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72bB#H2 `2;BQM Q7 i?2 /2`Bp2/ GJA +QM/BiBQM Q#iBM2/ 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 `Q#mbi bHB/BM;
bm`7+2- M/ ?2M+2- i?2 TTHB+#BHBiv `2;BQM Q7 Qm` .aJ* +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 2tBbiBM;
HBi2ìm`2 7Q` i?2 .aJ*- 2X;X b22 (3d- 8d)X AM #`B27- i?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ* Bb mMB}2/
7`K2rQ`F 7Q` ;2M2`H /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GhA bvbi2KbX h?Bb Bb bB;MB}+MiHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK
K2i?Q/b r?Qb2 TTHB+iBQM Bb HBKBi2/ iQ i?2 bi#H2 bvbi2Kb- +7X (3d)- M/ HbQ i?2
K2i?Q/b r?B+? M22/ iQ T`2@bi#BHBx2 i?2 bvbi2K- +7X (33)X
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb Q`;MBx2/ b 7QHHQrb, a2+iBQM kXk /2b+`B#2b i?2 T`Q#H2K
7Q`KmHiBQMX AM a2+iBQM kXj- i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 Bb
;Bp2MX a2+iBQM kX9 2tTHBMb KQ`2 T`+iB+H .aJ* 7Q` i?2 bvbi2Kb BM+Hm/BM; mM@
+2ìBMiv M/ /Bbim`#M+2X .Bz2`2Mi 7Q`Kb Q7 .aJ* `2 +QMbB/2`2/ BM a2+iBQM kX8X
1{+B2M+v Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ* Bb bim/B2/ #v MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b BM a2+iBQM kXeX
6BMHHv- a2+iBQM d +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb +?Ti2`X
kXk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM

*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; mM+2ìBM HBM2` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K-
৘)ো , 2* > \ন , ɶন)ো*^৘)ো* , ঩\৕)ো* , ে )ো*^- UkXRV
r?2`2 ৘)ো* ѵ ϓৎ M/ ৕)ো* ѵ ϓ্ X qBi?Qmi HQbb Q7 ;2M2`HBiv- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i

঩ ѵ ϓৎ·্ M/ ্ ӑ ৎX "2bB/2b- `MF)঩* > ্ UKi`Bt ঩ ?b 7mHH +QHmKM `MFV M/ Bi
Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 TB` Uন-঩V Bb bi#BHBx#H2X h?2 mM+2ìBM Ki`Bt ɶন)ো* ?b i?2
7Q`K Q7,
ɶন)ো* > ঴হ)ো*঵- UkXkV
X `;? S;2 Rj
r?2`2 Ki`B+2b ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM M/ হ)ো* Bb M mMFMQrM Ki`Bt biBb7v@
BM; হ঻ )ো*হ)ো* ӑ র- ѭো Ӓ 1c ে )ো* /2MQi2b 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2 rBi? FMQrM #QmM/-
ͱে )ো*ͱ ӑ ে -Ȣ r?2`2 ে Ȣ ? 1X AM i?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`- 7Q` bBKTHB+Biv- ɶনো M/
ɶনোѿ2 rBHH #2 mb2/ BMbi2/ Q7 ɶন)ো* M/ ɶন)ো ѿ 2*- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; H2KKb `2 mb27mH BM i?2 b2[m2HX
G2KK kXR U(N8)V G2i ব- ভ )ো* M/ ম #2 `2H Ki`B+2b Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMb
rBi? ভ ঻ )ো*ভ )ো* ӑ র- ѭো Ӓ 1- i?2M- 7Q` Mv b+H` ౰ ? 1- r2 ?p2
বভ )ো*ম , ম঻ ভ ঻ )ো*ব ঻ ӑ ౰বব ঻ , ౰ ѿ2 ম঻ ম/
য
*Q`QHH`v kXR G2i ব > พ ব2 ব3 ฟ- ɶ2 )ো* > พ ভ 1)ো* ভ )োѿ2*
1 2
ฟ M/ য > พ য3 ฟ #2 `2H Ki`B+2b
Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMb rBi? ভ )ো* ѵ ੰ- ѭো Ӓ 1- r?2`2 ੰ > |ি ң ি ঻ ি ӑ র~- i?2M-
7Q` Mv b+H`b ౰৉ ? 1- ৉ > 2- 3- r2 ?p2
֠౰2 র 1 ֣ ঻ ֠౰ ѿ2 র 1 ֣
বɶ2 )ো*য , য ঻ ɶ঻2 )ো*ব ঻ ӑব֡ ֤ব , য঻ ֡ 2 ֤ য/
֡ 1 ౰3 র ֤֥ ֡ 1 ѿ2 ֤
౰3 র ֥
֢ ֢
h?Bb +Q`QHH`v Bb ;2M2`HBxiBQM Q7 G2KK kXR M/ +M #2 T`Qp2/ bi`B;?i7Q`r`/HvX
G2KK kXk G2i বȡ M/ যȡ #2 `2H Ki`B+2b Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMb- i?2M- 7Q` Mv
Ki`Bt ʂ ? 1- r2 ?p2
বȡ ঻ যȡ , যȡ ঻ বȡ ӑ বȡ ঻ ʂবȡ , যȡ ঻ ʂѿ2 য/ȡ
S`QQ7, LQi2 i?i ʂ > ʂ2 ʂ঻2 ? 1- r?2`2 ʂ2 Bb M BMp2ìB#H2 Ki`BtX h?2M Bi +M 2bBHv
#2 T`Qp2/ #v
\বȡ ঻ ʂ2 ѿ যȡ ঻ )ʂ঻2 *ѿ2 ^\ʂ঻2 বȡ ѿ ʂѿ2 ȡ
2 য^ Ӓ 1/
G2KK kXj *QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; BM2[mHBiv,
ৎ
ɵ)ি2 - ি3 - ՜ - িৎ * ѿ า ʺ঻৉ )ি৉ *ɽѿ2
৉ )ি৉ *ʺ৉ )ি৉ * = 1- UkXjV
৉>2
r?2`2 ি৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎ `2 i?2 Ki`Bt p`B#H2b- ɽ৉ )ি৉ * ? 1 M/ ʺ৉ )ি৉ * `2 7mM+iBQMb Q7
ি৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎX h?2M i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM UkXjV Bb 72bB#H2 BM ি৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎ B7 M/ QMHv
X `;? S;2 R9
B7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; BM2[mHBiv Bb 72bB#H2 BM ি৉ - ঱৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎ,
ৎ
ɵ)ি2 - ি3 - ՜ - িৎ * , า)঱৉঻ ɽ৉ )ি৉ *঱৉ , ঱৉঻ ʺ৉ )ি৉ * , ʺ঻৉ )ি৉ *঱৉ * = 1/ UkX9V
৉>2
S`QQ7, Ai +M #2 b?QrM i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv BM ি৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎ Q7 UkXjV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ

i?2 72bB#BHBiv BM ি৉ - ঱৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎ Q7
ৎ
ɵ)ি2 - ি3 - ՜ - িৎ * ѿ า ʺ঻৉ )ি৉ *ɽѿ2
৉ )ি৉ *ʺ৉ )ি৉ *
৉>2
ৎ UkX8V
, า)\঱৉ , ɽѿ2 ঻ ѿ2
৉ )ি৉ *ʺ৉ )ি৉ *^ ɽ৉ )ি৉ *\঱৉ , ɽ৉ )ি৉ *ʺ৉ )ি৉ *^* = 1-
৉>2
r?2`2 ঱৉ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ৎ `2 BMi`Q/m+2/ mtBHB`v p`B#H2b (dR)X AM/22/- i?2 BM72`2M+2
7`QK UkX8V iQ UkXjV Bb Q#pBQmb- M/ i?2 BM72`2M+2 7`QK UkXjV iQ UkX8V 7QHHQrb #v H2iiBM;
঱৉ > ѿɽѿ2
৉ )ি৉ *ʺ৉ )ি৉ *X h?2M- Bi Bb 2bv iQ b?Qr i?i UkX8V Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ UkX9VX h?Bb
+QKTH2i2b i?2 T`QQ7X
kXj .2bB;M Q7 i?2 .Bb+`2i2@iBK2 aJ*
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; HBM2` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM,
౨৘ )ো* > ঺৘)ো*- UkXeV
r?2`2 ঺ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ rBHH #2 /2bB;M2/ Hi2` bm+? i?i ঺঩ Bb MQMbBM;mH`X .m`BM; i?2 B/2H
bHB/BM; KQiBQM i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM biBb}2b,
౨৘ )ো , 2* > ౨৘ )ো* > 1- ѭো ? ো৓ - UkXdV
r?2`2 ো৓ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 iBK2 i?i bHB/BM; KQiBQM biìbX h?mb- QM2 Kv Q#iBM
7`QK UkXRV M/ UkXeV i?i
౨৘ )ো , 2* > ঺)ন , ɶনো *৘)ো* , ঺঩\৕)ো* , ে )ো*^/ UkX3V
>2`2 r2 rBHH T`QpB/2 i?2 K2M pHm2 M/ #QmM/`v Hv2` i?B+FM2bb p2+iQ`b 7Q` i?2
2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 mTT2` M/ HQr2` #QmM/b Q7 ে )ো*X AM /QBM;
X `;? S;2 R8
bQ- bbmK2
ে৉ৌ ӑ ে৉ )ো* ӑ ে৉৕ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ্- UkXNV
r?2`2 ে৉ৌ M/ ে৉৕ /2MQi2 i?2 HQr2` M/ mTT2` #QmM/ Q7 i?2 ৉@i? 2Mi`v Q7 ে )ো*X .2}M2
ে৉৕ , ে৉ৌ ে৉৕ ѿ ে৉ৌ

ে৉, > - ে৉ѿ > - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ্- UkXRyV
3 3
M/
Ϣ, > +QH)ে2, - ՜ - ে্, *- Ϣѿ > +QH)ে2ѿ - ՜ - ে্ѿ *- UkXRRV
r?2`2 Ϣ, M/ Ϣѿ `2 i?2 K2M pHm2 M/ #QmM/`v Hv2` i?B+FM2bb p2+iQ`b Q7 ে )ো*
`2bT2+iBp2HvX LQr- i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMi`QH Hr Bb T`QTQb2/,
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘)ো* ѿ ౱)ো*- UkXRkV
r?2`2 ౱)ো* /2MQi2b i?2 TT`QtBKiBQM Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো* r?B+? Kv #2 mb2/ BM i?2
+QMi`QHH2` iQ +QKT2Mbi2 i?2 #/ 2z2+i Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 QM i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2
bvbi2K bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2bX ౱)ো* +M HbQ #2 `2;`/2/ b i?2 722/7Q`r`/ +QMi`QH- BM
//BiBQM iQ i?2 HBM2` +QMi`QHH2`X Ai Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো* Bb #QmM/2/-
biBb7vBM;
ͱে )ো* ѿ ౱)ো*ͱ ӑ ౩ ͱϢѿ ͱ - UkXRjV
r?2`2 ౩ Bb T`2/2}M2/ TQbBiBp2 b+H` /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 +?QB+2 Q7 ౱)ো*X JQ`2 /Bb@
+mbbBQMb #Qmi i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো* M/ ౩ `2 T`2b2Mi2/ Hi2` BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X
_2K`F kXR AM i?Bb MQi2- i?2 +QMi`QH Hr UkXRkV mb2b QMHv i?2 mTT2` M/ HQr2`
#QmM/b QM i?2 Ki+?2/ 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2X >Qr2p2`- Bi +M #2 b22M BM i?2
HBi2ìm`2 U(3d)- (Rk)- (9k)V i?i i?2 i2`K ঺ɶন৘)ো* Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 #QmM/2/X "`Q/Hv
bT2FBM;- Bi Bb MQi `2HBbiB+ bbmKTiBQM i?i r2 b?QmH/ FMQr T`BQ`B bQK2 bQì
Q7 BM7Q`KiBQM #Qmi i?2 bvbi2K bii2 #QmM/bX AMbi2/- r2 2HBKBMi2 Mv `2bi`B+iBp2
#QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2b M/ QMHv /2Hb rBi? i?2 bvbi2K mMKi+?2/ UKBbKi+?2/V
mM+2ìBMiB2b mbBM; i?2 `Q#mbi +QMi`QH biì2;B2bX
X `;? S;2 Re
P1
fi-
fi++ fi-/2
fi+
P2
fi+- fi-/2
T kP1-1 kP1 kP2-1 kP2
6B;m`2 kXR, aB;MH ে৉ )ো*
kXjXR o`B#H2 bi`m+im`2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QMi`QH +QMbB/2ìBQMb
b /Bb+mbb2/ BM b2+iBQM k- BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2- Bi Bb `;m2/ i?i i?2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb

Tì Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; +QMi`QH BMTmi +M #2 /2i`BK2MiH iQ T2`7Q`KM+2 (e3)X >Qr2p2`-
i?Bb +HBK Bb QMHv i`m2 7Q` i?2 #HM+2/ mM+2ìBMiB2b M/fQ` /Bbim`#M+2b r?Qb2
KtBKmK 7`2[m2M+v +QKTQM2Mi Bb +HQb2 iQ i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2
bvbi2KX aT2+B}+HHv- rBi? i?2 bKQQi?M2bb M/ #QmM/2/M2bb +QM/BiBQMb Q7 i?2 2ti2`@
MH /Bbim`#M+2- MmK#2` Q7 #2M2}+BH +?QB+2b b /Bb+QMiBMmQmb p`B#H2 bi`m+im`2
+QKTQM2Mib +M #2 miBHBx2/ BM i?2 .aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ BKT`Qp2 Bib T2`7Q`KM+2X hQ
2tTHBM- bbmK2 i?i ে৉ )ো* Ui?2 ৉i? 2H2K2Mi BM ে )ো*V ?b i?2 rp27Q`K b BM 6B;@
m`2 kXRX LQr- 7Q` BMbiM+2- iQ 2biBKi2 i?2 BMbiMiM2Qmb KTHBim/2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2
ে৉ѿ
i TQBMi ষ2 - }p2 +?QB+2b `2 ++2bbB#H2, RV x2`Q- kV ে৉, - jV ে৉, , ে৉ѿ - 9V ে৉, , 3
- 8V
ে৉ )োষ2 ѿ 2*X aBKBH`Hv- 7Q` TQBMi ষ3 - QM2 Kv bm;;2bi iQ mb2 RV x2`Q- kV ে৉, - jV ে৉, ѿ ে৉ѿ -
ে৉ѿ
9V ে৉, ѿ 3
- 8V ে৉ )োষ3 ѿ 2*X >2`2- ে৉ )োষ৊ ѿ 2* K2Mb i?2 pHm2 Q7 ে৉ i i?2 iBK2 BMbiMi
Q7 ো > োষ৊ ѿ 2- ৊ > 2- 3X lbBM; i?2 }`bi +?QB+2 UQ` BM/22/ i?2 H+F Q7 Mv /Bb+QMiBMmQmb
+QKTQM2MiV BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` H2/b iQ i?2 r2HH@FMQrM HBM2` +QMi`QHH2`X 1tTHQBiBM;
i?2 b2+QM/ +?QB+2- `272``2/ iQ b i?2 K2M pHm2 Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2- BM
i?2 .aJ* ?b #22M T`QTQb2/ BM (8k)X Ai Bb T`2b2Mi2/ BM (8k) i?i i?2 i2`K ে৉, +M
#2 mb2/ BM i?2 ৉i? 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH Hr iQ +QKT2Mbi2 i?2 MQMx2`Q K2M Q7
mM#HM+2/ /Bbim`#M+2bX Ai +M 2bBHv #2 `2HBx2/ i?i BM i?2 +b2 Q7 mbBM; ে৉, i?2
KtBKmK 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` Bb ে৉ѿ X AM i?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?Bb bm#b2+iBQM- ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2
i?B`/ M/ 7Qmì? +?QB+2b- r2 rBHH /Bb+mbb irQ /Bz2`2Mi 7Q`K Q7 oa.* 7Q` .aJ*X h?2
/Bb+mbbBQM #Qmi i?2 Hbi +?QB+2- r?B+? Bb `272``2/ iQ b /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2`- rBHH
#2 i?2 bm#D2+i Q7 i?2 M2ti b2+iBQMX AM r?i 7QHHQrb- r2 bbmK2 i?i i?2 2tQ;2MQmb
/Bbim`#M+2 BM bvbi2K UkXRV Bb bKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/X
X `;? S;2 Rd
bbmKTiBQM kXR h?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো* BM UkXRV biBb}2b i?2 GBTb+?Bix
+QMiBMmBiv +QM/BiBQM M/ r2 ?p2-
ͱে )ো* ѿ ে )ো ѿ 2*ͱ ӑ ঳ে ঻৓ - UkXR9V
r?2`2 ঳ে ? 1 /2MQi2b GBTb+?Bix +QMbiMi M/ ঻৓ Bb i?2 bKTHBM; iBK2X
>2`2- Bi rBHH #2 bbmK2/ i?i ঳ে ?b bKHH pHm2X hQ i?Bb 2M/- i?2 bKTHBM; ì2
Q7 i?2 /Bb+`2i2 bB;MH T`Q+2bbBM; bvbi2K Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 #B; 2MQm;? +QKT`2/ iQ
i?2 KtBKmK +QKTQM2Mi 7`2[m2M+v Q7 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*X 6mì?2` BM r?i
7QHHQrb- r2 bbmK2 i?2 FMQrM bHB/BM; bm`7+2 Ki`Bt ঺ M/ Bib /2bB;M rBHH #2 /2`Bp2/
BM a2+iBQM kXjXkX
lbBM; mTT2` M/ HQr2` #QmM/b Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`, ਐ2
LQi2 i?i
ে )ো ѿ 2* > )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺\৘)ো* ѿ ন৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ɶনোѿ2 ৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ঩৕)ো ѿ 2*^/ UkXR8V
ে )ো ѿ 2* Kv #2 2biBKi2/ #v,
Ƞ > )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺\৘)ো* ѿ ন৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ঩৕)ো ѿ 2*^-

ে )ো* UkXReV
r?B+? Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ
Ƞ > )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶনোѿ2 ৘)ো ѿ 2* , ে )ো ѿ 2*/

