɨɜɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɢɝɭ-
ɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɨɫʁɟʄɚʁ ɫɭɩɟɪɢɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɚɫɢɦɢɥɚɰɢʁɟ.
Ɂɚɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɫɤɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɱɤɭ ɟɬɢɤɭ. ɇɨɦɚɞɢ ɭ ɫɟɨɛɚɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ
ɞɪɠɚɜɨɬɜɨɪɧɢ ɢ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟʄɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɜɨʁɟɧɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ, ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɡɚɬɟɱɟɧɢɦ
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɫɬɚɞɨɦ.3
ɍɱɜɪɲʄɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ (ɩɪɜɨ ɫɟɥʇɭɱɤɟ, ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ) Ɍɭɪɰɢ
ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɢɥɢ ɢ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɤ ɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞ, ɩɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɏɢɧɞɭɫɬɚɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɝɥɚɜɧɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɧɢɰɢ ɢ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɢ.4
Ⱥɧɚɞɨɥɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɚ ɦɚɬɢɰɚ, ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɭɫɬɨɲɟʃɚ
ɂɪɚɤɚ ɢ ɋɢɪɢʁɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɧɚʁɚɦɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨʁ ɜɨʁɫɰɢ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨ,
Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɬɧɨ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ.5 Ɉɩɪɟɞʁɟʂɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɭɧɢɬɫɤɢ
ɢɫɥɚɦ ɜɚɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚʃɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɢɥɭ. ɇɢɠɢ
ɫɥɨʁɟɜɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɪɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɢ-
ɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢ Ɍɭɪɤɟ, ɚ ɧɟ ɲɢɢɬɫɤɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɟ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɚɧ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɢ ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɫɜɟɬɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ (ʇɢɯɚɞ). ɇɟ
ɫɚɦɨ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ
ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɢɦ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɢɦɚ. Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ
ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɰɢʁɟɥɟ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚ-
ɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɯ ɫɜɨɦ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɭ, ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɢɧɬɟ-
ɝɪɢɫɚɥɨ.6 ɋɭɥɬɚɧ, ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɢɡ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɟ, ɜɪɯɨɜɧɢ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɜɨɻɚ ɢ
2
ȼ. ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1996, 65–66 (ɩɪɜɨ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ 1928).
3
Ⱥ. Ɍɨʁɧɛɢ, ɂɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ 1–2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1971. Ɉɜɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢ
ɪɚɡɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁɧɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɢ. Ɍɨʁɧɛɢʁɟɜɚ ɰɢɤɥɢɱɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ,
ɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɢɯ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɨʄɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ, ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ
ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɥɢɧɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɬɟɥɟɨɥɨɲɤɨɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ. Ɉ ɪɚɧɨʁ ɬɭɪɫɤɨʁ
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ: ȼ. Ⱥ. Ƚɨɪɞɥɟɜɫɤɢɣ, Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɋɭɥɶɞɠɭɤɢɞɨɜ Ɇɚɥɨɣ Ⱥɡɢɢ, Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ 1960.
4
ɏ. ɂɧɚɥʇɢɤ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ. Ʉɥɚɫɢɱɧɨ ɞɨɛɚ (1300–1600), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1974,
14–51; Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, (ed. Ɋ. Ɇɚɧɬɪɚɧ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2002, 38–93.
5
Ƚ. Ɉɫɬɪɨɝɨɪɫɤɢ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1996, 495–512.
6
ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ȼɪɞɚ 1455, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɢ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ
ɡɚɤɨɧ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɟɫɩɨɬ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄ (1402–1427) ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ 1412; ɜ: ɇ. Ɋɚɞɨʁɱɢʄ, Ɂɚɤɨɧ
602
ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɚɰ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɪɨɛ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ɋɜɨʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɟ ɫɚɪɚɞɧɢɤɟ, „ɫɬɭɛɨɜɟ ɐɚɪ-

ɫɬɜɚ”, ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɞɨɜɚ ɛɢɜɲɢɯ ɯɪɢ-
ɲʄɚɧɚ. Ɏɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ
ɪɚɲɢɪɟɧɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ „ɦɢɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ”, ɫɩɚɯɢʁɚ, ɤɨɦɟ
ʁɟ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ɞɨɞʁɟʂɢɜɚɨ ɩɨɫʁɟɞ ɧɚ ɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ, ɩɪɟɜɚɫɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɤ, ɤɨʃɚɧɢɤ.
Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɟɥɨ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɭ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɨ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɭ ɥɨɤɚɥɧɭ
ɚɭɬɨɧɨɦɢʁɭ.7 ȼʁɟɪɫɤɚ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɚ ɫɭɧɢɬɫɤɨɝ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ-
ɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɜɢɞʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɭ ɪɚɧɨʁ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɢ, ɨɫɥɚɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ (ɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɞɨɥɫɤɢɯ) ɫɟʂɚɤɚ.
ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ. Ʌɚɤɭ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɭ
ɤɨʃɢɰɭ ɫɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɚ ɫɚ ɬɢɦɚɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɚ
ɞɨɛɢʁɟɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɭɠɢɜɚʃɟ (ɧɟ ɢ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɨ) ɨɩɪɟɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ.8 ɍ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ, ɭ
ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɟ ɭɥɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɡɧɚɬɚɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɫɩɚɯɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ
ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɰɭ ɩɪɨɜɢɧɰɢʁɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ, ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɫɤɚ ɩʁɟɲɚɞɢʁɚ,
ɪɟɝɪɭɬɨɜɚɧɚ „ɞɚɧɤɨɦ ɭ ɤɪɜɢ” (ɞɟɜɲɢɪɦɚ).9 ɍ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɭ
ɪɚɧɨʁ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɚ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɢ ɟɧɟɪ-
ɝɢɱɧɢ ɩɪɨɡɟɥɢɬɢɡɚɦ, ɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɞɟɪɜɢɲɤɢ ɫɢɧɤɪɟɬɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɟɞɨɜɢ (ɤɚɨ
ɯɟɬɟɪɨɞɨɤɫɧɟ ɛɟɤɬɚɲɢʁɟ, ɛɥɢɫɤɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢɦɚ) ɩɪɨɩɨɜɢʁɟɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢ-
ɡɨɜɚɧɟ ɦɨɧɨɬɟɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ – ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦ – ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ
ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɟɫɚɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨʁ ɢɫɬɢɧɢ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ
ɦɢɫɬɢɱɧɨʁ ɥɢɱɧɨʁ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɫɚ Ȼɨɝɨɦ.10 ɍ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɢʁɢɦ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɢ-
ɦɚ, ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɭ,
ɜɟʄ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ. Ʉɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɧɟɤɚɤɜɚ ɜɟɡɚ
ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɬ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɯɪɢ-
ɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ ɜɚɫɩɢɬɚʃɟ, ɧɟ ɦɢʁɟʃɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɭɬ ɬɪɚɝɚʃɚ ɡɚ Ȼɨɝɨɦ ɢ ɂɫɬɢɧɨɦ. Ⱦɭɝɨ-
ɪɨɱɧɨ, ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɬɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭɫɤɨ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɰɟɫ – ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨ-ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ, ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɢ-
ɤɨɜɚɨ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɢ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ,
ɭɦʁɟɬɧɢɱɤɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɚɲɬɜɨ ɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʂɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɭ ɢ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ. ɍ ɤɪɚʁ-
ʃɨʁ ɥɢɧɢʁɢ, ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɢɫɚɥɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɫɬ; ɭ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɨʁ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɪɚɡɧɨɥɢɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.
ɂɫɥɚɦ ʁɟ „ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ” (din wa dawla), ɩɨɞʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɨ ɞɭ-
ɨ ɪɭɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɚ ɋɬɟɮɚɧɚ Ʌɚɡɚɪɟɜɢʄɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962; ɨ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟ-

ɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɞɚɜɫɬɜɨ: Ɇ. Ȼɟɝɨɜɢʄ, Ɍɪɚɝɨɜɢ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ
ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫ 3, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1952.
7
Ⱦɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ: Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɍɥɨɝɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ
Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ: ɂɫɥɚɦ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ (XIV–XX ɜɟɤ), Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1997, 15–55.
8
ɏ. ɂɧɚɥʇɢɤ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 147–168.
9
G. Goodwin, The Janissaries, London 2006 (ɟɥ. ɢɡɞɚʃɟ).
10
Dž. ûehajiü, Derviški redovi u jugoslovenskim zemljama, Sarajevo 1986, 156–185.
603
ɯɨɜɧɢɦ ɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɨɜɧɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɨɦ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɚɫɬɜɟ.11 ȼɟɥɢɤɚ ɩɨɛɭɧɚ ɲɢɢɬɫɤɢɯ

ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ XVI ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɤɨɢɧɰɢɞɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ʁɚɱɚʃɟɦ ɩɟɪɫɢʁɫɤɟ
ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɞɢɧɚɫɬɢʁɨɦ ɋɚɮɚɜɢɞɚ (1501–1736), ɫɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ
ɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɟ 1514–1639. ɢ 1722–1746. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɍɩɨɪɟɞɨ
ɫɚ ɨɜɢɦ ɪɚɡɞɨɪɨɦ ʁɚɱɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɚ (ɚ ɬɢɦɟ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɚ) ɧɟɬɨ-
ɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɦɚ.12 ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɬɪɢʁɭɦɮɨɜɚɨ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢ ɮɚɧɚɬɢ-
ɡɚɦ.13 ɍɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ, ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɢ ɤɥɚɫɭ ɧɟɦɢɥɨɫɪɞ-
ɧɢɯ, „ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɤɨɪɢʁɟʃɟɧɢɯ” ʂɭɞɢ, ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢɯ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɻɭ ɪɟɥɢɝɢɨɡɧɟ ɝɪɚ-
ɧɢɰɟ, ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɦɨʄɢ. Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɪɚɞɨ ɞɨɱɟɤɚɥɚ, ɩɨɧɭɞɢɜɲɢ ɢɦ ɢɫɬɚɤ-
ɧɭɬɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɜɨʁɫɰɢ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ ɭɩɪɚɜɢ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ
ɲɩɚɧɫɤɢɦ ȳɟɜɪɟʁɢɦɚ14, ɤɚɞ ɫɭ ɭɜɢɞʁɟɥɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɚ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɢ. ɍɫɩɨɧ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ, ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɛʁɟɞɟ, ɛɨɝɚɬ ɪɚɬɧɢ ɩɥɢʁɟɧ,
ɟɝɡɨɬɢɤɚ, ɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɟ ɚɜɚɧɬɭɪɢɫɬɟ ɢ ɪɟɧɟɝɚɬɟ ɢɡ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ
ɡɟɦɚʂɚ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢɦɚ, ɭ ɞɜɚ
„ɜɢʂɭɲɤɚɫɬɚ” ɤɪɚɤɚ: ɚ) ɩɪɟɤɨ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ, ɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢ Ⱦɭɧɚɜ ɢ ɭɡ ɐɪɧɨ ɦɨɪɟ;
ɛ) ɤɪɨɡ ɫɪɟɞɨɡɟɦɧɢ ɛɚɫɟɧ, ɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢɦɚ.15 ɂ ɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɢ ɧɚ ɭɝɚɪ-
ɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɩɨɧɟɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɢ ɫɟʂɚɰɢ ɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɢɦɚ ɜɢɞʁɟɥɢ
ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨɰɟ.16 ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞɚ 1521, ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɭɬɟɜɢ ɩɪɟ-
ɦɚ Ȼɟɱɭ ɢ Ɍɪɚɧɫɢɥɜɚɧɢʁɢ. ɉɨɛʁɟɞɚ ɧɚ Ɇɨɯɚɱɭ 1526. ɧɚɞ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɝɚɪ-
11
ɇɟɤɢ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɚɪɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɤ ɫɬɚɜ ɢɦɚɦɚ ɏɚɫɚɧɚ ɟɥ Ȼɟɧɟ (1906–
1949), ɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ Ɇɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɛɪɚʄɚ – ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɜʁɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧ ɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ – ɭɧɢɨ ɩɪɟɨɤɪɟɬ ɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɭ ɦɢɫɚɨ. Ⱦɨ ɬɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɫɜɨɞɢɨ ɧɚ ɢɛɚɞɟɬ ɢ
ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ. ɇɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟ ɛɥɢɫɤɚ ɫɭ ɯɬɢʁɟʃɢɦɚ „ɞɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɢɦɚ ɨɞɧɨɫ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜʁɟɪɢ
ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ”. ɜ: A. Dž. Emin, Sveobuhvatnost islama, Novi Pazar 2002. ɂɩɚɤ, ɤɨ
ɧɚɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɨɛɪɟɞɟ, ɧɚɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ; „ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɧɟ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚ.”
12
ɂɡ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɧɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ, ɩɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɦɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ
ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ, ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚɦ: Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɢ
ɢɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚ ɢɫɥɹɦɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɢɬɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɢɬɟ (XVI–XIX ɜɟɤ), ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪɢ: ɂ. Ʉɚ-
ɥɢɰɢɧ, Ⱥ. ȼɟɥɤɨɜ, ȿ. Ɋɚɞɭɲɟɜ; ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢ ɪɟɞɚɤɬɨɪ: ɋ. Ⱦɢɦɢɬɪɨɜ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1990; Ⱥ. ɀɟ-
ɥɹɡɤɨɜɚ, Ɋɚɡɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɥɹɦɚ ɜ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɬɟ ɡɟɦɢ ɩɨɞ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ
ɏV–ɏVIII ɜɟɤ, ɋɨɮɢɹ 1990; Ɇ. ȼɚɫɢʄ, ɂɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɭ, ɂɡɚ-
ɛɪɚɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ 1, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɨ 2005.
13
ɏ. ɂɧɚɥʇɢɤ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 254–263.
14
ȳ. Ɍɚɞɢʄ, ɒɩɚɧɢʁɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɭ XVI ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1932.
15
Ɉ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɢ, ɬɚɤɬɢɰɢ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɭ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ, ɜ.: H. Inalcik, Ottoman Met-
hods of Conquest, Studia islamica 2, Paris 1954, 103–129.
16
ɉɨɫʂɟɞʃɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢ ɤɪɚʂ ɋɬɟɮɚɧ Ɍɨɦɚɲɟɜɢʄ (1461–1463) ʁɚɞɚɨ ɫɟ ɩɚɩɢ ɉɢ-
ʁɭ II (1458–1464) ɞɚ ɫɭ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɩɨɞɚɧɢɰɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɭ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭɤɨɥɢɤɨ
ɤɪɚʂ ɧɟ ɞɨɛɢʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ: „ɉɨɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɫɟ ʂɭɛɚɡɧɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɟʂɚɰɢɦɚ; ɨɛɟʄɚ-
ɜɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ... ɛɢɬɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɤ ʃɢɦɚ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ... Ʌɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɪɨɞ ... ɨɞ
ɦɟɧɟ ɨɬɩɚɫɬɢ, ɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɬɜɨʁɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɨʁɚɱɚɧ”. ɜ: V. Klaiü, Povijest Bosne do
propasti kraljevstva, Zagreb 1882, 323.
604
ɫɤɨɦ ɜɨʁɫɤɨɦ, ɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɱɤɢ ɭɫɩʁɟɯ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɚ ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧɚ (1520–

1566).17 ɍ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ, ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ 1529–1683, ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɥɢɝɥɨɬɫɤɚ
ɚɪɦɢʁɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɡɚɭɡɦɟ Ȼɟɱ. Ɍɢ ʁɭɪɢɲɢ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɫɚɥɢ
ɭ „ɫɟɪɢʁɭ ɦɪɚɱɧɢɯ, ɛɟɡɨɛɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɨɞɥɭɱɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ”. Ⱦɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ
XVII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɭ ɚɝɨɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɝɨɜɚɰɚ ɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧ-
ɥɢʁɚ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɰ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɞɜɢʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɤɪɨɡ ɋɪɟɞɨɡɟɦʂɟ. ɋɚ ɨɫ-
ɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ, ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɚɪɫɟɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɡɚɥɢɯɚ ɞɪɜɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɻɟ ɭ Ƚɪɱɤɨʁ ɢ ɧɚ
ɐɪɧɨɦ ɦɨɪɭ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɢɥɢ ɮɥɨɬɭ, ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ
ɩɨɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɋɪɟɞɨɡɟɦʂɟ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɡɚɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɢɥɢ Ɋɨɞɨɫɨɦ
(1522) ɢ ɩɨɦʁɟɪɢɥɢ ɜɢɬɟɡɨɜɟ ɂɜɚɧɨɜɚɰɟ ɧɚ Ɇɚɥɬɭ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɥɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɥɟ
ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɭ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ. ɍɥɨɝɚ Ɇɚɥɬɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɧɨɦ
ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ Ȼɟɱ ɢɦɚɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɭ. ɉɨɛʁɟɞɚ ɧɚɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɮɥɨɬɨɦ ɤɨɞ Ʌɟɩɚɧɬɚ 1571.
ɜɪɚɬɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɭ, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜ-
ɧɨɦ ɫɭɤɨɛʂɚɜɚɥɟ ɨɤɨ ɨɛɚɥɚ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɟ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. Ⱥɥɠɢɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɲɤɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɒɩɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ
ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ.
Ɇɨɧɨɩɨɥɢɫɬ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɨʂɭ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɢɤ ɭ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɨɥɨɜɚ ɢɡ Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢ-
ʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɭ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɭɜɨɡɧɢɤ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ ɬɟɤɫɬɢɥɚ ɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ –
Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ – ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɚɡɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ. ɇɚ-
ɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ ȭɟɧɨɜɟ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɩɭɧɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɭ ɩɪɚ-
ɡɧɢɧɭ. ȵɢɯɨɜɢ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɢ ɤɪɫɬɚɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ, Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɢʁɟ,
Ɍɪɢɩɨɥɢʁɚ, Ȼɟʁɪɭɬɚ, ɋɨɥɭɧɚ, Ⱥɧɤɨɧɟ. ɍ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɫɚ Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɨɦ ɪɟ-
ɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɦ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɱɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɯ ɩɨɜɟɡɧɢɰɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɚ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ.18 Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɩɪɨɞɢɪɚʃɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɢɞʂɢɜɟ ɬɪɚɝɨɜɟ ɭ ɢɫ-
ɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɒɩɚɧɢʁɟ. ɐɢʁɟɥɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɭ ɛɨɪ-
ɛɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɯɨɞɚ. ȼɨʁɫɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɦ
ɩɨɪɟɡɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɲɩɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɮɟɪɦɟɧɬ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɟ-
ʃɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ, ɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɢ, ɒɩɚɧɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɛɨɝɚɬɢʁɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ-
ɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ, ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ „ɫɬɟɪɢɥɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɩɟɪɢɬɟɬɭ, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦ
ɧɚ ɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ” ɭ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɦ ɜɪɯɭ. Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɨɯɨɞɢ ɩɪɨ-
ɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ ɩɪɨɝɭɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ, ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɢ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɟ, ɚ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜ-
ɧɢ ɭɱɢɧɚɤ ɧɚ ɲɩɚɧɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɜɢɞʁɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɬɟɤ ɭ XVIII ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɪɠ-
ɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɥɚɛʂɟɧɚ ɢ ɞɟɡɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɫɚɧɚ.19
17
Paul Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europɟ, 132.
18
ɂɜɚɧ Ȼɨɠɢʄ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɭ XIV ɢ XV ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1952; Ɍɨɦɚ ɉɨɩɨ-
ɜɢʄ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɭ XVI ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1973; Ɋɚɞɨɜɚɧ ɋɚɦɚɪʇɢʄ, ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɜɟɤ Ⱦɭɛ-
ɪɨɜɧɢɤɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1962; ȼɭɤ ȼɢɧɚɜɟɪ, Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɭ XVIII ɜɟɤɭ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1960.
19
F. Brodel, Mediteran i mediteranski svet u doba Filipa II, 1–2, Beograd 2001; P.
Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe, 137–139; ȳ. Ɍɚɞɢʄ, ɒɩɚɧɢʁɚ ɢ Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɧɢɤ ɭ XVI ɜɟɤɭ.
605
ɂɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɨ ɤɨɩɧɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɨ ʁɟ „ɧɚʁɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɢʁɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ” ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ

ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫɚ Ʌɟɜɚɧɬɨɦ. ɇɚɩɭʂ, ɋɢɰɢɥɢʁɚ, ȭɟɧɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɢɥɚɧɨ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ XVI
ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɢɨ ɲɩɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ. ȭɟɧɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ
ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɟɪ ɲɩɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɫɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɨɦ. ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ ɢ ȭɟɧɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɫɭ
ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɢ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ.
Ʉɨɪɢɫɬ ɨɞ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɭɠɟ ɦɥɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ
ɝɪɚɞ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɨ (1509 – 115.000 ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ; 1563 –
168.000). Ɇɥɟɬɚɱɤɚ ɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫ Ɍɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɢɥɚ ɧɚ
ɞɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɢɫɟ: ɮɨɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɤʂɭɱɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɢɦɚ ɢ – ɭ
ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɛɢɬɤɚɦɚ – ɞɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɬɤɢɦ ɢ ɛɪɡɢɦ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚɦɚ, ɢɡ
ɤɨʁɢɯ ɛɢ ɨɧɞɚ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɭɱɟ ɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ.20
ȼɢɲɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɚɰɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɧɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ. ɉɨɤɪɟɬɧɚ ɥɚ-
ɤɚ ɤɨʃɢɰɚ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢɦɚ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ. ɍ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɪɚ-
ɫɥɚ ɬɟɲɤɚ ʃɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɤɨʃɢɰɚ, ɚɥɢ ʄɟ ʁɨʁ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬʂɢɜɨɫɬ ɨɞɭɡɢɦɚɬɢ
ɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɬɢɜɭ. ɇɢʁɟ ɦɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɜɚɠɧɚ ɧɟɫɥɨɝɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ21. ȳɨɲ ʁɟ
Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ Ɉɫɜɚʁɚɱ (1451–1481) Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɤɚɨ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɭ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢ-
ʁɭ, ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɤɨɦ Ɋɢɦɫɤɟ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ: „ɋɜɟɬɫɤɚ
ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ, ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɨɦ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɢɦ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɦ. ɇɟɦɚ ɩɨɞɟ-
ɫɧɢʁɟɝ ɦɟɫɬɚ ɨɞ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ ɝɞɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɢɥɨ ɬɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɨ”.22 Ʉɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɧɚɝɨɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚɨ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧɨɜɨ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɬɟ-
ɲɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢɥɢ ɜɢɡɢʁɭ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ
ɋɟɪɝɟʁɚ ɋɚɡɨɧɨɜɚ (1911–1916), ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪ ɦɨɪɟɭɡâ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɧɚ
ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ
ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɚɩɢɬɭɥɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɞɨɛɢʁɚɥɟ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɫɚ Ɍɭɪ-
ɫɤɨɦ, ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɚɫɯɨɞɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɦɢɥɨɫɬɢ. ɍ
ɡɚɩɢɫɭ ɢɡ 1538. ɫɭɥɬɚɧ ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɦɨʄ: „ɍ Ȼɚɝɞɚɞɭ ɫɚɦ ɲɚɯ,
ɭ ȼɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɢ ɰɚɪ, ɭ ȿɝɢɩɬɭ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ; ɲɚʂɟɦ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɦɨɪɚ, ɭ
Ɇɚɝɪɢɛ ɢ ɂɧɞɢʁɭ. ɋɭɥɬɚɧ ɫɚɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɤɪɭɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɬɨ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ, ɚ
ʃɟɧɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɟ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɨ ɭ ɩɨɧɢɡɧɟ ɪɨɛɨɜɟ...”23
ȿȼɊɈɉȺ ɂ ɋɌȺȽɇȺɐɂȳȺ ɆɈȶɂ ɈɋɆȺɇɋɄɈȽ ɐȺɊɋɌȼȺ
ɉɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɤɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ (1541), Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɥɚ

ɧɚ ɪɚɫɬɪɟɫɟɧɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɪɚɡɛɢʁɟɧɚ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢɦɚ
20
P. Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe, 108; F. Brodel, Mediteran i mediteran-
ski svet u doba Filipa II.
21
ɇɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɭ ɧɟɫɥɨɝɭ ɠɚɥɢɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɩɚɩɚ ɉɢʁɟ II, ɢɫɬɢɱɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɦɚɥɭ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ
Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɥɚɤɨ ɩɨɪɚɡɢɬɢ, ɞɨɤ ʄɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɛɪɡɨ ɞɨʄɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɢʁɭ. ɩɪɟɦɚ: P. Coles, The Otto-
man Impact on Europe, 128.
22
Ɏ. Ȼɚɛɢɧɝɟɪ, Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ Ɉɫɜɚʁɚɱ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ ɞɨɛɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010.
23
ɏ. ɂɧɚɥʇɢɤ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, 59.
606
ɢ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢ ɢɡɦɢʁɟɲɚɧɚ, ɬɟ ʁɟ ɫ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ. ɉɪɟɞ

Ȼɟɱɨɦ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɥɢ ɫɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭɤɨɪɢʁɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨɦ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ.
ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɚ ɚɪɦɢʁɚ, ɢɡɝɪɚɻɢɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ɪɚɬɢɲɬɢɦɚ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɪɚɫɥɨɦ, ɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɩɟɪɢɨɪɧɨɦ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɭ ɜɨʁɫɤɭ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɬɚɤɬɢɱɤɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɚ ʁɟʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɭɪ-
ɫɤɢɯ ʁɭɪɢɲɚ ɧɚ Ȼɟɱ: ɨɞ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɦɚɪɲɢɪɚɥɚ
ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɬɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ. ȼɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɞɨ
ɤɪɚʁɚ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ, ɩɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɍɝɚɪɫɤɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ „ɢɫɰɪɩʂɭʁɭʄɭ ɬɚɱɤɭ”.
ɋɢɫɬɟɦ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ, ɫɬɜɚɪɚɧ ɨɞ 1530, ɩɪɜɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɪɢɨ, ɚ
ɩɨɬɨɦ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ. Ȼɪɨɞɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɐɚɪɢ-
ɝɪɚɞɚ ɞɨ ȼɟɧɟɰɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɨɜɚɥɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɦʁɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ. Ʉɚɤɨ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɭ,
ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɨʂɟʄɚ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ʁɟɫɟɧɢ.
ɉɨɱɟɰɢ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɞɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɢ – ɫʂɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɨ –
„ɧɟɫɚɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɨɝ” ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɚ ɫɦɢɪɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɪɚ-
ɧɢʁɢɦ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɜɢɦɚ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɚ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɩɨɤɪɟ-
ɧɭɬɢɯ ɪɚɫɤɨɥɨɦ ɭ ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɨʁ ɰɪɤɜɢ ɭ XVI ɜɢʁɟɤɭ, ɏɚɛɡɛɭɪɝɨɜɰɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ
ɜɢɲɟ ɚɧɝɚɠɨɜɚɥɢ ɭ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. Ɍɟɲɤɢ ɢ ɪɚɡɚɪɚʁɭʄɢ Ɍɪɢɞɟɫɟ-
ɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɪɚɬ (1618–1648) ɨɞɜɢʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢɦ
ɩɪɟɜɢɪɚʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨʁ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ.24 Ɉɞ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɟ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ Ȼɟɱɚ 1683, ɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɧɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɚ Ȼɟɱɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ 1699, Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɧɚɡɚɞɨɜɚɬɢ ɢ „ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɚ
ɞɟɛɚɬɚ” ɨ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ʃɟ ɥɚɝɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ – ɩɢɬɚʃɟ
ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɢɨɛɟ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɟɜ-
ɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɢɰɟ.25 Ɋɚɫɬɭʄɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ, ɫɬɢɦɭɥɢɫɚɧ ɩɨɜɟ-
ʄɚʃɟɦ ɥɭɤɫɭɡɚ ɢ ʁɚɱɚʃɟɦ ɜɢɲɢɯ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ, ɭɪɭɲɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɧɭɬɪɚ-
ɲʃɭ ɤɨɯɟɡɢʁɭ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɉɨɛɭɧɟ ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɚ
ɩɨʁɚɜɚ, ɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɫɚɛʂɚ ɫʁɟɤɥɚ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɟ ɢ „ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢɦɚ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ”. ȼɪɢʁɟɦɟ
ɨɞ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ Ʉɢɩɚɪɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ 1570. ɞɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ Ʉɚɧɞɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ 1645, ɩɨɨ-
ɞɚɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɨ „ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɦɭɬʃɟ”, ɩɨ ɭɡɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚ-
ɥɨ, ɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɧɨ – ɪɭɫɤɨ. ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɞɟɝɟɧɟɪɢɫɚɨ ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɫɢɫ-
ɬɟɦ, ɝɭɛɟʄɢ ɪɚɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɥɟɬ. ɋɭɥɬɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɢɰɢ ɯɚɪɟɦɚ ɢ ɭɠɢ-
ɜɚʃɚ. ɇɟɤɢ ɫɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɨʂɟɥɢ „ɮɥɚɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɨʁɟɜɟ”, ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɢɥɢ ɜɨʁ-
ɧɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ, ɚ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɨɞɜɚɠɢɥɢ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɪɢɬɭɚɥ. ɋɩɚ-
ɯɢʁɢ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɩɨɯɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɦɩɟɪɚɬɢɜ, ɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢ ɫɚ ɬɢɦɚɪɚ ɪɢ-
ʁɟɬɤɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɞɚ ɝɚ ɨɩɪɟɦɟ ɡɚ ɜɨʁɧɭ. ȼɨʁɧɢɱɤɢ ɨɩɨɪɚɜɚɤ, ɜɢɞ-
ʂɢɜ ɭ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɨʂɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɍɤɪɚʁɢɧɢ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧ ɢ ɤɪɚɬ-
ɤɨɬɪɚʁɚɧ. Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɛʁɟɞɭ ɧɨɜɱɚɧɟ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɢʁɟ.
ɉɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɩɫɢɯɨɥɨɝɢʁɭ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɟ ɤɥɚɫɟ. ɇɚɫʂɟɞɧɚ ɡɟɦʂɨ-
ɩɨɫʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɚ ɤɥɚɫɚ ɛɨɪɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɢ
24
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɟd. Ɋɨɛɟɪ Ɇɚɧɬɪɚɧ), 273–283.
25
ȼɚɫɢʂ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ.
607
ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɟ ɦɨɧɚɪɯɢʁɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɱɢɧɨɜɧɢɤɟ. ɍ

ɭɡɚɥɭɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɪɚɧɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ,
ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɚɡ ɢɡ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɢ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫ. ɇɟɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦʁɟ-
ɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɨɞɪɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɭ ɜɨʁɫɰɢ. Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʉɚɪɥɨ-
ɜɚɱɤɢ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪ 1699. ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɥɨɦɧɭ ɬɚɱɤɭ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ
ɛɢɥɚɧɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ.26
ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɢɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ „ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɩɨɞɟɥɟ ɦɨʄɢ ɢ
ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɨɧɫɨɥɢɞɨɜɚɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɢ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɡɚɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɞ 1683. ɞɨ
1923”.27 Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɭɫɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɨʁ
ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɭɡɞɢɡɚʃɚ, ʁɨɲ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ
ɫɟ ɫɭɤɨɛʂɚɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɧɚɡɚɞɨɜɚʃɚ.
ȼɟɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɢɪɚ-
ɥɨ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɩɥɢɬɚʃɟɦ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɯ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ. Ⱦɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪ-
ɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢ ɭ „ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ”, ɭɜɢɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɇɚɩɨɥɟɨɧ ɩɨɱɟɬ-
ɤɨɦ XIX ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɚ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞʃɚɱɢɥɚ ɭ
ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɡɛɢʁɟ ɪɭɫɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ.
Ʉɪɢɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ (1854–1856) ɨɡɧɚɱɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɚʁ ɟɪɟ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ.
ɉɨɪɚɠɟɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ, Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɥɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ. Ɂɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɜɲɢ
ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɉɚɪɢɡɭ 1856, Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ 1871. ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɚɤɬɟɪ
ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ. Ɍɪɨʁɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɡ ɰɚɪɟɜɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ, ɉɪɭɫɤɟ ɢ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ʁɟ
Ȼɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ 1878. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. Ɂɚɨɲɬɪɚɜɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɭ ɤɨɥɨ-
ɧɢʁɚ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɛɥɨɤɨɜɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɜɨ-
ɞɢɬɢ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ. ɍ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɢ ɛɚɥɤɚɧ-
ɫɤɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢ.28 Ⱥɥɛɟɪ ɋɨɪɟɥ ɩɪɨɪɨɱɤɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ
ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟɦ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɧɟɢɡɛʁɟɠɧɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ Ⱥɭɫɬɪɢ-
ʁɟ29, ɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪ ɀɚɤ Ⱥɧɫɟɥ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ɩɢ-
ɬɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ.
Ɉɩɲɬɢ ɭɱɢɧɚɤ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɤ. Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ
ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɢɡɚɧɬɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɧɢɰɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɥɢ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ
ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɐɚɪɢɝɪɚɞɚ, ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢʁɟɥɢ ɩɨʁɚɜɢ
ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɟ ɪɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɬɭɪɫɤɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ. Ɂɚɬɜɨɪɟɧ ʁɟ „ɩɭɬ ɫɜɢɥɟ” – ɫɬɚɪɢ
26
ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɟd. Ɋɨɛɟɪ Ɇɚɧɬɪɚɧ), 545–631.
27
Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɤʃɢɝɟ ȼɚɫɢʂɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1996, 26.
28
Ɉ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɢɦɚ, Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɋɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ
1790–1918, 1–2, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1989.
29
Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɉɪɟɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɬɪɟʄɟɦ ɢɡɞɚʃɭ ɤʃɢɝɟ ȼɚɫɢʂɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄɚ, ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨ
ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, 19–20.
608
ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɢ ɩɭɬ, ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɦɢɪɨɻɢʁɟ ɫɚ ɂɫɬɨɤɚ ɞɨɩɪɟɦɚɧɟ ɭ

ȿɜɪɨɩɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɛɪɡɚɥɨ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɨɤɨ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ. Ɂɚɬɜɚɪɚ-
ʃɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɭɬɟɜɚ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɥɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɬɪɚ-
ɠɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɢɡɥɚɡɟ. ɍ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɧɚɡɚɞɨɜɚʃɚ, Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɭɫɩ-
ʁɟɲɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɩɢɪɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ, ɩɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɢ
ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ. ɍ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɭ ɧɟɪɚɡɜɢʁɟɧɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɤɟ, ɭ
ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ „ɫɩɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɞɦɢɰɚɥɨ” ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɞɪɭ-
ɲɬɜɚ, „ɢɫɥɚɦ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ”. ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɬɟ
ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ ɭ XIX ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟ „ɧɚʁɞɭɠɢ ɜɟɤ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɟ”.30 ɉɪɨɰɟɫ
ɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɫɚ ʃɟ-
ɝɨɜɨɦ ɪɟɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ, ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɨɦ ɭ ɫɚɞɚɲʃɨɫɬɢ.
ȿȼɊɈɉɋɄɈ ɂ ɈɋɆȺɇɋɄɈ (ɌɍɊɋɄɈ) ɄȺɈ ȺɇɌɂɉɈȾɂ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ ɫɚɜ-

ɪɟɦɟɧɢɯ ȿɜɪɨɩʂɚɧɚ ɨ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ. ɋɜɢʁɟɫɬ ʁɟ ɜɚɪɢɪɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɨ
ɡɟɦʂɟ ɢ ɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɟ ɞɨ ɤɥɚɫɟ. Ɇɚɪɬɢɧ Ʌɭɬɟɪ ʁɟ ɭ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ ɜɢɞɢɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟʃɟ
„ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɭɠɚɫɚ”, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɫɜɟɬɢ ȳɨɜɚɧ ɧɚʁɚɜɢɨ, ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɫɟʂɚɲɬɜɨ ȵɟɦɚɱɤɟ
ɢ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ, ɛɢɥɨ ɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɯɭ ɨɞ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ.31 ɍ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ
ɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨɦ 26. ɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 1459, ɩɚɩɚ ɉɢʁɟ II (1458–1464) ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ʁɟ
ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ „ɜɚɪɜɚɪɢ ... ɭɦɪʂɚɥɢ ȳɭɫɬɢɧɢʁɚɧɨɜɨ ɭɡɜɢɲɟɧɨ ɡɞɚʃɟ Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɨɜɨɦ
ɨɞɜɪɚɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɠɛɨɦ...”32 ɉɨɪɟɞ ɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚ, ɦɟɻɭ ɩɢɫɰɢɦɚ ɚɧɬɢɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ
ɩɚɦɮɥɟɬɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢɯ ɢɦɟɧɚ. ȵɢɯɨɜɚ ɩɨɥɚɡɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ
ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɩɪɨɞɨɪɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɨʂɫɤɢ ɢ ɯɚɛ-
ɡɛɭɪɲɤɢ ɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɫɬɢ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɜɟʄ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʌoɞɨɜɢɤɨ Ⱥɪɢɨɫɬɨ ɢ Ɍɨɪ-
ɤɜɚɬɨ Ɍɚɫɨ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢ „ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ
ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɭ ɨɛɥɚɫɬ”. ɂɡɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɧɨɝ ɠɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɧɚɡɢɪɚɥɨ
ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚʃɟ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɂɩɚɤ, ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɢɧɬɟ-
ɪɟɫɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɚ, ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ
ɩɚɧɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ, ɩɚɩɚ ɉɢ-
ʁɟ II ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ „ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɡɧɚɬɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɥɚɬɟ ɨɪɭɠ-
30
Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, Ⱦɭɝɨ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɤɥɚʃɚ ɢ ɨɪɚʃɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2010, 7 (ɰɢɬɢɪɚ
ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɚ ɂɥɛɟɪɚ Ɉɪɬɚʁɥɢʁɚ ɨ ɧɚʁɞɭɠɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ).
31
Ž. Delimo, Greh i strah. Stvaranje oseüanja krivice na Zapadu od XIV do XVIII
veka I, Novi Sad 1986, 174–175. Ʌɭɬɟɪ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɨ ɞɚ „ɢɡɜɚɧɪɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɞʁɟɥɚ” Ⱥɧɬɢɯɪɢ-
ɫɬɨɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɟ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ. ɋɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɤɨɦ Ⱥɧɬɢɯɪɢɫɬɚ, ɱɢʁɢ
ʁɟ ɞɭɯ ɩɚɩɚ, ɚ ɬɢʁɟɥɨ „Ɍɭɪɱɢɧ”, ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɩɪɜɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɦɭɱɢ ɐɪɤɜɭ Ȼɨɠʁɭ „ɞɭɯɨɜɧɨ”,
ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ „ɬʁɟɥɟɫɧɨ”. ɜ: ɢɫɬɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ: ɋɬɪɚɯ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ ɨɞ XIV ɞɨ XVIII ɜɟɤɚ: ɨɩɫɟɞɧɭɬɢ
ɝɪɚɞ, ɋɪɟɦɫɤɢ Ʉɚɪɥɨɜɰɢ – ɇɨɜɢ ɋɚɞ 2003.
32
Ɏ. Ȼɚɛɢɧɝɟɪ, Ɇɟɯɦɟɞ Ɉɫɜɚʁɚɱ, 156.
609
ʁɚ ɢ ɛɢʁɭ ɤɪɜɚɜɟ ɛɢɬɤɟ; ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ɍɭɪɚɤɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɜɪɟɻɚʁɭ ɧɚɲɟɝ ɛɨɝɚ, ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʁɭ
ɧɚɲɟ ɰɪɤɜɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɠɟɥɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɭɧɢɲɬɟ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨ ɢɦɟ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɢɯ
ɧɢɤɨ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɢɝɧɟ ɪɭɤɭ”.33 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɢɫɰɢ (ɇɢɤɨɥɨ Ɇɚɤɢʁɚɜɟɥɢ, ɉɚɨɥɨ
ȭɨɜɢɨ, ɀɚɧ Ȼɨɞɟɧ) ɭɨɱɚɜɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ,
ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɠɟʂɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɨɦ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɩɨɞɫɬɚɤɧɭ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɟ ɭ ɫɨɩ-
ɫɬɜɟɧɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ. Ɉɞ 1480. ɞɨ 1609. ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɨ ɨɤɨ 80 ɤʃɢɝɚ ɨ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ, ɧɚɩɪɟɦɚ 40 ɨ ɧɨɜɨɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɢɦ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚɦɚ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦʁɟ-
ɪɢɥɨ ʁɚɜɧɢɯ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɨ ɨɜɢɦ ɬɟɦɚɦɚ.34 ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ, ɩɪɨɧɢɰʂɢɜɢ ɢ
ɭɦʁɟɲɧɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɨɰɢ ɢ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚɱɢ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ
ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɢ ʁɟɡɢɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ.
ɍ ɜɢɡɢɨɧɚɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɟɦɢ Locksley Hall (1842), ɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɢ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤ Ⱥɥɮɪɟɞ
Ɍɟɧɢɫɨɧ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɭɜɪɢʁɟɠɟɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɢɦɚ
ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ. ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ʁɟ ɰɟɧɬɚɪ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢɯ ɡɛɢɜɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɚ
ɫɟ ɛɪɡɨ ɨɞɜɢʁɚʁɭ. Ɍɟɧɢɫɨɧɨɜɚ ɜɢɡɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɥɨɲɤɢ
ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɛɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɨ ɪɟʄɢ, ɨɩɲɬɟ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨʁ ɦɢɫɥɢ XIX, ɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɢ XX
ɜɢʁɟɤɚ35. Ɂɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɦɢɫɚɨ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ (ɚ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢ
ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ʃɟɝɚ) ɞɢɨ ʁɟ „ɧɟɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ” ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ, ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɧ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɡɨɩɲɬɢɬɢ
ɢɡ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɧɢʁɟɞɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ „ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ”
ɧɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɥɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɨ.
Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɞ ɤɚɫɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɢɧɬɟ-
ɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɚ ɧɟɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ.36 ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ Ɉɪɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ
ɤɚɨ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɦɚ. ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ
33
ɂɫɬɨ.
34
P. Coles, The Ottoman Impact on Europe, 148–149. Ʉɚɨ ɤɭɪɢɨɡɢɬɟɬ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɨ
ɞɚ ʁɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢ „ɩɪɢɧɰ ɩʁɟɫɧɢɤɚ” ɉʁɟɪ ɞɟ Ɋɨɧɫɚɪ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɭ
ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ ɩɪɟɫɟɥɟ ɭ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɭ, ɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɪɟɩɭɫɬɢ Ɍɭɪɰɢɦɚ.
35
ɂɥɭɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɢɡ ɟɧɰɢɤɥɢɤɟ Immortale Dei (1885). ɉɚɩɚ Ʌɚɜ XIII ɱɟɫ-
ɬɢɬɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ „ɭʂɭɞɢɥɚ ɜɚɪɜɚɪɫɤɟ ɧɚɪɨɞɟ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɥɚ ɢɯ ɢɡ ɞɢɜʂɚɲɬɜɚ ɭ
ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ” ɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ „ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɤ ɢ ɭɱɢɬɟʂ ɧɚɪɨɞâ” ɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɟɫɭ ɢ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ. ɉɪɟɦɚ
ɟɧɰɢɤɥɢɰɢ, ɨɜɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɧɭʄɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ȿɜɪɨɩʂɚɧɢ
ɞɪɠɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɟ ɜʁɟɪɟ, ɲɬɨ, ɧɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɚ; ɜ. ɬɟɤɫɬ ȿɧɰɢɤɥɢɤɟ ɧɚ
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_01111885-
_immortale-dei_en.html (ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ: 27. ɦɚʁ 2013). ɉɢɲɭʄɢ ɩɨɥɚ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ, Ɍɟɧɢɫɨɧ ʁɟ
ɢɦɚɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢʁɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ ɫɭɩɪɟɦɚɰɢʁɭ – „ɭ ɩɚɪɨɛɪɨɞɭ, ɠɟʂɟɡɧɢɰɢ, ɭ
ɭɱɟʃɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɭɡɞɪɦɚɥɚ ɱɨɜʁɟɱɚɧɫɬɜɨ”, ɜ: A. L. Tennyson, Locksley Hall, ɭ: „The Norton
Anthology of English Literature”, New York – London 1993, 1073.
36
Ɉ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚɦɚ ɫɚɝɥɟɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ „Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ”, ɜ.
ɟɫɟʁ Ȼ. Ʌɭɢɫɚ, ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɜɨɞɟʄɢɯ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢ ɫɜɢʁɟɬ: B. Lewis, Other
People’s History, ɭ: „Islam and the West”, Oxford University Press, New York – Oxford
1993, 119–130 (ɩɪɟɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɚɜɚʃɟ Ȼ. Ʌɭɢɫɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ „Znakovi
vremena” 2–3, Sarajevo 1998, 2–13, ɩɨɞ ɧɚɫɥɨɜɨɦ Povijest drugih naroda).
610
ɞɭɝɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɫɬɧɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨʁ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɢ ɨɛɢʂɟɠɟɧɚ ʁɟ

ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚɬʂɢɜɢɦ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɨɦ „ɚɡɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɝ
ɞɭɯɚ”. ɍ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɭ, ɤɚɤɨ ɝɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɨ Ɇɢɲɟɥ Ɏɭɤɨ,37 Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ʁɟ
ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢ ɫɬɢɥ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɟ, ɪɟɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɨɜɚʃɚ
ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɧɚɞ ʃɢɦ38. ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɚ ɨʁɚɱɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ
ɩɪɨɮɢɥɢɲɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɭɪɨɝɚɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɫɜɨɝ
ɫɤɪɢɜɟɧɨɝ ȳɚ. ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɢɦɩɟɪɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɞɭɛʂɚ ɢ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɚ ɟɜ-
ɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɫɥɢɤɚ ɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦɟ39. Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɂɫɬɨɤɨɦ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ.
ɋɜɟɬɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɋɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ; ʃɟɧɢ ɫɜɟɬɢ ɫɩɢɫɢ
ɧɚɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ (ɨɫɢɦ ɧɚ ɝɪɱɤɨɦ) ɧɚ ɧɟɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɦ ʁɟɡɢɰɢɦɚ. Ɉɞ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɢɫɥɚ-
ɦɚ ɞɨ ɨɩɫɚɞɟ Ȼɟɱɚ 1683, ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɫɬɪɚɯɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ
ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɢ, ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɱɧɨ, ɨɞ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ. Ʉɨɧɜɟɪɬɢɬɢ ɭ ɢɫ-
ɥɚɦ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɂɪɚɧɚ ɢ Ⱥɪɚɛɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɡ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɚ. ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɢɯ
ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɚ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɟɨɬɟɬɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨ ɢɧ-
ɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɂɫɬɨɤ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɝ, ɢ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥ-
ɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɭ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ. ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, ɚɪɚɩɫɤɢ, ɫɚ ɝɪɱɤɢɦ ɢ
ɥɚɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ, ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɧɚɭɤɟ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢʁɟ. ȳɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭ ɪɚɫɬɭ ɨɪ-
ɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɧɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɛɭɪɠɨɚɫɤɨɝ ɭɪɛɚ-
ɧɨɝ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ. Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤɨɦɩɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ
ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ; ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ.40 Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ
37
Ɏɭɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɢ ɧɟ-
ɫɜɨɞɢɜɢɯ „ɞɢɫɤɭɪɡɢɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ”. ɋɭɲɬɢɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɬɟɡɟ ʁɟ „ɜɟɥɢɤɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɢɪɚʃɟ” ɢɥɢ ɨɞɜɚ-
ʁɚʃɟ „ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ” ɭ ɥɭɞɧɢɰɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɟ, ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɱɢʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɜɢɦ ɜʁɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ.
ȵɢɯɨɜɭ „ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ” ɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢ „ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢ ɪɚɡɭɦ” ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɭ ɤɨʁɢ
ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚ ɨɞ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ, ɩɪɟɩɨɡɧɚʁɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɭ ɛɭɧɬɨɜɧɢɱɤɭ ɩɨɪɭɤɭ; ɜ: Ɇ. Ɏɭɤɨ, ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚ
ɥɭɞɢɥɚ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɤɥɚɫɢɰɢɡɦɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1980; ɂɫɬɢ, Ⱥɪɯɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɡɧɚʃɚ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998.
38
ɂɩɚɤ, ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ. Ⱥɪɚɩɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɭ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭ-
ɫɤɨʁ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɨɞ 1538. (ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɚ ɧɚ Collège de France), ɭ ȿɧɝɥɟɫɤɨʁ
ɨɞ 1633. ɧɚ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢʇɭ ɢ ɨɞ 1636. ɧɚ Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞɭ. Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ɏɪɚɧɫɨɚ I ɨɫɧɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɭ ɚɪ-
ɚɩɫɤɨɝ, Ɍɭɪɰɢ ɫɭ ʁɨɲ ɩɪɢʁɟɬɢɥɢ Ȼɟɱɭ, ʃɢɯɨɜɚ ɮɥɨɬɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ Ɇɟɞɢɬɟɪɚɧɨɦ, ɚ
ɫɚɦ Ɏɪɚɧɫɨɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɋɭɥɟʁɦɚɧɚ ȼɟɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɝ. ɑɚɤ ɢ ɜɢʁɟɤ ɤɚɫɧɢ-
ʁɟ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɚɬɟɞɪɟ ɚɪɚɩɫɤɨɝ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɟ ɧɚ Ʉɟɦɛɪɢʇɭ ɢ Ɉɤɫɮɨɪɞɭ, ɱɢɬɚɜ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɥɚ
Ɇɚɻɚɪɫɤɟ ʁɨɲ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɨɞ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ, ɜ.: B. Luis, Povijest drugih naroda, 7.
39
ɍ XX ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫ ɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɦ ɦɢʁɟʃɚɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɛʁɟɤɚɬ: ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁɚ
ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ Ɉɪɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ „ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɫɬɢ” ȿɜɪɨ-
ɩɟ. ɋɚɞɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɬɢɜɟ „ɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɡɦɚ” ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɧɚɭɱɧɨʁ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨʁ ʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ
ɩɟɪɫɨɧɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ ɋɪɛɢ. M. Todorova, Imaginarni Balkan, Beograd 1998; ɨɞɥɢɱɧɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ Ȼ.
ɒɢʁɚɤɨɜɢʄɚ, Ʉɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ, ɇɢɤɲɢʄ 2000; ɜ. ɢ: ɀ. ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ, Ɉɞ
ɝɥɨɛɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɢ ɫɪɩɫɤɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ, ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ: „ɂɧɬɟɝɪɚ-
ɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɥɢɱɧɨɫɬ”, Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 2005, 171–197. Ɂɛɢɜɚʃɚ 11. 09. 2001. ɨɩɟɬ ɫɭ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ
ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɭ ɩɨɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ „ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞ” – „ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢ ɂɫɬɨɤ”.
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Ɉ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚ Ȼ. Ʌɭɢɫ, Povijest drugih
naroda, 2–13.
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ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɪɚ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ

Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ. ɍ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ, ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɬɚɜɭ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɟ ɪɚ-
ɡɥɢɤɟ.41 ɍ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɫɰɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢ ɨ ɩɪɢ-
ɪɨɞɢ Ɉɪɢʁɟɧɬɚ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɬɢɱɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɥɟɝɢɬɢ-
ɦɢɬɟɬ. ɉɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ ɩɚɪɚɞɢɝɦɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɚ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ, ɭ
ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɦɚɬɪɢɰɟ
ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɢɦɚ ɧɚ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦ. ɉɨɢɦɚʃɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɨɬɚɥɢ-
ɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɝɥɟɞɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɢɫɥɚɦ
ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɬɨɥɟɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɝɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɭ ɢ ɧɚɩɢɫɟ ɨ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ (Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɦ) ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ, ɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɢɦɚ-
ʃɭ – ɞɨɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ „ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɦ” ɪɟɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ.42 ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɚɨ ɦɨɞɟɥ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚʃɚ „ɦɭɥɬɢɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ” ɢ
„ɦɭɥɬɢɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɟ” ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɇɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ, ɢɚɤɨ ɬɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ
ɠɢɜʁɟɥɨ ɭ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɟ ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢʁɟ, ɫɤɨɪɨ ɲɟɫɬ ɜɢʁɟɤɨɜɚ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ,
ȳɟɜɪɟʁɢ ɢ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢ ɠɢɜʁɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ, ɛɟɡ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɨ-
ɜɥɚɻɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨʁ ɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɢ. Ɋɢʁɟɬɤɨ ʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɠɢɜʁɟ-
ɥɚ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɢɫɬɨ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɨɦ ɢɥɢ ʁɟɡɢɱɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ. ɇɟɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ-
ɦɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢɦɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɬɥɟ ɞɨɤ
ɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɨɜɨɰɢɪɚɥɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɟ. ɇɟɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɜɨʁ-
ɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɧɚɞɨɦʁɟɲʄɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɥɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɡɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨ
ɧɢʁɟ ɢɝɪɚɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ, ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɱɢɧɢɨɰɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɨ-
ɠɚʁ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ: ɛɢɬɢ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧ, ɡɧɚɬɢ ɬɭɪɫɤɢ ʁɟɡɢɤ ɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ
ɢ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚɧ. Ɉɞ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɟ ɞʁɟɰɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɨɞɜɨɻɟɧɚ ɞɚɧɤɨɦ ɭ ɤɪɜɢ
ɩɨɩɭʃɚɜɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɟɥɢɬɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ – ʁɚɧɢɱɚɪɢ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ
ɟɥɢɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɚ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XVII ɜɢʁɟɤɚ.
41
ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɦʁɟɪɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ (ɞɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ) ɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɥɚ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨ-
ɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɨ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɭ.
42
ɍ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɨɛɭ, ɢɡ ɫɥɨɠɟɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ, Ɂɚɩɚɞ ʁɟ ɚɩɨɫɬɪɨɮɢ-
ɪɚɨ ɂɪɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢʁɟɝ ɟɤɫɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ. ɉɨɫʂɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨ-
ɞɢɧɚ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɯɧɭɥɚ – ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ, ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ – ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɚɧɬɢɢ-
ɪɚɧɫɤɚ (ɩɨɞ ɱɢɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ) ɪɟɬɨɪɢɤɚ.
Ⱦɨɝɚɻɚʁɢ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚ ɭ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɢ (ȳɭɠɧɨʁ Ɉɫɟɬɢʁɢ ɢ Ⱥɛɯɚɡɢʁɢ, ɚɜɝɭɫɬ 2008) ɩɪɭ-
ɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɩɭɫɬʂɢɜɢʁɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɂɪɚ-
ɧɭ. Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨ ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ. ȵɟɧ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɩɨɫ-
ʂɟɞʃɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɪɨɛɭɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɢɡɝɥɟɞ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɭ „ɪɭɫɨɮɨɛɢʁɭ”. ɉɨɝɥɟɞɢ
ɋȺȾ (ɱɢʁɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɢɨ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ) ɩɪɟɦɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɥɚɦɚʁɭ ɫɟ
ɫɚ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ. Ɍɟɠʃɚ ɞɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞ (ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɞɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ ɋȺȾ)
ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɯ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ – ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟ-
ɧɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɫɜɚɤɭ ɪɟɜɢɬɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɢ „ɩɪɚɜɨɫɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɛɥɨɤɚ” – ɧɢʁɟ
ɧɨɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ, ɜ: Ⱥ. ȼɚɥ, ɂɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɦ ɢ ɋȺȾ – ɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ȿɜ-
ɪɨɩɟ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1998; ɨ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɤɨɪɢʁɟɧɢɦɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ, Ɇ. ȿɤɦɟɱɢʄ, ɂɫɥɚɦɟɪɢ-
ɤɚ, ɭ: „Ɉɝɥɟɞɢ ɢɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ”, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 1999, 467–491.
612
Ɇɧɨɝɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɞɢɰɚɦɚ, ɚ ɧɟɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ

ɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɢɡɚɥɢ ɡɚɞɭɠɛɢɧɟ. ɉɪɟɭɡɢɦɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɢ
ɨɞ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɤɚɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɤɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɚɡ
„ɡɚɱɭɻɭʁɭʄɟ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ” Ɍɭɪɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɍɝʃɟɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɚɬɢɫɚ-
ʃɟ ɩɨɬɱɢʃɟɧɢɯ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɥɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ, ɨɞɧɨ-
ɫɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɟ ɢ ɧɚ ȳɟɜɪɟʁɟ ɢ ɧɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɟ. Ɋɟɥɢɝɢʁɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɫɭɥɬɚɧ, ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɧɤɨɪɩɨɪɢɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ.
Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɥɚ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɢ ɭɫɩɨɧ ɭ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɞɭɯɭ, ɜɟʄ ɫɭ
ɬɚʁ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɤɭɥɬɭɪɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫ ɨɛɨɝɚɬɢɥɢ ɢ ɭɡɞɢɝɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɢɲɢ
ɧɢɜɨ. ɇɚɪɚɫɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɞɨɤɢɞɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɟ-
ɞɚɤ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɞɟɫɩɨɬɢɡɚɦ.43 ɍ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ, ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɧ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɜɢɦɚ. ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ
ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢ ɨ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨʁ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢ Ɍɭɪ-
ɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɫɚ ɱɟɫɬɢɦ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ, ɫɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɭʁɟ
ɤɚɨ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ, ɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ɧɟɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɭ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɪɚɡ
ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɟ. ȼɢɞ ɬɟ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɨɜɚɧɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɢ ɞɚɧɚɤ ɭ
ɤɪɜɢ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɩɨɢɦɚʃɭ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɚɬɫɤɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɭɬ
ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɞɟɜɲɢɪɦɚ. ɍ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɲɤɨʁ ɞɢ-
ɫɬɢɧɤɰɢʁɢ: „ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɚʃɟ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ” ɧɚɫɩɪɚɦ „ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ” –
ɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨʁ ɧɚɭɰɢ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɚɫɨɰɢʁɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ,
ɩɨʁɚɦ „ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ” ɧɟɩɨɠɟʂɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɭ
ɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɢɦ ɭ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ. ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɫɢɧ-
ɬɚɝɦɟ „ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɚʃɟ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ” ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɬɢɜ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨɫɬɢ
ɢ, ɢɦɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ, ɫɭɩɟɪɢɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ. Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ, ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɧɢɤɚɞɚ
ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɲɥɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɨɦɚɞɫɤɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ. Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ „ɡɚ ɩʂɚɱɤɚʃɟ”,
ɧɚɲɥɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɤɪɭɠɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚɨ ɬɚɦɨ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɱɢʃɚɨ:
ɨɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɯɬɢʁɟɜɚɥɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɩɨɯɨɞɟ, ɩɪɢɥɢɜ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɪɨɛɨɜɚ ɢ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨ-
ɪɢʁɚ. ɂɡ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟ ɚɪɯɢɬɟɤɬɨɧɢɤɟ ɬɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɦɨɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɢʄɢ ɩɨɪɚɡ.
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Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɞɭɯɭ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɦɧɚ. ɂɡɞɜɚʁɚɦ, H. Inalcik, Türkler ve Balkanlar,
ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ: „Balkanlar”, Istanbul 1993, 9–33; O. Kolo÷lu, OsmanlÕ Dönemide Balkanlar (1391–
1918), ɢɫɬɢ ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ, 41–97; Hans Georg Majer, The Functioning of a Multi-ethnic and Multi-
religious State: The Ottoman Empire, ɡɛɨɪɧɢɤ: „ɂɫɥɚɦ, Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ”, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ
1997, 61–71; K. Karpat, The Ottoman Past and Today's Turkey, Brill 2000; E. Ihsano÷lu (prire-
ÿivaþ), Historija osmanske države i civilizacije, Sarajevo 2004, ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ
Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ. ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨɦ ɤʃɢɝɨɦ, Kršüani i Jevreji u Osmanskoj
carevini (priredili B. Braude i B. Lewis), Sarajevo 2007, ʃɟɧɢ „ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚɱɢ” ɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɬɨɪɢ
ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɤɚɨ „ɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɦɭɥɬɢɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ”. Ɂɧɚɬɧɢɦ
ɞɢʁɟɥɨɦ, ɢ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɢɫɬɨɪɢɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɟɤɥɢɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟ ɋɎɊȳ (ɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɨ
– ɟɧɬɢɬɟɬɚ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ – Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ Ȼɢɏ ) ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ „ɬɭɪɫɤɢɦ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ”,
ɫɩɚɞɚɥɚ ɛɢ ɭ ɨɜɭ ɝɪɭɩɭ. ɍ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɭ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 2009, ɚɤɬɭ-
ɟɥɧɢ ɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ ɫɩɨʂɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ Ⱥɯɦɟɬ Ⱦɚɜɭɬɨɝɥɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ „ɯɚɪɦɨɧɢʁɭ”
ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ „ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɚ”.
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Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩʁɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɧɨɪɨɞɧɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɭ ɯɨɦɨɝɟɧɭ ɰʁɟɥɢ-

ɧɭ. ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɜɨʁɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤɚ. ɑɢɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɫɬɚɥɨ ɞɚ
ɨɫʁɟʄɚ ɨɥɚɤɲɢɰɟ ɧɨɜɢɯ ɝɨɫɩɨɞɚɪɚ, ɫɟʂɚɲɬɜɨ ɩɨɤɨɪɟɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ
ʁɟ ɞɚ ɡɛɚɰɢ ɧɨɜɨ ɛɪɟɦɟ. ɋ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɛʂɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɢ ɜʁɟɪɫɤɟ
ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɫɥɨ ɭ „ɨɪɝɚɧɫɤɨ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɨ”. Ƚɭɛʂɟʃɟ „ɫɬɜɚ-
ɪɚɥɚɱɤɨɝ ɫɨɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɰɢʂɚ” ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚɝɨɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ ɤɪɚʁɚ.
11. ɋȿɉɌȿɆȻȺɊ 2001. – ɉɈȼɊȺɌȺɄ ɇȺ ɋɌȺɊȿ ɋɍɉɊɈɌɇɈɋɌɂ?
ɉɪɟɥɚɡ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɭ ɬɪɟʄɢ ɦɢɥɟɧɢʁɭɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɤɚ. Ʉɚɨ

ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɫɬɢɧɢɥɚ ɪɚɧɢʁɚ ɤɚɬɚɤɥɢɡɦɚɬɢɱɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚʃɚ ɨ ɫɦɚɤɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ.
ɉɪɜɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ XXI ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɨɛɢʂɟɠɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ „ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɮɭɧɞɚ-
ɦɟɧɬɚɥɢɫɬɚ”44 ɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɋȺȾ, ɪɟɩɪɟ-
ɡɟɧɬɟ ʃɟɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ, ɜɨʁɧɟ ɢ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟ ɦɨʄɢ. ɍ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɨɩɢʁɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ-
ɫɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɛʁɟɞɟ ɧɚɞ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɦ ɛɥɨɤɨɦ, Ɂɚɩɚɞ ɫɟ ɨɞʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭ ɲɨɤɭ.
ȼɚɫɤɪɫɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɢɡɢʁɟ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ45. ɂɫɥɚɦ ɫɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɧɨ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ
ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɭ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ; ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɭɥ-
ɬɭɪɧɢ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɬɟɬ, ɜɟʄ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ46. ɉɚɩɚ Ȼɟɧɟɞɢɤɬ XVI
ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ (2006), ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚ-
ɥɨ ɨɲɬɪɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɰɢʁɟɥɨɝ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ. Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɢ-
ɦʁɟɪ, ɫɚ ɞɨɡɨɦ ɤɫɟɧɨɮɨɛɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɢ ɧɨɜɢɧɚɪɤɟ Ɉɪɢʁɚ-
ɧɟ Ɏɚɥɚɱɢ. ɉɨɲɬɨ ɫɟ „ɩɪɨɞɚɥɚ ɫɭɥɬɚɧɢɦɚ”, ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɨɦɢʁɟɧɢɥɚ
ɢɦɟ ɭ „ȿɭɪɚɛɢʁɚ”. ɂɧɜɚɡɢʁɚ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɚ ɧɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɭ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɚɯɭ, ʁɟɪ
ɫɟ „ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɢ ɪɚɡɦɧɨɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɚɰɨɜɢ”. ɍ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ „ɧɟ ɫɦɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɥɨ-
ɛɨɞɧɨ ɜɨɥɢ ɢ ɦɪɡɢ”, ɩɚ ɚɤɨ „ɧɟ ɜɨɥɢɦɨ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɟ ɢɞɟɦɨ ɭ ɩɚɤɚɨ”. Ȼɢɜɲɢ
ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɦɢʁɟɪ ɋɢɥɜɢɨ Ȼɟɪɥɭɫɤɨɧɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ „ɝɟɧɟɬɫɤɨ ɧɚɫɥɟɻɟ
ɡɚɩɚɞɧɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɞɚ ɰɟɧɢ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɞɪɭ-
44
ɍɛɪɡɨ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ 11. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ 2001. ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɢɫɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɩɨɪɟ-
ɧɚ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢ Ⱥɥ ɤɚɢɞɟ ɜɢɧɨɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɬɦɢɰɟ ɩɭɬɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɚɜɢɨɧɚ
ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɡɝɪɚɞɟ ɋɌɐ ɭ ȵɭʁɨɪɤɭ ɢ ɉɟɧɬɚɝɨɧɚ ɭ ȼɚɲɢɧɝɬɨɧɭ. Ɉ ɬɨʁ ɬɟɦɢ ɫɧɢɦʂɟɧɨ
ʁɟ ɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ Ɍȼ ɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ.
45
Ɉ ɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɢɦɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɨ ɦɨɞɟɥɭ ɞɢɫɤɭɪɫɚ:
E. V. Said, Orijentalizam, Beograd 2000.
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Ʉɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɮɢɥɦɚ Fitna (Ɋɚɡɞɨɪ)
ɏɨɥɚɧɻɚɧɢɧɚ Ƚɟɪɬɚ ȼɢɥɞɟɪɫɚ, ɦɚɪɬɚ 2008. Ʉɭɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɮɢɥɦɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɤʃɢɝɚ
ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɟ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɫɚ Mein Kampf-ɨɦ Ⱥɞɨɥɮɚ ɏɢɬɥɟɪɚ.
ȼɢɥɞɟɪɫ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɞɚ ɢɫɥɚɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ Ɂɚɩɚɞɭ. ɍɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ
ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɜɥɚɞâ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ
ɮɢɥɦ ɩɨɜɭɱɟɧ ɫɚ ɫɚʁɬɚ ȼɢɥɞɟɪɫɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɤɟ, ɢ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɢɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ
ɫɚʁɬɨɜɢɦɚ, ɧɩɪ. youtube.com. ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɚ
„ɤɚɪɢɤɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɪɨɪɨɤɚ Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞɚ” ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɞɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɱɚɫɨɩɢɫɭ, ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ 2007.
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ɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚ, ɞɨɤ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɚ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɬɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚ”.47 ɇɚ

ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɭɥɚɫɤɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɭ ɭɧɢʁɭ, ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɯ,
ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨ (2007) ɧɚɞɛɢɫɤɭɩ ɋɚɥɰɛɭɪɝɚ. ɂɫɬɚɤɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɦ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɩɨɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɚɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɟ (ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ)
ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨɝ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɫʂɟɻɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ „ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɢ-
ɩɚɞɚ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ”.48 ɇɚʁɧɨɜɢʁɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɢɡɚɦ, ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ
ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ, ɭɫɩɨɧ (ɢɚɤɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ) ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ʁɨɲ
ɜɢɲɟ ɫɭ ɭɞɚʂɢɥɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ ɨɞ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɉɞɧɨɫɢ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ
(ɢɚɤɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɢɠɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɫɬɚɜ) ɢ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ, ɤɚɨ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɞɨ
ɫɚɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɢɦ ɞɟɲɚɜɚʃɢɦɚ, ɡɛɢɜɚʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɚɪɚɩɫɤɨɦ ɫɜɢ-
ʁɟɬɭ ɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɭɫɩɨɧɨɦ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ. Ɋɚɧɢʁɟ, ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɬɭɪɫɤɨɦ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɭ
ɧɚɞ ȳɟɪɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɭ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ, ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɟ ɭ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ
(1985–1986), ȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɨɦ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭ (1987) ɢ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ 20
ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ.
ɁȺɄȴɍɑɇȺ ɊȺɁɆȺɌɊȺȵȺ
ɋɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɢɡɪɚɫɬɚʃɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɚʄɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨ-

ɤɭɲɚʁɢɦɚ ɨɛɧɨɜɟ ɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɧɟɤɚɞɚɲʃɟɝ Ɉɫɦɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ (ɧɟɨɨɫɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ).49
ɋɚɫɬɚɜɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ʁɟ (ɪɟ)ɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ɫɟɤɭ-
ɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɤɟɦɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ, ɭɡ ɧɟɪɢʁɟɲɟɧɨ ɤɭɪɞɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ,
ɧɟɫɩɨʁɢɜɨ ɫɚ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɨɦ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ,
ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɚ, ɞɟɦɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɚ ɫɢɥɚ, ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɜɨɞɟʄɚ
ɡɟɦʂɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ, ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɨɧɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚ ɫɭɧɢɬ-
ɫɤɢ ɢɫɥɚɦ. ȵɟɧɢ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɠɭ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɝ ɡɚɩɚɞɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚ-
ɧɚ ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ Ⱥɡɢʁɟ. Ɍɚʁ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɛɢ
ɪɟɫɩɟɤɬɚɛɢɥɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ. ɉɪɟɞɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɟ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɟ, Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚ ɢ
ʁɚɱɟ ɪɭɫɤɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ. Ɉɛɧɨɜɚ ɨɫɦɚɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɚʄɟɧɚ
ʁɟ ɪɟɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟ ɤɟɦɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɫɟɤɭ-
ɥɚɪɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ. Ⱥɤɬɭɟɥɧɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɚ ɨ ɨɛɧɨɜɢ ɯɚɛɡɛɭɪɲɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ
ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɛɢ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɫɭɫɪɟɬɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɨɝ ɩɨʁɚɫɚ ɢ
ɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ. ɍ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ, ʁɨɲ ʁɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ:
Ⱦɚ ɥɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɚ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧɭ ɠɟɥɢ „ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ” ɢɥɢ „ɞɨɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ”? ɍ ɡɚɜɢ-
ɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɚʁɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ, ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɟ ɞɢʁɚɦɟɬɪɚɥɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ. Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤ-
ɫɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɟ „ɚɦɚɥɝɚɦ ... ɨɞ ɢɫɥɚɦɚ, ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɢɡɦɚ ɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɚɥ-
ɧɟ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ”? Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɬɪɚɧɡɢɬ, ɜɟɡɚ
47
O. Fallaci, La Forza della Ragione, Roma 2004 (ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɥɢɫɬɭ „Vre-
me”, broj 696, Beograd, 6. maj 2004).
48
RTL, TTX, 2007.
49
Ⱦ. Ɍɚɧɚɫɤɨɜɢʄ, ɇɟɨɨɫɦɚɧɢɡɚɦ. ɉɨɜɪɚɬɚɤ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɥɤɚɧ, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011.
615
ɫɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɨɦ?50 Ⱦɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɚ ɥɢʁɟɩɢɯ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɚɤɬɭɟɥɧɢɯ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɚ

ɤɪɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɟɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɫɦɚɧɫɤɟ ɛɚɲɬɢɧɟ? Ɉɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ
ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʄɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɛɚɥ-
ɤɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ, ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɦ ɭ ȿɍ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɢɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɨɜɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ.
Ʉɚɞ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɚɥɤɚɧɫɤɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ (ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɢ) ɫɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɢɦ
ɭɞʁɟɥɨɦ ɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɟ ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ (Ⱥɥɛɚɧɢʁɚ, Ȼɢɏ, ɨɛɥɚɫɬ Ʉɨɫɨɜɚ ɢ Ɇɟɬɨɯɢʁɟ),
ɞɢɥɟɦɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʄɟ ɢɯ ȿɜɪɨɩɚ ɩɪɢɝɪɥɢɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ
ɭɬɢɰɚʁɭ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ, ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɨɧɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɩɚɧɞɚɧ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ ȿɍ. ɇɟ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɚ
ɫɚɦɨ ɫɚɬɢɫɮɚɤɰɢʁɚ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ ɡɚ ɧɟɭɥɚɡɚɤ ɭ ȿɍ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢ ɚɭɫɬɪɨɭɝɚɪɫɤɚ
ɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɢɏ 1878. ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ
ɧɟɤɢɯ ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɪɚʁɢɧɚ. ɇɢ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɬɚɤɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜ-
ɧɨ. Ɋɟɢɫɥɚɦɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɪɢʁɟɲɟɧɨ ɤɭɪɞɫɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʁɭ
Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ ɞɚ ɭ ʁɭɝɨɢɫɬɨɱɧɨʁ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɫɬɟɤɧɟ ɜɨɞɟʄɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ.51
Željko Vujadinoviü
Historian
A DIACHRONIC VIEW OF THE HISTORY OF CONFRONTATION AND

