Philosophy-What all these philosophers have in common is that they have attempted to answer their chosen

questions by working carefully and systematically through their ideas, convictions, and possible prejudices to
arrive at an answer that they believe to be fair and rational.
philosopher is someone who will attempt to scrutinize ideas about the world (which ordinary people simply
accepts without questioning) to see if they are based on sound evidence.
philos (love) and sophia (wisdom)=Love of wisdom
Ethics
 Ethics etymologically comes from the Greek word ethos which means custom, usage, character
 the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation~Merriam Webster
 the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong.
(https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy)
MORALITY
 The Latin equivalent of ethos is mores which in turn is the etymological word of “moral”, “morality”,
“morals”.
 is more often used in connection with the ways in which individuals conduct their personal, private lives,
often in relation to personal financial probity, lawful conduct and acceptable standards of interpersonal
behavior (including truthfulness, honesty, and sexual propriety).
 According to Bulaong, et al. (2017), the word morals may be used to refer to specific beliefs or attitudes
that people have to describe acts that people perform.
 An Individual’s conduct is referred to as his morals, and if he falls short behaving properly, it is immoral.

o Philosophy is a study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially
when considered as an academic discipline.
o Ethics is the branch of philosophy concerned with morality
o Morality refers to the principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and
bad behavior.

Types of Ethical Inquiry

 Normative Ethics
 Meta-ethics
 Applied Ethics
Normative Ethics
 is the study of ethical acts
 Focuses explicitly on questions of ‘what is the right thing to do?’ in general
 is concerned with questions of what people ought to do, and on how people can decide what the ‘correct’
moral actions to take care
Meta-ethics
 focuses on the meaning of ethical terms themselves(e.g. ‘what is goodness?’);
 on questions of how ethical knowledge is obtained(e.g. ‘how can I distinguish what is good from what is
bad?’);
 and on the more applied question of ‘what should I do in a particular situation?’
 concerned with the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes and judgments
 examines such themes as what moral questions mean, and on what basis people can know what is
‘true’ or ‘false’

Applied Ethics
 is concerned with how people can achieve moral outcomes in specific situations
 Areas such as bioethics, environmental ethics, development ethics and business/corporate ethics may be
regarded as areas of applied ethics.
 (The distinction between normative and applied ethics, however, is becoming increasingly blurred.)

Various Ethical Concepts

Norms
 are ways of behaving that are considered normal in a particular society
 Social norms are regarded as collective representations of acceptable group conduct as well as individual
perceptions of particular group conduct.
 They can be viewed as cultural products which represent individuals basic knowledge of what others do
and think that should do.
Beliefs
 Belief is the attitude that something is the case or true.
 Belief is an idea that a person holds as being true.
 A person can base a belief upon certainties, probabilities or matters of faith.