ে )ো*
6Q` x2`Q@+2Mi2`2/ mM+2ìBMiv ɶন- Bi Bb Q#pBQmb i?i i?2 i2`K )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶনোѿ2 ৘)োѿ 2*
Ƞ
Bb HbQ x2`Q@+2Mi2`2/ M/ ?b MQ BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 K2M pHm2b Q7 i?2 p2+iQ` ে )ো*X /@
/BiBQMHHv- BM i?2 +b2 i?i bvbi2K bii2 Bb #QmM/2/- i?2 p2+iQ` )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶনোѿ2 ৘)ো ѿ
2* `2KBMb HbQ #QmM/2/X qBi? i?2 T`QT2` +?QB+2 Q7 ঺ M/ 7Q` bKHH mM+2ìBMiv ɶন-
Bi +M #2 +HBK2/ i?i i?2 K;MBim/2 Q7 )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶনোѿ2 ৘)ো ѿ 2* rBHH #2 p2`v bKHH
+QKT`2/ iQ ে )ো ѿ 2*X h`/BiBQMHHv- bB;MmK 7mM+iBQM +M #2 mb2/ iQ /2i2`KBM2 i?2
TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 BMbiMiM2Qmb /Bbim`#M+2 `2HiBp2 iQ i?2 HBM2 ে৉, X >2M+2- QM2 Kv
X `;? S;2 R3
T`QTQb2 iQ b2i ౱)ো* BM UkXRkV b,
Ƞ ѿ Ϣ, *-
౱2 )ো* > Ϣ, , /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)ে )ো* UkXRdV
r?2`2 /B;)Ϣѿ * Ӂ /B;)ে2ѿ - ՜ - ে্ѿ *X h?mb- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkXRkV +M #2 /2}M2/ b,
Ƞ ѿ Ϣ, */
৕2 )ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘)ো* ѿ Ϣ, ѿ /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)ে )ো* UkXR3V
_2K`F kXk qBi? [mB+F ;HBKTb2 BMiQ i?2 HBi2ìm`2- Bi +M #2 7QmM/ i?i 7`2@
[m2MiHv mb2/ +M/B/i2 7Q` i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো* ?b i?2 ;2M2`H 7Q`K Q7,
౱)ো* > ౭ , ౢb;M)౨৘ )ো**- UkXRNV
r?2`2 ౭ M/ ౢ `2 FMQrM T`K2i2`bX 6Q` BMbiM+2- BM (3d)- rBi? B;MQ`BM; i?2 #QmM/b
Q7 ঺ɶনো ৘)ো* Ub22 _2K`F kXRV- ౭ M/ ౢ `2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 bQK2 +QMbiMib BMpQHpBM;
i?2 #QmM/b Q7 ঺঩ে )ো*- bBKBH` iQ Ϣ, M/ Ϣѿ X _2;`/H2bb Q7 /Bz2`2Mi TT`Q+?2b
mb2/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 T`K2i2`b Q7 i?Bb MQMHBM2` 7mM+iBQM- Bi b?QmH/ #2 2KT?bBx2/
i?i i?2 i2`K b;M)౨৘ )ো** Bb MQi M TT`QT`Bi2 7mM+iBQM iQ /2i2`KBM2 i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7
i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 `2HiBp2 iQ Bib K2M pHm2 2Bi?2` BM i?2 T?vbB+H K2MBM; Q` BM i?2
i?2Q`2iB+H b2Mb2X lbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` +QMiBMBM; ౱)ো* b BM UkXRNV rBHH H2/ bii2
i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ +?ii2` `QmM/ i?2 brBi+?BM; bm`7+2 rBi? KTHBim/2 /2T2M/2Mi QM i?2
HQr2` #QmM/ Q7 i?2 i2`K UkXRNV M/ rBi? i?2 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 bKTHBM; ì2c
b22 (8k)X lbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkXR3V- r?BH2 i?2 +?ii2`BM; biBHH ?TT2Mb- BM i?Bb +b2-
i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b +?ii2` rBi? i?2 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 2tQ;2MQmb
/Bbim`#M+2X
ে৉ѿ
lbBM; ে৉, 3
, ਐ3
ে৉ѿ
b M2r Hi2`MiBp2- ে৉, 3
+M #2 mb2/ b M 2biBKi2 Q7 ষ2 Q` ষ3 BM 6B;m`2 kXRX
4 ѿ
h?2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q`- BM i?2 rQ`bi@+b2 b+2M`BQ- rBHH #2 ে X
3 ৉
>2M+2- QM2 Kv
T`QTQb2 iQ Tmi i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো* BM UkXRkV b,
2 Ƞ ѿ Ϣ, */
౱3 )ো* > Ϣ, , /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)ে )ো* UkXkyV
3
X `;? S;2 RN
h?mb- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkXRkV Bb +?Qb2M b,
2 Ƞ ѿ Ϣ, *-
৕3 )ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘)ো* ѿ Ϣ, ѿ /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)ে )ো* UkXkRV
3
Ƞ Bb /2}M2/ BM UkXReVX
r?2`2 ে )ো*
kXjXk .2bB;M Q7 i?2 `Q#mbi bHB/BM; bm`7+2
h?2 b2[m2H Q7 i?Bb b2+iBQM BKb iQ +QMbB/2` i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV mbBM; i?2
+QMi`QHH2` UkXRkVX b `2bmHi Q7 TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkXRkV iQ i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV-
Bi Bb b22M i?i
Ƞ
৘)ো , 2* > )ন , ɶনো ѿ ন*৘)ো* , ঩ে౱ )ো*- UkXkkV
r?2`2 ে౱ )ো* Ӊ ে )ো* ѿ ౱)ো* M/ নȠ Ӊ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নX 6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi +M #2 7QmM/ i?i
౨৘ )ো , 2* > ঺ɶনো ৘)ো* , ঺঩ে౱ )ো*/ UkXkjV
h?2 7QHHQrBM; H2KKb `2 ;Bp2M iQ +?`+i2`Bx2 i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2
UkXkkVX
G2KK kX9 U(ek)V G2i ঽ )౛)ো** #2 GvTmMQp +M/B/i2 7mM+iBQMX AM i?2 +b2 i?i
i?2`2 2tBbi `2H b+H`b ౢ Ӓ 1- ౖ ? 1- ౗ ? 1 M/ 1 = ౦ = 2 bm+? i?i
ౖ ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౗ ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 -
M/
ঽ )౛)ো , 2** ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౢ ѿ ౦ঽ )౛)ো**-
i?2M ౛ )ো* rBHH biBb7v
౗ ౢ
ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ͱ౛)1*ͱ3 )2 ѿ ౦*ো , /
ౖ ౖ౦
G2KK kX8 6Q` Mv bvKK2i`B+ Ki`Bt ষ ? 1 M/ Mv 7mHH +QHmKM `MF Ki`Bt ঩-
r2 ?p2 ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ӑ ষ X
X `;? S;2 ky
S`QQ7, Ai +M 2bBHv #2 T`Qp2/ #v
\র ѿ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ^঻ ষ \র ѿ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ^ Ӓ 1/
Ai b?QmH/ HbQ #2 MQi2/ i?i rBi? TTHvBM; .aJ* iQ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHp@
BM; 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b- i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K b?QmH/ #2 MHvx2/ BM i2`Kb Q7
#QmM/2/M2bbX HbQ- i?2 .aJ* +M QMHv 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b Kv #2
/`Bp2M BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨)ো* > 1X h?Bb Bbbm2
Bb BM/22/ `2;`/2/ b i?2 [mbB bHB/BM; KQ/2 UZaJV BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X PM i?2 Qi?2`
?M/- /m2 iQ i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 KBbKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiv BM i?2 bvbi2K /vMKB+b- Bi Bb
/B{+mHi iQ MHvx2 i?2 `2+?#BHBiv Q7 i?2 ZaJ #v K2Mb Q7 b2Tì2 bm{+B2Mi
+QM/BiBQMX Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K +QMbB/2`b K2i?Q/ iQ MHvx2 bBKmH@
iM2QmbHv i?2 `2+?#BHiBv Q7 ZaJ M/ i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2b #v K2Mb
Q7 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GvTmMQp bi#BHBiv K2i?Q/X
h?2Q`2K kXR AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- i?2 HBM2` Tì Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH Hr
UkXRkV +M /`Bp2 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 QMiQ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 UkXeV- M/ i?2 bvbi2K
bii2 Bb bi#BHBx2/- B7 i?2`2 2tBbi bvKK2i`B+ Ki`Bt ষ Ȣ ? 1- Ki`B+2b ি M/ ী - M/
b+H`b ౰ ? 1 M/ ౜ Ȣ ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
֠ѿষ Ȣ , ী ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ী Գ Գ Գ ԳԳ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ѿষ Ȣ , 3౰঴঴ ঻ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ নষ Ȣ , ঩ি ҇3౰঴঴ ঻ ѿষ Ȣ , ౰঴঴ ঻ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- UkXk9V
֡ ঩ী 1 1 ѿষ Ȣ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষȢ 1 1 1 ѿ౜রȢ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ ঵ষȢ 1 1 1 1 ѿ౰র ֥
r?2`2 ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkVX >2`2 ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ Ȣ ѿ2 M/ |Գ~ /2MQi2b
i?2 bvKK2i`B+ 2H2K2Mib BM bvKK2i`B+ Ki`BtX
S`QQ7, .2}M2
ঽ )౛)ো** > ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* , ౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*- UkXk8V
X `;? S;2 kR
঻
r?2`2 ౛ )ো* > ๢৘঻ )ো* ౨৘঻ )ো*๣ - ষ ? 1 Bb bvKK2i`B+ Ki`Bt M/ ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ X h?mb-
r2 +M r`Bi2
ɶঽ )౛)ো** >ঽ )౛)ো , 2** ѿ ঽ )౛)ো**
>৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2* , ౨৘঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো , 2* UkXkeV
ѿ ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* ѿ ౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*/
LQr- Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
঻
֠ ৘)ো* ֣ ֠ʊ22 ʊ23 ֣ ֠ ৘)ো* ֣
ɶঽ )౛)ো** > ֡ ֤ ֡ ֤֡ ֤- UkXkdV
֡ে )ো*֤ ֡ʊ঻ ʊ ֤ ֡ে )ো*֤
֢ ౱ ֥ ֢ 23 33 ֥ ֢ ౱ ֥
r?2`2
ʊ22 Ӂ)ন , ɶনো *঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো * ѿ )ন , ɶনো *঻ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো *
ѿ ষ ѿ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ , 3ɶন঻ো ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ɶনো -
ʊ23 Ӂ3ɶন঻ো ঺ ঻ -
ʊ33 Ӂ3঺঩-
AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- i?i Bb ে )ো* > 1- i?mb ౱)ো* > 1 H2/BM; iQ
ে౱ )ো* > 1X h?2M i?2 bvbi2K Bb bi#BHBx2/ B7
ʊ22 = ѿ౜র- UkXk3V
r?2`2 ౜ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X LQr- r2 +QMbB/2` i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 UkXk3VX hQ Q#iBM

UkXk3V- #v miBHBxBM; G2KK kX8 M/ i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi- Bi bm{+2b iQ ?p2
֠ ʊȠ 22 ҇3ɶন঻ো ֣
֡ ֤ = 1- UkXkNV
֡҇3ɶন ѿষ ֤֥
Ȣ
֢ ো
r?2`2 ষ Ȣ > ষ ѿ2 - M/
ʊȠ 22 >)ন , ɶনো *঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো * ѿ )ন , ɶনো *঻ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো *
ѿ ষ ѿ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ , ౜র/
X `;? S;2 kk
++Q`/BM; iQ G2KK kXj- i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM UkXkNV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ

i?i Q7
֠ ʊȡ 22 ҇3ɶন঻ো ֣
֡ ֤ = 1- UkXjyV
֡҇3ɶন ѿষ ֤֥
Ȣ
֢ ো
r?2`2
ʊȡ 22 >)ন , ɶনো , ঩ভ *঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো , ঩ভ * ѿ ষ , ౜র
, ঳঻ )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*঳ , ঳঻ ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ ঩঳/
>2`2- ভ M/ ঳ `2 irQ mtBHB`v p`B#H2b (dR)X h?2M- #v H27i M/ `B;?i Ki`Bt
KmHiBTHB+iBQM QM #Qi? bB/2b Q7 i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM UkXjyV rBi? /B;)ষ Ȣ - র*- r2 ?p2
֠ ষ Ȣ ʊȡ 22 ষ Ȣ ҇3ষ Ȣ ɶন঻ো ֣
֡ ֤ = 1/ UkXjRV
֡҇3ɶন ষ Ȣ ѿ ষ Ȣ ֤
֢ ো ֥
lbBM; i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi M/ G2KK kXR- Bi +M #2 /2KQMbiì2/ i?i i?2
BM2[mHBiv BM UkXjRV +M #2 BKTHB2/ #v i?2 GJA BM UkXk9V- r?2`2 ি > ভ ষ Ȣ - ী > ঳ষ Ȣ
M/ ౜ Ȣ > ౜ ѿ2 X
_2K`F kXj Ai Bb rQì? K2MiBQMBM; i?i b ౛ > \৘঻ ౨ ঻ ^঻ > พ ঩ ঻র ষ ฟ ৘ M/ พ ঩ ঻র ষ ฟ Bb

7mHH `MF Ki`Bt- ౛ > 1 B7 M/ QMHv B7 ৘ > 1X AM //BiBQM- F2v 72im`2 BM Qm` K2i?Q/
iQ T`Qp2 i?2 #Qp2 i?2Q`2K UM/ h?2Q`2K kXj BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?2 +?Ti2`V- M/
7mì?2` /2bB;M i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`Bt ঺- Bb iQ M2;H2+i i?2 #QmM/2/ BMTmib U2X;X-
i?2 MQMHBM2` +QMi`QH M/ 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2V- M/ /B`2+iHv T`Qp2 i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7
i?2 mM7Q`+2/ HBM2` bvbi2KX JQ`2 T`2+Bb2Hv- 7`QK UkXkdV UrBi? ে౱ )ো* > 1V M/ UkXk3V
r2 Kv r`Bi2
ɶঽ )౛* Ӂ ৘঻ )ো*ʊ22 ৘)ো*
ӑ ѿ౜৘঻ )ো*৘)ো*
౜
ӑѿ ৘঻ )ো* มষ , ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ย ৘)ো*
ౠnby )ষ , ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ *
Ӊ ѿ౦ঽ )౛*-
r?B+? 2Mbm`2b i?2 bvKTiQiB+ bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K M/ i?mb ౛ Ј 1-
౨ Ј 1 M/ ৘ Ј 1X
X `;? S;2 kj
_2K`F kX9 h?2 T`QQ7 Q7 i?Bb i?2Q`2K T`QpB/2b H2bb +QMb2`piBp2 bm{+B2Mi +QM@
/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 `Q#mbi bHB/BM; Ki`Bt 7Q` i?2 bvbi2K BM UkXRV BMpQHpBM;
KBbKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiB2bX 6mì?2` #b2/ QM i?Bb T`QQ7- i?2 b2+QM/ Q#D2+iBp2 Q7 i?Bb
+?Ti2`- r?2M i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` Bb miBHBx2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` /B`2+iHv- rBHH #2
/2`Bp2/ BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K kXjX
kXjXj *?`+i2`BxBM; i?2 bvbi2K bii2 #QmM/2/M2bb
q?BH2 h?2Q`2K kXR T`2b2Mib K2i?Q/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 .aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2
bvbi2K BM UkXRV- Bi /Q2b MQi T`2b2Mi #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2bX h?2 7QHHQrBM;
i?2Q`2K +?`+i2`Bx2b i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2 M/
+Q``2bTQM/BM; bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K kXk AM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- B7 i?2 GJA BM UkXk9V Bb 72bB#H2-
7Q` i?2 Q#iBM2/ ষ > ষ Ȣ ѿ2 M/ ౜ > ౜ ѿ2
Ȣ - i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkXRkV biBb7vBM; UkXRjV rBHH H2/
iQ #QmM/ QM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ bvbi2K bii2 ౛)ো* > \৘঻ )ো*- ౨৘঻ )ো*^঻ b 7QHHQrb,
ѭ౧ ? 1- ѰোԳ ? 1- ৓/৔/ ѭো ? োԳ -
ౠnby )঴* UkXjkV
ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ౘ , ౧-
Ƞ njo )/B;)ষ - )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 **
౜ౠ
r?2`2 ঴ > ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ - M/ ౘ > ౩ 3 อϙ , 3঩ ঻ ষ ঩ อ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 c ?2`2 i?2 b+H`
p`B#H2 ౜ Ƞ ? 1 M/ Ki`Bt p`B#H2 ϙ ? 1 `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
Ȣ ঻঵
֠)౜ Ƞ ѿ ౜*র , 5౰঵ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ѿϙ Գ ֤ = 1- UkXjjV
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ঻
঴ ষ঩ ѿ౰রȢ ֤֥
֢
r?2`2 ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkV- M/ 7mì?2`- ౰ Ȣ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X
S`QQ7, ++Q`/BM; iQ G2KK kXk Bi +M #2 r`Bii2M i?i
3৘঻ )ো*ʊ23 ে౱ )ো* ӑ ৘঻ )ো*ʊ23 ϙѿ2 ʊ঻23 ৘)ো* , ে౱঻ )ো*ϙে౱ )ো*- UkXj9V
r?2`2 ϙ ? 1X Ai 7QHHQrb 7`QK UkXkdV- UkXk3V M/ UkXj9V i?i
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ৘ȡ঻ )ো* ม౜র ѿ ʊ23 ϙѿ2 ʊ঻23 ย ৘)ো*

ȡ
, ে౱঻ )ো*\ϙ , ʊ33 ^ে౱ )ো*/ UkXj8V
X `;? S;2 k9
A7 r2 +?QQb2 ϙ ? 1 bm+? i?i
౜রȠ = ౜র ѿ ʊ23 ϙѿ2 ʊ঻23 - UkXjeV
r?2`2 1 = ౜ Ƞ = ౜- r?B+? Bb Hrvb TQbbB#H2 B7 ౜ ? 1 2tBbib- i?2M Bi 7QHHQrb 7`QK UkXj8V

i?i
Ƞ ঻ )ো*৘)ো* , ে౱ )ো*঻ \ϙ , ʊ33 ^ে౱ )ো*/

ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ౜৘ UkXjdV
LQi2 HbQ i?i
ঽ )౛ )ো** >৘঻ )ো*\ষ , ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ^৘)ো*
Ӊ৘঻ )ো*঴৘)ো*- UkXj3V
?2M+2-
3 3
ౠnjo )঴* ͱ৘)ো*ͱ
ȡ ӑ ঽ )౛ )ো** ӑ ౠnby )঴* ͱ৘)ো*ͱ
ȡ / UkXjNV
6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
ౠnjo )/B;)ষ - )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ** ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো**

UkX9yV
঻ ѿ2 3
ӑ ౠnby )/B;)ষ - )঩ ষ ঩* ** ͱ౛)ো*ͱ -
h?2`27Q`2- 7`QK UkXjdV M/ UkXjNV QM2 +M /2`Bp2 i?i
౜Ƞ
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** , ౘ- UkX9RV
ౠnby )঴*
r?2`2- /m2 iQ i?2 +QMiBMmBiv bbmKTiBQM K2MiBQM2/ BM UkXR9V- ౘ > ౩ 3 อϙ , 3঩ ঻ ষ ঩ อ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 X

LQi2 i?i 7`QK UkXkdV Bi +M bBKTHv #2 r`Bii2M i?i
৘঻ )ো*ʊ22 ৘)ো* > ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬে ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** = ѿ౜৘঻ )ো*৘)ো*/ UkX9kV

౱ )ো*>1
X `;? S;2 k8
Ai Bb FMQrM i?i ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬে Ӓ 1- M/ i?mb- 7`QK UkX9kV M/ UkXjNV- Bi +M #2
౱ )ো*>1
+HBK2/ i?i ౠnby )঴* ? ౜X h?2`27Q`2
౜Ƞ
= 2/
ౠnby )঴*
h?mb- 7`QK G2KK kX9- UkX9yV M/ UkX9RV- i?2 #QmM/ BM UkXjkV +M #2 Q#iBM2/X
LQr H2i mb +QMbB/2` ?Qr iQ bQHp2 i?2 BM2[mHBiv UkXjeVX "v i?2 B/ Q7 G2KK kXR
M/ i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi- Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i 7Q` i?2 ;Bp2M ষ ? 1 M/ ౜ ? 1- i?Bb
BM2[mHBiv +M #2 BKTHB2/ #v i?2 GJA BM UkXjjVX
hQ #2 KQ`2 bT2+B}+- B7 QM2 miBHBx2b i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UkXR3V Uਐ2 V- ౩2 > 3 BM UkXRjV M/
ౘ2 > 5 ͱϙ , 3঺঩ͱ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 BM UkXjkVX LQi2 i?i i?Bb #QmM/ `2bmHib 7`QK i?2 rQ`bi +b2
Ƞ ѿ Ϣ, * +M T`2/B+i T2`72+iHv i?2
b+2M`BQX >Qr2p2`- B7 i?2 bB;MmK 7mM+iBQM b;M)ে )ো*
HQ+iBQM Q7 ে )ো*- r?B+? Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 i?2 KQbi +b2b 7Q` bHQr /Bbim`#M+2b- i?Bb
#QmM/ +M #2 `2/m+2/ iQ ౩2Գ > 2 M/ ౘ2Գ > ͱϙ , 3঺঩ͱ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 X
PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- miBHBxBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UkXkRVUਐ3 V- r2 ?p2 ౩3 > 2/6 M/
ౘ3 > 3/36 ͱϙ , 3঺঩ͱ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 X Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i i?Bb #QmM/ Bb HbQ i?2 rQ`bi
+b2 b+2M`BQ #QmM/X aBM+2 Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i /Bbim`#M+2 BM i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV Bb
bHQr- i?Bb #QmM/- rBi? T2`72+i TQbBiBQM 2biBKiBQM- +M #2 `2/m+2/ iQ ౩3Գ > 1/6 M/
ౘ3Գ > 1/36 ͱϙ , 3঺঩ͱ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 X
kX9 1tTHQBiBM; .Bbim`#M+2 1biBKi2 BM i?2 *QM@

i`QH Gr, ਐ4
++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 TT2` (RRN)- 7Q` bKQQi? /Bbim`#M+2b- ে )ো ѿ 2* Bb ;QQ/ TT`QtB@

KiBQM iQ ে )ো* bQ b iQ `2/m+2 i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2X "mi- mMHBF2
(RRN) BM r?B+? i?2 bvbi2K Bb MQi mM+2ìBM M/ Dmbi BMpQHp2b 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2-
BM i?Bb +?Ti2` r2 +QMbB/2` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K BMpQHpBM; mM+2ìBMiv M/ 2tQ;2@
MQmb /Bbim`#M+2X .m2 iQ i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 bvbi2K mM+2ìBMiv- b b22M BM UkXR8V- r2
Ƞ BM UkXReV Bb mb2/ ?2`2 BMbi2/X 6m`@
/Q MQi ?p2 /B`2+i ++2bb iQ ে )ো ѿ 2*- i?mb ে )ো*
Ƞ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` /B`2+iHv- ì?2` i?M mbBM; i?2 QM2b
i?2`KQ`2- mbBM; i?2 i2`K ে )ো*
X `;? S;2 ke
T`QTQb2/ T`2pBQmbHv b22Kb iQ ?p2 Km+? #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2X LQr- #v bm#biBimiBM;
Ƞ
౱4 )ো* > ে )ো* UkX9jV
BM UkXRkV- i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMi`QHH2` Bb +?B2p2/
Ƞ
৕4 )ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘)ো* ѿ ে )ো*/ UkX99V
aBKBH` B/2 +M HbQ #2 7QmM/ BM 2X;X (RRN)X LQi2 i?i- `272``BM; iQ UkXReV- ౱)ো* BM
UkX9jV BM+Hm/2b bvbi2K mM+2ìBMiv- M/ i?mb i?2 +QM/BiBQM BM UkXRjV /Q2b MQi TTHvX
h?2`27Q`2- i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K b?QmH/ #2 MHvx2/ ;BMX AM i?2
7QHHQrBM;- r2 +QMbB/2` i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkX99VX
"v TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkX99V iQ i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV- r2 ?p2
Ƞ
৘)ো , 2* > )ন , ɶনো ѿ ন*৘)ো* ѿ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶনোѿ2 ৘)ো ѿ 2* , ঩ে৅ )ো*- UkX98V
r?2`2 ে৅ )ো* Ӊ ে )ো* ѿ ে )ো ѿ 2* M/ নȠ Ӊ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নX b b22M- i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K
UkX98V BMpQHp2b iBK2@/2HvX 6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi +M #2 7QmM/ i?i
౨৘ )ো , 2* > ঺ɶনো ৘)ো* ѿ ঺ɶনোѿ2 ৘)ো ѿ 2* , ঺঩ে৅ )ো*/ UkX9eV
h?2Q`2K kXj AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- i?2 +QMi`QH Hr UkX99V- UkXReV +M
/`Bp2 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 QMiQ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 UkXeV M/ i?2 bvbi2K bii2 Bb
bi#BHBx2/- B7 i?2`2 2tBbi bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b ষ Ȣ ? 1 M/ সȢ ? 1- Ki`B+2b ি M/ ী M/
X `;? S;2 kd
HbQ b+H`b ౰2 ? 1- ౰3 ? 1 M/ ౜2 ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
֠ Ϥ22 Ƞ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ѿসȢ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 Ϥ33 Ƞ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ঻
֤
֡নষ Ȣ , ঩ি 1 ҇3౰2 ঴঴ ѿষ Ȣ , ౰2 ঴঴ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤=1
֡ ঩ী 1 1 1 ѿষ Ȣ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষȢ 1 1 1 1 ѿ౜2Ȣ র Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ঵ষȢ 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౰2 র Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 ঵ষȢ 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౰3 র ֥
UkX9dV
Ƞ > ѿষ Ȣ , 3)౰2 , ౰3 *঴঴ ঻ X >2`2 ঴ M/ ঵
Ƞ > ѿষ Ȣ , সȢ , ী ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ী - Ϥ33
r?2`2 Ϥ22
`2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkV- M/ ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ Ȣ ѿ2 X
S`QQ7, .2}M2
ঽ )౛)ো** > ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* , ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2*স৘)ো ѿ 2* , ౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*-
঻
r?2`2 ౛ )ো* > ๢৘঻ )ো* ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2* ౨৘঻ )ো*๣ - ষ ? 1 M/ স ? 1 `2 bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b
M/ ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ X h?mb- r2 +M r`Bi2
ɶঽ )౛ )ো** >ঽ )౛ )ো , 2** ѿ ঽ )౛ )ো**
>৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2* , ৘঻ )ো*স৘)ো* , ౨৘঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো , 2*
ѿ ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* ѿ ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2*স৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*/ UkX93V
LQr- Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
঻
֠ ৘)ো* ֣ ֠ʄ22 ʄ23 ʄ24 ֣ ֠ ৘)ো* ֣
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤֡ ֤
ɶঽ )౛)ো** > ֡৘)ো ѿ 2*֤ ֡ʄ঻ ʄ ʄ ֤ ֡৘)ো ѿ 2*֤ - UkX9NV
֡ ֤ ֡ 23 33 34 ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ ে )ো* ֤ ֡ʄ঻ ʄ঻ ʄ ֤ ֡ ে )ো* ֤
֢ ৅ ֥ ֢ 24 34 44 ֥ ֢ ৅ ֥
X `;? S;2 k3
r?2`2
ʄ22 ң>)ন , ɶনো *঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো * ѿ )ন , ɶনো *঻ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ )ন , ɶনো *
ѿ ষ , স ѿ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ , 3ɶন঻ো ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ɶনো -
ʄ23 ң> ѿ 3ɶন঻ো ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶনোѿ2 -
ʄ33 ң>3ɶন঻োѿ2 ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ɶনোѿ2 ѿ স-
M/ ʄ24 > 3ɶন঻ো ঺ ঻ - ʄ34 > ѿ3ɶন঻োѿ2 ঺ ঻ M/ ʄ44 > 3঺঩X AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 i?2
/Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- ে৅ )ো* > 1X h?2M i?2 bvbi2K Bb bi#BHBx2/ B7
֠ʄ22 ʄ23 ֣
ʆ ң> ֡ ֤ = ѿ౜2 র- UkX8yV
֡ʄ঻ ʄ ֤
֢ 23 33 ֥
r?2`2 ౜2 ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X 6QHHQrBM; bBKBH` TT`Q+? ;Bp2M BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7

