t Northern pki [echnical No Dr. Bijan 0. Aalumi, Bdiior For Professionals Engaged in Posi-Tensioning Design Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions In Prestressing and Their Computation By Bijan 0. Aalams* SYNOPSIS This Technical Nove describes the definition, computation, ad the significance of lyperstatc (secondary) actions in the design of pre sttessed concrete structures, The Note covers the cases of (i) skeletal structures, such as beams and slabs moeled as bean frames, (i) con- singums, suck as plates, shells and solids, and (fi) segmental con- struction, such 2s prestressed and post-tensioned spliced girders ach case i itusrated through a numerical examgle, 4 - INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITION Ll Definition of Hyperstatic (Secondary) Actions Byperstatic (or secondary) actions develop in a presressed meminer die to prestessing forces, and as a consequence ofthe constraint by the supports fo the ftee movement of the prestrewed member. If a prestressed member is allowed to displace freely, as in the case of determinate stractares or precast members prior te slignment and installation, no hyperstatc (secondary) moments are generated However, in most cast-in-place construction, where supports con- surnin movement of the presiessed member, Ayperstatic actions can be significant and therefore must be accounted for in a design, 1.2 Byperstatic Actions and Sectional Strength Consider the hypothetical case of a two-span, post-tesioned bea, ‘which was cast and sessed prior to installation (Fig. 1.2-1). To elim- ‘nate the iropact of selE-weight from the discussion, assume thatthe beam is sesting freely on its side. Before installation, the tendon forces cause the beam camber indicated by the curved soffit in Fig. L210), The camber is due solely tothe flexing of the beam under the action ofits prestressing tendons. At installation, the beam must be forced down ct the center to become strait before it can be tad to the aligned supports shown in Fig. L2-1(@). The forces at the sup- Ports necessary #0 hold the beam in its designated postion are indica- tive of hypersiaic (Secondary) reactions that would lave Been gener- ated ifthe beam had been cast fist, and stressed afterwards. Fig. 1.2- 2(a) shows the byperstaic reactions of the beam held on sno supp, " Profeso: Bmeres of Civil Eosincerig, San Frasiso Sie Uniesity: Chi ‘echnical Adnsory Boa of fox Tensinieg Inte re Priya of ADAPT Corporation, 1733 Woedsice Road, #720, Leawood Ciy, C2 $4061; wedsite: “ware adadpstodt.com root ce leh THREE SPAY POST-TENSIONED BEAM , tebe ec armen SS tsueEveT & (8 RENU DETACHED FY SUPPORTS BEAM SUBJECT TO POST-TENSIONNG LOAD ONY FIGURE 12-1 enero la) REACTIONS AT SUPPORTS DLE TO PRESTRESEING HHYPERSTATIC REACTIONS) vee x oo (bi MOMENTS DUE TO PRESTRESSING ‘SUPPORT REACTIONS (HYPERSTATC MOMENTS HYPERSTATIC (SECONDARY) REACTIONS AND MOMENTS FIGURE 1.22 December 1998Incastin-place member, the sequence is reversed, Now assurae the beam is cast while positioned on the supports and then the tendons are stressed afterwards (Fig. 1.2-1(a)). When the tendons are sttessed the eamber shown in Fig, 1.2-1(b} is prevented and adlition- al retctions are developed at the supports, These reactions ate called the bypesstate (Secondary) actions. The reactions atthe sepports are dve to postensioning only {sel-weight is wrexed separately). The free-dody diagram of the beam detached from its supports is shown in Fig. 12-2(@). Since, in this example, the supports are assumed hinged, no moments ae developed at these locations, These reac- tions, being the only forces in the beam, must forma a selteqpilibrat- ing system, That isto say, the sum of hyperstaic (secondary) reac tions most be 2240: S Ry = 0 a S Myp = 0 Q wihere Rig is the hypersati cezction and My isthe hyperstatie ‘moment. In this example, there are ao hyperstatic moment