Coordinates: 44°00′N 6°00′E

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (French pronunciation:
[pʁɔvɑ̃ s‿alp kot d‿azyʁ]; Occitan: Provença-Aups-Còsta Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
d'Azur, [pɾuˈvɛnso̞ ˈawps ˈkɔsto̞ daˈzyɾ], or Provença-Alps- Provença-Aups-Còsta
Còsta d'Azur, [pɾuˈvɛnso̞ ˈalps ˈkɔsto̞ daˈzyɾ]; commonly
d'Azur (Occitan)
shortened to PACA; English: Provence-Alps-French Riviera;
also known as Région Sud) is one of the eighteen Region of France
administrative regions of France, the far southeastern on the
mainland. Its prefecture and largest city is Marseille. The
region is roughly coterminous with the former French
province of Provence, with the addition of the following
adjacent areas: the former papal territory of Avignon, known
as Comtat Venaissin; the former Sardinian-Piedmontese
County of Nice annexed in 1860, whose coastline is known in
English as the French Riviera and in French as the Côte
d'Azur; and the southeastern part of the former French View of Menton
province of Dauphiné, in the French Alps. Previously known
by the acronym PACA, the region adopted the name Région
Sud as a commercial name or nickname in December 2017.[2]
5,007,977 people live in the region according to the 2015
census.
Flag
Coat of arms
It encompasses six departments in Southeastern France:
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, Bouches-du-
Rhône, Hautes-Alpes, Var and Vaucluse. It is bounded to the
east by the France–Italy border, to the south by the
Mediterranean Sea and by the Principality of Monaco, to the
north by Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes and to the west by
Occitanie, with the Rhône marking its westernmost border.
The region logotype displays the coat of arms created in the
1990s and which combines the coats of arms of the old
provinces making up Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. The
region's economy is the third largest in France, just behind Île-
de-France and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Its GDP in 2012 was
€142.4 billion (US$183.1 billion) while its per capita GDP
was €28,861 ($US 37,121).
Coordinates: 44°00′N 6°00′E
Country France
Contents Prefecture Marseille
Departments 6
Demographics
Alpes-de-Haute-
Population Provence
Languages Alpes-Maritimes
Immigration Bouches-du-Rhône
Departments Hautes-Alpes
Var
Major cities
Vaucluse
Geography Government
Regional government and politics • President of Renaud Muselier
the Regional (LR)
Political tendencies Council
Economy Area
Culture • Total 31,400 km2
(12,100 sq mi)
Transportation Area rank 10th
Airports Population (2015)
Motorways • Total 5,007,977
Trains • Density 160/km2
High speed services (410/sq mi)
National services Demonym(s) Provençals
Regional services Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
• Summer (DST) UTC+02:00
Environment (CEST)
Education ISO 3166 code FR-PAC
References GDP (2012)[1] Ranked 3rd
External links Total €142.4 billion
(US$183.1 bn)
Per capita €28,861
(US$37,121)
Demographics NUTS Region FR8
Website maregionsud.fr (htt
ps://www.maregion
Population sud.fr/)

According to a 2015 census, the population in the region was 5,007,977; Marseille and its metropolitan
area is the most populous in the region with a city population of 850,636, an urban population of 1,560,921
and a metropolitan population of 1,720,941. Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris, and
has the third largest metropolitan population, behind those of Paris and Lyon respectively.

Nice is host to the second-largest population concentration in the region, with a city population of 344,875
and an urban population of 1,005,230, making it the fifth-most populous city in France.

Languages

The absolute majority of the population speaks French but many regional and foreign languages are present
in the region.[3]

The 1999 Census, which included a complementary survey asking for the mother tongue of the
respondents, gave results on the most spoken mother tongues in Provence after French:[4]

Provençal 5.2%
Italian 4.4%
Arabic 3.0%
Spanish 2.8%
Corsican 1.1%

Immigration
According to a 2009 study, nearly 40% of all newborns in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in 2007 had at
least one parent of an immigrant background, mostly Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Maghrebi. This is the
second-highest rate after Île-de-France (Greater Paris), where the figure was around 56%.[5] Since the
1960s, the region has been a major immigration centre into France, mostly due to Mediterranean
immigration from countries such as Portugal, Spain, Italy, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco.

