El lysi: hemi; | Conductors | Non-Conductors/Insulators Substances which allow the flow of electricity. ‘Substances which don’t allow the flow of electricity. All metals are good conductors —as they have All non-metals are bad conductors. free moving electrons in their metallic structure. EXCEPT! Carbon - Graphite ~ as its structure has froo moving electrons. trolysis Its the breaking down of an ionic compound using electricity. It could be used to extract some metals from its ores. * = e anode — |— cathode (positive) (negative) oxidation reduction me electron gain negative} Ween cations {positivey | electrolyte About Electrolysi 1) Electrodes; the connection that carry the current to the solution, 2) Electrodes are usually made from Graphite - cheap, inert, good conductor, and high melting point. 3) Anode; the positive electrode. 4) Cathode; the negative electrode. 5) Electrolyte; the liquid which will decompose - it should be a liquid with free moving ions. 6) Electrons move from +ve pole to -ve pole. 7) Electrons move through the wire. 8) lons move through the solution. 9) #ve ions are attracted to the -ve electrode (Cathode). 10)-ve ions are attracted to the +ve electrade (anode).Inert Electrodes Molten or Aqueous electrolysis Metal ~ Platinum aphite rodes Refining & Electroplating Molten Electroly: Electrolysis of molten Lead Bromide (PbBr2); switch ‘graphite rod (ostive electrode anode) —— graphite rod (negative electrode for cathode) ‘molten lad bromido 1 Blectrons flow from the : negative terminal of the battery tothe cathode. 5 Electrons flow from the switch anode to the pesitive closed terminal of the battery 2 Inthe liquid, the ions move to fo 4 At the anode (+), the Br° ions the electrode of opposite charge. give up electrons. Red-brown as eee bromine vapour bubbles of. | 3 Atthe cathode (-), the Pb** ions accept electrons, Lead begins to 2 appear below the cathode. Cathode Anode Lead (Pb) Bromine (Br2) Pbi?+ Ze — Pb 2Br-- 26 — Bre Reduction ‘OxidationApplication on Molten Electroly: Extraction of Aluminium; carbon anode carbon cathode ‘oxygen bubbling off (lining of cell) steel cell ore dissolved in molten cryolite, at about 950 °C molten aluminium molten aluminium out > The ore of aluminium is called “Bauxite” which is Aluminium oxide (AI-Os) ~ Alumina, > Aluminium oxide melts at a very high temperature, so an impurity is added *Cryolite” (Na,AIF,) to decrease the melting point from 2000°C to 900eC. > Electrodes are made of graphite > Aluminium is attracted to the cathode as itis a positive ion Al + 3e°— Al > Oxygen is attracted to the anode as it is a negative ion 20 4e" + O; > Anodes are consumed during the process and needs to be changed periodically, as oxygen produced reacts with the carbon anode itself giving carbon dioxide gas “ C + Oz—+ CO. “ ¥ Why extraction of Aluminium not made by aqueous electrolysis? Because aluminium oxide is insoluble in water.| Doesn't contain Halogens Example; Electrolysis of Aqueous Zine Example; Sulfate - Zn(SO.)s Aqueous dilute NaCl Aqueous conc. NaCl Zn? $0.2 Nat Cr Na‘@r) K OD © ae o OH: a > Always the less reactive > Always theless | » Always the less ‘in metal is produced at the reactive metal reactive metal 2n 8 cathode. is produced at the is produced at the re We 2H*! + 2e° > Hp cathode. cathode. fe ls 2H" + 26 + He 2H" + 26 + He Pb > Inthis case, the hydroxide > When e ion awayereieaved atthe |! mis cone, tho concentrated ‘| hydroxide ion is always ne Ko 4(OH) - 4e — 2H20 atwaye released et | halogen obtained ue +02 the anode. at the anode. OH) -4e—> 2Cl -2e — Cle » The remained in the solution 2H:O + Oa ezine ailpnate, » The remained in » The remained in the solution is the solution is Sodium chloride. Sodium hydroxide. Examples; ‘Aqueous Zinc Nitrate | Ag. Cone. Zine Chloride | Aq. Dilute Lead Bromide Cathode AnodeActive Electrodes Active electrodes; itis a metal electrode (other than platinum as itis unreactive) that takes place in the electrolysis reaction. Electroplating Using electricity to coat one metal with another. Why? Y Resist corrosion, Y Give better appearance. ¥ More valuable. source of At the anode: the silver dissolves, forming siver ions electricity in solution; e¢ Ag-e — Ag’. ‘Atom Ton At the cathode: the silver ions are attracted to the steel jug cathode. \+ as cathode - ‘There they receive electrons, forming a coat of silver on \ the jug: silver Ag’ +e Ag anode —}— on ‘Aion Observations: __slvernitrate solution) > Anode gets thinner. >» Cathode gets thicker. > Solution remains the same, as the rate of ions consumption = rate of ions production. The electrolyte should be aqueous metal nitrate — as all metal nitrates are water soluble.> Pure copper is connected at the cathode. Impure copper is connected at the anode. > Equation at anode; Cu - 2e°—+ Cu". > Equation at cathode; Cu" + 2e° —+ Cu. > Anode gets thinner. > Cathode gots thicker. Solution should be aqueous copper sulphate or copper nitrate. Solution remains the same, as the rate of ions consumption = rate of ions producti