Trioxiol Trioxia! compression [Plone strain extension compression rm o|S Teac BIS ‘Dense sands. ei she ‘ 2 ou g fo & os 0 02 08 10 Figure G-11. Influence of Intermediate Principal Stress on Friction Angle Source: Data from Ladd, et al. (11), p. 431. of dey, relative density, and stress level. Table 4-2 summarizes the relationships for friction angle as a function of test type. As can be seen from this table and Figure 4-6, use of the triaxial compres- sion friction angle (je) alone will alnost slays be a conservative assumption. EFFECTIVE STRESS FRICTION ANGLE OF COHESIONLESS SOILS CORRELATED WITH IN-SITU TESTS At the present tine, correlations of the effective stress friction angle have been nade with the standard penetration test (SPT), cone penetration test (PT), pres- suremeter test (PMT), and dilatometer test (OMI). The CPT correlations are perhaps the best-developed, followed by the SPT. The INT correlations are newer and less developed, while the DMT correlations are of Limited use at this time. In all cases, it is presuned that the correlations use the triaxial compression friction angle ($¢¢) corresponding to the appropriate stress and/or relative density condi- tlons. Correlations with SPT N Value Correlations of the effective stress friction angle with the SPT N value have been made for many years. Early work on this subject attenpted to relate N to Fee a3‘Table 4-2 RELATIVE VALUES OF EFFECTIVE STRESS FRICTION ANGLES FOR COHESTONLESS SOILS est Type Friction Angle (degrees) Triaxial compression (TC) 1.0 be ‘Triaxial extension (TE) 1.12 be Plane strain compression (PSC) 1.12 Fx Plane strain extension (PSE) 1.12 (for PSC/TC) x 1.12 (for TE/TC) = 125 de Direct shear (05) vant [tan dpne £05 Boy) a tant [tan (1.12 $4) cos dev) @irectly, as shown in Table 4-3. ‘The Peck, et al, (12) approach appears to be more common, perhaps because it is more conservative. These values also are shown in Figure 4-12. As discussed in Section 2, che N value actually depends upon stress level. Figure 4.13 As representative of the correlations between N and Zq, as a function of stress level. This correlation can be approximated as follows: Gee = tan l[N/(12.2 + 20.3 Byo/Pa) 0-34 (11) These results tend to be somewhat conservative and should not be used at very shal- low depths, less than 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 £t). Improved correlations with the other variables described in Section 2 have not been developed to date Correlations with GPT q¢ Value Similarly, correlations of 3 with cone tip resistance, gg, have been developed Eazly work attempted to correlate qe to Fy: dizectly, as shown in Table 4-4. As described in Section 2, ae is affected by the vertical stress. Therefore, Fy: should be correlated to both q¢ and Gy, as shown in Figure 4-14, This correlationTable 4-3 N VERSUS J gp RELATIONSHIPS reproxinate Fy (degrees) N Value @lows/ft or 305 om) @ @) Ome very loose < 28 < 30 4 wm 10 loose 28 t030 30 to 35 2 to 30 medium 30 to 36 © «35 to 40 3 to 50 dense 36 to Wl 40 to 45 >» very dense > 41 > 45 a> Source: Peck, Hanson, and Thoraburn (12), p. 310. b= Source: Meyerhof (13), p. 17. ¥ eo Ss 8 & & SPT N Value (blows/ft or 305mm) 8 2a Bae Be Friction Angle, De Figure 4-12. N versus dip Source: Peck, Hanson, and Thorburn (12), p. 310. ean be approximated as follows: Sue = tant (0.1 + 0.38 10g (4¢/%v0)) (4-12) Adjustments to this figure and equation for soils of different compressibility and stress history should be made as described in Section 2.SPT N Volue, Blows/ft or 305mm 20 4060 7 ges ie ' g ost Be 3 ao" ss \30" A \ Figure 4-13. N versus $4. and Overburden Stress Source: Schmertmann (14), p. 63. Table 4-4 de WSUS Fy Normalized Gone Tip Relative Approximate ep Resistance, qo/Pa Density (degrees) <® very loose <3 2 t0 40 Loose 30 t0 35 w £0 120 medium 35 t0 40 220 to 200 dense 40 v0 45 > m0 very dense >45 Source: Meyerhof 3), p. 1 Villet and Mitchell (16) presented a nore general approach to evaluating Fee from CPT data which includes qq, stress level, shape effects, and sofl stress history. Their results are shown in Figure 4-15 and are suitable for lov compressibility sands.