Departments

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is divided into 6 departments. These are Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Hautes-

Alpes, Alpes-Maritimes, Bouches-du-Rhône, Var and Vaucluse.

Population
Department Area Population Prefecture Sub-prefecture(s)
density
Barcelonnette,
Alpes-de-Haute- 6,944 km2 Digne-les- 23/km2
04 161,241 Castellane and
Provence (2,681 sq mi) Bains (60/sq mi)
Forcalquier

05 Hautes-Alpes 5,549 km2 139,554 Gap Briançon 24/km2

(2,142 sq mi) (62/sq mi)

06 Alpes-Maritimes 4,299 km2 1,084,428 Nice Grasse 252/km2

(1,660 sq mi) (650/sq mi)

13
Bouches-du- 5,112 km2 1,984,784 Marseille
Aix-en-Provence, Arles 385/km2
Rhône (1,974 sq mi) and Istres (1,000/sq mi)

83 Var 5,973 km2 1,021,669 Toulon

Brignoles and 196/km2
(2,306 sq mi) Draguignan (510/sq mi)

84 Vaucluse 3,566 km2 546,314 Avignon Apt and Carpentras 151/km2

(1,377 sq mi) (390/sq mi)

Major cities
The largest cities in the region are Marseille (regional prefecture),
Nice, Toulon and Aix-en-Provence, each with a population exceeding
100,000 inhabitants at the 1999 census. Along with Marseille, Nice is
the second most populous city in the region with a city proper
population of about 350,000 and an urban population exceeding 1
million.

Marseille has an urban area of 2 million inhabitants and is the largest

and capital city of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. It is also the Marseille
second most populated city in France, just behind Paris and the city
with the third largest metropolitan population in France, behind Paris
and Lyon respectively.

Along with Nice and Marseille, the region is also made internationally
popular with Cannes which, though not a large city (population of
73,603 in 2012), hosts the annual Cannes Film Festival which has
highly popularized the region. Also, Arles has become renowned as
the city in which Vincent van Gogh lived and painted 300 paintings.
Nice
Toulon is a large military harbour on the Mediterranean coast, with
the French naval base placed there. It is the capital of the Var
department in the region. Also, Aix-en-Provence has long been a
university town, and to this day remains the most important
educational centre in the region.

Below is a list of the most populated cities in the region along with
their population (city proper) according to the most recent census:
Aix-en-Provence
Aix-en-Provence – 142,743
Antibes (includes Juan-les-Pins) – 76,994
Arles – 52,729
Aubagne – 46,423
Avignon – 90,194
Cannes – 73,603
Draguignan – 38,258
Fréjus – 52,389 Avignon
Grasse – 51,580
Hyères – 56,275
La Seyne-sur-Mer – 64,903
Le Cannet – 40,940
Mandelieu-la-Napoule – 22,714
Manosque – 22,333
Marseille – 861,636
Martigues – 76,471
Mougins – 19,703
Nice – 343,875 Cannes

Salon-de-Provence – 45,400
Toulon – 167,729
Villeneuve-Loubet – 14,427

Geography
This region has a total area of 31,400 km2 (12,100 sq mi). It has a wide variety of landscapes, from the
Alps mountains to plains and coastal areas like Nice and Marseille, which form the majority of the land
area. The region has a Mediterranean coastline on the south, on which the majority of its population lives. It
borders Italy (Liguria and Piedmont) to the east, Monaco (Fontvieille, La Colle, La Rousse, Larvotto, Les
Moneghetti, Les Révoires, Saint Michel) in the south-east, and the French regions of Auvergne-Rhone-
Alpes to the north and Occitanie to the west. The Rhône, Durance, Var and Arc rivers run through the
region. The borders were unaffected by the 2016 French regional reforms.

This region is famous for the Côte d'Azur (French Riviera), which spans the coastal cities of Nice, Saint-
Laurent-du-Var, Antibes, Juan-les-Pins, Cannes, Mandelieu-la-Napoule, Fréjus, Saint-Raphaël, Sainte-
Maxime and Saint-Tropez; and on the Rhône river, the city of Avignon which is surrounded by medieval
stone walls.

Regional government and politics

The Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is the
legislative body of the region. The President of the Regional
Council has been Renaud Muselier of The Republicans (LR) since
2017.