APPROXIMATION BETWEEN EUROPE AND TURKEY
Summary
The Islamic world used to be perceived by Europeans through the pattern of the
Ottoman Empire. European and Oriental histories were seen as opposites. At one time,
Europe and Turkey went through a simultaneous period of expansion. For the former,
this expansion was spiritual and economic; for the latter, it was territorial and military.
The author examines the causes, motives, logic, methods, paths and traces of Ottoman
expansion into Europe, the reasons for the decline of the Empire, and Ottoman influen-
ce on Europe, especially the Balkans. The paper problematises how Otherness is stu-
died in the West today, as well as the causes and nature of the interest of the Western
world in non-Western history. The issues that affected European-Turkish relations in
the past are explored in the context of the current geopolitical situation. The Republic
of Turkey has grown into a demographic, economic and military power and is trying,
thus far unsuccessfully, to enter the European family of nations. Europe’s reservations,
partly due to its experience, have resurrected the terms Orientalism and neo-
Ottomanism. This inevitably brings up the question of the future of the Balkans in the
context of interactions between Europe and Turkey.
50
ȼ. ɢɧɬɟɪɜʁɭ ɩɪɨɮ. ɋ. Ɉɡɟɥɚ, ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ, 9. ʁɚɧɭɚɪ 2011.
51
ɀ. ȼɭʁɚɞɢɧɨɜɢʄ, Ȼɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ ɭ ȿɜɪɨɩɢ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɨʁ,
ɇɋɉɆ, ɉɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɢɡɞɚʃɟ: „ɉɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ Ⱦɟʁɬɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɢ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬ Ɋɟɩɭɛ-
ɥɢɤɟ ɋɪɩɫɤɟ”, Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ 2011, 90–94.
616
ɁȻɈɊɇɂɄ ɊȺȾɈȼȺ ɍ ɑȺɋɌ
ɂɡɞɚɜɚɱ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂȳȺ ɇȺɍɄȺ ɂ ɍɆȳȿɌɇɈɋɌɂ ɊȿɉɍȻɅɂɄȿ ɋɊɉɋɄȿ
Ɂɚ ɢɡɞɚɜɚɱɚ
ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄ ɊȺȳɄɈ ɄɍɁɆȺɇɈȼɂȶ
Ʌɟɤɬɨɪ
ɆɂɅȿɇȺ Ⱥɇȭɂȶ
Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɤɨ ɭɪɟɻɟʃɟ
ȼȿɋȺ ɒɈȻɈɌ
ɒɬɚɦɩɚ
ȽɊȺɎɈɆȺɊɄ
ɅȺɄɌȺɒɂ
Ɂɚ ɲɬɚɦɩɚɪɢʁɭ
ȳȿɅȿɇȺ ɆɂɅɂɇɑɂȶ
Ɍɢɪɚɠ
300
ISBN 978-99938-21-74-8
CIP - ǲȈȚȈȓȖȋȐȏȈȞȐȯȈ ț ȗțȉȓȐȒȈȞȐȯȐ
ǵȈȘȖȌȕȈ Ȑ țȕȐȊȍȘȏȐȚȍȚșȒȈ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȚȍȒȈ
ǸȍȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ǹȘȗșȒȍ, ǩȈȱȈ ǳțȒȈ
94(497)(082)
012 ǲȖȊȈȟȍȊȐȲ ǲȖȯȐȲ Ǭ.
929 ǲȖȊȈȟȍȊȐȲ ǲȖȯȐȲ Ǭ.
ǯǩǶǸǵǰǲ ȘȈȌȖȊȈ ț ȟȈșȚ ȈȒȈȌȍȔȐȒț ǬȍșȈȕȒȐ ǲȖȊȈȟȍȊȐȲ ǲȖȯȐȲ /

[ȋȓȈȊȕȐ țȘȍȌȕȐȒ ǸȈȯȒȖ ǲțȏȔȈȕȖȊȐȲ ; ȖȌȋȖȊȖȘȕȐ țȘȍȌȕȐȒ ǬȘȈȋȖȰțȉ
ǴȐȘȯȈȕȐȲ ; țȘȍȌȕȐȒ ǛțȘȖ ǺȖȠȐȲ ; ȗȘȐȘȍȩȐȊȈȟ ǮȍȰȒȖ
ǪțȯȈȌȐȕȖȊȐȲ]. - ǩȈȱȈ ǳțȒȈ : ǨȒȈȌȍȔȐȯȈ ȕȈțȒȈ Ȑ țȔȯȍȚȕȖșȚȐ
ǸȍȗțȉȓȐȒȍ ǹȘȗșȒȍ, 2015 (ǳȈȒȚȈȠȐ : ǫȘȈȜȖȔȈȘȒ). - 616 șȚȘ. : ȐȓțșȚȘ. ;
24 cm. - (ǯȉȖȘȕȐȒ ȘȈȌȖȊȈ ; Ȓȱ. X. ǶȌȯȍȰȍȱȍ ȌȘțȠȚȊȍȕȐȝ ȕȈțȒȈ ; Ȓȱ.
38)
ǵȈ șȗȖȘ. ȕȈșȓ. șȚȘ.: Conference Proceedings in Honor to Academician

DesankȈ Kovaþeviü Kojiü. - ǤȐȘ. Ȑ ȓȈȚ. - ǸȈȌȖȊȐ ȕȈ ȊȐȠȍ ȯȍȏȐȒȈ. -
ǼȖȚȖȋȘȈȜȐȯȈ ǬȍșȈȕȒȍ ǲȖȊȈȟȍȊȐȲ ǲȖȯȐȲ. - ǺȐȘȈȎ 300. - ǹȚȘ. 19-35:
ǩȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȯȈ ǬȍșȈȕȒȍ ǲȖȊȈȟȍȊȐȲ ǲȖȯȐȲ / ǛțȘȖ ǺȖȠȐȲ. - ǹȚȘ. 37-65:
ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȯȈ ǬȍșȈȕȒȍ ǲȖȊȈȟȍȊȐȲ ǲȖȯȐȲ / ǹȓȈȊȐȞȈ ǴȍȘȍȕȐȒ. -
ǵȈȗȖȔȍȕȍ Ȑ ȉȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜșȒȍ ȘȍȜȍȘȍȕȞȍ țȏ ȚȍȒșȚ. - ǩȐȉȓȐȖȋȘȈȜȐȯȈ țȏ
ȘȈȌȖȊȍ. - Summary.
ISBN 978-99938-21-74-8

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ɁȻɈɊɇɂɄ ɊȺȾɈȼȺ

ɍ ɑȺɋɌ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄɍ ȾȿɋȺɇɄɂ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ

Banja Luka 2015

Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ 2015.

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɨɦɱɢɥɨ ɋɩɪɟɦɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȴɭɛɨɦɢɪ Ɇɚɤɫɢɦɨɜɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ɇɢɪʁɚɧɚ ɀɢɜɨʁɢɧɨɜɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ƚɨʁɤɨ ɋɭɛɨɬɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȼɚɫɢɥɢʁɟ Ʉɪɟɫɬɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ

Prof. dr Ignacij Voje

Prof. Paola Pinelli

Prof. Francesca Bocchi

Prof. dr Peter Rokay

Prof. dr Nenad Fejiü

ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ ɋɢɧɢɲɚ Ɇɢɲɢʄ

Prof. dr Esad Kurtoviü

Ⱦɪ Ɇɚɪɢɰɚ Ɇɚɥɨɜɢʄ ȭɭɤɢʄ

ɉɪɨɮ. ɞɪ Ⱦɪɚɝɢ Ɇɚɥɢɤɨɜɢʄ

Prof. dr Mihailo Popoviü

Ⱦɪ Ⱦɚɧɢɰɚ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ, ɞɪ Ɇɚɪɤɨ ɉɨɩɨɜɢʄ

Ⱦɨɰ. ɞɪ Ⱥɪɚɧɻɟɥ ɋɦɢʂɚɧɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ʁɟɞɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɜɚɱɚ Ⱥɤɚ-

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ ɪɨɻɟɧɚ ʁɟ 3. ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ 1925. ɝɨ-

»ɄɊȼ ȳɍɇȺɑɄȺ, ȾɍɒȺ ȾȳȿȼɈȳȺɑɄȺ!«

Ⱥɤɚɞɟɦɢɤ ȭɭɪɨ Ɍɨɲɢʄ

ȻɂȻɅɂɈȽɊȺɎɂȳȺ ȺɄȺȾȿɆɂɄȺ ȾȿɋȺɇɄȿ ɄɈȼȺɑȿȼɂȶ ɄɈȳɂȶ

1. Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɦ ɜɢʁɟɤɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ. –

2. Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni / Desanka Kovaþeviü. – Sara-

3. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɚ ɧɚɫɟʂɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

4. Prilozi za istoriju Bosne i Hercegovine I: Društvo i privreda sred-

5. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɛɪɚʄɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄ (Caboga): 1426–1433 = Acco-

6. ɋɬɚɪɨ ɫɪɩɫɤɨ ɪɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɨ / ɋɢɦɚ ȶɢɪɤɨɜɢʄ, Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ

7. Ƚɪɚɞɫɤɢ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɭ ɋɪɛɢʁɢ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢ (XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ) = The Urban

8. ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɚ ɋɪɟɛɪɟɧɢɰɚ: XIV–XV ɜɢʁɟɤ = Medieval Srebre-

9. La Serbie et les pays serbes: L'économie urbaine XIVe–XVe siècles

10. Ƚɞjɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɤɨɜɧɢɰɚ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚ-

11. Ɉ ȳɚʃɟɜɭ ɭ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɫɪɩɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨ-

12. Ɋɚɡɜɨʁ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-

13. Ɍɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɤʃɢɝɟ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢ Ʌɭɤɟ Ʉɚɛɭɠɢʄɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟ-

14. ɉɪɢɥɨɝ ɩɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɡɚɧɚɬɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨʁ Ȼɨɫɧɢ / Ⱦɟ-

15. Dans la Serbie et la Bosnie médiévales: Les mines d'or et d'argent

16. Prilog pitanju ranih bosansko-turskih odnosa / Desanka Kovaþeviü

17. Žore Bokšiü, dubrovaþki trgovac i protovestijar bosanskih kraljeva

18. ɋɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɢ ɤɚɬɭɧɢ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɦɚ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ

19. ɉɚɞ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨ ɞɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɢ-

21. Dubrovþani zanatlije u srednjovjekovnoj Srebrenici / Desanka Ko-

22. Zvornik (Zvonik) u srednjem vijeku / Desanka Kovaþeviü // Go-

23. Ⱦɭɛɪɨɜɚɱɤɚ ɧɚɫɟɨɛɢɧɚ ɭ ɋɦɟɞɟɪɟɜɭ / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ //

24. Zdravstvene prilike u srednjovjekovnoj bosanskoj državi / Desan-

25. Ɉ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɪɝɭ ɧɚ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɝ ɋɚɪɚʁɟɜɚ /

26. Le rôle de l'industrie minière dans le développement des centres

27. Uloga rudarstva u privrednom razvoju gradskih naselja Srbije i

28. Ɉ ɢɡɜɨɡɭ ɜɨɫɤɚ ɢɡ ɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɟ ɋɪɛɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɩɪɟɤɨ Ⱦɭɛ-

29. O knezovima u gradskim naseljima srednjovjekovne Bosne /

30. Le développement économique des agglomérations urbaines sur le

31. Ɉ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɰɢ ɇɢɤɨɥɟ ɢɡ Ʉɨɬɨɪɚ, ɤɚɧɰɟɥɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɞɜɨɪɭ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯ

de livres scolaires: Institut des Études balkaniques, 2012, 241–244.

32. Ʉɨɫɨɜɨ ɨɞ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XII ɞɨ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ XV ɜɟɤɚ = Kosova nga

34. Ⱥɧɬɨ Ȼɚɛɢʄ: in memoriam / Ⱦɟɫɚɧɤɚ Ʉɨɜɚɱɟɜɢʄ Ʉɨʁɢʄ // ɂɫɬɨ-