Covalent Bonding:

It is the bonding that occurs when pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms (non-metals). Non-
metals will readily form covalent bonds with other nonmetals in order to gain stability which is the noble
gas configuration. (Eight valence electrons).

When atoms of the same element form a covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally. When atoms
are of different elements, the electrons will be shared unequally.

When compared to ionic compounds, covalent compounds usually have a lower melting and boiling
point.

A pair of electrons that is shared between the two atoms is called bond pair. The pair of electrons not
shared between two atoms is called a lone pair.

There are 3 types of bond in covalent bonding:

Single bonds- Is when two electrons are shared between two atoms. It is depicted by a single line
between the atoms.
Double bonds- Is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons with one another. It is depicted with 2
horizontal lines between the atoms.
Triple bonds- Is when three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms in a molecule. It is
depicted with 3 horizontal lines.

How to construct Lewis electron structures:

1. Determine the total number of valence electrons in the molecule or ion.
 2. Arrange the atoms to show specific connection.
3. Place a bonding pair of electrons between each pair of adjacent atoms to give a single bond.
4. Begin with the terminal atoms and add enough electrons to each atoms to give each atom an
octet.
5. If any electrons are left over, place them on the central atom.
6. If the central atom has fewer electrons than an octet, use lone pairs from terminal atoms to
form multiple bonds to the central atom to achieve an octet
7. Check the final structure.

Reference:
Covalent Bonds. (2020, August 15). In Chemistry Libre Texts. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physica
l_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Cov

Writing Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds. (2018, May 20). In Chemistry Libre Texts. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Map
%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(Tro)/10%3A_Chemical_Bonding/10.04%3A_Writing_Lewis_Structures_for_Covalent_Compou
nds