h?2Q`2K kXR- M/ #v mbBM; i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi- *Q`QHH`v kXR- G2KK kXj M/
G2KK kX8- Bi +M #2 /2KQMbiì2/ i?i i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM UkX8yV +M #2 BKTHB2/ #v
i?2 GJA BM UkX9dV- r?2`2 সȢ > ষ Ȣ সষ Ȣ - ি > ভ ষ Ȣ - ী > ঳ষ Ȣ Uভ M/ ঳ `2 irQ mtBHB`v
p`B#H2bV- M/ ౜2Ȣ > ౜2ѿ2 X
Ai b?QmH/ #2 TQBMi2/ Qmi i?i i?2 #Qp2 i?2Q`2K T`QpB/2b K2i?Q/ iQ /2bB;M i?2
/Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2` #b2/ .aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2 bvbi2K BM UkXRVX >Qr2p2`-
Bi /Q2b MQi ;Bp2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2bX h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K +?`+i2`Bx2b
i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2 M/ bbQ+Bi2/ bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K kX9 AM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো* biBb7vBM; UkXR9V- B7 i?2 GJA
Ȣ - ౜2 > ౜ ѿ2
BM UkX9dV Bb 72bB#H2- 7Q` i?2 Q#iBM2/ ষ > ষ Ȣ ѿ2 - স > ষ সষ 2Ȣ - i?2 +QMi`QH Hr
UkX99V- UkXReV rBHH H2/ iQ #QmM/ QM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ bvbi2K bii2 ౛)ো* > \৘঻ )ো*- ৘঻ )োѿ
2*- ౨৘঻ )ো*^঻ b 7QHHQrb,
ѭ౪ ? 1- ѰোԳ ? 1- ৓/৔/ ѭো ? োԳ -
ౠnby )/B;)঴- স** UkX8RV
ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ౘ Ƞ , ౪-
౜2Ƞ ౠnjo )/B;)ষ - স- )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 **
r?2`2 ঴ > ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ - M/ ౘ Ƞ > อϙȠ , 3঩ ঻ ষ ঩ อ ঳3ে ঻৓3 c ?2`2 i?2 b+H`
p`B#H2 ౜2Ƞ ? 1 M/ Ki`Bt p`B#H2 ϙȠ ? 1 `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM;
X `;? S;2 kN
GJA,
֠)౜2Ƞ ѿ ౜2 *র , 5౰2Ƞ ঵ ঻ ঵ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ঻
֤
֡ 1 )౜2Ƞ ѿ ౜2 *র , 5౰3Ƞ ঵ ঵ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 ѿϙȠ Գ Գ ֤ = 1- UkX8kV
֡ ঻ ֤
֡ 1 1 ঴ ষ঩ ѿ౰2Ƞ র Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 ঴঻ ষ ঩ 1 ѿ౰3Ƞ র ֥
r?2`2 ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkV- ౰2Ƞ ? 1 M/ ౰3Ƞ ? 1 `2 b+H` p`B#H2bX
S`QQ7, h?2 T`QQ7 Q7 i?Bb i?2Q`2K Bb M TTHB+iBQM Q7 i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K kXk M/
i?mb Bb QKBii2/ ?2`2 7Q` i?2 #`2pBiv Tm`TQb2bX
_2K`F kX8 b b22M- TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` ਐ4 iQ i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV `2bmHib BM
ౘ4Ƞ > อϙȠ , 3঩ ঻ ষ ঩ อ ঳3ে ঻৓3 BM UkX8RVX P#pBQmbHv- /m2 iQ i?2 Km+? bKHH2` ঳3ে ঻৓3 BM ౘ4Ƞ -
r?B+? Bb Q7 শ)঻৓3 *- i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` Bb `2/m+2/- +QKT`2/ iQ Bib
T`2pBQmb +QmMi2`Tìb r?B+? `2 Q7 শ)঻৓ *- 7Q` i?2 bKQQi? /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো* biBb7vBM;
UkXR9VX
kX8 aBKmHiBQM _2bmHib
*QMbB/2` i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; T`K2i2`b,
֠ 1/: 1/7 1/15֣ ֠1/13 1/12֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
ন > ֡ѿ1/12 1/: 2/23֤ - ঩ > ֡1/1: 2/11֤
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ѿ1/27 ѿ3/36 1/:8֤ ֡1/61 2/11֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
঻
঴ > ๢1/3 1/5 ѿ1/3๣ - ঵ > ๢ѿ1/5 ѿ1/3 1/4๣ - হ)ো* > 1/4bBM)ো*- ঻৓ > 2 b2+/
LQi2 i?i i?2 QT2M@HQQT bvbi2K Bb mMbi#H2X amTTQb2
֠1/3֣ ো
ে )ো* > ֡ ֤ ๟3 ѿ bBM ๟ ๠๠ /
֡1/3֤ 8
֢ ֥
X `;? S;2 jy
aQHpBM; i?2 GJA UkXk9V ;Bp2b i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib,
֠ 371/9172 ѿ282/7863 35/6:34 ֣

֡ ֤
ষ Ȣ > ֡ѿ282/7863 51:/8361 ѿ34/179:֤ - ౜ Ȣ > 878/1872- ౰ > 295/919:-
֡ ֤
֡ 35/6:34
֢ ѿ34/179: 464/5517 ֤֥
֠1/1113 1/1115 1/1125֣

঺ >֡ ֤/
֡1/1131 1/1146 1/113:֤
֢ ֥
঻ ঻
>2M+2- mbBM; ষ > ষ Ȣ ѿ2 - Ϣ, > ๢1/5 1/5๣ M/ Ϣѿ > ๢1/3 1/3๣ - i?2 +QMi`QH Hrb ਐ2
M/ ਐ3 ;Bp2M BM UkXR3V M/ UkXkRV- `2bT2+iBp2Hv- `2 Q#iBM2/X h?2 `2bmHib #v TTHvBM;
i?2b2 +QMi`QHH2`b- BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 HBM2` +QMi`QHH2` M/ i?2 .aJ* miBHBxBM; QMHv
i?2 K2M pHm2 Q7 i?2 /Bbim`#M+2- iQ i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV `2 b?QrM BM 6B;bX kXk@kX8X
঻
>2`2- i?2 BMBiBH bii2 Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 ৘)1* > ๢2 3 ѿ3๣ X Ai +M #2 b22M i?i i?2
bvbi2K bii2 Bb #QmM/2/ M/ HbQ /m`BM; i?2 bHB/BM; KQiBQM i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b `2
rBi?BM #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨৘ )ো* > 1X
b b22M- 7Q` i?2 bHQr /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- BM i2`Kb Q7 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K
bii2 M/ HbQ i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2-
KQM; i?2b2 7Qm` +QMi`QHH2`b- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` ਐ3 ?b i?2 #2bi T2`7Q`KM+2X
b K2MiBQM2/ BM _2K`F kXk- BM (3d) i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMi`QH Hr Bb T`QTQb2/,
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘)ো* ѿ Ϣ, ѿ /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)౨৘ )ো**/ UkX8jV
6B;m`2 kXe b?Qrb i?2 `2bmHib #v TTHvBM; i?Bb +QMi`QHH2` iQ i?2 bvbi2K UkXRVX LQi2
i?i b i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQM BM (3d) Bb MQi 72bB#H2- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UkX8jV Bb +QMbi`m+i2/
#v i?2 +?QB+2 Q7 ঺ +?B2p2/ i?`Qm;? bQHpBM; i?2 GJA BM UkXk9VX h?Bb BM/22/ b?Qrb i?2
bmT2`BQ`Biv Q7 Qm` TT`Q+?2b +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2X b Bi Bb 2KT?bBx2/
BM (8k)- mbBM; i?Bb +QMi`QHH2` H2/b bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ +?ii2` `QmM/ i?2 brBi+?BM;
bm`7+2 rBi? KTHBim/2 /2T2M/2Mi QM i?2 HQr2` #QmM/ Q7 i?2 +QKTQM2Mi BM UkXRNV M/
rBi? i?2 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 bKTHBM; ì2X b Bi rb K2MiBQM2/ BM _2K`F kXk-
mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2`b ਐ2 M/ ਐ3 - r?BH2 i?2 +?ii2`BM; biBHH ?TT2Mb- BM i?Bb +b2- i?2
bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b +?ii2` rBi? i?2 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 2tQ;2MQmb
/Bbim`#M+2X
LQr- bQHpBM; i?2 GJA BM UkX9dV- i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib `2 Q#iBM2/,
X `;? S;2 jR
2
x1
Trajectories of state
0 x2
x3
−2 1 1.5
0 1
0.5
−4 −1 0
−0.5
16 18 20 22
32 34 36
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
−3
x 10
5
σ1
σ2
Sliding function
−5
−10
−15
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
6B;m`2 kXk, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; HBM2` +QMi`QHH2`
x1
2 x2
x3
−2 1
1
0 0.5
−4 0
−1 −0.5
16 18 20 34 36 38
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
−3
x 10
5
Sliding function
0
σ1
−5 σ2
−10
−15
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
6B;m`2 kXj, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; K2M pHm2 Q7
/Bbim`#M+2 BM .aJ*
X `;? S;2 jk
x1
2 x2
x3
0
−2 1.5
1 1
0 0.5
−4 0
−1 −0.5
16 18 20 34 36 38
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
−3
x 10
5
Sliding function
0
σ1
−5 σ2
−10
−15
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
6B;m`2 kX9, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; ਐ2
x1
2 x2
x3
−2 1
1 0.5
0
0 −0.5
−4
−1 34 36 38
16 18 20
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
−3
x 10
5
Sliding function
0
σ1
−5 σ2
−10
−15
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
6B;m`2 kX8, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; ਐ3
X `;? S;2 jj
x1
2 x2
x3
−2
0.5 1
0 0.5
−0.5 0
−4 −1 −0.5
−1.5
16 18 20 34 36 38
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
−3
x 10
5
Sliding function
0
σ1
−5 σ2
−10
−15
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
6B;m`2 kXe, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
BM (3d)
x1
2 x2
x3
−2 1
1
0
−4 0
−1
−1 34 36 38
16 18 20
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
0
Sliding function
σ1
σ2
−2
−4
−6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
time (sec)
6B;m`2 kXd, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; ਐ4
X `;? S;2 j9
֠ 1/7528 ѿ1/6466 1/2937 ֣ ֠ 1/396: ѿ1/4722 1/2149 ֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
ষ Ȣ > ֡ѿ1/6466 2/4113 ѿ1/22:2֤ - সȢ > ֡ѿ1/4722 1/:378 ѿ1/1:73֤ -
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ 1/2937 ѿ1/22:2 2/1824 ֤ ֡ 1/2149 ѿ1/1:73 2/1291 ֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
౜2Ȣ > 4/661:- ౰2 > 1/4319- ౰3 > 1/5453-
֠ѿ1/1283 1/2174 1/5926֣

঺ >֡ ֤/
֡ 1/8146 2/2562 1/:519֤
֢ ֥
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BM i2`Kb Q7 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM bvbi2K bii2- 7Q` i?2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; bKQQi? /Bb@
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b i?2 QM2 mb2/ BM i?2 T`2pBQmb +QMi`QHH2`b- Bi Bb ?`/ iQ +QKT`2 i?2 +m``2Mi `2@
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+QKT`BbQM- r2 M22/ iQ mb2 i?2 bK2 ঺ BM HH i?2 +QMi`QHH2`bX Ai Bb HbQ MQi ?`/
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`2bmHibX b b22M BM h#H2 kXR- ਐ4 - rBi? i?2 bbmKTiBQM Q7 ?pBM; bvbi2K BMpQHp@
h#H2 kXR, *QKT`BbQM Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2`b

*QMi`QHH2` ͱ৘)ো*ͱ อ౨৘ )ো*อ
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Bi rb K2MiBQM2/ 2`HB2`- i i?2 2tT2Mb2 Q7 /2HBM; rBi? ?B;?2` Q`/2` bvbi2Kb M/
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X `;? S;2 j8
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+QMi`QHH2` BM UkX8jV `2 p2`v +HQb2- i?2 ì2 Q7 +?ii2`BM; Q++m``2/ rBi? UkX8jV Bb Km+?
?B;?2`X
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GJA K2i?Q/ Bb TTHB+#H2 iQ ;2M2`H bvbi2Kb BM+Hm/BM; mMbi#H2 bvbi2KbX 6mì?2`@
KQ`2- bQK2 MQi2b QM i?2 mb2 Q7 i?2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb i2`K BM i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM;
KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` ?p2 #22M ;Bp2M M/ irQ M2r brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQMb ?p2 #22M /2@
p2HQT2/X AMbTB`2/ #v i?2 B/2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2`- M2r +QMi`QHH2` 7Q` i?2
mM/2`HvBM; mM+2ìBM bvbi2Kb ?b #22M T`QTQb2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X h?2 +QMi`QHH2`
rBi? /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` QmiT2`7Q`Kb i?2 Qi?2` FBM/ Q7 .aJ*b- BM+Hm/BM; HBM@
2` +QMi`QHH2` M/ .aJ*b mbBM; /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QKTQM2Mib- r?BH2 i?2 mM/2`HvBM;
bvbi2Kb BMpQHp2b bHQr 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2bX L2p2ì?2H2bb- i?2 /QrMbB/2 Bb i?i-
bBM+2 i?2 Q`/2` Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K BM+`2b2b- i?2 b+?2K2 mbBM; .aJ* rBi?
/Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` Bb KQ`2 +QKTmiiBQMHHv BMi2MbBp2X
X `;? S;2 je
*?Ti2` j
GJA@#b2/ QmiTmi 722/#+F

.aJ*
jXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
aHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH ?b #22M /2bB;M2/ 7Q` i?2 +b2b i?i HH i?2 bvbi2K bii2b `2
pBH#H2X h?Bb Bb MQi p2`v `2HBbiB+ 7Q` KQbi Q7 T`+iB+H T`Q#H2Kb (e3)X >2M+2-
i?Bb 7+i ?b KQiBpi2/ i?2 `2b2`+?2`b iQ /2bB;M +QMi`QHH2`b r?B+? 2tTHQBi QMHv i?2
pBH#H2 BM7Q`KiBQMX h?2 HBi2ìm`2 r?B+? ?b 2tTHQ`2/ QmiTmi@722/#+F /Bb+`2i2@
iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH UP.aJ*V BM+Hm/2b #Qi? i?2 /vMKB+ M/ biiB+ QmiTmi@
722/#+F +QMi`QHH2`b (e3- dy- Rky- 3j- 9k)X _272`2M+2 (kd) T`QTQb2b M Q#b2`p2`@#b2/
bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` 7Q` +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 JAJP bvbi2KbX .Bz2`2Mi 7`K2rQ`Fb
M/ /Bb+mbbBQMb 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 biiB+ QmiTmi@722/#+F bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` `2
;Bp2M BM (9k- k3- 9d)X JQ`2Qp2`- BM Q`/2` iQ /2bB;M /B`2+i iQ`bBQM +QMi`QH Q7 ~2tB#H2
b?7i- (ee) /2p2HQTb M Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH U.aJ*V
b+?2K2X
++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 `2bmHib T`2b2Mi2/ BM (8k- RRj)- i?2 mb2 Q7 brBi+?BM; +QKTQM2Mi
BM i?2 +QMi`QH Hr Kv MQi M2+2bb`BHv BKT`Qp2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2X h?MFb iQ i?Bb 7+i
i?i i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM Bb MQi `2[mB`2/ iQ #2 2tTHQBi2/ BM i?2 P.aJ*- i?Bb +?Ti2`
+QMbB/2`b bHB/BM; bm`7+2 BM i?2 bii2 bT+2 ì?2` i?M bii2 2biBKi2 bT+2 Q`
bii2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` bT+2 (3N) M/ (Rjj)X h?Bb 7+i KF2b Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ /2p2HQT
+QMbB/2`#Hv H2bb +QMb2`piBp2 GJA +QM/BiBQM- r?B+? Bb T`2T`2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`
iQ b2H2+i i?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`BtX >2M+2- i?2 72bB#BHBiv `2;BQM Q7 i?2 GJA
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+QM/BiBQM Q#iBM2/ BM i?2 T`QTQb2/ b+?2K2- Q` 2[mBpH2MiHv Bib TTHB+#BHBiv `2;BQM-

Bb BMi2`2biBM;Hv BKT`Qp2/ +QKT`2/ iQ i?i Q7 T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2c *7X (3N)
M/ (Rjj)X
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iBQMb Q7 i?2 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2- 2tTHQBib /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
ì?2` i?M oa.*X LQiB+2 i?i /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ +QMi`QH biì2;B2b ?p2
#22M 2tTHQBi2/ BM /Bz2`2Mi }2H/b BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 M/ ?p2 #22M bm++2bb7mHHv BK@
TH2K2Mi2/ 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi BKbc b22 2X;X (dk)X h?Bb B/2 ?b #22M 2ti2M/2/ iQ i?2
.aJ* BM (RRN) BM Q`/2` iQ `2/m+2 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` i?B+FM2bbX >Qr2p2`- i?2 /Bb@
im`#M+2 2biBKiQ` BM *?Ti2` k ?b #22M /2bB;M2/ 7Q` i?2 +b2b i?i i?2 bvbi2K
bii2b `2 2MiB`2Hv pBH#H2 M/ i?2 bvbi2K /Q2b MQi BMpQHp2 mMKi+?2/ mM+2ìBM@
iB2bX 7`K2rQ`F #v 2tTHQBiBM; QmiTmi BM7Q`KiBQM QMHv 7Q` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 JAJP
bvbi2Kb rBi? mMKi+?2/ /Bbim`#M+2b M/ rBi?Qmi mM+2ìBMiB2b ?b #22M T`QTQb2/
BM (Rd)X AM/22/- i?2 B/2 Bb iQ mb2 M BMi2;`H i2`K Q7 i?2 2biBKiBQM QmiTmi 2``Q`-
BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 r2HH@FMQrM Gm2M#2`;2` Q#b2`p2` r?B+? Q#b2`p2b i?2 bvbi2K bii2
rBi? T`QTQìBQMH HQQT- iQ KF2 KQ`2 /2;`22b Q7 7`22/QKX h?Bb Kii2` Bb `272``2/
iQ b T`QTQìBQMH BMi2;`H Q#b2`p2` USAPV BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 (Rd)X L2p2ì?2H2bb- i?2
mM/2`HvBM; bvbi2K BM (Rd)- mMHBF2 i?2 bvbi2K +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- /Q2b MQi BM@
pQHp2 mMKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiB2bX h?2 T`QTQb2/ b+?2K2 ?2`2 2ti2M/b i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7
miBHBxBM; /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2` BM i?2 P.aJ* iQ i?2 mM+2ìBM /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2Kb
mbBM; M BMMQpiBp2 GJA #b2/ 7`K2rQ`FX
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb Q`;MBx2/ b 7QHHQrb, a2+iBQM jXk /2b+`B#2b i?2 T`Q#@
H2K 7Q`KmHiBQMX AM a2+iBQM jXj- i?2 T`QTQb2/ b+?2K2 iQ /2bB;M M Q#b2`p2`@#b2/
P.aJ* rBi? /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` Bb ;Bp2MX 1z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ P.aJ*
Bb b?QrM #v MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2 BM a2+iBQM jX9X 6BMHHv- a2+iBQM jX8 +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb
+?Ti2`X
jXk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM

*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; mM+2ìBM HBM2` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K-
֦
֩ ৘)ো , 2* > \ন , ɶন)ো*^৘)ো* , ঩\৕)ো* , ে )ো*^
֧ UjXRV
֨ ৙)ো* > প৘)ো*-
֩
X `;? S;2 jN
r?2`2 ৘)ো* ѵ ϓৎ - ৕)ো* ѵ ϓ্ M/ ৙)ো* ѵ ϓ৐ X qBi?Qmi HQbb Q7 ;2M2`HBiv- Bi Bb bbmK2/

i?i ্ ӑ ৐ ӑ ৎ- `MF)঩* > ্- `MF)প* > ৐X "2bB/2b- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i Uন-঩V Bb
+QMi`QHH#H2 M/ Uন-পV Bb Q#b2`p#H2X h?2 mM+2ìBM Ki`Bt ɶন)ো* Bb Q7 i?2 bi`m+im`2
BM UkXkVX
AM r?i 7QHHQrb- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 BM i?2 bvbi2K UjXRV
Bb bKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/X
bbmKTiBQM jXR h?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো* BM UjXRV biBb}2b i?2 GBTb+?Bix
+QMiBMmBiv +QM/BiBQM-
อে৅ )ো*อ ӑ ঳ে ঻৓ - ѭো Ӓ 1- UjXkV
r?2`2 ে৅ )ো* > ে )ো* ѿ ে )ো ѿ 2*- ঳ে ? 1 /2MQi2b GBTb+?Bix +QMbiMi M/ ঻৓ Bb i?2 bK@
THBM; iBK2X
>2`2- Bi Bb bmTTQb2/ i?i ঳ে ?b bKHH pHm2X hQ i?Bb 2M/- i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7
i?2 /Bb+`2i2 bB;MH T`Q+2bbBM; bvbi2K Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 H`;2 2MQm;? +QKT`2/ iQ
i?2 KtBKmK 7`2[m2M+v +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*X HbQ- i?2
7QHHQrBM; bbmKTiBQM Bb `2[mB`2/ iQ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?2 b2[m2H Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`X
bbmKTiBQM jXk h?2 Ki`B+2b ন- ঩ M/ প BM i?2 bvbi2K UjXRV biBb}2b
֚֠ন ѿ রৎ ঩ ֣֝
`MF ֛֡ ֤֞ > ৎ , ্/
֛֡ প 1 ֤֥֞
֢֜ ֟
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 #Qp2 bbmKTiBQM `2[mB`2b i?i ্ ӑ ৐ ӑ ৎ- r?B+? ?b H`2/v #22M
bbmK2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- M/ Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ MQi ?pBM; i`MbKBbbBQM x2`Q i RX
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; bvbi2K bii2 M/ /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2`
֦ Ƞ
֩ ৘)ো
Ƞ , 2* > ন৘)ো*Ƞ , ঩৕)ো* , ঳2 \৙)ো* ѿ ৙)ো*^
Ƞ , ঩ ে )ো*
֩ Ƞ Ƞ , ঳3 \৙)ো* ѿ ৙)ো*^
֧ ে )ো , 2* > ে )ো* Ƞ UjXjV
֩
֩
֨ ৙)ো*
Ƞ > প ৘)ো*-
Ƞ
r?2`2 ঳2 ѵ ϓৎ·৐ M/ ঳3 ѵ ϓ্·৐ `2 Q#b2`p2` ;BMbX h?2 7QHHQrBM; H2KK Bb mb27mH
BM i?2 b2[m2HX
X `;? S;2 9y
G2KK jXR U(9N)V 6Q` ;Bp2M ঩ ѵ ϓৎ·্ rBi? ৒ূৎো)঩* > ্- M/
֠ʄ֣
঩ > ় ֡ ֤ঽ ঻ - UjX9V
֡1֤
֢ ֥
r?2`2 ় ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ M/ ঽ ѵ ϓ্·্ `2 irQ Qì?Q;QMH Ki`B+2b M/ ʄ ң> /B;)౨2 - ՜ - ౨্ *-
౨৉ - )৉ > 2- ՜ - ্* /2MQi2 MQMx2`Q bBM;mH` pHm2b Q7 ঩- bmTTQb2 i?i 1 = ষ ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ Bb
`2H bvKK2i`B+ Ki`Bt- i?2M i?2`2 2tBbib `2H Ki`Bt ু ѵ ϓ্·্ bm+? i?i
ষ ঩ > ঩ু- UjX8V
B7 M/ QMHv B7 ষ ?b i?2 7QHHQrBM; bi`m+im`2
֠ষ22 1 ֣ ঻
ষ >়֡ ়֤ -
֡ 1 ষ ֤
֢ 33 ֥
r?2`2 1 = ষ22 ѵ ϓ্·্ M/ 1 = ষ33 ѵ ϓ)ৎѿ্*·)ৎѿ্* X
AM i?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`- 7Q` bBKTHB}+iBQM- r2 mb2 i?2 #`B27 ɶন BMbi2/ Q7
ɶন)ো*X
jXj .2bB;M Q7 h?2 P#b2`p2`@"b2/ PmiTmi@622/#+F

.Bb+`2i2@hBK2 aJ*
AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- i?2 Q#D2+iBp2 Bb iQ /2bB;M HBM2` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 bii2 bT+2-
bm+? b
౨)ো* > ঺৘)ো*- UjXeV
r?2`2 ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ2 ѵ ϓ্·ৎ M/ ষ2 ? 1 Bb bvKK2i`B+ Ki`Bt i?i rBHH #2 /2bB;M2/

Hi2`X b b22M- i?Bb bi`m+im`2 Q7 ঺ rQmH/ `2bmHi BM i?2 MQM@bBM;mH`Biv Q7 ঺঩X .m`BM;
i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; KQiBQM i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM biBb}2b
౨)ো* > 1- ѭো ? ো৓ - UjXdV
r?2`2 ো৓ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 iBK2 i?i bHB/BM; KQiBQM biìbX
X `;? S;2 9R
_2K`F jXR AM i?2 +b2 Q7 *aJ*- bBM+2 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM THvb M BKTQìMi
`QH2 BM i?2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2`- i?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM b?QmH/
#2 M 2MiB`2Hv FMQrM QM2X .m2 iQ i?Bb 7+i- BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2c 2X;X (3N)- (Rjj) M/
(ky)- i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM UjXeV ?b #22M bmTTQb2/ iQ biBb7v
঩ ঻ ষ2 > মপ- UjX3V
BM r?B+? ম ѵ ϓ্·৐ X h?2M- i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 UjXeV +M #2 `2r`Bii2M b
౨)ো* > মপ৘)ো* > ম৙)ো*-
r?B+? Bb BM i?2 QmiTmi bT+2X >Qr2p2`- bBM+2 i?Bb brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM rQmH/ MQi #2 mb2/
BM i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2`- bm+? M 2[mHBiv b UjX3V Bb mMM2+2bb`v
?2`2X AM 7+i- 7Q` i?2 QmiTmi@722/#+F .aJ*- i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 Bb MQi `2[mB`2/ iQ #2
FMQrM QM2- bQ- Bi rBHH QMHv M22/ iQ #2 T`Qp2/ i?i bvbi2K bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b +QmH/ #2
bi22`2/ BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 M/ #2 F2Ti i?2`2 i?2`27i2`X
h?2 bK2 KMM2` +M #2 b22M BM (e3) 7Q` i?2 biiB+ P.aJ*X
h?2 +QMi`QHH2` Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; bi`m+im`2
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 )঺ন ѿ ʇ঺*৘)ো* Ƞ

Ƞ ѿ ে )ো*- UjXNV
r?2`2 ʇ ѵ ϓ্·্ Bb bi#H2 Ki`BtX h?2 i2`K )঺঩*ѿ2 ʇ঺ ৘)ো*

Ƞ rQmH/ ;Qp2`M i?2 ì2
Q7 +QMp2`;2M+2 QMiQ i?2 bHB/BM; KMB7QH/- BM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 i?2 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2X
LQi2 i?i- mMHBF2 *aJ* BM r?B+? i?2 bQ@+HH2/ 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QHH2` ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘)ো*
Ƞ
HQM2 +MMQi bi22` i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b QM i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`@
7+2- BM i?2 +b2 Q7 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2Kb i?2 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QHH2` Bb #H2 iQ /`Bp2
i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K BMiQ M2B;?#Qm`?QQ/ Q7 i?2 bHB/BM;
KMB7QH/b M/ F22Tb i?2K i?2`2 i?2`27i2` (8k)X >Qr2p2`- rBi? ʇ > 1 i?2 +QMi`QH
BMTmi BKb i bi22`BM; i?2 bvbi2K bii2 iQ i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 BM QM2 iBK2 bi2TX AM i?2
+b2 Q7 H`;2 BMBiBH /BbiM+2 7`QK i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2- i?Bb +M H2/ iQ 2t+2bbBp2Hv
H`;2 +QMi`QH BMTmi `272``2/ iQ b ?B;?@;BM +QMi`QHH2`X >2`2- bBKBH` iQ (k8)- Bi Bb
bbmK2/ i?i ʇ > ౠর্ - r?2`2 1 ӑ ౠ = 2 Bb ;Bp2M +QMbiMi pHm2 r?B+? rQmH/ MQi
#2HQM; iQ i?2 bT2+i`mK Q7 নX .m2 iQ i?2 bT2+BH 7Q`K Q7 ʇ- Bi +M +QKKmi2 rBi? ঺
X `;? S;2 9k
M/ i?2M i?2 +QMi`QH Hr UjXNV +QmH/ #2 r`Bii2M b
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ৘)ো* Ƞ

Ƞ ѿ ে )ো*- UjXRyV
r?2`2 নౠ > ন ѿ ౠরৎ X "2bB/2b- r2 ?p2
৕ৌ )ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ৘)ো*/

Ƞ UjXRRV
.2}MBM; i?2 bii2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` ৆)ো* > ৘)ো* ѿ ৘)ো*

Ƞ M/ /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiBQM
Ƞ
2``Q` ৆ে )ো* > ে )ো* ѿ ে )ো*- i?2 Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K Bb Q#iBM2/ #v TTHvBM; i?2
+QMi`QHH2` BM UjXRyV iQ UjXRV- r?B+? Bb
֦ Ƞ
֩ ৘)ো , 2* > \ন , ɶন ѿ ন^৘)ো* , ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ \ নౠ ঩ ^ ৆ূ )ো*
֧ UjXRkV
ɶন Ȣ
֨ ৆ূ )ো , 2* > พ 1 ฟ ৘)ো* , )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *৆ূ )ো* , ে৅ )ো , 2*-
֩
1 ৆)ো* ন ঩ ঳
r?2`2 ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2* > พ ে৅ )ো,2* 2
ฟ- ৆ূ )ো* > ๢ ৆ে )ো* ๣- নূ > พ 1 র্ ฟ- ঳ূ > ๢ ঳3 ๣ M/ পূ > \ প 1 ^X
h?2M 7`QK UjXeV M/ UjXRkV Bi +M #2 7QmM/
౨)ো , 2* > ౠ౨)ো* , ঺ɶন৘)ো* , ঺ \ নౠ ঩ ^ ৆ূ )ো*/ UjXRjV
G2KK jXk U(Rd)V A7 i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uন- পV Bb Q#b2`p#H2 M/ ন- ঩ M/ প biBb}2b
i?2 `MF +QM/BiBQM BM bbmKTiBQM jXk- i?2M i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uনূ - পূ V Bb Q#b2`p#H2X
_2K`F jXk LQi2 i?i 2tTHQBiBM; i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKi2 BM i?2 P.aJ* `2[mB`2b
i?i i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b /Q MQi p`v iQQ Km+? BM QM2 iBK2 bi2TX h?Bb +MMQi
QMHv `2/m+2 i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2`- #mi HbQ `2Ht i?2 mTT2` #QmM/ `2@
bi`B+iBQM QM i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b- r?B+? +M #2 b22M BM KMv `272`2M+2b BM i?2
HBi2ìm`2X Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?Bb `2bi`B+iBQM Bb MQr QM i?2 KtBKmK 7`2[m2M+v +QKTQ@
M2Mi Q7 i?2 +?M;2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Ub22 i?2 +QMiBMmBiv
bbmKTiBQM BM UjXkVVX
h?2 b2[m2H Q7 i?Bb b2+iBQM BKb iQ +QMbB/2` i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 bvbi2K UjXRV mbBM;
i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UjXRyVX
X `;? S;2 9j
jXjXR ai#BHBiv MHvbBb
LQiB+2 i?i BM i?2 +b2 Q7 TTHvBM; .aJ* iQ i?2 bvbi2K BMpQHpBM; 2tQ;2MQmb /Bb@
im`#M+2- Bi +M QMHv 2Mbm`2 i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ #2 /`Bp2M BMiQ #QmM/`v
Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨)ো* > 1X h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb BM/22/ `2;`/2/ b
i?2 [mbB bHB/BM; KQ/2 UZaJV BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K +QMbB/2`b
K2i?Q/ iQ MHvx2 bBKmHiM2QmbHv i?2 `2+?#BHiBv Q7 ZaJ M/ i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2
bvbi2K bii2b miBHBxBM; /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GvTmMQp bi#BHBiv K2i?Q/- BM i?2 #b2M+2
Q7 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2bX h?2 +?`+i2`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 #QmM/b QM i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT
bvbi2K bii2b M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMǶb #QmM/`v Hv2` `2 T`2b2Mi2/ b2Tì2Hv Hi2`
BM h?2Q`2K jXkX 6mì?2`KQ`2- b h?2Q`2K jXk M22/b iQ /2`Bp2 i?2 +`Qbb i2`Kb #2@
ir22M i?2 bvbi2K bii2 UbHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMV M/ i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2*- BM Q`/2` iQ
pQB/ mMM2+2bb`v `2T2iBiBQM Q7 i?2 i2+?MB+H KMBTmHiBQMb- r2 rBHH biì i?2 T`QQ7
Q7 h?2Q`2K jXR KQ`2 ;2M2`HHv UrBi? i?2 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2 M/ i?2 +QKTQM2Mi
ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2*V 7Q` i?2 bF2 Q7 h?2Q`2K jXkX q2 i?2M H2i ে৅ )ো* > 1 M/ i?mb ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2* > 1
iQ /2`Bp2 i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 bi#BHBiv MHvbBb- M/ +QMi`QH M/ Q#b2`p2`
bvMi?2bBbX
h?2Q`2K jXR AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 ে )ো*- i?2 +QMi`QH Hr UjXRyV +M /`Bp2 i?2 bvbi2K
bii2 QMiQ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨)ো* > 1- r?2`2 ౨)ো* Bb /2}M2/ BM UjXeV- M/ i?mb-
ষ22 1 ঻
i?2 bvbi2K bii2 Bb bi#BHBx2/ B7 i?2`2 2tBbi bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b ষ2 ң> ় พ 1 ষ33 ฟ় ? 1-
স3 ? 1- `2H Ki`B+2b ি2 - ি3 M/ ি4 - M/ b+H`b ౰ ? 1- ౴ ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM;
GJA,
֠ Ϥ22 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ѿস3 , ౴র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ҇3ౠ঩ ঻ ষ2 ҇3঩ ঻ ষ2 \ নౠ ঩ ^ ѿ঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 স 3 ন ূ ѿ ি 4 পূ 1 ѿস3 Գ Գ Գ ֤ = 1-
֡ ֤
֡ষ2 ন , ঩ি2 1 1 1 ѿষ2 Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ঩ি3 1 1 1 1 ѿষ2 Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 ҇3঴ ঻ ষ2 ঩ \ ঴ ঻ 1 ^ স3 ঴ ঻ ষ2 1 ѿ౰র ֥
UjXR9V
r?2`2 ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkV- 1 = ষ22 ѵ ϓ্·্ - 1 = ষ33 ѵ ϓ)ৎѿ্*·)ৎѿ্* -
M/ ় ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ Bb /2}M2/ BM G2KK kX8- Ϥ22 > ѿষ2 , ি3঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ি3 , ౴র , ౰঵ ঻ ঵X
X `;? S;2 99
>2`2 ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ2 M/ i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BMb `2 ;Bp2M #v
঳2 ѿ2
๢ ঳3 ๣ > স3 ি4 /
UjXR8V
S`QQ7, .2}M2
ঽ )౵)ো** > ৘঻ )ো*ষ2 ৘)ো* , ৆঻ূ )ো*স3 ৆ূ )ো* , ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*- UjXReV
঻
r?2`2 ౵)ো* > ๢৘঻ )ো* ৆঻ূ )ো* ౨ ঻ )ো*๣ - ষ2 ? 1 M/ স3 ? 1 `2 bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b
M/ ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ2 X >2M+2- r2 ?p2
ɶঽ )౵)ো** >ঽ )౵)ো , 2** ѿ ঽ )౵)ো**
>৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ2 ৘)ো , 2* , ৆঻ূ )ো , 2*স3 ৆ূ )ো , 2* , ౨ ঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো , 2*
ѿ ৘঻ )ো*ষ2 ৘)ো* ѿ ৆঻ূ )ো*স3 ৆ূ )ো* ѿ ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*/ UjXRdV
Ai +M #2 7QHHQr2/ i?2M
৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ2 ৘)ো , 2*
>৘঻ )ো*\ন , ɶন ѿ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন* , ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন*^঻
· ষ2 \ন , ɶন ѿ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন* , ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন*^৘)ো*
, 3৘঻ )ো*)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ৆ূ )ো*

঻
, ৆঻ূ )ো* ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ৆ূ )ো*
>৘঻ )ো*\ন , ɶন ѿ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*^঻ ষ2 \ন , ɶন ѿ ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*^৘)ো*
, ৘঻ )ো*)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন*৘)ো* , 3৘঻ )ো*)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻

঻
· )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ৆ূ )ো* , ৆঻ূ )ো* ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ৆ূ )ো*/ UjXR3V
HbQ-
৆঻ূ )ো , 2*স3 ৆ূ )ো , 2* UjXRNV

঻
֠ɶন֣ ֠ɶন֣
>৘ )ো* ֡ ֤ স3 ֡ ֤ ৘)ো* , ৆঻ূ )ো*)নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *঻ স3 )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *৆ূ )ো*
঻
֡ 1 ֤ ֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
X `;? S;2 98
঻
֠ɶন֣
, ে৅঻Ȣ )ো , 2*স3 ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2* , 3৘঻ )ো* ֡ ֤ স3 )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *৆ূ )ো*
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
঻
֠ɶন֣
, 3৘঻ )ো* ֡ ֤ স3 ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2* , 3৆঻ূ )ো*)নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *঻ স3 ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2*-
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
౨ ঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো , 2*
঻
>৘঻ )ো*)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন*৘)ো* , ৆঻ূ )ো* ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺
· ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ৆ূ )ো* , 3৘঻ )ো*)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ৆ূ )ো*/ UjXkyV
6`QK UjXRdV@UjXkyV- r2 ?p2
঻
֠ ৘)ো* ֣ ֠౬22 ౬23 ౬24 ֣ ֠ ৘)ো* ֣
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤֡ ֤
ɶঽ )౵)ো** > ֡ ৆ূ )ো* ֤ ֡౬ ঻ ౬ ౬ ֤ ֡ ৆ )ো* ֤ - UjXkRV
֡ ֤ ֡ 23 33 34 ֤ ֡ ূ ֤
֡ে Ȣ )ো , 2*֤ ֡౬ ঻ ౬ ঻ ౬ ֤ ֡ে Ȣ )ো , 2*֤
֢ ৅ ֥ ֢ 24 34 44 ֥ ֢ ৅ ֥
r?2`2
౬22 >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ2 )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*
ѿ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ষ2 , 3)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন*

঻
֠ɶন֣ ֠ɶন֣
, ֡ ֤ স3 ֡ ֤ -
֡ 1 ֤ ֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
঻
֠ɶন֣
౬23 >3)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ , ֡ ֤ স3 )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *-
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
঻
֠ɶন֣
౬24 > ֡ ֤ স3 -
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
঻
౬33 >3 ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢নౠ ঩ ๣ , )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *঻ স3 )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ * ѿ স3 -
౬34 >)নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ *঻ স3 -
౬44 >স3 /
Ȣ , 2* > 1X h?2M i?2 bvbi2K Bb

LQr- BM Q`/2` iQ MHvx2 i?2 bvbi2K bi#BHBiv H2i ে )ো
bi#BHBx2/ B7
֠౬22 ౬23 ֣
ʆ ң> ֡ ֤ = ѿ౴র- UjXkkV
֡౬ ঻ ౬ ֤
֢ 23 33 ֥
X `;? S;2 9e
r?2`2 ౴ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X LQr Bi `2KBMb iQ +QMbB/2` i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 ʆ = ѿ౴র

BM UjXkkVX qBi? i?2 B/ Q7 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi- UjXkkV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ
֠ ౬22
Ȣ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ౬33
Ȣ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- UjXkjV
֡҇3঩ ঻ ষ )ౠর , ɶন* ҇3঩ ঻ ষ \ নౠ ঩ ^ ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ ֤֤
֡ 2 ৎ 2 2
֡ ֤
֢ স3 พ ɶন
1 ฟ স3 )নূ ѿ ঳ূ পূ * 1 ѿস3 ֥
r?2`2
Ȣ >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ2 )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*
౬22
ѿ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ষ2 , ౴র-
Ȣ > ѿ স3 , ౴র/
౬33
h?2`27Q`2- mbBM; G2KK kXj Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 BM2[mHBiv
BM UjXkjV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?i Q7
֠ ౬22
Ƞ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ౬33
Ȣ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- UjXk9V
֡҇3঩ ঻ ষ )ౠর , ɶন* ҇3঩ ঻ ষ \ নౠ ঩ ^ ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ ֤
֡ 2 ৎ 2 2 ֤
֡ ɶন ֤
֢ স 3พ 1 ฟ স )ন
3 ূ ѿ ঳ প
ূ ূ * 1 ѿস 3֥
rBi?
Ƞ >)ন , ɶন , ঩ভ4 *঻ ষ2 )ন , ɶন , ঩ভ4 * ѿ ষ2

౬22
, ভ5঻ )঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩*ভ5 , ভ5঻ ঩ ঻ ষ2 , ষ2 ঩ভ5 , ౴র- UjXk8V
r?2`2 ভ4 M/ ভ5 `2 irQ mtBHB`v p`B#H2b (dR)X >2M+2- mbBM; G2KK jXR- ౬22
Ƞ BM
UjXk8V +M #2 `2``M;2/ b
Ƞ >\ষ2 )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ4 ^঻ ষ2ѿ2 \ষ2 )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ4 ^ ѿ ষ2