Political tendencies
Regional council logo
In the recent years The Republicans have gained strong support in
the region. Following the 2015 election, the party took control of
the regional executive, which had been previously controlled by the Socialist Party (PS). Christian Estrosi
succeeded Michel Vauzelle as President of the Regional Council. The 2015 election was also a show of
force for the National Front (FN), led by Marion Maréchal-Le Pen, which garnered over 45% of the vote in
the second round.

The French Communist Party (PCF) historically had several strongholds in the region from the 1920s
onward, including Aubagne, Draguignan, La Ciotat, Beausoleil, Martigues, Gardanne, Arles and some
suburbs of Marseille, although not enough to win regional elections; the party usually received about 10%
of the vote. In the 2002 presidential election, this declined to 4%. In 2007, it dropped below 3%.

Nowadays the main competition in regional politics is between The Republicans and the National Rally
(former National Front). In the second round of the 2021 regional election, The Republicans received
57.3% of the vote against the National Rally's 42.7%.

In the second round of the last four presidential elections, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur voted as follows,
with the winner of the election indicated in italics:

Election Regional winner Regional runner-up

2017 Emmanuel Macron (55.5%) Marine Le Pen (45.5%)
2012 Nicolas Sarkozy (57.6%) François Hollande (42.4%)
2007 Nicolas Sarkozy (61.8%) Ségolène Royal (38.2%)
2002 Jacques Chirac (72.3%) Jean-Marie Le Pen (27.7%)

Economy
The regional income per capita is close to the French national
average. Income inequality however is higher than in other
regions: the region is ranked 4th by percent of population living
above the poverty line. The region is ranked third by GDP.
Between 2007 and 2011, the region registered an average annual
growth rate of 1.6% of GDP (Eurostat), close to the national
average annual growth rate of 1.5%. Representing 7.2% of the
national GDP over the period, the region is an important economic The Calanque de Sugiton in the 9th
arrondissement of Marseille, part of
powerhouse.
Calanques National Park, a major
In 2013, the region was responsible for 7.4% of national tourist attraction in the region.
employment, with an employment rate of 89.2%. The region's
employment success has a main characteristic: a higher
concentration of elderly people than in the rest of France (respectively 27.1% and 24.1% in 2013).
With more than 80% of regional employment in the service sector
in 2010, the regional economy is mostly oriented towards service
activities, above the national average of 76.3%. The sector grew
between 2000 and 2010 (3.1% on annual average versus 2.1% in
France). The region concentrates more on commercial activities
than financial ones than the rest of France does; principally
because of tourism. 34% of the labour force is employed in retail
and trade, against 32% at the national level. Moreover, the sector
strongly contributes to growth of added value (81.5% vs. 77.3% at
the national level). The industrial sector (existing mainly through The Verdon Gorge on the border
the Marseille-Fos Port), including construction, consists of 17.1% between Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
of regional employment (vs. 20.6% in the rest of France), and and Var
contributes to 9.3% of gross added value, 3.2 points below the
French level.

Employment in the agricultural sector is lower than the national

level (2.4% against 3.1%). However, it grew at a rate of 4.1%
annually on average between 2000 and 2008, while the rest of the
country saw its agricultural employment decline by 2.4%.
According to the Institut national de la statistique et des études
économiques, the region is characterised by a strong presence of
SMEs of less than 500 employees, which represent 91.2% of local Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat, renowned
businesses (higher than the national average of 90.9%). Retail resort near Nice, known for its Villa
activities and tourism explain these figures. Ephrussi de Rothschild

The region's economy is dependent on tourism like most coastal

places but also a majority of its economy is dependent on coastal
activities. PACA is the 3rd richest French region and ranks 19th on
the European scale. Its prosperity is mainly thanks to its
attractiveness in terms of tourism; it is indeed one of the world's
favourite tourist destinations, welcoming about 34 million tourists
every year. The service sector predominates and provides many
good jobs. In 2009, the region was admittedly affected by the
global economic crisis, albeit to a small extent. It is (after the Paris
area) the 2nd French region with regards to business startups. Cassis, typical Provençal seaside
village, popular vacation destination
If tourism is the driving force of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, the
region is also a leader when it comes to innovative sectors, such as
high technology, biotechnology, and microelectronics. Education, for its part, is well developed with the
region's various universities, international schools, preparatory classes for specialist university courses, and
engineering and business schools. All these institutions of higher learning help contribute to the human
capital needed by the region to meet current technological challenges.

