ine tin SHOT i8 Hid tana ta Bist toy (uit Norms and Social Senctiong cn f . (cial, NORM goDUCTION gvial norms are the shared expectations of group members tna facial situation, while tye norms are the ideally expected mannen: of behaviour, The given ‘octal situation’ bs gatwhen the interaction processes: work among, the members, tn such a altuation how the oprstarts his interaction and what the receiving members expect from the initiator, are the sine! by social norms, In other words, social normy are the codes of mutual relationship, senoms are the standards of right and wrong, The society expects (ron its members to abide fenormative behaviour of their culture, Culture provides sources of conformity to the none anntinidation to their violation. These norms guide our Interaction pattern on the one hand aereproduced during the same process, Without the existence of group norms, human hur is hardly differentiable from animal behaviour, Within these norms our cultural values sided and ultimately our values are protected by our social norms, Anything, gettlng, ‘noe in life becomes our value. Social norms for its safety are produced. By mutual “eons among the members of yroup, human behaviour bs predictable because we cit ‘Meothers' behaviour in a certain situation by their group norms, ‘ions According to Young & Mack; “norms refer to the “group-shared expectations”. \ roup of “he, Larson & Goerman: “Social norms are rules developed by 7 oe ple that specify how people must, should, may, should not and 1 Scanned with CamScanner189 CS Social Norms and Social Sanctions society they differ from group to Broup. own norms. There is no social group y sex, occupation and social status of the ch group ina society, toa Nout norms, Within the individuals, nasty It egfer with ABE ot always obeyed by all. It is wrong to assume that people ays. Some obey some norms at some time: ms are 7 gems al he gher times: . ith sanctions. Norms also vary in the i vary w Ss f norms. Norms and sanctions go hand in hy Y IN a society. and disobey or ignore som, me ds of sanctions that ar@ m8 0 “ ! and: Norms are the group's pede ahaviour; sanctions are the group's punishments for violation of the norms, or ards or punishment used t0 enforce the norms in a society, : jor™ 10 af re the 1 internalized b Pe i rT 6 are normally internalized by the people. People in most of the instanc (vi) Noted follow them or obey them. They do not question most of the norms and ace pt ms 3 because norms become the part and parcel of personality of the individual erns and 1" 0 ticity. HIS pen oes of sciazation. the on 7 (gets 0F NORMS ” ia are the aspects of norms. yollowing . jp catural Norms: “Cultural norms are ideally expected manners of behavior.” These are the cf society. What we expect from our elders are our cultural norms. What our elders guide lta norms. How they behave with us are our social norms. Cultural norms are the ig ir - - cE tehaviour found in our books, in the chest of our elders, in the ideas of parents and rections of society in all. Social are the norms which’are found in practice, in general social teat people. How they behave with one another and what they expect from one another are the cal norms, Gi Social Norms: “Social norms are the socially approved ways of behavior.” The ways to which pokhave no objection. The ways which are accepted by the people. These norms guide us in snios. They distinguish us as man from animal. Animals have no norms, Human beings are atiuled and guided by these norms. Human behaviour has a direction, an ideology and a Moe which are guided by our norms. INCTIONS OF SOCIAL NORMS ‘ ! Control Behaviour: Social norms control our behaviour in the way that they provide a hitem for our behaviour. These set patterns become customs when are socially approved. jbl are expected to follow these customs. ‘They become the ways of behaving with one fig tS AY called shared expectations of the group members. As these norms function tee Situation and the situations vary in time, space and groups, that is why the : ce Broup to group. king by i if 7 ion is that the behaviour of Pooley Lehaviour systematic and patterned: Another function is thal ars of grou i Dito SY Stematic and patterned. In society harmony among mem sedate lng ie «ht MOny of