reactions athe sspgorts. Fig. 12.2(0) lustre the distbution of hyperstatic {seoondary} moments inthe bea, Pursuing te sare example, in which only the post-tensioning forces ae being reviewed, observe in Fig, .2-3a) ha at any seetion along the beam, the hypersttie reactions induce a hyperstatic moment and a hyperstatc shear, There is ao resultant horizontal force at the cut seotiom foc the rolersepport example considered. rom the statics of the free-hody diagram of the eut beam, the hyperstatic moment snd shearare given by the following relationships SR 3 SR*K a wa Map ® ® KAYE 1D ss | veacinaere LA) feriesoae (a) RESULTANT MOMENT AND SHEAR AT ‘A SECTION oss B® cae csmn Zt ‘ fil respon Force refer (b) ASSUMED INTERNAL FORCE DISTRIBUTION AT STRENGTH LIMIT STATE SECTIONAL ACTIONS DUE TO PRESTRESSING & THE CORRESPONDING INTERNAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES AT STRENGTH LIMIT STATE. FIGURE 1.2.3 WM oboe reTENSIONING INSTITUTE ‘The hyperstatic shear and moraent shown in Fig, 1.2-3(9) at the cut section are sustained by forces developed in the concrete and rein- forcement over the cross section, At the strength limit state, the moment is assumed o be resisted by a compression block and a ter- sile force as shown in Fig. 1.23), from whick the following rela- tionships apply co-T 6 Myp = Tz = Cz 6 where, C= total compression force: T= combined tension fore de othe prestessing and nonpeesiessed reinforcement; 2 = internal lever amn ofthe section Brom the foregoing, it is evident that at the strength Emit state, the section must develop on internal resistance associated with the Ihyperstatic moment, This resistance is in addition to that required by tbe action of ether loads, such as seif-weight aad live loading, ACE (ACL318, 1995], and AASHTO [AASHTO, 1994) require thatthe hhypersatic (secondary) actions be included witha factor of 1.0 in all strength demand load combinations, when actions are calculated using elas theory. For example, one of the strength load vombina- tions stipulated inthe ACT code for gravity conditions is My= CLAM G+ LIMy + Ming) o £ where, ‘Me = nominel strength of section; = sitength reduction factor, Mg = moment dus to dead leading; and Mp = moment due to ive losing. ‘The hypersetic_ moment is not factored for severe reasons. Fist the parameters governing its value are more accurstely known than ‘hose associated with te dead and Tive loads, Second, in most cases, hyperstatic moments counteract the moments due to dead an live Toading, Hence, an inezease in the load factor for the hyperstatic _moments i often not conservative. ‘The preceding discussion demonstrates that, fr sttength considere- Hons, the byperstatic moments enter the computations, and not the primary oc halanced raoenents 2- COMPUTATIONAL PROCEDURES Hiypersiatic moments can be calculated either dccolly or indirectly For skeletal members, uch as beams, and floor systems that are m0d- led as sips of isolated sib fames, hyDersate ations can be suc cessfully caleulated ysing both methods, For coninuum membe:s, such as flooe slabs that are viewed as plates, the direct method must beused. ‘The background 10 these methods is explained in (Aalami, 1999], Both methods ae oulined below, inthe context ofboth skeletal and continuum structiral models. Later the special requirements for the analysis of segmental constuction are acdressed, 2A Skeletal Structures 2d Direct Method The direct method is based on the definition of hypersttic actions (moments and shears) as desorbed in the preceding section. Observe atypical rene as shown in Fig. 2.1.1-1, The fratn is subject to dead loading, ive loeding and post-tensioning, The reactions caused atthe supports are due fall the loading components - namely, dead, live ‘and post-ensiosing or prestessing. Fig. 2.112 illusrates the free boxy diagram of the slabybeam member in which oaly the post-ten- soning