The region has a total GDP (2012) of €142.4 billion (US$183.1 bn), the third highest in France. It has a per
capita GDP of €28,861 (US$37,121), slightly higher than the French average. According to a recent
survey, a person living in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur has an average annual income of about €37,489
(US$45,755).

The region has been part of the Alps–Mediterranean Euroregion since 10 July 2007.

Culture
The region is one of the most visited of France, and has therefore many well-known museums, mostly in
Marseille: the Museum of European and Mediterranean Civilisations, the Musée Cantini, the Musée
Grobet-Labadié, the Marseille History Museum, the Musée des beaux-arts de Marseille, the Musée de la
Faïence de Marseille and the Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille are some of the tourist spots of the
city. However, other museums are internationally recognised, like the Musée Matisse, the Musée d'art
moderne et d'art contemporain, the Musée Marc Chagall, the Musée international d'Art naïf Anatole
Jakovsky, the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Nice, the Musée National du Sport and the Muséum d'histoire
naturelle de Nice.

Transportation

Airports

Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur has two of the busiest airports in

France: Nice Côte d'Azur Airport (ranking third nationally after
Charles de Gaulle Airport and Orly Airport) and Marseille
Provence Airport (ranking fifth nationally after Lyon–Saint-
Exupéry Airport). Nice saw 14,485,423 people travelling through
its airport in 2019, while 10,151,743 used Marseille to fly. As of
2019, the third-busiest airport in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur is
Toulon–Hyères Airport (507,199 passengers), ranking 27th
nationally.
Nice Côte d'Azur Airport

Motorways

The region is at the centre of a complex and dense motorway network, in the heart of Mediterranean coast.
Motorways are operated by ASF, ESCOTA, SMTC, MPM (Marseille Metropolis) and DIR Med (State). In
PACA, motorways have the particularity to serve the city centres of large cities, unlike other large cities of
France. This is due to their comparatively early construction in relation to the motorways of France's other
regions.