౬22
, ভ5঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ2ѿ2 ঩ুভ5 , ভ5঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ুভ5 , ౴র- UjXkeV
X `;? S;2 9d
r?2`2 ু biBb}2b ষ2 ঩ > ঩ুX lbBM; i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
UjXk9V Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ
֠ Ϥ22 ȡ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ౬33
Ȣ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡҇3঩ ঻ ষ )ౠর , ɶন* ҇3঩ ঻ ষ \ নౠ ঩ ^ ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ ֤
2 ৎ 2 2
֡ ֤ = 1- UjXkdV
֡ ɶন
স3 พ 1 ฟ স3 নূ ѿ ি4 পূ 1 ѿস3 Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ি 1 1 1 ѿষ2 Գ ֤֤
֡ 2 2
֡ ֤
֢ ঩ি3 1 1 1 1 ѿষ2 ֥
ȡ > ѿষ2 , ি ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ি3 , ౴র- ি2 > ুভ4 - ি3 > ুভ5 M/ ি4 > স3 ঳ূ X qBi?
r?2`2 Ϥ22 3
i?2 ?2HT Q7 G2KK kXR M/ i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi- UjXkdV Bb bm{+2/ #v i?2 GJA BM
UjXR9VX
_2K`F jXj h?2 T`QQ7 Q7 i?Bb i?2Q`2K T`QpB/2b H2bb +QMb2`piBp2 bm{+B2Mi +QM@
/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 `Q#mbi bHB/BM; Ki`Bt 7Q` i?2 bvbi2K BM UjXRV BMpQHpBM;
KBbKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiB2bX 6mì?2` #b2/ QM i?Bb T`QQ7- i?2 b2+QM/ Q#D2+iBp2 Q7 i?Bb
+?Ti2`- r?2M i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` Bb miBHBx2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` /B`2+iHv- rBHH #2
/2`Bp2/ BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K jXkX
jXjXk *?`+i2`BxBM; i?2 bvbi2K bii2 #QmM/2/M2bb
h?2Q`2K jXR T`2b2Mib 7`K2rQ`F iQ /2bB;M i?2 P.aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2
bvbi2K BM UjXRVX >Qr2p2`- BM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b- i?2 T`QTQb2/
+QMi`QH Hr BM UjXRyV +M QMHv 2Mbm`2b i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQMX h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K +?`+i2`Bx2b i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/
+HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2 M/ +Q``2bTQM/BM; bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K jXk AM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- B7 i?2 GJA BM UjXR9V Bb 72bB#H2-
7Q` i?2 Q#iBM2/ ষ2 - স3 - ঳ূ > সѿ2
3 ি4 M/ ౴- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UjXRyV biBb7vBM; UjXkV
rBHH H2/ iQ #QmM/ QM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ bvbi2K bii2 ౛)ো* > \৘঻ )ো*- ৆ূ )ো*- ౨ ঻ )ো*^঻ b
7QHHQrb,
ѭ౰ ? 1- ѰোԳ ? 1- bXiX ѭো ? োԳ -
ౠnby )া * UjXk3V
ͱ౵)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ౘ , ౰/
౴ౠȠ njo )/B;)ষ2 - স3 - )঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩*ѿ2 **
঴ষ2 1
r?2`2 া > ๢ 1 স3 ๣
- rBi? ঴ষ2 > ষ2 ঩)঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ2 ,ষ2 - M/ ౘ > อʂ , স3 อ ঳3ে ঻৓3 c
X `;? S;2 93
?2`2 i?2 b+H` p`B#H2 ౴ Ƞ ? 1 M/ Ki`Bt p`B#H2 ʂ ? 1 `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM;
i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
ȡ ঻঵
֠)౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র , ౰঵ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- UjXkNV
֡ 1 স ন ѿ ি প ѿʂ Գ ֤
֡ 3 ূ 4 ূ ֤
֡ 1 1 \ ঴ 1 ^ স3 ѿ౰রȡ ֤֥
঻
֢
r?2`2 ౰ ȡ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X
঻
Ȣ > ๢৘঻ )ো* ৆঻ূ )ো*๣ M/ mbBM; G2KK kXk Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
S`QQ7, .2}MBM; ৘)ো*
঻
֠౬24 ֣ ֠౬24 ֣ ֠౬24 ֣
3৘Ȣ )ো* ֡ ֤ ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2* ӑ৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֡ ֤ ʂѿ2 ֡ ֤ ৘)ো*
঻
Ȣ
֡౬ ֤ ֡౬ ֤ ֡౬ ֤
֢ ֥
34 ֢ ֥
34 ֢ ֥
34
, ে৅঻Ȣ )ো , 2*ʂে৅Ȣ )ো , 2*- UjXjyV
r?2`2 ʂ ? 1X Ai i?2M 7QHHQrb 7`QK UjXkRV M/ UjXjyV i?i
঻
֦
֩ ֠౬24 ֣ ֠౬24 ֣ ֪
֩
ɶঽ )౵)ো** ӑ ѿ ৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֧౴র ѿ ֡ ֤ ʂѿ2 ֡ ֤ ֫ ৘)ো*
Ȣ
֩ ֡౬ ֤ ֡౬ ֤ ֩
֨ ֢ 34 ֥ ֢ 34 ֥ ֬
, ে৅঻Ȣ )ো , 2*\ʂ , ౬44 ^ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2*/ UjXjRV
*?QQbBM; ʂ ? 1 bm#D2+i iQ
঻
֠౬24 ֣ ֠౬24 ֣
౴রȠ = ౴র ѿ ֡ ֤ ʂѿ2 ֡ ֤ - UjXjkV
֡౬ ֤ ֡౬ ֤
֢ 34 ֥ ֢ 34 ֥
r?2`2 1 = ౴ Ƞ = ౴- r?B+? Bb +H2`Hv Hrvb TQbbB#H2 B7 ౜ ? 1 2tBbib- Bi 7QHHQrb 7`QK UjXjRV

i?i
Ȣ , ে৅঻Ȣ )ো , 2*\ʂ , ౬44 ^ে৅Ȣ )ো , 2*/

ɶঽ )౵)ো** ӑ ѿ ౴৘Ƞ Ȣ঻ )ো*৘)ো* UjXjjV
X `;? S;2 9N
PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- Bi +M #2 b22M i?i
֠঴ষ 1֣
ঽ )౵)ো** >৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֡ 2 ֤ ৘)ো*
Ȣ
֡ 1 স ֤ UjXj9V
֢ 3֥
Ӊ৘Ȣ঻ )ো*া ৘)ো*-

Ȣ
r?2`2 ঴ষ2 > ষ2 ঩)঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ2 , ষ2 - i?2M
3 3
ౠnjo )া * ͱ৘)ো*ͱ
Ȣ ӑ ঽ )౵)ো** ӑ ౠnby )া * ͱ৘)ো*ͱ
Ȣ / UjXj8V
6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
ౠnjo )/B;)ষ2 - স3 - )঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩*ѿ2 ** ͱ౵)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౵)ো**
ӑ ౠnby )/B;)ষ2 - স3 - )঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩*ѿ2 ** ͱ౵)ো*ͱ3 /
>2M+2- 7`QK UjXjjV M/ UjXj8V- HbQ i?2 +QMiBMmBiv bbmKTiBQM BM UjXkV- r2 ?p2
౴Ƞ
ɶঽ )౵)ো** ӑ ѿ ঽ )౵)ো** , ౘ/ UjXjeV
ౠnby )া *
r?2`2 ౘ > อʂ , স3 อ ঳3ে ঻৓3 X LQi2 i?i 7`QK UjXkkV Bi Bb FMQrM i?i
৘Ȣ঻ )ো*ʆ৘)ো*
Ȣ > ঽ )౵)ো , 2**ฬে Ȣ )ো,2*>1 ѿ ঽ )౵)ো** = ѿ౴৘Ȣ঻ )ো*৘)ো*/
Ȣ UjXjdV
৅
Ai Bb Q#pBQmb i?i ঽ )౵)ো , 2**ฬে Ȣ )ো,2*>1 Ӓ 1- M/ i?mb- 7`QK UjXjdV M/ UjXj8V- r2
৅
౴Ƞ
?p2 ౴ = ౠnby )া *X h?2`27Q`2- ౠnby )া *
= 2/ 1p2MimHHv- 7`QK G2KK kX9 M/ UjXjeV-
i?2 #QmM/ BM UjXk3V +M #2 Q#iBM2/X
JQ`2Qp2`- iQ }M/ ʂ ? 1 BM UjXjkV- 7Q` ;Bp2M ষ2 ? 1- স3 ? 1- ঳ূ M/ ౴ ? 1- #v
miBHBxBM; G2KK kXR M/ i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi- UjXjkV Bb bm{+2/ #v UjXkNV- BM r?B+?
౰ ȡ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X
jXjXj .Bb+mbbBQMb
RV h?2 bQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 GJA BM UjXkNV /Q2b MQi ?p2 /B`2+i BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 +QM@
i`QHH2` /2bB;M M/ i?2 +imH mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/fQ` bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQM- ?Qr2p2`- i?2b2 T`K2i2`b rQmH/ H2/ mb iQ /2i2`KBM2 KQ`2 ++mì2
#QmM/X h?2`27Q`2- iQ Q#iBM i?2 KBMBKmK pHm2 Q7 i?2 #QmM/ BM UjXk3V i?2 GJAb BM
X `;? S;2 8y
UjXR9V M/ UjXkNV +QmH/ #2 bQHp2/ bm#D2+i iQ bT2+B}+ +`Bi2`BX h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb #2vQM/
i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb i?2bBb M/ `2KBMb 7Q` i?2 7mim`2 rQ`FbX
kV .m2 iQ i?2 7mHH +QHmKM `MF Q7 ঩- i?2 +QHmKMb Q7 Ki`B+2b ঩ M/ ষ2 ঩ `2
HBM2`Hv BM/2T2M/2Mi B7 ষ2 ? 1X *QMb2[m2MiHv- B7 UjX8V ?QH/b 7Q` ষ2 ? 1 M/ ু- r2
?p2
৒ূৎো)ু* Ӓ ৒ূৎো)঩ু* > ৒ূৎো)ষ2 ঩* Ӓ ৒ূৎো)঩* > ্- UjXj3V
r?B+? +H2`Hv /2MQi2b i?2 MQM@bBM;mH`Biv Q7 ুX HbQ- Bi +M 2bBHv #2 b?QrM i?i
ু ѿ2 > ঽ ʄѿ2 ষ22

ѿ2
ʄঽ ঻ / UjXjNV
jV 6mì?2`KQ`2- mMHBF2 (3d)- (3N) M/ (Rjj) r?B+? mb2 G2KK kXk iQ 2HBKBMi2
i?2 +`Qbb i2`Kb #2ir22M i?2 bvbi2K bii2 Ubii2 2biBKi2V- i?2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` M/
2p2M /Bbim`#M+2 r?B+? Q#pBQmbHv BKTQb2b bQK2 +QMb2`piBbK QM i?2 T`Q#H2K- ?2`2
BMbi2/- Bi ?b #22M b?QrM i?i i?2 K2MiBQM2/ +`Qbb i2`Kb rQmH/ MQi BM~m2M+2
i?2 72bB#BHBiv `2;BQM Q7 i?2 }MH GJA +QM/BiBQMX JQ`2Qp2`- i?Bb +?Ti2`- mMHBF2 (3d)
r?B+? mb2b G2KK kXk iQ /2H rBi? i?2 M2;iBp2 i2`Kb BM ɶঽ )౛)ো** iQ KF2 +QMp2t
T`Q#H2K- 2tTHQBib G2KK kXj r?B+? Bb +H2`Hv HQbbH2bb i2+?MB[m2 M/ BKTQb2b MQ
//BiBQMH +QMb2`piBbK QM i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQMX
9V Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQiB+2/ i?i i?2 T`K2i2` ʇ > ౠর- 1 = ౠ = 2 THvb bB;MB}+Mi
`QH2 BM i?2 K;MBim/2 Q7 i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 bHB/BM;
bm`7+2 (8k)X 6`QK UjXRjV Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i
োѿ2
ো োѿ2ѿ৊
౨৉ )ো* > ౠ ౨৉ )1* ,
าౠ ਑৉ )৊*- ৉ > 2- ՜ - ্- UjX9yV
৊>1
r?2`2 ਑ )৊* > ঺ɶন৘)৊* , ঺নౠ ৆)৊* , ঺঩৆ে )৊*X amTTQbBM; ਑৉Ȣ > nby)਑৉ )ো**- Bi 7QHHQrb
i?2M 7`QK UjX9yV-
2
ѭ౰৉ ? 1- Ѱোͻ ? 1- bXiX ѭো ? োͻ - ౨৉ )ো* = ਑ Ȣ , ౰ - ৉ > 2- ՜ - ্/ UjX9RV
2ѿౠ ৉ ৉
X `;? S;2 8R
2
bbmKBM; ౘ౨-৉ Ӊ ਑ Ȣ , ౰৉ -
2ѿౠ ৉
i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` Bb
্
3
ౘ౨ > ౘ౨-৉ / UjX9kV
ຣา
৉>2
b b22M- i?2 bKHH2bi #QmM/`v Hv2` +QmH/ #2 Q#iBM2/ #v b2iiBM; ౠ iQ x2`QX AM

i?i +b2- i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` bi22`b i?2 bvbi2K bii2 BMiQ i?2
[mbB bHB/BM; KQ/2 #M/ QMHv BM QM2 iBK2 bi2TX b K2MiBQM2/- i?Bb rQmH/ `2bmHi BM
?B;?@;BM Q` 2t+2bbBp2Hv H`;2 +QMi`QH BMTmi r?B+? Bb MQi /2bB`#H2 7Q` KQbi Q7 i?2
T`+iB+H bvbi2Kb bBM+2 Bi +M bimì2 i?2 +imiQ`b Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2KX >2M+2-
i?2`2 Bb i`/2Qz iQ #2 +QMbB/2`2/ #2ir22M i?2 H2p2H Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi M/ i?2
i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2`X
8V h?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 BM i?Bb b+?2K2 Bb b2i iQ #2 BM i?2 bii2 bT+2- i?Bb Kii2` Bb
bB;MB}+MiHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 BM (3N) M/ (Rjj) r?B+? Bb BM i?2 2biB@
KiBQM 2``Q` bT+2 Q` i?2 bii2 2biBKi2 bT+2X h?2 GvTmMQp 7mM+iBQMH +M/B/i2
HbQ- BM i?2b2 `272`2M+2b- +QMiBMb i?2 bii2 2biBKi2 M/ i?2 bii2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q`X
>2`2- BMbi2/ r2 ?p2 mb2/ i?2 bvbi2K bii2 /B`2+iHv BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 bii2 2biB@
KiBQM 2``Q` M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 GvTmMQp 7mM+iBQMH +M/B/i2X _Qm;?Hv
bT2FBM;- i?2 KBM /`r#+F Q7 i?2 b+?2K2b- ;Bp2M BM (3N) M/ (Rjj)- +QK2b 7`QK i?2
7+i i?i BM Q`/2` iQ 7Q`KmHi2 M GJA T`Q#H2K- Bi Bb BM2pBi#H2 iQ mb2 bK2 TQbBiBp2
/2}MBi2 /2+BbBQM p`B#H2 ষ 7Q` #Qi? [m/ìB+ i2`Kb ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* M/ ৆঻ )ো*ষ ৆)ো*-
Qi?2`rBb2- "JA T`Q#H2K +M #2 `Bb2M- r?B+? Bb MQi 2bv iQ ?M/H2X 6Q` 2tKTH2-
(ky) miBHBx2b irQ /Bz2`2Mi TQbBiBp2 /2}MBi2 /2+BbBQM p`B#H2b BM Bib GvTmMQp@#b2/
b+?2K2 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 /vMKB+ QmiTmi@722/#+F *aJ* UP*aJ*V- r?B+? Mi@
m`HHv H2/b iQ "JA T`Q#H2KX LQi2 i?i- b K2MiBQM2/ 2`HB2`- bBM+2 p`B#H2
bi`m+im`2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QMi`QHH2` Bb MQi T`QpB/2/ 7Q` i?2 T`QTQb2/ P.aJ* #v i?2
K2Mb Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM- i?2 BMi`Q/m+2/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM ?2`2- +M #2 /2}M2/
iQ #2 BM i?2 bii2 bT+2X 6mì?2`KQ`2- BM i?Bb +b2 r2 /Q MQi M22/ iQ bi`m;;H2 rBi?
"JA T`Q#H2KX
X `;? S;2 8k
jX9 aBKmHiBQM _2bmHib
*QMbB/2` i?2 bvbi2K UjXRV rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; T`K2i2`b,
֠1/7 1 1/6֣ ֠ 2 1/4֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤ ֠ 1 1/6 2֣
ন > ֡ 1 1/8 1/4֤ - ঩ > ֡1/7 1 ֤ - প > ֡ ֤-
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤ ֡1/2 1 3֤
֢ ֥
֡1
֢ 1 2/6֤֥ ֡1
֢ 2 ֤֥
঻
঴ > ๢1/4 1/2 ѿ1/2๣ - ঵ > ๢ѿ1/3 ѿ1/3 1/4๣ -
হ)ো* > 1/4bBM)ো*/
ো
LQi2 i?i i?2 QT2M@HQQT bvbi2K Bb mMbi#H2X amTTQb2 ে )ো* > พ 1/17
1/27 ฟ \3 ѿ bBM) 34 *^/
aQHpBM; i?2 GJA UjXR9V- i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib `2 Q#iBM2/,
֠ 1/94 ѿ1/99 ѿ1/38֣

֡ ֤ ֠1/43 1/13֣
ষ2 > ֡ѿ1/99 3/3581 1/35 ֤ - ষ22 > ֡ ֤ - ষ33 > 3/83-
֡ ֤ ֡1/13 1/72֤֥
֡ѿ1/38 ֢
֢ 1/35 1/68 ֤֥
֠ 2/79 ѿ2/82 1/24 ѿ1/23 ѿ1/72֣

֡ ֤
֡ѿ2/82 7/:: 1/51 ѿ5/61 1/18 ֤
֡ ֤
স3 > ֡ 1/24 1/51 7/26 1/19 ѿ5/34֤ -
֡ ֤
֡ѿ1/23 ѿ5/61 1/19 :/68 1/43 ֤
֡ ֤
֢ѿ1/72 1/18 ѿ5/34 1/43 21/78 ֥
֠ 3/41 ѿ2/22֣
֡ ֤ ֠ 2/5: ѿ1/85֣
঳2 > ֡ 3/51 ѿ2/16֤ - ঳3 > ֡ ֤-
֡ ֤ ֡ѿ1/13 1/43 ֤֥
֡ѿ1/35 ֢
֢ 2/28 ֤֥
֠ 1/42 1/58 ѿ1/24֣

঺ >֡ ֤ - ౴ > 1/19- ౰ > 3/63/
֡ѿ1/13 ѿ1/14 1/59 ֤֥
֢
TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM U8X9V rBi? ;Bp2M ষ2 #Qp2 iQ i?2 bvbi2K- i?2 `2bmHib `2
Ƞ
;Bp2M BM 6B;bX jXRX 6B;X jXj b?Qrb i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` ে )ো*
BM U8XRVX
+QKT`BbQM,
Ai +M #2 b22M BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 i?i 7`2[m2MiHv mb2/ Hi2`MiBp2 7Q` i?2 /Bb+QMiBM@
mQmb +QKTQM2Mi Ubv ౱)ো*V ?b i?2 7QHHQrBM; ;2M2`H 7Q`K,
౱)ো* > ౧ , ౪b;M)౨)ো**- UjX9jV
X `;? S;2 8j
State and state estimateState and state estimateState and state estimate
0

-2

-4
50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
1

0
50 100 150 200 250 300

Samples
4

2

0
50 100 150 200 250 300

Samples
6B;m`2 jXR, aii2 M/ bii2 2biBKi2 i`D2+iQ`B2b mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UjXRyV
Sliding function and its estimate
0.5
0

-0.5

-1
-1.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
2

1
-1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
6B;m`2 jXk, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UjXRyV
X `;? S;2 89
Disturbance and disturbance estimat

0.2
0.15
0.1

0.05
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
Disturbance and disturbance estimate
0.4
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
6B;m`2 jXj, .Bbim`#M+2 M/ /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` QmiTmi
r?2`2 ౧ M/ ౪ `2 FMQrM T`K2i2`bX 6Q` BMbiM+2- BM (3d)- rBi? B;MQ`BM; i?2 #QmM/b
Q7 ঺ɶন৘)ো*- ౧ M/ ౪ `2 b2i iQ #2 bQK2 +QMbiMib r?B+? BM+Hm/2 i?2 #QmM/b Q7
঺঩ে )ো*- bBKBH` iQ Ϣ, M/ Ϣѿ X 6mì?2`KQ`2- /m2 iQ i?2 /2T2M/2M+v Q7 ౨)ো* BM
UjXeV QM i?2 bii2 ৘)ো*- ౨)ো* +M HbQ #2 `2TH+2/ #v
౨)ো*
Ƞ > ঺ ৘)ো*
Ƞ > ঺৘)ো* ѿ ঺৆)ো*-
M/ ?2M+2 UkXRNV Bb `2pBb2/ iQ
౱)ো* > ౧ , ౪b;M)౨)ো**/

Ƞ UjX99V
LQi2 i?i M GJA +QM/BiBQM +M #2 /2`Bp2/- b i?2 QM2 T`2b2Mi2/ BM h?2Q`2K jXj
?2`27i2`- i?i 2Mbm`2b i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 ৘)ো* M/ ৆)ো*- M/ ?2M+2- ౨)ো*
Ƞ +M #2 M
++2Ti#H2 2biBKi2 Q7 ౨)ো*X h?2 +QMi`QHH2` +QMiBMBM; ౱)ো* b BM UjX99V Kv H2/
bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ +?ii2` `QmM/ i?2 brBi+?BM; bm`7+2 rBi? KTHBim/2 /2T2M/2Mi
QM i?2 HQr2` #QmM/ QM i?2 i2`K UjX99V M/ rBi? i?2 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 bKTHBM;
ì2c b22 (8k)X
G2i
౱)ো* > Ϣ, , ౫/B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)౨)ো**/
Ƞ UjX98V
X `;? S;2 88
r?2`2 ౫ ? 1 Bb /2bB;MBM; T`K2i2`- Ϣ, M/ Ϣѿ `2 /2}M2/ BM UkXRRVX h?mb- i?2