and its reaotions atthe supports are shown. The free body diagram is complete as shown in the figure (rote that there is ao dead or live loading shown), [tis not necessary to include the balanced loading deve to posttensioting in this diagram, since the tendon is considered in-place in the loading diagram. Note, thatthe belanced leading appeers in the loading ciagrem only if the tendon is assured ‘removed from is honsing ‘peso Loa tye L0H FOST-TENSIONED FRAME UNDER LOADING FIGURE 2.1.11 By definiion, the moments and reactions shown in Fig. 24.1-2 are the hypersatieactions, since these are the actions induced ty post tensioning alone, For static equilibrium, the sum of al the hyperstatic ‘stone on the fare must add to 2600. ‘SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO POST-TENSIONING FIGURE 2.1.1-2 A common procedure forthe divect method is thatthe prestressing forces are frst translated into the coresponding belanced loading to be applied to the frame. “The hypersiatic reetions tthe supports are ‘hen computed by solving the frame For the bslanced loading due to post-ensioning’prestressing [ADAPT, 1997]. St is clea that te cea- ‘ral issue in the corest comparation of iyperstatic reactions isthe ‘aithfal represeutaion of the balanced loading as a set of extemal actions applied to the frame, Only if all dhe components of the bei- anoed loading are consisereé, will the calculated hyperstaic actions be comet. The lyperstatic ceactions calculated above are then applied to the member to determine the byperstatic moment and shear at any point along its Iength (Fig. 2.1.1-3). At any distance Xi, as show in Fig. 2.1.1+4, the bypecsatic shear is simply the algebraic sum of all reac- tions, and the hyperstatic coment isthe moment of afl actions. The :elationships ae as follows Vie = SR ® Mp = SO + Mi} S (RAK) ® Where, My My,endR; = Support reections due to post- tensioning: x Distance to the section under ‘consideration ae wn ACTIONS CAUSING HYPERSTATIC MOMENTS AND SHEARS FIGURE 2.1.1-3 POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE_FosT-Taonn eh \at Da “i Ds |! La HYPERSTATIG MOMENT (Mi AND SHEAR (V) INA SECTION FIGURE 2.L1-4 24.2 Indirect method The indirect method is a procedure commonly used for the caleuka- tion of hyperstatic moments i skeletal structures. I 3s bused om the following relationship (ADAPT, 1997! Mp = Mog-B¥e co Where, © = eccentricity of post-tensioning/prestressing vith cespect tothe neatral axs ofthe section {positive if CGS is above the neural exis, otherwise negative), Migp = hyperstatc: moment Mor = balanced moment due to balanced loading; P= postseasioning/prestressing force (positive) In this relationship moments causing teasion atthe bottom ‘iber are assutmed positive. The hyperstatic reactions and shears are then calcu ited from the hyperstatic moments, 2.1.3 Comparison of the two methods Both methods yield the same rests, provided the balanced Toading is comely mtodeled., Orherwise, both solutions are approximate, with the difference thatthe direct method's solutions are: more consistent in satisfying the overall equilibrium of the strucwre, ‘Apart from its generality and accuracy, an advantage of the direct ‘method is that it does not require the knowledge of the eecenticity of the tendon {e), or is force (P) for the computation of hyperstatic ‘moments, onve the post-tensioning reactions are computed. 