A7 - Autoroute du Soleil "Motorway of the Sun" links the region to Lyon and on to the North
of France. This motorway starts in central Marseille at the Porte d'Aix. The road widens at
Septèmes Valleys and meets the A51. After a junction with the A55 and connecting
highways A517, A551 and A552, the motorway crosses Vitrolles in 2x2x2 lanes. It serves
Marseille Provence Airport and Aix-en-Provence TGV railway station. After 10 kilometres,
the A7 passes the Berre-l'Étang petrochimical complex at a junction with the D8 highway.
After this it meets the A8 Provençal motorway at La Fare-les-Oliviers. After the toll station at
Lançon-de-Provence, the road meets the A54 motorway at Salon-de-Provence. The
motorway continues along the Rhône and Durance to Avignon and Orange until Lyon.
A8 - La Provençale, crosses the region from west to east to Italy. This motorway starts from
the A7 at La Fare-les-Oliviers. The first part of free-road starts and cross Aix-en-Provence to
be linked with A51 and N296 motorways. After the Palette Valley, the motorway arrives to
the La Barque tool and the junction with the A52 to Aubagne, Marseille-Est and Toulon.
Crossing the Var department with the A8/A57 junction at Le Luc, the A8 gets a mountain
profile to cross the French Riviera: Cannes, Antibes, Nice. A connection is made with A500
motorway at La Turbie to serves the Principauty of Monaco. After Menton, the motorway
cross the Italian border until Genoa.
A50 - This motorway connects the east of Marseilles after the Prado-Carénage tooltunnel to
Toulon. After crossing the Huveaune Valley and the South of Aubagne, the motorway goes
near the coast to Toulon city center. The motorway crosses the city with a tunnel until A57. It
is a suburban motorway.
A51 - Autoroute du Val de Durance "Motorway of the Durance Valley". The motorway starts
with the A7/A51/A517 junction in the north of Marseille between Plan-de-Campagne and
Septèmes Valleys. 20 kilometres after, the motorway stops at the A8/A516/A51/N296
junction in the southern part of Aix-en-Provence. At Aix-Nord, the motorway restarts and
goes to rural South Alps after Manosque. It ends near Tallard, at 20 km (12 mi) south from
Gap.
A52 - Grand Contournement de Marseille "Marseille Bypass". The motorway starts at the
A8/A52 junction in Aix-Est (La Barque). It is a mountain 2x2 motorway built at 20 km (12 mi)
around Marseille. After the A52/A520 junction and Pont de l'Étoile, it ends at Aubagne,
connected with A501 and A50.
A54 - Autoroute de la Crau "Crau Motorway". This motorway starts at the A7/A54 junction at
Salon-Est and the crossing of Salon-de-Provence with four exits, the motorway arrives at the
Crau Plain. It ends at the N569/A54 junction in Saint-Martin de Crau. It re-begins at Arles-
Ouest to Nîmes, Montpellier and Barcelona.
A55 - Autoroute du Littoral "Coastal Motorway". This motorway starts at Port-de-Bouc. After
the Martigues bridge, the motorway passes at the south of the Berre pond in the Estaque
Mountains After the A7/A55/A551/A552 junction at Les Pennes-Mirabeau, it crosses the
mountains and arrives at Marseille (Estaque district). After the junction of Grand Littoral, the
way crosses the new Euroméditerranée Central Business District with a long bridge of 7 km
(4.3 mi). Cars enter in the Joliette tunnel, continued by the Vieux-Port tunnel under the sea
and the Prado-Carénage tooltunnel. These three tunnels crosses the Marseille city centre.
A55 is connected with A50.
A57 - Autoroute des Maures "Maures motorway". This motorways starts at A50/A57 junction
after the Toulon tunnel. After the A57/1570 junction at La Valette-du-Var, the motorway
continues along the plain of Maures to Cuers and Le Luc to be link with the A8.
A500 - Tunnel de Monaco "Monaco Tunnel". This motorway starts at La Turbie (A8) at the
west of Monaco. The A8 goes over Monaco but A500 goes in Monaco with a 5 km (3.1 mi)
tunnel to the principality.
A501 - Aubagne bypass, connects A50 to A52.
A502 - Garlaban motorway. This little motorway connects the A50 from Aubagne to
Aubagne-Est to the Garlaban mountains.
A515 - Junction from A51 to Gardanne.
A516 - L'Aixoise. This motorway connects the A51 southern East Junction to Aix city centre.
A517 - Convergent de Septèmes-les-Vallons "Convergent of Septemes Valleys". Link
between A7 and 51.
A520 - Autoroute de la Sainte Baume "Ste. Baume motorway". This motorway starts from
A52 at Pont de l'Étoile and ends at Auriol East to be connected with N560 to the Sambuc
pass and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume.
A570 - Autoroute de la Côte "Motorway of the Coast". Link between A57 and Hyères. The
national road N97 continues after to Saint-Tropez
N113 - Highway in Vitrolles along the A7. Highway of the Crau Plain between Saint-Martin-
de-Crau (A54) to Arles-Ouest (A54).
N296 - Aix-en-Provence bypass.
N569 - Port of Fos-Marseille.
D6 - Highway of Arc Valley from A515 to Rousset-Peynier Technologies centre.
D8 - Petrochimical area of Berre.
D9 - Link between Marseille Provence Airport, Aix TGV high speed train station, the Arbois
desert, Europolis and Aix-en-Provence.
Trains

High speed services

The region is served by 13 high-speed trains stations and one more

in the Principality of Monaco. Two stations are situated on the
LGV Méditerranée opened in 2001: Avignon TGV and Aix-en-
Provence TGV. The others stations served by high-speed services
are Avignon-Centre, Arles, Miramas, Marseille-Saint-Charles,
Toulon, Les Arcs-Draguignan, Saint-Raphaël-Valescure, Cannes,
Antibes, Nice-Ville and Menton.