behavioar certain laws can be enforced to control then ee ‘ ae is . A ‘ ehaviour. haw ¢ Maintained in society due to an order in social behavi atic. The systematic : “"n work because the behaviors of the people are unsystem “ es Scanned with CamScanner. EIST GENIE AMMA DEAN GS @ Stlape OF SOCIety W1tn Culture, TYPES OF SOCIAL NORMS 1. Folkways Man’s action repeated by him is his habit; and a repeated behaviour by a group of peopleis a eustom. More specifically, the socially approved ways of acting are the customs of the society. These customs develop during the way of our daily life and we conform to them consciously and Because they have become an important part of our behaviour. These very customs when regularized by our repeated behaviour, maintain a basic position in our life and ‘are called “folkways and mores” by W.G. Sumner. “Folkways” are the socially approved ways of behaving in a society. These are the ways of life of folk or the ways of life ina society which open unconsciously upon the people. The folkways are norms that arise during social interaction and are handed down from one generation to the next. They are simply the accumulated patterns of expected behaviors that have arisen to meet the recurrent situation of social interaction. The most elementary pattern in social norms is the folkways. The basic form of social control is folkways which paves out a sanctioned way for our life. While interacting with others we, mostly unconsciously, keep in view the generally accepted ways of interaction with Others and follow the same patterns which, in terminology of our cultural language, are called Adab-i-Guft-gu (i 8) manners of conversation. As these folkways define our specific behaviou;, for specific situation (according to the cultural values) and the social situations differ in Space and time. Therefore they vary from society to society and time to time. unconsciously. Scanned with CamScannermy ii 0 i ” MD heyy ais "ABO FIRE AHO WAL CAHN a Win jn peat NATHTAT HITOSHI ON WOM aly » ieee oH IL 1 caer HN pay ae Marit, "iathvways boonne ONAN on a, Perit, ws ens ay al PRONIDTO MATION Ne «tows ony " Maat y 4) e wets in gata ay That "Pathways an Wohhavinnay nn HABE at gn cate Sah ATES WOMEN 8 ag PAH OED oy dy yp wre «© Waya pre gean opines, “TOW ways at STN HE Ae sy " a’ oe aw banded own font ane A ROENNLY sayy nad tha HONOR ty Ah gow! 1 pee A that Polkwaye are a " fel thal Polhwayes are the 4 pas a nines wil YpleaL av hab, sonduct observed within esol © AOU OF Conia at ys that fotkways “are literally the yw jy) ell expectations that have arisen in the groupe oF angle wots, YoTRways’ ean be understand ial Dedjigy Hihy YS OF The talk, “laily Tite of the y + Wihuduy NH De weed Doobing yrenipy” A "Vepetitive peny BEN OA Ni prays ave the mules of eat eink, meeting, an departing «and rituals for erent situations, and the MatNONS Of lite ‘ cool market and mosque, In Summer's worse veations which can arise, The ways of bel fs WHS Areseiny, 1 ean) o 1 He folhvrays ape “niys avIOU hich the ys. They are the “shoulds” of hum: jsivays from our Pakistani culture are given below: sohimoralaium (3 4 ¢%l) and responding, wasalabayrassalay, haling hands yu svg while meeting: saying ‘Khuda Hatiz or Pi Amanulls’ while deporting, as coe Jssmttoeat from the same dish at the same time to e. aL DY Sitting, a place net kowey thaw the Fae for respect; while smoking, (Iimqqa) the oldest to start first and the YORI IY aye, @ marriage like, making the fun of bride and brideysunm, dentin « nyo, women; decoration of houses and wearing anni “so festivals of ids and other; respect for elders, Pir and Maulyi sabi, and for womws, PAY MWY $6) Meee PAOPLE WIE Hib toy Nanri wremoges gestuations are the folkwa in be fine clothes, exchange of 4 ; p, They axe coated toy te Folkways are the products of man’s group life. They ad _ os het recognition by conbunssiieg, sustenance and maintenance. Individuals get social recogpition by a folleway when majority I 7 Sumner defined tat Suen ep platens i of an ally and unconsciously. They are not the result of # formal) °° pes of i Enforcement, Folkways constitute one of te Scanned with CamScannerot had oo” ~~ 192 oe spusive and cptigatory ae that of lay c fotkways are not a8 con ro ‘eemy ny 1 control, Folkway’ ea ey J mre