24d Example of a Skeletal Structure ‘Consider a design strip from a. two-way floor system, which is being designed using a siab Frame modeling technique, such as the Equivalent Frame Method (refer to Fig, 2.1 4-1, A three-imensional view of the frame is shown in Fig, 2.1.42, Herein, fits the direct ‘method is used to compute the hyperstatic moments of the two-way slab example, The hyperstatic moments obrained are checked against the conventional cethod {indirect method} of calexlation to deron- EE post -TENSIONING INSTITUTE strate thar both schemes yield the same solution, Portis example the design stip was analyzed using the ADAPE-PT soltvare package ‘The software accnaiely captures ie balanoed loading inthe structur- Al model. The software dirccily employs the definition of hypersiaic ‘actions {rioments and shears) as stated in the preceding, for the com- puttion of ayperstaiic moments (ine direct meibod) wa er AEVATON J ee BB, 83,30, pen tee) pope pw Ta ela! ojo inl » | lol TENDON GEOMETRY sr sca. excsenaTE! 1f GEOMETRY OF THREE SPAN TWO-WAY SLAB FIGURE 214-1 PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF DESIGN STRIP FIGURE 2.1.4.2 ‘The hyperstatic actions at the supports ofthe two-way slab example are shown in Fig. 2.14-3(a), Note atthe sum of al aypersaicreac- tions i zero, S Reactions = 8983-8.972-9.015+3.005 = 0,001 ENM2 ssn SS t x t saaro t ton sr50 ae aus 805 ta) HYPERSTATIC ACTIONS AT SUPPORTS UNTS NAN AND itt a8 a =A! LN. fa tee [aaa sie alt | tom 5 Face zo_| co) Sopot spa tb DISTRIEUTION OF HYPERSTATIC MOMENTS (UNTS kien HYPERSTATIC ACTIONS OF THE TWO-WAY SLAB DESIGN STRIP FIGURE 2.1.4.3 ‘The hypersatic actions constitute a self-squilibrating force systems, ‘Also mots in this ease thatthe thst span fas a different post-tension- ‘ng force thaa the Fist to spans. Added tendons extend feor the tip cof the contlever at right to one-fith point ofthe second span from the third suppor. The force in the added tendons is: 1650 - 1237.5 = 412.5 kN ‘The solution for hyperstatic actions in this case is dependent on the accurate representation ofthe balance! loading ofall tendons, inchud ing the portion of the added tendons from the third support to where they are dead ended in span 2, Ignoring the added effects of thass tendons, including the postoe in span 2, would adversely affect the accuracy of the solution (see Big. 2.144 for the distribution of bal- anced moments ia the model) en {\ | \ _|P | q BINT SANDS OaT ny owen 2 |_—+4 DISTRIBUTION OF POST-TENSIONING MOMENT. FIGURE 2.1.44 A - Direct Method: ‘The hyperstatic moments in the fratte are determined using the bhyperstatie actions a che suppors and the statics of the structure, Momeat at left of support 2: Miyp = S983KNES75m = 51652 kN Ateight of support 2: Muy = 51652-9834 = 41.818 kNm At mig-length of span #: Myp = 89832875m = 2582 KNm Mements 2 otber cations recalculated ina similar manner. The com> plete distibution of hyperstatic omens is show in Fig, 214-30). B - Indirect Method (Conventional Method): Using the conventional Gndizect) method, the hyperstatic moments at the Zocations specified above are recalculated as follows: Mage = Max-Pre “The istributon of balanced mowzents (Ma) is shown in Fig. 2.1.44 ‘The section centroid is located 130 mam above the slab soffit at midspan; and is compsted to be 299.37 mum above the doa cap soffit atthe centerline of suppons 2 an 3 At the center of span Moa = -104.10KNm(see Fig. 2.1.43) P 1237.50 KN e 25-130 = 105 mm Note tha eccentricity above mental ass taken as positive Myp = -108.40+ 1237.50°10571000 = 25.83 kNm (525.82 kNm from Direct Metiod) ox ‘tthe left of the third suppor Mg) = 26875 kNo P= 1650kN 235-+ 200-2933 = 135.67 mm 265.35 - 1650*135.67/1000 41.89 kN OK Note that the results from both the diteot and indirect methods axe ‘virally identical2.2 Contimsums ( plates, shells and solids) 2.2.4 The Direct Method ‘The calculation of hyperstatic actions in coutinwusa steuctures, such as sabs, sells ond solids, resents a spenial challenge, The actions -genercted in a continuum structore due to the construnt of the sup- ports distribute in two or thes dimensions, in @ manner that can not readily be related to the pesition and force magnitude of individual tendons. Since. the one-to-one correlation that exists herween a ten- don in a skeletal structure and the associated post-tersioning moment is not apparent in a continame, tae indirect method of computation explained in the preceding does cot apply. 