Services operated

Paris GDL to Avignon-Centre / Miramas

Paris GDL to Marseille, Toulon, Nice, Monaco and
Ventimiglia (Italy)
Nantes / Rennes to Marseille
Strasbourg to Marseille
TGV on the LGV Méditerranée
Lille to Marseille
Nancy / Metz / Dijon to Marseille / Nice
Le Havre to Marseille

Services operated by SNCF Ouigo:

Marne-la-Vallée – Chessy to Marseille

Lyon-Perrache to Marseille

Services operated by SNCB/NMBS TGV:

Bruxelles Midi/Brussel Zuid (Belgium) to Marseille and Nice

Services operated by CFF Lyria:

Genève (Switzerland) to Marseille and Nice

Services operated by DB Alleo:

Frankfurt am Main (Germany) to Marseille

Services operated by Renfe AVE:

Madrid-Atocha (Spain) to Barcelona (Spain) to Marseille

Services operated by Eurostar:

London Saint Pancras Int. (UK) to Ashford (UK) and Marseille

Services operated by Thalys (seasonal):

Amsterdam (Netherlands) to Brussel (Belgium) and Marseille

National services

Despite the importance of the region in the national economy and demography, the national services on
conventional network are not very high due to the fact of the saturations of the tracks with high speed and
regional trains.

Services operated by SNCF Intercités:

Bordeaux-Saint-Jean to Toulouse, Montpellier, Marseille-Saint-Charles and Nice

Paris-Austerlitz to Marseille-Blancarde and Nice (night train)
Paris-Austerlitz to Gap and Briançon (night train)

Services operated by Thello Eurocity:

Marseille-Saint-Charles to Nice, Monaco, Ventimiglia, Genoa and Milano Centrale (Italy)

Regional services

All regional trains services are operated by SNCF TER Provence-

Alpes Côte d'Azur, except between Nice and Digne-les-Bains,
operated by CP, the own-region company. The Regional Council
of Provence-Alpes Côte d'Azur is the transport authority and
defines the services in all region. An attractive fare permits to
transport more than 100,000 passengers every day in 750 trains.
Trains are leaving every 15, 20, 30, 60 or 120 minutes on each
line.

With only one big line, the tracks are saturated causing delays or A TER Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
cancellations. The region has to rent other trains from other regions train at Sausset-les-Pins station
to respond at the offer. In 2016, during the second Council of the
Year at the Region Hall in Marseille, in front of politicians and the
new President of the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte
d'Azur Christian Estrosi, the SNCF CEO, Guillaume Pepy, has
announced the impossibility of the company to respond to the
demand. The Marseille-Saint-Charles Station, the Marseille's main
railway station can't support more than 23 trains an hour and the
tracks are too old and not enough to accept an average of the
capacity. The project of new high-speed line called LGV PACA in
2030 could permit to increase trains on tracks with a new crossing
of Marseille with a tunnel. Two new stations will be created in the
territory of the city and a new line between Cannes and Nice Côte Regional service making a stop at Le
Rove station
d'Azur Airport.

Services operated by CP:

Nice CP to Colomars and Plan du Var

Nice CP to Digne-les-Bains

Services operated by SNCF are declined with two appellations unlike other regions : TER, normally
suburban trains and Intervilles, long-distance regional trains. Services operated by SNCF Intervilles:

Marseille-Saint-Charles to Toulon, Nice and Monaco

 Marseille-Saint-Charles to Gap and Briançon
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Avignon and Lyon-Part-Dieu
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Montpellier, Narbonne and Perpignan
Briançon to Gap, Valence TGV, Valence-Ville and Romans-sur-Isère
Avignon-Centre to Montpellier, Narbonne and Perpignan

Services operated by SNCF TER:

Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Euroméditerranée, Port-de-Bouc and Miramas

Marseille-Saint-Charles to Vitrolles MP Airport, Miramas and Avignon-Centre
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Vitrolles MP Airport, Miramas, Nîmes and Montpellier-Saint-Roch
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Euroméditerranée, Vitrolles MP Airport, Salon-de-
Provence, Avignon-Centre and Avignon TGV
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Saint-Antoine, Aix-en-Provence and Pertuis
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Saint-Antoine, Aix-en-Provence and Sisteron
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Blancarde and Aubagne
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Blancarde, Aubagne, Toulon and Hyères
Marseille-Saint-Charles to Marseille-Blancarde, Aubagne, Toulon and Les Arcs-Draguignan
Avignon-Centre, Valence and Lyon-Perrache
Avignon-Centre to Nîmes, Montpellier, Narbonne and Perpignan
Avignon TGV to Avignon-Centre and Carpentras
Les Arcs-Draguignan to Cannes, Nice, Monaco and Menton
Grasse to Cannes, Nice, Monaco, Menton and Ventimiglia (Italy)
Nice-Ville to Breil-sur-Roya and Cuneo (Italy)
Briançon to Gap and Grenoble

Environment
The mining company Alteo processes bauxite to produce aluminium, resulting in various waste materials
such as "boues rouges" (red mud) and arsenic. The dumping of this waste in the marine reserve of
Calanques National Park for six years was authorised by the French Government in 2015. Company
representatives have dismissed environmental concerns as exaggerated and uninformed.[6][7][8][9] The
region also includes another national park, Port-Cros National Park near Toulon.