by any npe i “s fon from group 1 BOP and society within the same tall the places They vary secon racial RrOUp, Caste ny de group OF society te cotkways dif purse of Hine alia 1, ethnic frOUP” jel (y) Folkways Differ # Lot. F hwy may also wnderRe changes ie y wits age and ina to region Further, folkaays er ri They disor accor social-clast st occupation. (vin Folkways encyclopedia could con so diverse and numerous: (vit) Folkways are subject ul changes ate often resisted: Violation of Folkways On the violation of fo rious problem, But laughing, at, lation of folkways- nce their violation and the punishment on the ty like self-grown grass. They Waitsh wheats and disappear in society. Police nde It is not ponsible for anyone 10 enlint all the fol, ‘all of the peoples of histe =n MOY. The, are Numerous: rain alt of the Folkways observed bY to Change. Folkways change with hangin, Scialcng ce socioty is not endangered. It does ry ed by the society, The peopl ‘These punishments, how order of th alkways the ¢ ation is not tolerat frequent viol advising, and taunting, somes the violator by joking, create control on general Vid Folkways are informal norms. I unwritten, Sumner said that they grow in soc aaeieneeded, [t means unconsciously they appear ) ieee sexi contol do not interfere nthe violation of folkway! Folkways ane the guardians of minor social ways: Whe is Wi nine vai is rien by the violator. All ne punto clo ma cultural values, For the defense of higher = the our soil aia alos Fore oe ot hie vats the higher norms are fixed and for minor és 2. Mores | All the various forms of socia ' | “Ti sbBia ses, fot oa Ps See ak instruments of social control in varying sean are sonata of eh a and itis group interaction, BO these norms in group life Th and wane lhe peoPle Soe direc Seas er oer ec ac socal of ciferent styler o to conform than the folkways. Wearing oe) Ee ithas now been ee ae pea cheering ie oe ich it is still a mores. F ys. There are certain tribes, caste ple of certain ae example, the people of Frontier Regio 5 of Punjab, Sind aaa it-a ‘must. Most of the families fvi8% of Pana, Sn and Baluchistan usually consider purdah for res, whatever the me the society holds such position and ethod of social control both vary in their 4 Scanned with CamScannerWw OUP Fetes veh ary WO the group's J gapir has pointed out, “The term ‘mores’ is best » ytved for tone ch connote fairly strong, feelings of the tightness id Hr WFON IONS Of awa wh words, we can say when the folkways clearly wep Mt the yroup i vals the group sense of whal ts filing, right and gonducive.to well bei thy become MOTE, ; : te 0 yay of MOS and other sacred beliefs and practices: Nikah ceremony; Namane: 1 Sa bural (for Muslims); students to attend classes regularly, college students to obey jan ts; not to interfere in free life of other citizens, use of light norms; respect for the pare Meda in big cities, at night; driv always to the left (also a law); not to violate others ayant lie, anal so many other examples can be mentioned which a snares des aw more serious norms but also informal like folkways. They 4 © both folhways as aloo unwritten ious nay ays of life. They have very serious binding on groups. Their violation is a ubwcal order, For example, having, sexual relations with women without marriage, gia other's house without permission, breaking, purdah of women, selling and eating A MIdNOP, . . ‘s(iwin) meat, drinking, abducting Children are the violation of mores. Such incidents toms among the people. On violation of mores, the people take very serious action and the peop peop ‘sttey even beat the violator. Police action is seldom required because such violations "haat of police jurisdiction. “ios i "Secon is made between two kinds of mores : ' *ative mores’, and "pve mores, bite Mores Positi . : ‘age Mots Positive mores always ‘prescribe Ne es instructions and provide guidance for the people Pecting elders, protecting children, taking care of th . ent behaviour patterns. They represent to behave m4 particular ne diseased and the aged ‘ Scanned with CamScanner+ 1M Social ny 8 an, Chapter 9 people, loving one's country, doing * orvice to the society, worshipping Go leading a righteous life, etc. “Oo Seay (ii) Negative Mores. Negative more ‘prescribe’ behaviour