4s the case of continuum structures, the direct method must be used, Jn other words, all reactions at the supports de to prestessing must be computed and thea applied tothe continuutn as a loading to deter snina the hyperstatic actions, as done in the direct method. ‘The concept and procedure is described throngh the example of a |wo-way pos- tensioned flor system desorbed nex, 2.2.2 Example of a Two-Way Floor Slab Consider the ease of a simple oor system shown in Fig, 2.2.24 The slab is resting on eight square perimeter columns and a cental round coluran. Other featues of the slab include a drop panel over the central) colums, and an opening. The tendon layout ofthe floor is, displayed in Fig. 222-2, The tendons are banded slong the grid lines 1,2 and 3 and are distebted unsfonely i the transverse dies tion. Other particulars of the model are listed befow. Post-iensioning: Effective Stress, fy = 1400 MPa Suund Area = 98mm" STRUCTURE PLAN FIGURE 2.2.21 POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE BO @ = UUSTRUTED TENDONS CH! ‘OTE » TetGen cas aBore suas orAT: ‘oun a Le PONT mn HT OWT am A Sab eos + ystaeure> Tamms. 3 smaos ice mo TEM w stRaas eso a0 TENDON LAYOUT FIGURE 2.2.2-2 Force assumed uniform along wenden length ‘The floor wos analyzed using the ADAPT-Floor software package, finite element program with the ful capability to account for post tensioning, A thtes-dimensionsl, computer generated view of th struotuce is shown in Fig, 2.2.2-3 and the tendon layont is shown i Fig, 22.24 FIGURE 2.2.23PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF TENDON. AYOUT FIGURE 2.2.24 For the tendon layout and associated pre-stessing, the computed Ihypersusti reactions ae iste in Fig. 2.2.25, ‘The algorithm used to determine the hyperstatc actions is based on the direct method described in the preceding. The principal steps are as follows: + Calcunt the post zensioning momuents and reactioas in the continuum structure from the tendon layout ane tendon force, The reactions atthe supports de to presressing ate the hyperstatic (secondary) reactions, For the particular example, these reactions ate shown in Fig, 2.2.25 [Note tha the reactions cue to prestresing are in satc equilibrium § Secondary Actions inthe vertical direction = 105+ 2034218 + 478-1404 388- 0.576-+21.6+ 861 KN = O216KN=OKN Vertical forces are in equiibriu, 8 Secondary Moments about Gridline B = (1.05 +20.3+2.18) KN* 9.7 m- (0576+ 2648.0 KN 77 0 = 0.059 Kin = 0 kN SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO POST- TENSIONNG ONLY IKK! FIGURE 2.2.2.5 (M, Moments are it equilibrium, + Use the hypersatc reactions (showin in Fig, 22.2-5) as an applied loading to the continuum and determine the reslting actions within the continaum. For the floor slab under consideration, the calewated ‘contour plot of moments, My, is shown in Fig, 222-6, The diagram alse shows « distribution plot of the local moment per uct length bout te local centoidal axis atthe face of support of gridine 2. The distribusion does not include moments induced by the vatiation of| RUNTOURS A CL OTEVALS ‘CONTOUR PLOT AND SECTIONAL OISTAIBUTION (OF HYPERSTATIC MOMENTS, Bh, FIGURE 222-6 axial forces in the slab end the shift in cenroial axis at the dop cap. Tis important to note the, like other loading conditions, thee will be an in-plane distribution of actions (axial and shear). These actions axe shown in Fig, 2.2.2-7 for the section at grid line 2. The in-plane sctioas result in a tensile component in the drop pane! region and compression compenents cuside the drop pane! as shown inthe fi ate. The total hypestatic moment at grid ine 2, consists ofthe distr- tution of moment shown in Fig, 222-6 and the momeot generated about the yx by the axial forces shown in Fig, 2:2.2-7. The sum