Due to motor vehicle traffic, the urban areas are often saturated on a daily basis, but cities are investing in
public transport networks such as Marseille's subway (2 lines) and tramway (3 lines), the Aubagne
tramway (1 line) and the Nice tramway (3 lines). Other networks existed at the beginning of the 20th
century in smaller cities such as Aix-en-Provence, Avignon, La Ciotat and Toulon but are now gone.

Education
Major universities of the region include the Aix-Marseille University, the University of Toulon, the
University of Avignon and the University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. Other towns have higher education
classes but no universities.

References
 1. INSEE. "Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux et valeurs ajoutées régionales de 1990 à 2012"
(http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/detail.asp?reg_id=99&ref_id=pib-va-reg-base-2005).
Retrieved 2014-03-04.
2. "La Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur ne sera plus surnommée « PACA » mais « région Sud »"
(https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/12/16/la-provence-alpes-cote-d-azur-ne-sera-pl
us-surnommee-paca-mais-region-sud_5230750_3224.html). December 16, 2017 – via Le
Monde.
3. "Langues et cité - L'occitan" (http://www.culture.gouv.fr/content/download/93537/841041/ver
sion/4/file/lc_10_occitan_def.pdf) (PDF). Ministère de la Culture. 2007.
4. "Le volet linguistique du recensement français de 1999 résultats et analyse appliqués à la
Provence plurilingue et au provençal" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341079131
_Le_volet_linguistique_du_recensement_francais_de_1999_resultats_et_analyse_appliqu
es_a_la_Provence_plurilingue_et_au_provencal).
5. Bardakdjian-Michau J, Bahuau M, Hurtrel D, et al. (January 2009). "Neonatal screening for
sickle cell disease in France". J. Clin. Pathol. 62 (1): 31–3. doi:10.1136/jcp.2008.058867 (htt
ps://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjcp.2008.058867). PMID 19103855 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.go
v/19103855). S2CID 14945304 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14945304).
6. "Le rejet de produits toxiques autorisé dans le Parc national des Calanques" (https://www.le
monde.fr/pollution/article/2015/12/29/le-prefet-autorise-le-rejet-des-boues-rouges-dans-le-pa
rc-national-des-calanques_4839315_1652666.html). December 29, 2015 – via Le Monde.
7. "Querelle entre Royal et Valls sur le rejet des boues rouges dans les Calanques" (https://ww
w.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/2015/12/30/01016-20151230ARTFIG00195-querelle-gouverne
mentale-sur-les-boues-rouges.php). LEFIGARO.
8. "Arrêt des rejets de « boues rouges » en mer - Alteo Gardanne Environnement" (https://alteo
-environnement-gardanne.fr/-Arret-des-rejets-de-boues-rouges-61-). alteo-environnement-
gardanne.fr.
9. "PACA : le préfet autorise pour 6 ans le rejet des boues rouges dans le Parc national des
Calanques" (https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/nature-environnement/pollution/paca-le-prefet-a
utorise-pour-6-ans-le-rejet-des-boues-rouges-dans-le-parc-national-des-calanques_10246
4). Sciences et Avenir.

External links
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur : soft singsong accents (https://web.archive.org/web/20130317
114527/http://www.france.fr/en/regions-and-cities/provence-alpes-cote-dazur-soft-singsong-
accents)- Official French website (in English)
Provence-Alpes-Cote d'Azur (https://curlie.org/Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Provence-
Alpes-Cote_d%27Azur/) at Curlie
Conseil régional Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur (https://web.archive.org/web/2018060408373
9/http://www.regionpaca.fr/) Official website
FranceSouth.com (https://web.archive.org/web/20111011055328/http://www.francesouth.co
m/map/provence.htm) Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Guide

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