patterns, ty Taboos forbid or prohibit certain 4” ain bons My don'ts’. They are often called ‘taboos yrange of one’s Behaviour. Examples ; . ng on the rang ples: Don Taboos put severe restrictio ss f people without dress, don't be aa iodo the wife and children, don't steal, dy PP ligious, don't disrespect the God, don't be unpatriotic am Ute, don't tell lies, don’t be irre Nature and Characteristics of (i) Mores are the regula y. They are cd their violati ively more Pe sn become cons? Mores tors of our always con! ‘on morally wrong. Hence, Mores are relatively long lasti are social life. Mores represent the livi widered as right by the people why ge" they are more cone he sive group or communit are morally right an (ii) Mores are relati hey evel than rsistent. They ¥ also pu yp srvative elements in socie folkways. In fact, t to changes. (iii) Mores vary fro) prescribed in one group is PF (iv) Mores are backed by Values 2 m group to group: Mores have not always been UNiforn ny hibited in another. nd Religion. Mores normally receive the packing of values and religion. When this occurs they become still more powerfy} Sang Mores backed by religious sanctions are strongly justified by people. ang With the evolution of society, the mores have become more ‘specialized’. Theis ga, the civilized and the advanced people is also diminishing. Hence, they are supplem, weed Jaws and legislations. Violation of Mores Mores deal with highe higher values of life, honor an followed there is no problem of value Mores are so important in societ Keeping to the left on roads is a mores as well as a law. Differences between Folkways and Mores 1ys and mores can be distinguished i Folkway (i) Mores are relatively wider and more gen (ii) Mores imply a value-judgment about the folkways. d conviction of right and wrong and not out ois lation of mores is a iS @ serious US the + values of people. The viol ction of their values. Ifthe m d property. People want prote endanger. that their boundary sometimes touches the bore n the following manner. eral in character than the folkways. (iii) Out of the mores comes our profoun Ikways. ; (iv) An individual may disobey the ordinary folkways without incurring any ee jshment. But violation of the mores brings him strong disapproval and severe punishment in the folkways. Hence, mors? (o) Mores are more compulsive, regulative and rigid thai effective and influential in molding our character and restricting our tendencies Scanned with CamScannerli ae ner has suggested when the for. z ‘YS tak, Sociat Norms and —su 7 As igor, folkways become mores, Hen AKE On a phos, Sect Sending of" Mores alway. ey Tight livi Ng al ays are less deeply rooted in socio a Welfare “ae Folk jeeply rooted in society and change ea change . More ai na re rapid! at ars and occupational position. But mores : aunty, FolkweelY: On the other sol gandards of right conduct, ‘ot change one Y change wi pove description, we may feel that th tis not so always, Di iati si ¥s. Differentiating one from other ber. TO Mores is i arginal ally in the marginal cases. For example, drinking liquor s extremely P be avoided. But some oth. is regard must be avoided. ‘e others may condemn it as hig) 8*ded by oda mn it as highly i, onal SO as unt ight and wrong, prope @ Practice, e line dividing the folk way er has remarked our conceptions of ri ed by the folkways and mores, The hae i . improy jetermin' = 'Y can make anything ri ‘Proper are ip wo, mores are more dominant than’thefolkways. Even the qe ‘ anything © often called yo i __ fw books. Those acts for which their violation and p isan engine of social control It isthe formal social norm. I is written custom ana a 6 bv vunishment has been defined are Eins : , “L taw is the product of society according to the social conditions of life. Law is never 4p Itis flexible and adjusting according to the social conditions of the people. It means it is Z pation of an event in a social situation. As the social situation changes, similarly the “anges. Ifthe society does not amend its laws according to the new conditions of life, there ‘sienore violations of law and the controlling forces of law will grow weak. Respect for the wxilfall down. \olaon of law does not go unpunished. It is binding upon every members of society. ‘ut