of these to moment components isthe byperstatic moment duc to pre~ stressing ane! must balance the action due to the extemally applied reactions shown in Fig.2.22-5,(bh IMPLANE ACTIONS AT LINE 2 HYPERSTATIC IN-PLANE FORCES AT LINE 2 FIGURE 2.2.2.7 Fig. 222-7 shows the variation of axial forces in the model, In this case the total hyperstatic moment about ee section ext isthe itegeal ‘of the Ioeal moment distémtion (361 kN-m in Fig. 2.22-6) plus he ‘integral of the loca axial force distribution times the central sift Migp = 361 KNm +349 KN *0.125 m = 405 kNin ‘This result can be verified by computing the hyperstatie moment at the Zave of support using the dtect method. Secondary Moments about section drawn at Gridtne 2, face of Suppor. (1.054 47.8-0.576) KN* 84m 405 Nm 2.3 Segmental Construction 2.31 Introduetion ‘A segmentally constructed structure is built over a pevied of time rom discrete components. A distinguishing fearare ofthe segmental ‘construction is that the components, or the partelly assembled stuc- ture, are called upon to carry significant loading in a configoration ‘and through a structural system other than that of the completeé strecture, Examples of segmental construction inclode balanced can- tilever bridges, incrementatly launched bridges, and precast pre- sueseed girders made continuous threugh splicing. {in segmental construction, some of all of the prostressing is applied before the structure assumes its final configuration. Since (i) the BE oP ost -TENSIONING INSTITUTE hypersatc actions are caused by the resistance of the supports to the fiee movemest of the structure, and Gi) the configuration ofthe strue- ture a its support conditions change overtime, the computation of hypetstatic actions com #0 longer be based on the geometry and pre- stressing ofthe completed structure, In this cose a incremental computational procedure must be adopted, At each stage of constuction, ané for each application of prestress- ing, the increment in hyperstatc actions must be calculated, The hyperstatic actions due to each application or change in prestessing mst be accumulated to yield the total of the hyperstatie actions at any given stage, The concepts required for computation of hypersatic actions in seg- ‘mental consimction is described next through an istrative exemple. For details refer to [ADAPT ABI Manual, 1997). To focus on the byperstate actions, wrthout compromising the concep, the long-term effects of creep, shrinkage, relation, and aging of concrete are aot included in the example. A simple eross section and presiressing pat- tem are selected. 23.2 Example of a Segmental Construction ig, 22.2+1 shows the stages of construction of a two-spaa, continu. ‘ous bear, Each span consists of a precast, preswessed girder of rec- langulac cross section, The girders are transported to the site and Jnstalled with @ gap over the central pier {efecto the gure). pre- installed duct is te precast girders is made continuous across the gap and the gap is cast to splice te ive ginders together. A post-ension- jing tendon is passed through te duct. Aer the concrete ofthe splice sins adequate strengi, the post tensioning tendon is stressed, thece- by achieving a continuous, ewe span, posttensioned gidet. In pecto- {ype construction, a topping slab is generally apoied over the precast sirders, and che post-tensioning tendons are stage stressed. These ‘operations are not addressed hereia, since they do act impact the objective of he example +—— ae. Posteo 0n——+ & FReTBSDBE COMPLETED STALOTIRE 100 —S et Ib INSTALLAMON OF PRECAST GROERS (0 CLOSURE OF SeLiCE am Se i ( APFLATION OF PosT-TexBIOKNG 8 TWO SPAN SEGMENTAL CONSTRUCTION FIGURE 2.3. 