+QMi`QHH2` +M #2 /2}M2/ b,
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ৘)ো*

Ƞ ѿ Ϣ, ѿ ౫/B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)౨)ো**-
Ƞ UjX9eV
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UjX9eV biBb}2b HH i?`22 `2+?BM; +QM/BiBQMb ;Bp2M BM (je)X
6mì?2`KQ`2- BM bm+? +b2- i?2 Q#b2`p2` BM UjXjV +M #2 `2TH+2/ #v biM/`/
bii2 Q#b2`p2` b,
֦
֩ ৘)ো
Ƞ , 2* > ন৘)ো*
Ƞ , ঩৕)ো* , ঳\৙)ো* ѿ ৙)ো*^
Ƞ
֧ UjX9dV
֨ ৙)ো*
֩ Ƞ > প ৘)ো*-
Ƞ
r?2`2 ঳ ѵ ϓৎ·৐ /2MQi2b i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BMX h?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`Bt ঺ M/
Q#b2`p2` ;BM ঳ rBHH #2 b2H2+i2/ i?`Qm;? i?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2KX
h?2Q`2K jXj h?2 +QMi`QH Hr UjX9eV +M /`Bp2 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 BMiQ #QmM/`v
Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 UjXeV M/- BM //BiBQM- i?2 bvbi2K bii2 Bb
ষ22 1 ঻
mHiBKi2Hv #QmM/2/ B7 i?2`2 2tBbi Ki`B+2b ষ2 ң> ় พ 1 ষ33 ฟ় ? 1- ষ3 ? 1- ি2 - ি3
M/ ি4 - M/ b+H`b ౰ ? 1- ౜ ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
֠ ਕ22 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ѿষ3 , ౜র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ҇3ౠ঩ ঻ ষ2 ҇3঩ ঻ ষ2 নౠ ѿ঩ ঻ ষ2 ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ষ3 ন ѿ ি 4 প 1 ѿষ3 Գ Գ Գ ֤=1 UjX93V
֡ ֤
֡ষ2 ন , ঩ি2 1 1 1 ѿষ2 Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ঩ি3 1 1 1 1 ѿষ2 Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 ҇3঴ ঻ ষ2 ঩ ঴ ঻ ষ3 ঴ ঻ ষ2 1 ѿ౰র ֥
r?2`2 ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkV- 1 = ষ22 ѵ ϓ্·্ - 1 = ষ33 ѵ ϓ)ৎѿ্*·)ৎѿ্* -
M/ ় ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ Bb /2}M2/ BM G2KK jXR- ਕ22 > ѿষ2 ,ি3঻ ঩ ঻ ,঩ি3 ,౜র ,౰঵ ঻ ঵X >2`2
঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ2 M/ i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BM Bb ;Bp2M #v
঳ > ষ3ѿ2 ি4 / UjX9NV
X `;? S;2 8e
State and state estimateState and state estimateState and state estimate
0

-2

-4
50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples

1

50 100 150 200 250 300

Samples
4

2

50 100 150 200 250 300

Samples
6B;m`2 jX9, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bii2 M/ bii2 2biBKi2 mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UjX9eV
rBi? ౫ > 2
S`QQ7, h?2 T`QQ7 Q7 i?Bb i?2Q`2K Bb M TTHB+iBQM Q7 i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K jXR M/
i?mb Bb QKBii2/ ?2`2 7Q` i?2 #`2pBiv Tm`TQb2bX
lbBM; i?2 Ki`Bt ঺ M/ i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BM ঳ Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2 GJA +QM/B@
iBQM UjX93V- rBi? ౫ > 2 M/ /B;)Ϣѿ * > /B;)1/17- 1/27*- i?2 `2bmHib Q7 TTHvBM; i?2
+QMi`QHH2`fQ#b2`p2` BM UjX9eV M/ UjX9dV iQ i?2 bvbi2K `2 ;Bp2M BM 6B;bX jX9@jX8X
b b22M- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UjX9eV H2/b i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ +?ii2` `QmM/ i?2
brBi+?BM; bm`7+2- r?BHbi i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UjXRyV i?i 2tTHQBib /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2` BM
Bib +QMi`QH Hr /Q2b MQi `2bmHi BM bm+? H`;2 M/ mM/2bB`2/ +?ii2`BM; 2z2+iX
jX8 *QM+HmbBQMb
AM i?Bb MQi2- rBi? i?2 bbmKTiBQM Q7 /2HBM; rBi? bHQr 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b-
mMB}2/ Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ QmiTmi@722/#+F .aJ* b+?2K2- 7Q` i?2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM;
mMKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiB2b M/ Ki+?2/ /Bbim`#M+2b- ?b #22M /2p2HQT2/- r?B+? BM@
+Hm/2b M //BiBQMH T`QTQìBQMH BMi2;`H 2biBKiQ` 7Q` 2biBKiBM; i?2 /Bbim`#M+2X
h?2 T`QTQb2/ b+?2K2 Bb TTHB+#H2 iQ ;2M2`H bvbi2Kb BM+Hm/BM; mMbi#H2 bvbi2KbX
h?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K ?b #22M MHvx2/ M/ #QmM/
?b #22M /2`Bp2/ 7Q` i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2- 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` M/ HbQ bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQMX h?2 7`K2rQ`F T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb H2bb +QMb2`piBp2 +QKT`2/ iQ
X `;? S;2 8d

5
s1
shat1
0
−5
−10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
4
s2
shat2
2
−2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Samples
6B;m`2 jX8, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UjX9eV rBi?
౫>2
i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 7Q` i?2 `Q#mbi .aJ* M/ HbQ P*aJ*X
X `;? S;2 83
Sì AA
.aJ* 7Q` L*ab BMpQHpBM; T+F2i

HQbb2b
*?Ti2` 9
.aJ* 7Q` L*ab BMpQHpBM;

+QMb2+miBp2 K2bm`2K2Mi T+F2i
HQbb2b
9XR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
622/#+F +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb r?Qb2 +QMi`QH HQQTb BMpQHp2 `2H@iBK2 M2irQ`F `2 `272``2/
iQ b L2irQ`F2/ *QMi`QH avbi2Kb UL*abVX h?2 KQbi bB;MB}+Mi /pMi;2b Q7 L*ab-
+QKT`2/ iQ i?2 +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb- `2 bKHH2` rB`BM; bvbi2K- HQr2`
Qp2`HH +Qbi- ?B;? `2HB#BHBiv- b r2HH b bBKTH2 BMbiHHiBQM M/ KBMi2MM+2 2i+c
b22 (Rjd)X >Qr2p2`- mbBM; i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`F BM i?2 722/#+F +QMi`QH HQQT
KF2b i?2 bi#BHBiv MHvbBb M/ +QMi`QHH2` /2bB;M KQ`2 +QKTH2tX h?Bb 7+i Bb /m2
iQ i?2 TQbbB#H2 /2Hvb M/ /i T+F2i /`QTQmib r?B+? 2tBbi BM i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM
M2irQ`F U`BbBM; 7`QK Bib HBKBi2/ #M/rB/i?V (Rjk)X >2M+2- i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 +QMi`QH@
HBM; i?2 M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; `M/QK /2Hvb M/fQ` /i T+F2i /`QTQmi
?b #22M bm#D2+i Q7 BMi2`2bi KQM; `2b2`+?2`b BM i?2 `2+2Mi /2+/2bc 2X;X b22
(Rjd- Rjk- 9R- de- Rk3- R9y- Nj- j9)X
PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- b2p2`H T`Q##BHBbiB+ K2i?Q/b ?p2 #22M mb2/ iQ KQ/2H i?2
T+F2i /`QTQmi bQ 7` Ub22 (e8- 3e- RR9)VX .m2 iQ i?2 T`+iB+HBiv M/ bBKTHB+Biv Q7
i?2 #BM`v `M/QK /2Hv- i?Bb KQ/2H ?b `2+2Bp2/ KQ`2 ii2MiBQM iQ KQ/2H M2irQ`F
T+F2i HQbb2b (Rkd- e8- 3e- RR9- Rkj- NN)X
pbi p`B2iv Q7 i?2 2`Hv /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH U.aJ*V BMp2biB;@
ek
*>Sh1_ 9X .aJ* 6P_ L*aa ALoPGoAL: *PLa1*lhAo1
J1al_1J1Lh S*E1h GPaa1a
iBQMb ?p2 BK2/ iQ KF2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 +QmMi2`Tì iQ i?2 +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 `2+?@

#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM (ed- Ryj- je)X _272``BM; iQ i?2 `2bmHib T`2b2Mi2/ BM (8k- RRj- 39)- i?2
mb2 Q7 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 +QMi`QH Hr Kv MQi M2+2bb`BHv BKT`Qp2 i?2 T2`@
7Q`KM+2X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- B7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 Bb #QmM/2/ M/ bKQQi?-
Bi ?b #22M b?QrM i?i 2tTHQBiBM; /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2` BM i?2 .aJ* Bb #2M2}+BH
BM i2`Kb Q7 `2/m+BM; i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM
(RRN)X >2`2- BMbTB`2/ #v i?2 B/2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiBQM- MQp2H 7Q`K Q7 brBi+?BM;
7mM+iBQM Bb T`QTQb2/ r?B+? +M #2 KQ`2 2{+B2Mi BM i2`Kb Q7 `2/m+BM; i?2 mHiBKi2
#QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ HbQ #QmM/BM; i?2 +?ii2`BM; +`2i2/ #v +QMp2MiBQMH
brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQMbX
JQbi Q7 i?2 rQ`F QM aJ* ?b #22M BKTH2K2Mi2/ 7Q` i?2 bvbi2Kb BM r?B+? bvb@
i2K bB;MHb `2 i`MbKBii2/ T2`72+iHvc b22 2X;X (RjN- e3- k8)X _2+2MiHv- b2p2`H TT2`b
7Q+mb2/ QM i?2 /2bB;M Q7 aJ* 7Q` i?2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; iBK2 /2Hvb Q` T+F2i HQbb2bX
6Q` BMbiM+2- (Rj3) /2p2HQTb M BMi2;`H aJ* BM +QMiBMmQmb iBK2 7Q` Qzb?Q`2 bi22H
D+F2i THi7Q`Kb BMpQHpBM; bii2 iBK2 /2HvbX JQ`2Qp2`- /2bB;MBM; i?2 .aJ* bm#D2+i
iQ T+F2i HQbb2b Bb +QMbB/2`2/ BM (3d- R3)X >Qr2p2`- i?2 .aJ* ;Bp2M BM i?2 2tBbiBM;
HBi2ìm`2 bmz2`b 7`QK i?2 7QHHQrBM; KDQ` /`r#+Fb,
Ç Ai Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 T+F2i /`QTQmi Kv MQi Q++m` +QMb2+miBp2Hv- r?B+? Bb
Q#pBQmbHv MQi `2HBbiB+ bbmKTiBQMc +7X (3d)X
Ç h?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 +m``2Mi HBi2ìm`2 Bb /2bB;M2/ #v K2Mb Q7 i?2

bvbi2K bii2 r?B+?- /m2 iQ i?2 T+F2i HQbb2b BM i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM +?MM2H- Bb
MQi ++2bbB#H2c +7X (3d- R3)X
Ç h?2 ;Bp2M K2i?Q/b miBHBx2 b2p2`H BM2[mHBiB2b- iQ T`QpB/2 M GJA +QM/BiBQM 7Q`
MHvxBM; i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K M/ iQ /2bB;M i?2
bHB/BM; KMB7QH/X h?Bb BKTQb2b ?2pv +QMb2`piBbK QM i?2 T`Q#H2KX AM/22/-
Bi `2[mB`2b i?i i?2 QT2M@HQQT bvbi2K BM (3d) #2 bi#H2X
h?2 KBM ;QH Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb iQ bi#BHBx2 M L*a BMpQHpBM; +QMb2+miBp2 /i
T+F2i /`QTQmi rBi? bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH biì2;vX AM /QBM; bQ- MQp2H bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQM Bb BMi`Q/m+2/ #v 2KTHQvBM; i?2 pBH#H2 +QKKmMB+i2/ bvbi2K bii2b BM@
pQHpBM; T+F2i HQbb2bX h?Bb Bb bB;MB}+MiHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 2tBbiBM; .aJ* BM i?2
HBi2ìm`2 (3d- R3)- M/ Bi HbQ T`QpB/2b i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv iQ /B`2+iHv #mBH/ i?2 brBi+?BM;
X `;? S;2 ej
+QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 .aJ* #v 2tTHQBiBM; QMHv i?2 pBH#H2 bvbi2K bii2bX AM //BiBQM
iQ i?Bb KDQ` T`Q;`2bb- i?Bb +?Ti2` +QMiBMb i?2 7QHHQrBM; BKTQìMi BMMQpiBQMb,
@ h?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ* +M #2 TTHB2/ iQ i?2 mMbi#H2 bvbi2Kb /B`2+iHv +7X (3d)X
@ h?Bb +?Ti2` /Q2b MQi bbmK2 #QmM/2/ bvbi2K bii2 BM i?2 }`bi TH+2 iQ /2`Bp2 i?2 +QM@
i`QHH2` Q` MHvx2 i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 mM/2`HvBM; +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2KX HbQ- i?2 bvbi2K
mM+2ìBMiv rBHH #2 //`2bb2/ mbBM; i?2 `Q#mbi +QMi`QH i2+?MB[m2bc +7X (3d- Rk)X
@ MQp2H b+?2K2 Bb /2p2HQT2/ iQ `2/m+2 i?2 +QMb2`piBbK r?B+? 2tBbib BM i?2 +m``2Mi HBi2`@
im`2 i?i `2KQp2b i?2 +`Qbb i2`K #2ir22M bii2 M/ /Bbim`#M+2 iQ KF2 7mHHv /B;QMH
T`Q#H2KX
@ AM i?Bb MQi2- BM Q`/2` iQ bQHp2 Ki`Bt BM2[mHBiv T`Q#H2K BM+Hm/BM; M mM+2ìBM M2;@
iBp2 bB;MmK [m/ìB+ i2`K- HQbbH2bb i2+?MB[m2 Bb miBHBx2/ iQ +QMp2ì Bi iQ 7Q`K i?i
+M #2 2bBHv r`Bii2M b M GJAX h?Bb i2+?MB[m2 +M ;`2iHv rB/2M i?2 TTHB+#BHBiv `2;BQM
Q7 Qm` .aJ* +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 7Q` i?2 .aJ*- +7X (3d)X
@ *QMbB/2`BM; bKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/ 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2b- MQp2H biQ+?biB+ /Bbim`#M+2
Q#b2`p2` Bb /2p2HQT2/X KQ`2 T`+iB+H brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM Bb T`QpB/2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
mbBM; i?2 T`QTQb2/ /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` rBi? i?2 B/ Q7 i?2 bB;MmK 7mM+iBQMX h?2 T`Q@
TQb2/ .aJ* i?i mb2b i?Bb brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM ?b 2z2+iBp2Hv #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 BM i2`Kb
Q7 `2/m+BM; i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM BM +QK@
T`BbQM iQ i?2 HBM2` +QMi`QHH2`X
@ h?Bb MQi2 miBHBx2b biQ+?biB+ K2bm`2K2Mi KQ/2H r?B+? +M 2tTHBM i?2 Q++m``2M+2 Q7
i?2 HQM;@i2`K `M/QK /2Hvb M/fQ` +QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i HQbb2b BM i?2 L*abX
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb Q`;MBx2/ b 7QHHQrb, a2+iBQM 9Xk /2b+`B#2b i?2 T`Q#H2K
7Q`KmHiBQMX AM a2+iBQM 9Xj- i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 biQ+?biB+ bHB/BM;
bm`7+2 Bb ;Bp2MX o`B#H2 bi`m+im`2 .aJ* Bb /Bb+mbb2/ BM a2+iBQM 9X9X 1{+B2M+v
Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ* Bb bim/B2/ #v MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b BM a2+iBQM 9X8X 6BMHHv-
a2+iBQM 9Xe +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb +?Ti2`X
9Xk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM M/ S`2HBKBM`B2b
*QMbB/2` i?2 mM+2ìBM HBM2` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K BM UkXRVX Ai Bb HbQ bbmK2/ i?i
i?2 K2bm`2/ QmiTmib- r?B+? `2 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 bvbi2K bii2b- `2 b2Mi iQ i?2
+QMi`QHH2` pB +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`FX b `2bmHi- i?2 K2bm`2K2Mib Kv BMpQHp2
X `;? S;2 e9
i?2 /2i`BK2MiH T?2MQK2M `272``2/ iQ b /i T+F2i /`QTQmiX AM i?Bb MQi2- r2

mb2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2biBKiBQM b+?2K2 iQ T`QpB/2 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` #v i?2 bvbi2K bii2
BM7Q`KiBQM-
৘ৄ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౖ)ো**৘)ো* , ౖ)ো*৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- U9XRV
r?2`2 ৘ৄ )ো* ѵ ϓৎ Bb i?2 +QKKmMB+i2/ QmiTmi pBH#H2 iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH2` M/ i?2
biQ+?biB+ p`B#H2 ౖ)ো* ѵ ϓ Bb "2`MQmHHB /Bbi`B#mi2/ r?Bi2 b2[m2M+2 rBi?
S`Q#|ౖ)ো* > 2~ > ઞ|ౖ)ো*~ > ౖȢ

U9XkV
S`Q#|ౖ)ো* > 1~ > 2 ѿ ઞ|ౖ)ো*~ > 2 ѿ ౖ-Ȣ
r?2`2 1 ӑ ౖȢ = 2 BKTHB2b i?2 T`Q##BHBiv i?i /i T+F2i Kv #2 HQbi Q` ?b /2HvX
_2K`F 9XR h?2 K2bm`2K2Mi KQ/2H U9XRV- T`QTQb2/ BM (R3)- Bb 2bb2MiBHHv /Bz2`2Mi
7`QK i?2 QM2 r?B+? ?b 7`2[m2MiHv #22M mb2/ BM (NN- Rkd- Rjk- de- 3d) 2i+X h?2
2biBKiQ` BM U9XRV T`QpB/2b i?2 +QMi`QHH2` rBi? i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tBbiBM; bvbi2K bii2
2biBKi2 U৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*V BM i?2 +b2 Q7 T+F2i /`QTQmi Q` /2HvX LQi2 i?i BM i?2
HBi2ìm`2- ì?2` i?M i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi KQ/2H UkXeV- i?2 7QHHQrBM; QM2 Bb 7`2[m2MiHv
miBHBx2/-
৘ৄ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౖ)ো**৘)ো* , ౖ)ো*৘)ো ѿ 2*/ U9XjV
h?Bb KQ/2H BM/22/ rQmH/ BKTQb2 M bbmKTiBQM QM i?2 bvbi2K M2irQ`Fb i?i i?2
T+F2i /`QTQmi Kv MQi Q++m` bm++2bbBp2HvX h?Bb Bb Q#pBQmbHv MQi `2HBbiB+ bbmKT@
iBQMX AMbi2/- i?2 KQ/2H U9XRV +M +QT2 rBi? i?2 HQM;@i2`K `M/QK /2Hvb M/fQ`
7`2[m2Mi T+F2i HQbb2bX LQiB+2 i?i i?2 KQ/2H U9XjV ?b #22M mb2/ iQ +QT2 rBi? #Qi?
iBK2 p`vBM; +QKKmMB+iBQM /2Hv U2X;X b22 (Rjk- de- Rkd)V M/ /i T+F2i /`QTQmi
U2X;X b22 (3d)VX *QMbB/2`BM; i?2 KQ/2H UkXeV BMbi2/ Q7 KQ/2H U9XjV- B7 T+F2i
HQbb Q++m`b- i?2 2biBKiQ` U9XRV T`QpB/2b i?2 +QMi`QHH2` #v ৘ৄ )ো* > ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- 2Hb2
i?2 +QMi`QHH2` miBHBx2b ৘ৄ )ো* > ৘)ো* BMbi2/X >2`2- ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* /2MQi2b i?2 Hbi pBH#H2
+QKKmMB+i2/ /i T+F2iX h?Bb DmbiB}+iBQM +M HbQ #2 mb2/ 7Q` i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM
`M/QK iBK2@/2Hv ++Q`/BM;HvX Ai K2Mb i?i B7 i?2 iBK2@/2Hv Q7 i?2 +QKKmMB+@
iBQM +?MM2H- r?B+? Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 ౩৅ - Bb H2bb i?M bKTHBM; T2`BQ/ U঻ V Q7 i?2
/Bb+`2i2@iBK2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K- i?2 /2Hv ?b MQ BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 bvbi2K M/ r2 ?p2
৘ৄ )ো* > ৘)ো*X "mi- B7 ౩৅ Ӓ ঻ - i?2M ৘ৄ )ো* > ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*X LQi2 i?i- BM i?2 +b2 Q7 `M/QK
X `;? S;2 e8
/2Hv Q++m``2M+2- ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* +M #2 `2;`/2/ b ৘)ো ѿ ౩৅ *X
AM i?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`- 7Q` bBKTHB}+iBQM- r2 mb2 i?2 #`B27 ౖ M/ ɶন BMbi2/
Q7 ౖ)ো* M/ ɶন)ো*- `2bT2+iBp2HvX q2 HbQ `2+HH i?2 MQiBQM Q7 2tTQM2MiBH K2M b[m`2
bi#BHBiv 7`QK (Rjk) 7Q` i?2 biQ+?biB+ T`K2i2` bvbi2Kb b 7QHHQrbX
.2}MBiBQM 9XR U(Rjk)V *QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; biQ+?biB+ bvbi2K-
ౣ)ো , 2* > ɽౣ)ো*- U9X9V
r?2`2 ౣ)ো* ѵ ϓৎ /2MQi2b i?2 bii2 p2+iQ` M/ ౣ)1* ѵ ϓৎ Bb Bib BMBiBH +QM/BiBQMX A7
i?2`2 2tBbi +QMbiMib ౘ ? 1 M/ ౦ ѵ )1- 2* bm+? i?i
ઞ|ͱౣ)ো*ͱ3 ~ ӑ ౘ౦ো ઞ|ͱౣ)1*ͱ3 ~- ѭো ? 1-
i?2M i?2 biQ+?biB+ bvbi2K BM U9X9V Bb bB/ iQ #2 2tTQM2MiBHHv K2M b[m`2 bi#H2X
G2KK 9XR U(Rjk)V bbmK2 ঽ )ౣ)ো** iQ #2 GvTmMQp 7mM+iBQMX A7 i?2`2 2tBbi `2H
b+H`b ౠ Ӓ 1- ౡ ? 1- ౢ ? 1 M/ 1 = ౭ = 2 bm+? i?i
ౡ ͱౣ)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )ౣ)ো** ӑ ౢ ͱౣ)ো*ͱ3 -
M/
ઞ|ঽ )ౣ)ো , 2**ฬౣ)ো*~ ѿ ঽ )ౣ)ো** ӑౠ ѿ ౭ঽ )ౣ)ো**- U9X8V
i?2M i?2 b2[m2M+2 ౣ)ো* biBb}2b
ౢ ౠ
ઞ|ͱౣ)ো*ͱ3 ~ ӑ ઞ|ͱౣ)1*ͱ3 ~)2 ѿ ౭*ো , /
ౡ ౡ౭
G2KK 9XR BMi`Q/m+2b bT2+BH #QmM/2/M2bb /2}MBiBQM 7Q` biQ+?biB+ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2

bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2X AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- bvbi2K bii2 r?B+?
biBb}2b i?2 +QM/BiBQM T`2b2Mi2/ BM G2KK kX9 Bb bB/ iQ #2 2tTQM2MiBHHv K2M
b[m`2 #QmM/2/X
X `;? S;2 ee
9Xj aiQ+?biB+ aHB/BM; JQ/2 *QMi`QH

h?Bb +?Ti2` BKb iQ /2bB;M biQ+?biB+ bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` BM Q`/2` iQ bi#BHBx2
i?2 biQ+?biB+ bvbi2K UkXRVX
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; biQ+?biB+ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM-
౨৘ )ো* > ঺৘ৄ )ো*- U9XeV
r?2`2 i?2 Ki`Bt ঺ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ rBHH #2 /2bB;M2/ Hi2` bm+? i?i ঺঩ Bb MQMbBM;mH`X
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mb2/ BM i?Bb MQi2 Bb /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 QM2 /2}M2/
BM (3d)X h?Bb `272`2M+2 T`QTQb2b M BMi2;`H@HBF2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 #v K2Mb Q7 i?2
bvbi2K bii2b ৘)ো* M/ ৘)ো ѿ 3*X h?Bb bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM +QmH/ MQi #2 miBHBx2/ /B`2+iHv
BM i?2 p`B#H2 bi`m+im`2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QMi`QH biì2;v- b ৘)ো* M/ ৘)ো ѿ 3* `2 MQi
pBH#H2X
LQiB+2 i?i BM i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; KQ/2 r2 ?p2
౨৘ )ো , 2* > ౨৘ )ো* > 1- ѭো Ӓ ো৓ - U9XdV
r?2`2 ো৓ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 iBK2 r?2M bHB/BM; KQiBQM biìbX LQr- i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMi`QH
Hr Bb T`QTQb2/-
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো* ѿ ౱)ো*- U9X3V
r?2`2 ౫)ো* /2MQi2b i?2 MQMHBM2` +QKTQM2Mi r?B+? rBHH #2 mb2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
iQ +QKT2Mbi2 i?2 #/ 2z2+i Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 QM i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K
bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2bX Ai Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiBQM +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো*
Bb #QmM/2/- biBb7vBM; UkXRjV UBM i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`VX aQK2 +?QB+2b 7Q` ౱)ো* `2
T`2b2Mi2/ Hi2` BM a2+iBQM 9X9X
_2K`F 9Xk AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- iQ +QMbi`m+i i?2 +QMi`QH Hr U9X3V- Bi Bb QMHv bbmK2/
i?i i?2 mTT2` M/ HQr2` #QmM/b QM i?2 Ki+?2/ 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 `2 FMQrMX
>Qr2p2`- Bi +M #2 b22M BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 U(3d) M/ (Rk)V i?i i?2 i2`K ঺ɶন৘)ো*
Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 #QmM/2/X b ɶন)ো* Bb iBK2@p`vBM; mM+2ìBMiv- BM Q`/2` iQ
}M/ i?2 #QmM/b Q7 ঺ɶন৘)ো*- QM2 `2[mB`2b iQ FMQr i?2 #2?pBQ` Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT
bvbi2K bii2 BM /pM+2- M/ b `2bmHi- iQ FMQr ͱ৘)ো*ͱ 7`QK i?2 #2;BMMBM; M/
#27Q`2 TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` iQ i?2 bvbi2KX "`Q/Hv bT2FBM;- Bi Bb MQi `2HBbiB+
X `;? S;2 ed
bbmKTiBQM i?i r2 +M ?p2 i?2 #QmM/b QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2bX AMbi2/- r2 M2;H2+i
mbBM; Mv #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2b M/ QMHv /2Hb rBi? i?2 bvbi2K mMKi+?2/
UKBbKi+?2/V mM+2ìBMiB2b mbBM; i?2 `Q#mbi +QMi`QH biì2;B2bX
h?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?Bb b2+iBQM BKb iQ +QMbB/2` i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 biQ+?biB+ bvbi2K
UkXRV mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X3VX b `2bmHi Q7 TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X3V iQ i?2
bvbi2K UkXRV- Bi Bb b22M i?i
৘)ো , 2* > พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নฟȠ ৘)ো* ѿ ౖ ন৘

Ƞ ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ঩ে౱ )ো*- U9XNV
r?2`2 নȠ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নX 6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi +M #2 7QmM/ i?i
౨৘ )ো , 2* >)2 ѿ ౖো,2 *\ౖো ঺)ন , ɶন* , )2 ѿ ౖো *঺ɶন^৘)ো*
ѿ ౖো )2 ѿ ౖো,2 *঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , )2 ѿ ౖো,2 *঺঩ে౱ )ো*
, ౖো,2 )2 ѿ ౖো *঺৘)ো* , ౖো,2 ౖো ঺৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- U9XRyV
r?2`2 ౖো,2 M/ ౖো biM/ 7Q` ౖ)ো , 2* M/ ౖ)ো* `2bT2+iBp2HvX Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i
rBi? TTHvBM; .aJ* iQ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b-
i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K b?QmH/ #2 MHvx2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 #QmM/2/M2bbX "2bB/2b- i?2
.aJ* rQmH/ QMHv 2Mbm`2 i?i i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b `2 /`Bp2M BMiQ #QmM/`v
Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨)ো* > 1X h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb BM/22/ `2;`/2/ b i?2
[mbB bHB/BM; KQ/2 UZaJV BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- /m2 iQ i?2 T`2b2M+2
Q7 KBbKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiv BM i?2 bvbi2K /vMKB+b- Bi Bb /B{+mHi iQ MHvx2 i?2
`2+?#BHBiv Q7 i?2 ZaJ #v K2Mb Q7 b2Tì2 bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQMX Hi2`MiBp2Hv-
i?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K +QMbB/2`b K2i?Q/ iQ MHvx2 bBKmHiM2QmbHv i?2 `2+?#BHiBv
Q7 ZaJ M/ i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2b #v K2Mb Q7 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2
GvTmMQp bi#BHBiv K2i?Q/X
h?2Q`2K 9XR h?2 +QMi`QH Hr U9X3V +M bi22` i?2 bii2 Q7 i?2 biQ+?biB+ bvbi2K UkXRV
BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 U9XdV M/- HbQ i?2 bvbi2K bii2
ষ22 1 ঻
Bb 2tTQM2MiBHHv K2M b[m`2 #QmM/2/ B7 i?2`2 2tBbi ষ ң> ় พ 1 ষ33 ฟ় ? 1- স ? 1-
ি৉ - ৉ > 2- 3- 4- M/ b+H`b ౰ ? 1- ౜ ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA-
X `;? S;2 e3
֠ ʉȪ 22 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ʉȪ 33 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ౡ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ন ѿౡ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ন ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঻
֤
֡ 1 1 1 ѿ঩ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- U9XRRV
֡ ঩ি3 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষ ন , ঩ি2 1 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ঩ি4 1 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ঻ ঻ ֤
֢ 1 1 ౡ2 ঴ ষ ঩ ౡ3 ঴ ষ ঩ 1 ঴ ষ 1 ѿ౰র ֥
r?2`2 ʉȪ 22 > ѿষ , সȢ , )2 ѿ ౖ*)ি

Ȣ ঻ ঻ ঻ Ȫ Ȣ ঻ ঻
3 ঩ , ঩ি3 * , ౜র , ౰঵ ঵- ʉ33 > ѿস , ౙ)ি4 ঩ ,
঩ি4 * , ౜র- ౡ2 > ౖ҇)3
Ȣ ѿ ౖ*-
Ȣ ౡ3 > ҇)2 ѿ ౖ*)3
Ȣ ѿ ౖ*- Ȣ ѿ ౖ*Ȣ M/ সȢ > )2 ѿ ౖ*সX
Ȣ ౙ > ౖ҇)2 Ȣ
>2`2 ় Bb /2}M2/ BM UjX9V- ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ M/ |Գ~ /2MQi2b i?2 bvKK2i`B+ 2H2K2Mib BM
bvKK2i`B+ Ki`BtX
S`QQ7, .2}M2
ঽ )౛ )ো** > ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* , ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*-
঻
r?2`2 ౛)ো* > ๢৘঻ )ো* ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ౨৘঻ )ো*๣ - ষ ? 1 M/ স ? 1 `2 bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b
M/ ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ X h?mb- r2 +M r`Bi2
ɶঽ )౛)ো** Ӊ ઞ|ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬ౛)ো*~ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো**
>ઞม৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2* , ৘঻ৄ )ো*স৘ৄ )ো* , ౨৘঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো , 2*ฬ౛)ো*ย
ѿ ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* ѿ ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ ౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*/ U9XRkV
Ai +M #2 b?QrM i?2M
ઞ|৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2*ฬ౛ )ো*~ U9XRjV
>ઞ๥৘঻ )ো*พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নฟȠ ঻ ষ พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নฟȠ ৘)ো*

঻
ѿ 3৘঻ )ো* พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নฟȠ ষ ౖ ন৘
Ƞ ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
, ౖ 3 ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*

঻
, 3৘঻ )ো* พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নฟȠ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*
ѿ 3ౖ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো* , ে౱঻ )ো*)঺঩*ে౱ )ো*๰౛ )ো*๦/
X `;? S;2 eN
"2bB/2b- MQi2 i?i ઞ|ౖ)2 ѿ ౖ*~ > 1- ઞ|ౖ 3 ~ > ౖȢ M/ ઞ|)2 ѿ ౖ*3 ~ > 2 ѿ ౖXȢ h?mb- Bi +M
#2 /2KQMbiì2/ i?i
Ƞ , )2 ѿ ౖ*ɶনฟȠ ঻ ষ
ઞ๥৘঻ )ো*พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নɶ
Ƞ , )2 ѿ ౖ*ɶনฟȠ ৘)ো* ౛ )ো*

· พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নɶ ๰ ๦
>৘঻ )ো*\)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*)ন
Ȣ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন* U9XR9V
঻ ঻
, )2 ѿ ౖ*ɶন
Ȣ ঺ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন^৘)ো*-
Ƞ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*- ɶনȠ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন M/

r?2`2 নɶ
ઞ๥ ѿ 3৘঻ )ো*พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নฟȠ ঻ ষ ౖ ন৘

Ƞ ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ౛)ো*
๰ ๦
Ȣ ঻ )ো*)ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*-
> ѿ 3ౖ৘ U9XR8V
ઞ๥ౖ 3 ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*๰౛)ো*๦
Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*-

>ౖ৘ U9XReV
Ƞ , )2 ѿ ౖ*ɶনฟȠ ঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো* ౛)ো*

ઞ๥3৘঻ )ো*พন , ɶন ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*নɶ ๰ ๦
>3৘঻ )ো*)ౖন
Ȣ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*- U9XRdV
ઞ๥ ѿ 3ౖ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*๰౛)ো*๦
Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*/
> ѿ 3ౖ৘ U9XR3V
HbQ- Bi Bb 2bv iQ b?Qr i?i
ઞ๥৘঻ৄ )ো*স৘ৄ )ো*๰౛)ো*๦
Ȣ ঻ )ো*স৘)ো* , ౖ৘
>)2 ѿ ౖ*৘ Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- U9XRNV
X `;? S;2 dy
ઞ|౨৘঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো , 2*}౛ )ো*~
>ౙ 3 ৘঻ )ো*)ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*৘)ো*
, )2 ѿ ౖ*Ȣ 3 ৘঻ )ো*ɶন঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন৘)ো*
ѿ 3ౙ 3 ৘঻ )ো*)ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , 3ౙ 3 ৘঻ )ো*)ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*
, 3)2 ѿ ౖ*Ȣ 3 ৘঻ )ো*ɶন঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো* , ౙ 3 ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
ѿ 3ౙ 3 ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*ন঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো* , )2 ѿ ౖ*ে

Ȣ ౱঻ )ো*)঺঩*ে౱ )ো* , ౙ 3 ৘঻ )ো*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৘)ো*
, ౖȢ 3 ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- U9XkyV
ઞ|౨৘঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨৘ )ো*}౛ )ো*~
Ȣ ঻ )ো*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৘)ো* , ౖ৘

>)2 ѿ ౖ*৘ Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- U9XkRV
BM r?B+? ઞ|ౖো,2 ౖো ~ > ౖȢ 3 - ઞ|)2 ѿ ౖো,2 *ౖো ~ > ઞ|)2 ѿ ౖো *ౖো,2 ~ > ౖ)2
Ȣ ѿ ౖ*Ȣ Ӊ ౙ 3 M/
ઞ|)2 ѿ ౖো *)2 ѿ ౖো,2 *~ > )2 ѿ ౖ*Ȣ 3 X lbBM; U9XRjV@U9XkRV- Bi 7QHHQrb 7`QK U9XRkV i?i
঻
֠ ৘)ো* ֣ ֠ʉ22 ʉ23 ʉ24 ֣ ֠ ৘)ো* ֣
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤֡ ֤
ɶঽ )౛ )ো** > ֡৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*֤ ֡ʉ঻ ʉ ʉ ֤ ֡৘ )ো ѿ 2*֤ - U9XkkV
֡ ֤ ֡ 23 33 34 ֤ ֡ ৄ ֤
֡ ে )ো* ֤ ֡ʉ঻ ʉ঻ ʉ ֤ ֡ ে )ো* ֤
֢ ౱ ֥ ֢ 24 34 44 ֥ ֢ ౱ ֥
r?2`2
ʉ22 >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*Ȣ 3 )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*

঻ ঻
, )2 ѿ ౖ*)3
Ȣ ѿ ౖ*ɶন
Ȣ ঺ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন ѿ ষ , )2 ѿ ౖ*স
Ȣ
ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*Ȣ 3 ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺-
ʉ23 > ѿ ౖ)3

Ȣ ѿ ౖ*)ন
Ȣ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন-
ʉ33 >ౖ)3 Ȣ ঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন ѿ ౙ 3 ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*স-

Ȣ ѿ ౖ*ন Ȣ
M/ ʉ24 > )3 ѿ ౖ*\ Ȣ , ɶন^঻ ঺ ঻ - ʉ34 > ѿౖ)3

Ȣ ౖন Ȣ ঻ ঺ ঻ M/ ʉ44 > )3 ѿ ౖ*঺঩X
Ȣ ѿ ౖ*ন Ȣ LQr-
iQ T`Qp2 i?2 bvbi2K bi#BHBiv- H2i ে౱ )ো* > 1X h?2M i?2 bvbi2K Bb bi#H2 B7
֠ʉ22 ʉ23 ֣
ʆ ң> ֡ ֤ = ѿ౜র- U9XkjV
֡ ʉ঻ ʉ ֤
֢ 23 33 ֥
X `;? S;2 dR
r?2`2 ౜ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X qBi? i?2 +?QB+2 Q7 ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ M/ mbBM; G2KK kXj-
Bi Bb FMQrM i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 U9XkjV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?i Q7
֠ ʉȡ 22 Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ʉȡ 33 Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- U9Xk9V
֡ౡ ঩ ঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿౡ ঩ ঻ ষ ন ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ ֤
֡ 2 2 ֤
֡ ౡ ঩ ঻ ষ ɶন 1 1 ѿ঩ ষ ঩ ֤֥
঻
֢ 3
r?2`2 ౡ2 > ౖ҇)3

Ȣ ѿ ౖ*-
Ȣ ౡ3 > ҇)2 ѿ ౖ*)3 Ȣ সȢ > )2 ѿ ౖ*স
Ȣ ѿ ౖ*- Ȣ M/
ʉȡ 22 >)ন , ɶন , ঩ভ2 *঻ ষ )ন , ɶন , ঩ভ2 * , ভ3঻ )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ভ3 , )2 ѿ ౖ*ভ

Ȣ 3঻ ঩ ঻ ষ
Ȣ ঩ভ3 ѿ ষ , সȢ , ౜র-
, )2 ѿ ౖ*ষ U9Xk8V
ʉȡ 33 > ѿ সȢ , ౜র , ভ4঻ )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ভ4 , ౙভ4঻ ঩ ঻ ষ , ౙষ ঩ভ4 - U9XkeV
BM r?B+? ভ৉ - ৉ > 2- 3- 4- `2 BMi`Q/m+2/ mtBHB`v p`B#H2b b BM G2KK kXjX ++Q`/BM;

ষ 1
iQ G2KK jXR M/ H2iiBM; ষ ң> ় พ 122 ষ ฟ় ঻ ? 1- r?2`2 1 = ষ22 ѵ ϓ্·্ M/ 1 = ষ33 ѵ
33
ϓ)ৎѿ্*·)ৎѿ্* - i?2`2 2tBbib ু ѵ ϓ্·্ bm+? i?i i?2 2[mHBiv BM UjX8V ?QH/bX h?2M Bi
7QHHQrb 7`QK U9Xk8V iQ ?p2
ʉȡ 22 >\ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ2 ^঻ ষ ѿ2 \ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ2 ^ , ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ2 ঩ুভ3
Ȣ 3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ , )2 ѿ ౖ*঩ুভ
, )2 ѿ ౖ*ভ Ȣ Ȣ
3 ѿ ষ , স , ౜র/ U9XkdV
ʉȡ 33 > ѿ সȢ , ౜র , ভ4঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ2 ঩ুভ4 , ౙভ4঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ , ౙ঩ুভ4 / U9Xk3V
lbBM; i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi M/ G2KK kXR- rBi? BMi`Q/m+BM; ুভ৉ > ি৉ - ৉ > 2- 3- 4-
i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM U9Xk9V +M #2 BKTHB2/ #v i?2 GJA U9XRRVX
q?BH2 i?2 #Qp2 i?2Q`2K T`2b2Mib 7`K2rQ`F iQ /2bB;M i?2 .aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ bi@
#BHBx2 i?2 L*a BM UkXRV- Bi /Q2b MQi ;Bp2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2bX h?2 7QHHQrBM;
i?2Q`2K rBHH +?`+i2`Bx2 i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ biQ+?biB+ +HQb2/@HQQT
bvbi2K bii2 M/ +Q``2bTQM/BM; bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K 9Xk A7 i?2 GJA BM U9XRRV Bb 72bB#H2 i?2M i?2 #QmM/ QM i?2 m;K2Mi2/
bvbi2K bii2 ౛)ো* Bb- 7Q` ;Bp2M ষ ? 1- স ? 1 M/ ౜ ? 1- b 7QHHQrb
ౠnby )঴*
ѭ౪ ? 1- ѰোԳ ? 1- ѭো ? োԳ - bXiX ઞ มͱ౛ )ো*ͱ3 ย ӑ ౘ , ౪- U9XkNV
౜ౠ
Ƞ 2
X `;? S;2 dk
r?2`2 ౠ2 > ౠnjo \/B;)ষ - স- )঺঩*ѿ2 *^- ঀ > /B;)঴৐ - স* rBi? ঴ষ > ষ ,ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ -
M/ ౘ > ౩ 3 ͱʂ , )3 ѿ ౖ*঺঩ͱ
Ȣ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 c ?2`2 i?2 b+H` p`B#H2 ౜ Ƞ ? 1 M/ Ki`Bt p`B#H2
ʂ ? 1 `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA-
Ȣ ঻঵
֠)౜ Ƞ ѿ ౜*র , ౰঵ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 )౜ Ƞ ѿ ౜*র Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1- U9XjyV
֡ 3 ঻
ౡ2 ঩ ষ ন 3 ঻
ѿౡ2 ঩ ষ ন ѿʂ Գ ֤֤
֡
֡ 1 1 Ȣ ঻ ষ ঩ ѿ౰রȢ ֤֥
)3 ѿ ౖ*঴
֢
r?2`2 ౰ Ȣ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X
঻
Ȣ > ๢৘঻ )ো* ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*๣ M/ `272``BM; iQ G2KK kXk Bi +M #2
S`QQ7, .2}MBM; ৘)ো*
r`Bii2M i?i
঻
֠ʉ24 ֣ ֠ʉ ֣ ֠ʉ ֣
3৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֡ ֤ ে౱ )ো* ӑ৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֡ 24 ֤ ʂѿ2 ֡ 24 ֤ ৘)ো*
Ȣ , ে౱঻ )ো*ʂে౱ )ো*- U9XjRV
֡ʉ ֤ ֡ʉ ֤ ֡ʉ ֤
֢ 34 ֥ ֢ 34 ֥ ֢ 34 ֥
r?2`2 ʂ ? 1 Bb Ki`Bt Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMX Ai 7QHHQrb 7`QK U9XkkV- U9XkjV M/

