(erin) Mapping | indigenous i _communities A. We all were taught the map Is not the territory Howover, recent attempts to secure land for indigenous peoples find the entanglement of maps and territories to be more complex The map — or control of the map — sometimes makes the territory, especially when indigenous 5! people have been invaded by map-makers."More indigencus territory has been claimed by maps than by guns" Universicy of California geographer Bemard Nietschmann concludes from his field experience. "And more indigenous tervitory | can be reclaimed and defended by maps than by guns” 1B Mapping of common land ~ mapping of by, and for the people — has been called “countersmapping”, “community- based mapping” or “participatory mapping”. The mapping toolkit comprises everything from maps seratched on the ‘ground to high-tach GPS.* and often asisance by ouside 5 NGOe* or universities. Affordable equipment and access to 2 network of expertise provide communiies with map- making capacities comparable to those formerly enjoyed only by nation-seates and wealthy corporations. © Offical maps frequendy misrepresent indigenous land, 20 treat it as uninhabited, or reveal ambiguous borders, Definite boundaries become the first line of defense aguinse encroaching cattle farmers, imber companies, miners, road builders. and land speculators. But the mapping process also? changes people's perceptions of themsolves and theie 25: territory, their resources, and their history. It can help political organizing and give them greater control of the resources on thelr land, D_ Current projects range from making small maps of single ‘communities tothe Oxfam-sponsored effet te map al 1300 20 cof Perut Native Amazonian communities. Most projecte ‘work on a qumber of dilrene levels ~ simultaneously applying inhableanes terms, using their names, symbols, scales, and priorities (sometimes called “folkloric” maps), and converting these into conventional maps that will be = recognized by officials, accepted in court, and usable in negovations. Neither folkloric nor orthodox maps are more “correct”. Each represents a cultural interpretation of terrkory; exch changes hew residents and non-residents view their geography. E A key says Mac Chapin of the Canter for the Support of [Native Lanse the level of local participation: the higher the level, the richer and more benefcal the outcome, Take a 1995-96 Nacve Lands project in Hoceno communities in Bolivia. Trained laccano surveyors armed with paper, colored 1 Whol aah Magan, Fl, 198 Homegrown Maps | pencil, and notebooks conducted vilage censuses and — working with vilage leaders ~ drew sketch maps showing land so actives (where people lve, farm, hunt, practise ritual ‘ther medicinal plants and construction macerals) as wall as structures, resources, relationships, and physical indmavks. 50 F Cartographers used these maps to produce new 1:50,000 maps based on avalable miltary maps. Then the surveyors took the drafe maps back to the communities for feedback and correction, while drattsmen checked exace locations using GPS and compass readings. Finally, che team produced 2 55 1:250,000 map ofthe reglon and 1:75,000 zone maps. £G Some governments now accept many of these home grown maps, acknowledging them as more accurate chan their own. In Panama, government cartographers have parcicipated from the beginning in recent projects. The maps 60 legitimize boundarias for protecting areas and document end use and occupaney for lend-ights negotiations, They permit boundary monitoring with aerial or satelite Photography, and seting priorities for managing and ‘conserving dhe land. 6 Hi Just putting their own tradiional names on folkloric ‘maps gives people a spiritual ownership of che things named, says Mac Chapin. These maps also give birth to a sense of region. The Honduran Mosquiia, fer instance, ncludes 174 ‘communities: before mapping, each deske indvidusly with catle farmers and timber companies, unaware of others! arrangements. Mapping created 2 fooling of territory leading to che organization of seven ragional Miskito federations for callecive action, Since most place rames have historical origins, the mapping process also became the occasion for 75 ‘ommiiites to gather across generations, share stories and songs, and recollecr ther ident. 50 (Cio instant IES by Gay Brook Hart © Cambridge Univesity Press 2004 PHOTOCOPIABLEHomegrown Maps CEES (0). are cared out before crewing rough maps. | Complete the summary below. Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the reading passage for each answer. [/Uaige-siae map are made by (i). wang seteh |] Nowadays maps ae a more efectve way of protecting native _____ aps and ary maps lands than (1 Moreover, because @ is avaiable it has become possble for [ These maps are then shown to vlagers for (2, small communities to make their ovn map with help from - ouside experts — ee ‘Meanie (3). ar confirmed by professional (On official maps, native temitory is often shown to be | ) mapamaters Bhosanas orl rote ate nt eal defined Maps showing () can help to protect — — indigenous areas from outside exploitation. Also, Lastly, regional and (14). are Issue. rmap-making ean ater the inhabitants’ (5) i of their identity, their land and their cute (osoeree The lst blow glves some uses of maps. Which THREE of these are mentioned as uses af folkloric Look at the following countries (Questions 6-9) and the list | ™4PS? of characteris of mapping projects (A-C). A They ae stable for use in lga! battles Match each county wih the characteristic ofthe mapping 8 They enabe local peopl to expat their resources more project whichis mentioned In the passage | ctfcenty. € They enable communities to remember ther past here are more characteris than counrles, #0 you He Toren mere shemeiiberemnbios meme «| Ea Seb oasen a ck Ge, te mek They help people nthe are to unite polialy 6 Pew F They show where bel people cary Out vais actives. 7 balvia 8 Panama 9 Honduras 3 Follow-up 7A Every inlgenous village in thereon wl be represented. | CED B Indigenous communities make better use of the eer Scan the passage again to find these words and try to guess region where they lve. their meanings from the context. Then use the words to Loca people have stopped using weepons to defend | | Complete the sentences below ther tetory. | comprises high-tech formerly outcome feedback D Communities have become more aware oftheir | | Sromtonng culture 28a result of mapping & People rom the lca comrrurity were respersibie | | 4m pessmistic about the sites far gathering the basi information | F The mapping received official support from the start. negotiations, G The maps were made entirely by people from the 2- Ws dificult to improve your serie if you get no community, from your cients 3 Peaple food to ths region in search of jobs in Se i . industries For Questions 10-14 complete the diagram on the right to show the process used for making maps in Bolivia. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each 5 This area was a desert, but now ithas Tax over 50% af the price of fuel STE converted to rich agricultural land. 5 We've been carefully. your progress anc | you should be ready to leave hospital shortly. ( Fram Instant TEUTS by Guy Brook-Hart © Cambridge University Press 200¢ PHOTOCOPIABLE ) (51