1Details ofthe Siructural Model: Cross section: Rectangular 600mm deep, 250mm wide Prectensioning tendons + Force = USS RN, (0- 12mm strands) + Location (CGS 80ram from the ger soffit Pos-tensoning tendons + Force 1193 XN, (10-12 wm steands} *Profile = Sitnple parabola ‘The distribution of moment in the completed stectire due to the action ofthe entire amount of prestessig is shown in Fig, 2.8.2-2. ‘The non-zero values of moment atthe fist and last suppont are due te the ecceniicity of the pretensioning strands at tese locations. ‘The sharp rise in the prestressing scoment over the central support is due to the fact thatthe pretensioning strands do got extend imo the splice, At the interface of the splice, there isa drop in the moment quel to the contribution ofthe preseessing strands. DSTROUTION o PRESTRESSANGAOENT THE COMPLETED STRUCTURE FIGURE 2.3.2-2 Fig, 23.2-3 ilustaies the hyperstatie moments for the completed. structure, based om the gosttensioning forees only. The hyperstatic (Secondary) moments ate Give to the change in prestressing afte the structure becomes indeterminate. In this example, the change is lim- ited 10 the addition ofthe post tensioned tendons because the peten- sioning teadons were siesed when the structite was sill detemi- safe In an actuclsiracure, there is also a contribution to hyperstatic roments due to the sess loss in presressing strands subsequent 20 ‘he closure ofthe splice, Ifthe emtie prestressing were considered fo have been made contine uous spans, the resulting hyperstatic moments would have been very different, The concept can be ifusrated using the analogous exar- ple of self-neight moments ix the steuctare for the two cases of single-stage, and segmental constnction, Refer to Fig, 2.3.2.4 and 2.3.2.5, Fig. 23.24 shows the bending moment in the completed structare if it were consiucted segmenislly. Note thatthe distbue tion is the same, as ifthe éW0 spans were simply supported, However, in a one-stage consiruction (shown in Fg, 2.3.2-5), the distebution of momeat is due to thet of a two-span coptinuous bear, The ditfecence is significant, ll ‘DerRELRSos Hoyer CUE TO SEL WIE SESH CONTR FIGURE 23.24 DMSTREUTIONOF NOMEN DUETO BEKE WEEN - ‘KE STGE CONST AUCTION JST RALTION OF AFPERSTATIC MENTS THE COMBLEED STRUCTURE FIGURE 2.3.23 FIGURE 2.3.2.5 ‘The following ilustates the compucation of the hyperstatic actions, using both the direct and the indirect metheds. The important point to observe is that, in the computation presented, only the post-ten- sioning is included A.- Direct Method, Using Reactions Due to Post-Tensioning: ‘The reattons duc to posi-tensioning clone ar calculated ving san- dard procedures deseribed earlier, The resus se: POST -TENSIONING INSTITUTE EELocation Horizontal Venical Moment First support ® 4.120610" 0 Middle suppor, 0. 82412410" 0 Right support a 4.1206" 10° a TOTAL o o 0 ‘From the definition of hyperstetic moments: ‘Moment over cemal ger = _(teaction)(gpan length) = -4.20620'*20"1000 8.24°10" Naum B- Indirect Method, Using the Sectional Actions: ‘Hyperstatic moment = (Prestressing moment) - (Prestressing Force)*{eccentricity) Hyperstatic moment = (3.44*10* MPa) - (1.19410°N}*(220mm) = 8210" Nom 3- CONCLUDING REMARKS. ‘The hyperstatic (secondary) actions in prestressed structates ate defined. Two methods for their computations, refered to as Direct ‘and Indirect Methorls, are presente. It is concluced that the Direct ‘Method! is general, and that i is applicable to skeletal, continuncn, and segimentally constracted structures. 11s demonstrated that, forthe evaluaion of the strength limit state of ‘prestressed structures, the hyperstatic actions need to be inetuded as part of the factored demand actions. ‘This conclusion is contingent upon the actions having been calculated wsing elastic theory. Any re- on cata oA pa eo ane too eevee mA Cts Mag EN sana hese seen sera (602) 870-7540 FAX (602) 870-7541 {6 Sacre rerun aeen Fees sy aby ode deena eon tn a egy coms see Pat sane wean @ vrree sate BM POST-TENSIONING INSTITUTE PRINTED NUS. DECEMBER 1998 ccuam 997 (288