bw, there will be anarchy and disorganization in society. Law is also a custom but “xiand defined according to the social situation. The violation of criminal law is called crime violator called criminal. izle, law is the guardian of the highest values of society. It deals with general social values *xkssno specific purpose for specific persons. The life of man, his prestige and his property \eralues of the highest order. Killing a man, looting his property or dishonoring him are the “as of law hence crime. Theft, dacoity, murder, injury, trespassing, robbery, abduction, ‘aking forgery, deceiving, are the crimes on violation of laws. ing laws is defining of acts according to their situations. Nati lies are always busy in making new laws, changing the ol t suit the new social conditions. ss ional Assembly and other id ones and discarding i f law are i ‘ ww. The violators 0 ive force among the social norms is the force of la ' Scanned with CamScannerChapter 9 196 : ci dealt by police, courts and jail. Being formal norms they are related to "Norm, ig control. fo oa “ Interrelationship of Social Norms i ma The higher degree of value is given to the objects which are rolateg norms. The pressure exerted by folkways and mores upon individuals ig), All social norms have a common source and hence are related with one another. The following diagram may clearly indicate this relationship: 7 Most of our social interaction patterns assume customary form and those very usages attaining importance shift into the category of folkways. The folkways when ty turn into regularized and considered essential by the socie mores. The mores which are also customary ways of life, like rac folkaways, get importance in te security of individual and collective lite, They , defined by the society and called laws— the formal methods of social contro}. Thre norms specifying human behaviour and define punishment for the violation of SOCIAL SANCTIONS Definitions: Sanction is defined by many sociologists and some important definitions given below. bad ‘According to Young and Mack: “sanctions are the rewards or punishments useq to establish social control - that is, to enforce the norms ina society”. Ian Robertson says about sanction: “rewards for conformity and punishments for nonconformity”. Robert Bierstedt pointed out: “sanctions are the supporters of the norms, the punishments applied to those who do not conform and the rewards given to those who do”. that the “mores are enforced both by positive sanctions and by r concept refers to prohibitions against acts forbidden by the mple, abusing other is violation of mores, hence a taboo. Sanctions is or punishments used to establish social control—that is, to #5 loser qt Speci These lage, laws, Hep pes of social sanctions. lich are given according to rules and laws are called formal”. sanctions: Sanctions awarded under law being positive are, promotion certificate or degree awarded at the success of examination and uniform in police, armed forces, air services, railways and high rk Scanned with CamScanner197 4 Social Morms and Social Sanctions 4 a i ions: Fine, jail impri ; ? al sanctions: Mine, jail imprisonment, police arrest, « + gative Forme | sanctions. PONce arrest, court trial and death wy NOB ative forma sal . » nega yon 0 ganctions i : ' * or ns are without any rule or law” and awarded by group, community and BFOUD, Com y and re ot tio ae jor! sanclie “ of gociely le ‘, al sanction: Positive informal sanctions include prai fl positive informal 5: : : inctions include praise, slogans and honest, good looking, well behaving, srnart, neat and clean. © goods in 0 4 " ati ‘ i gave informal sanctions: Informal negative sanctions are punishments awarded ) 5 age i > vat a i ing. calli ‘ uti and rule, These include threat admonishing, abusing, calling nares, beating and i garment A ice of SOME sanctions t mating in jail — formal negative sanction., ul .. . abusing — informal negative sanction. saying one a good boy — informal positive sanction sting astudent with rod by teacher — informal negative sanction. beating hanging a criminal — formal negative sanction. ining a student on absence from class — formal negative sanction. getting F.A. certificate from Board — formal positive sanction. 000 Scanned with CamScanner