U9XjRV i?i
঻
֦
֩ ֠ʉ24 ֣ ѿ2 ֠ʉ24 ֣ ֪
֩
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֧౜র ѿ ֡ ֤ʂ ֡ ֤ Ȣ , ে౱঻ )ো*\ʂ , ʉ44 ^ে౱ )ো*/
֫ ৘)ো* U9XjkV
֩ ֡ʉ ֤ ֡ ʉ ֤ ֩
֨ ֢ 34 ֥ ֢ 34 ֥ ֬
A7 r2 +?QQb2 ʂ ? 1 bm+? i?i
঻
֠ʉ24 ֣ ѿ2 ֠ʉ24 ֣
౜রȠ = ౜র ѿ ֡ ֤ʂ ֡ ֤ - U9XjjV
֡ʉ ֤ ֡ʉ ֤
֢ 34 ֥ ֢ 34 ֥
r?2`2 1 = ౜ Ƞ = ౜- r?B+? Bb Hrvb TQbbB#H2 B7 ౜ ? 1 2tBbib- i?2M- Bi 7QHHQrb 7`QK U9XjkV

i?i
Ƞ Ȣ঻ )ো*৘)ো*
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ౜ ৘ Ȣ , ে౱঻ )ো*\ʂ , ʉ44 ^ে౱ )ো*/ U9Xj9V
X `;? S;2 dj
"2bB/2b- MQiB+2 i?i
֠঴ষ 1 ֣
ঽ )౛)ো** > ৘Ȣ঻ )ো* ֡ ֤ ৘)ো*
Ȣ
֡ 1 স֤
֢ ֥
Ӊ ৘Ȣ঻ )ো*঴ ৘)ো*-
Ȣ
r?2`2 ঴ষ > ষ , ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ - ?2M+2
3 3 U9Xj8V
ౠnjo )঴* ͱ৘)ো*ͱ
Ȣ ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౠnby )঴* ͱ৘)ো*ͱ
Ȣ /
JQ`2Qp2`- Bi Bb Q#pBQmb i?i
ౠ2 ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౠ3 ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 - U9XjeV
r?2`2 ౠ2 > ౠnjo \/B;)ষ - স- )঺঩*ѿ2 *^ M/ ౠ3 > ౠnby \/B;)ষ - স- )঺঩*ѿ2 *^X h?2`27Q`2-
7`QK U9Xj9V M/ U9Xj8V- QM2 +M /2`Bp2 i?i
౜Ƞ
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** , ౘ- U9XjdV
ౠnby )঴*
r?2`2
ౘ > ౩ 3 ͱʂ , )3 ѿ ౖ*঺঩ͱ
Ȣ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 / U9Xj3V
LQi2 i?i 7`QK U9XkjV Bi +M bBKTHv #2 r`Bii2M i?i- ѭ৘)ো*

Ȣ Ӎ1
঻
ઞ ๥ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬে
౱ )ো*>1 ๰౛)ো*๦ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** > ৘Ȣ )ো*ʆ৘)ো*
Ȣ
= ѿ౜ ৘Ȣ঻ )ো*৘)ো*/
Ȣ U9XjNV
Ai Bb HbQ FMQrM i?i ઞ ๥ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬে )ো*>1 ๰౛)ো*๦ ? 1- M/ i?mb- 7`QK U9XjNV M/
౱
U9Xj8V- Bi +M #2 +HBK2/ i?i ౠnby )঴* ? ౜X h?2`27Q`2
౜Ƞ
= 2/
ౠnby )঴*
X `;? S;2 d9
1p2MimHHv- 7`QK G2KK 9XR M/ U9XjdV QM2 +M `2+? i?2 #QmM/ ;Bp2M BM U9XkNVX
LQr iQ }M/ ʂ ? 1 M/ ౜ Ƞ miBHBx2/ BM U9XkNV- r2 M22/ iQ +?2+F i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 U9XjjVX
q2 i?2M mb2 i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi M/ G2KK kXR- 7Q` ;Bp2M ষ ? 1- স ? 1 M/
౜ ? 1- iQ b?Qr i?i i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM U9XjjV Bb bm{+2/ #v i?2 GJA BM U9XjyVX
_2K`F 9Xj .m2 iQ i?2 7mHH +QHmKM `MF Q7 ঩- i?2 +QHmKMb Q7 ঩ M/ ষ ঩ `2
HBM2`Hv BM/2T2M/2Mi B7 ষ ? 1X *QMb2[m2MiHv- B7 UjX8V ?QH/b 7Q` ষ ? 1 M/ ু- r2 ?p2
৒ূৎো)ু* Ӓ ৒ূৎো)঩ু* > ৒ূৎো)ষ ঩* Ӓ ৒ূৎো)঩* > ্-
r?B+? +H2`Hv /2MQi2b i?2 MQM@bBM;mH`Biv Q7 ুX HbQ- Bi +M 2bBHv #2 b?QrM i?i
ু ѿ2 > ঽ ʄѿ2 ষ22

ѿ2
ʄঽ ঻ /
_2K`F 9X9 h?2 b+?2K2 2tTHQBi2/ BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K 9XR +M `2/m+2 i?2
+QMb2`piBbK Q7 i?2 bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQMb r?B+? +M #2 7QmM/ BM i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2
U+7X (3d)VX AM/22/- mMHBF2 (3d) r?B+? mb2b G2KK kXk iQ /2H rBi? i?2 M2;iBp2 i2`Kb
BM ɶঽ )౛)ো** iQ KF2 +QMp2t T`Q#H2K- r2 2tTHQBi G2KK kXj r?B+? Bb +H2`Hv
HQbbH2bb i2+?MB[m2 M/ BKTQb2b MQ //BiBQMH +QMb2`piBbK QM i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQMX
HbQ- BM (3d)- i?2 +`Qbb i2`Kb #2ir22M i?2 bvbi2K bii2 U৘)ো*- ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*V M/ ে౱ )ো*
?p2 BM+`2b2/ i?2 +QMb2`piBbK Q7 i?2 }MH Q#iBM2/ GJA +QM/BiBQMX >2`2- Bi ?b
#22M b?QrM i?i i?2 K2MiBQM2/ +`Qbb i2`Kb rQmH/ MQi BM~m2M+2 i?2 72bB#BHBiv `2;BQM
Q7 i?2 }MH GJA +QM/BiBQM U9XRRVX //BiBQMHHv- (3d) `2KQp2b i?2 +`Qbb i2`K #2ir22M
৘)ো* M/ ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* U৘)ো ѿ 2* BM (3d)V i?`Qm;? M BM2[mHBivX h?Bb MQi2 pQB/b mbBM;
i?Bb BM2[mHBiv M/ H2ib i?2 +`Qbb i2`K iQ #2 BM i?2 Q`B;BMH 7Q`KX
h?2 bQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 GJA BM U9XjyV Q` 2[mBpH2MiHv i?2 pHm2b Q7 i?2 p`B#H2b ౜ Ƞ M/ ʂ
/Q MQi ?p2 /B`2+i BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` /2bB;M M/ i?2 +imH mHiBKi2 #QmM/
QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/fQ` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM- ?Qr2p2`- i?2b2 T`K2i2`b rQmH/ H2/
mb iQ /2i2`KBM2 KQ`2 ++mì2 #QmM/X h?2`27Q`2- iQ Q#iBM i?2 KBMBKmK pHm2
Q7 i?2 #QmM/ BM U9XkNV i?2 GJAb BM U9XRRV M/ U9XjyV +QmH/ #2 bQHp2/ bm#D2+i iQ
bT2+B}+ +`Bi2`BX h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb i?2bBb M/ `2KBMb 7Q` i?2
7mim`2 rQ`FbX
X `;? S;2 d8
9X9 o`B#H2 ai`m+im`2 *QMi`QHH2` *QMbB/2ìBQMb
b K2MiBQM2/ BM (RRN)- ে )োѿ2* Bb M ++2Ti#H2 2biBKi2 Q7 ে )ো*- r?BH2 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb

/Bbim`#M+2 Bb bKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/X LQr H2i mb bbmK2 i?i i?2 bvbi2K bB;MHb BM
UkXRV `2 i`MbKBii2/ rBi?Qmi Mv T+F2i HQbb2b- r2 ?p2
ে )ো ѿ 2* > )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺\৘)ো* ѿ ন৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ɶন)ো ѿ 2*৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ঩৕)ো ѿ 2*^/
h?2M- ৅)ো ѿ 2* +M #2 2biBKi2/ #v
Ƞ > )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺\৘)ো* ѿ ন৘)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ঩৕)ো ѿ 2*^/

ে )ো* U9X9yV
h?2 #Qp2 2[miBQM +M HbQ #2 r`Bii2M b
Ƞ > )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন)ো ѿ 2*৘)ো ѿ 2* , ৅)ো ѿ 2*/

ে )ো*
6Q` i?2 #HM+2/ mM+2ìBMiv ɶন- Bi Bb FMQrM i?i )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন)ো ѿ 2*৘)ো ѿ 2* Bb
HbQ #HM+2/ M/ rQmH/ MQi +?M;2 i?2 K2M pHm2b Q7 i?2 p2+iQ` েৄȠ )ো*X "2bB/2b-
r?BH2 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 Bb #QmM/2/- i?2 p2+iQ` )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন)ো ѿ 2*৘)ো ѿ 2* `2KBMb
HbQ #QmM/2/X >2M+2- rBi? i?2 T`QT2` +?QB+2 Q7 ঺ M/ 7Q` i?2 bKHH mM+2ìBMiv ɶন-
Bi +M #2 bii2/ i?i i?2 K;MBim/2 Q7 )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ɶন)ো ѿ 2*৘)ো ѿ 2* rQmH/ `2KBM p2`v
bKHH +QKT`2/ rBi? i?i Q7 ে )ো ѿ 2*X >Qr2p2`- /m2 iQ i?2 T+F2i /`QTQmi r?B+?
Ƞ
2tBbib BM i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`F- ে )ো* BM U9X9yV Bb MQi TTHB+#H2X >2M+2- i?2
7QHHQrBM; biQ+?biB+ /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` Bb T`QTQb2/ BMbi2/,
েৄȠ )ো* >)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺\৘ৄ )ো* ѿ ন৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ ঩৕)ো ѿ 2*^/ U9X9RV
h?2M- r2 Tmi i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো* BM U9X3V b
2
౱)ো* > Ϣ, , /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)েৄȠ )ো* ѿ Ϣ, *- U9X9kV
3
r?2`2 /B;)Ϣѿ * > /B;)ে2ѿ - ՜ - ে্ѿ *X AM i?Bb +b2- ౩ > 2/6 BM UkXRjV M/ ౘ > :5 ͱʂ , )3 ѿ ౖ*঺঩ͱ
Ȣ ͱϢѿ ͱ3
BM U9XkNVX LQi2 i?i i?Bb #QmM/ /2MQi2b i?2 rQ`bi +b2 b+2M`BQ #QmM/ M/- b Bi Bb
bmTTQb2/ i?i /Bbim`#M+2 BM i?2 bvbi2K UkXRV Bb bHQr- i?Bb #QmM/- rBi? i?2 T2`72+i
TQbBiBQM 2biBKiBQM- +QmH/ #2 `2/m+2/ iQ ౩ Գ > 1/6 M/ ౘ Գ > 25 ͱʂ , )3 ѿ ౖ*঺঩ͱ
Ȣ ͱϢѿ ͱ3 X
X `;? S;2 de
h?mb- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X3V +M #2 +?Qb2M b
2
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো* ѿ Ϣ, ѿ /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)েৄȠ )ো* ѿ Ϣ, *- U9X9jV
3
r?2`2 েৄȠ )ো* Bb /2}M2/ BM U9X9RVX lbBM; i?2 +QKTQM2Mi b BM U9X9kV BM i?2 /Bb+`2i2@
iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` rQmH/ H2/ i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ +?ii2` `QmM/ i?2
bHB/BM; bm`7+2b rBi? 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2X
HbQ- b K2MiBQM2/- 7Q` bKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/ 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b- Bi +QmH/ `2@
/m+2 i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b M/ #QmM/`v
Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2X
9X8 aBKmHiBQM _2bmHib
AM Q`/2` iQ bim/v i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ +QMi`QH Hr- M mM@BMi2``mTiB#H2

TQr2` bvbi2K UlSaV Bb +QMbB/2`2/ ?2`2 (Rjk)X h?2 BK Bb iQ +QMi`QH i?2 SqJ
BMp2ì2` BM Q`/2` iQ F22T i?2 QmiTmi * pQHi;2 i i?2 /2bB`2/ b2iiBM; `Q#mbiHvX
h?2 lSa Bb R Eo QM2X h?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 KQ/2H Bb Q#iBM2/ rBi? bKTHBM; iBK2
1/12৓৆ৄ i i?2 ?H7@HQ/ QT2ìBM; TQBMi- r?B+? Bb b 7QHHQrb
֠1/:337 ѿ1/7441 1֣ ֠2֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
ন > ֡ 2/1 1 1 ֤ - ঩ > ֡1֤ /
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ 1 2/1 1֥֤ ֡1֤
֢ ֢ ֥
q2 bbmK2 i?i HH i?2 bvbi2K bii2b `2 ++2bbB#H2X q2 HbQ +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM;
mM+2ìBMiv T`K2i2`b M/ /Bbim`#M+2 BM i?2 bvbi2K
঻
঴ > ๢1/16 1/26 1/19๣ - ঵ > ๢ѿ1/16 1/17 1/21๣ -
হ)ো* > 1/6bBM)ো*/
h?2 T`Q##BHBiv Q7 i?2 T+F2i HQbb Bb ౖȢ > 1/2X LQi2 i?i i?2 QT2M@HQQT bvbi2K Bb
mMbi#H2X LQiB+2 HbQ i?i i?2 ;Bp2M .aJ* BM (3d) Bb MQi TTHB+#H2 iQ i?Bb bvbi2K-
bBM+2 i?2 /2bB;MBM; GJAb `2 MQi 72bB#H2X amTTQb2
ো
ে )ো* > 1/2bBM) */
6
X `;? S;2 dd
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6B;m`2 9XR, "2`MQmHHB b2[m2M+2 ౖ)ো*

Trajectories of stat
1
x1
0
−1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
1
x2
0
−1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
1 x3
0
−1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
6B;m`2 9Xk, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bii2 mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X9jV
aQHpBM; i?2 GJA BM U9XRRV ;Bp2b i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib,
֠45/43 1 1 ֣ ֠ 26/45 ѿ3/:8 ѿ1/21֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
ষ >֡ 1 43/44 7/::֤ - স > ֡ѿ3/:8 25/26 5/67 ֤
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ 1
֢
֤
7/:: :/54֥ ֡
֢ѿ1/21 5/67 7/41 ֤֥
঺ > ๢45/43 1 1๣ - ౜ > 1/19- ౰ > 44/5:/
>2M+2- mbBM; ষ - Ϣ, > 1 M/ Ϣѿ > 1/2 i?2 +QMi`QH Hr ;Bp2M BM U9X9jV Bb Q#iBM2/X
঻
>2`2- i?2 BMBiBH bii2 Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 ৘)1* > ๢2 1 1๣ X "2`MQmHHB b2[m2M+2 ౖ)ো*
Bb /2TB+i2/ BM 6B;X 9XRX
q2 TTHv i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM U9X9jV iQ i?2 bvbi2K UkXRVX h?2 `2bmHib `2 /2KQM@
biì2/ BM 6B;bX 9Xk@9XjX 6B;X 9X9 b?Qrb i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ`
U9X9RVX
X `;? S;2 d3
40
σx
Sliding function 30
20
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
6B;m`2 9Xj, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X9jV
0.2
d
0.1
Disturbance
−0.1
−0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
0.2
Disturbance estimate
d̂c
0.1
−0.1
−0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
6B;m`2 9X9, V .Bbim`#M+2 #V .Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` QmiTmi
X `;? S;2 dN
40
σx
Sliding function
30
20
10
−10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Samples
6B;m`2 9X8, 1pQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X99V
9X8XR *QKT`BbQM R
G2i mb +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QMi`QHH2`,
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ন৘ৄ )ো* ѿ Ϣ, ѿ /B;)Ϣѿ *b;M)౨৘ )ো**- U9X99V
r?B+? mb2b bBKBH` brBi+?BM; +QKTQM2Mi b BM (3d)X 6B;X 9X8 /2KQMbiì2b i?2 2pQHm@
iBQM Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U9X99VX b b22M- i?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ*
BM U9X9jV i?i mb2b i?2 T`+iB+H brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM U9X9kV- #v 2KTHQvBM; i?2 T`QTQb2/
/Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` U9X9RV- ?b 2z2+iBp2Hv #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 BM i2`Kb Q7 `2/m+BM;
i?2 i?B+FM2bb Q7 i?2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM BM +QKT`BbQM
iQ i?2 QM2 BM U9X99VX LQiB+2 i?i B7 r2 /Q MQi ?p2 Mv FMQrH2/;2 Q7 i?2 2tQ;2@
MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 BM i?2 bvbi2K- T`QpB/BM; i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2`
rBi? brBi+?BM; +QKTQM2Mi +MMQi M2+2bb`BHv BKT`Qp2 i?2 +QMi`QH T2`7Q`KM+2 M/
2p2M +M #2 /2i`BK2MiH iQ i?2 +QMi`QH T2`7Q`KM+2 (8k- RRj- 39)X >Qr2p2`- b b22M
?2`2- #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 +M #2 +?B2p2/ i?`Qm;? brBi+?BM; +QKTQM2Mib- r?2M
2Bi?2` i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 bvbi2K Bb p2`v ?B;? +QKT`2/ rBi? i?2 KtBKmK
7`2[m2M+v +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 Q` i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2
Bb bHQr UbKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/VX qBi? 2Bi?2` Q7 i?2b2 bbmKTiBQMb- i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT
bvbi2K #2?p2b iQ bQK2 2ti2Mi b +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 bvbi2K (39) M/ ?2M+2- mbBM;
/Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QKTQM2Mi BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` Kv BKT`Qp2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2X L2p@
2ì?2H2bb- #`Q/Hv bT2FBM;- i?2 H`;2 brBi+?BM; ;BMb BM i?2 .aJ* Kv `2bmHi BM
2t+2bbBp2 +iBQMb BM i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K +imiQ`b- ?2M+2- Bi Bb rQì? K2MiBQMBM; i?i
i?2 brBi+?BM; ;BM b?QmH/ #2 +?Qb2M bKHHX
X `;? S;2 3y
9X8Xk *QKT`BbQM k
LQr- +QMbB/2` i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQMb ;Bp2M BM (3d) Ua2+iBQM AA- 1[X UNVV 7Q` M2irQ`F2/
bvbi2K BMpQHpBM; T+F2i HQbb2b mbBM; M 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QHH2`X "v H2iiBM; ౝ Ȣ > 1/2 M/
i?mb ౳ > 2: - i?Bb GJA +QM/BiBQMb `2 b 7QHHQrb,
֠ѿষ , স , ౰঵ ঻ ঵ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ҇4ষ ন ѿষ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1-
֡ ҇4঩ ঻ ষ ন 1 ঻
ѿ঩ ষ ঩ Գ ֤֤
֡ U9X98V
֡ 1 ঴ ঻ ষ ҇4঴ ঻ ষ ঩ ѿ౰র ֤֥
֢
֠ ѿস Գ ֣
֡ ֤ = 1/
֡҇4౳঩ ঻ ষ ন ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ ֤
֢ ֥
h?2 #Qp2 GJA +QM/BiBQMb `2 MQi 72bB#H2 7Q` i?2 MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2 Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`X
h?Bb DmbiB}2b Qm` +HBK i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv `2;BQM Q7 i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQMb /2`Bp2/ BM
i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb +QMbB/2`#Hv rB/2` +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 7Q` i?2 .aJ*X
9Xe *QM+HmbBQMb
AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- biQ+?biB+ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH ?b #22M /2p2HQT2/
7Q` M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; +QMb2+miBp2 K2bm`BM; /i T+F2i HQbb2bX 6m`@
i?2`KQ`2- mbBM; mMB}2/ 7`K2rQ`F- M GJA b+?2K2 Bb /2p2HQT2/ 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M
Q7 `Q#mbi bHB/BM; bm`7+2 M/ +QMi`QHH2` 7Q` i?2 mM+2ìBM /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 M2irQ`F2/
bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; T+F2i /`QTQmiX h?2 T`QTQb2/ `Q#mbi .aJ* Bb TTHB+#H2 iQ
mMbi#H2 bvbi2Kb- M/ HbQ i?2`2 Bb MQ M22/ iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2 mM/2`HvBM; bvbi2K BM
/pM+2X //BiBQMHHv- Bi +QmH/ `2/m+2 i?2 +QMb2`piBbK Q7 i?2 2tBbiBM; K2i?Q/b BM
i?2 HBi2ìm`2X lbBM; i?2 MQiBQM Q7 2tTQM2MiBHHv K2M b[m`2 bi#BHBiv- i?2 bi#BHBiv
M/ mHiBKi2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 /2`Bp2/ +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K ?p2 #22M MHvx2/X
X `;? S;2 3R
*?Ti2` 8
.aJ* 7Q` L*ab BMpQHpBM;

+imiBQM M/ K2bm`2K2Mi
+QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i HQbb2b
8XR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
h?2 .aJ* ;Bp2M BM i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2` Bb /2`Bp2/ #b2/ QM irQ bbmKTiBQMb,
RV i?2 T+F2i HQbb2b Q++m` QMHv BM i?2 +?MM2H 7`QK i?2 b2MbQ` iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH2`c
kV i?2 bvbi2K bii2b `2 2MiB`2Hv pBH#H2X
aQK2iBK2b- i?2b2 `2 MQi +H2`Hv p2`v `2HBbiB+ bbmKTiBQMb 7Q` KMv Q7 T`+iB+H
T`Q#H2KbX h?Bb +?Ti2` BMi2M/b iQ /2bB;M bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2`b 7Q` i?2 L*ab
BMpQHpBM; #Qi? K2bm`2K2Mi M/ +imiBQM +QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i HQbb2b UQ` HQM;@i2`K
`M/QK /2HvbV- r?B+? 2tTHQBi QMHv QmiTmi BM7Q`KiBQMX h?Bb P.aJ* +M /BbiBM@
;mBb? Bib2H7 7`QK i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 QM i?2 aJ*b TTHB2/ iQ i?2 L*ab- BM i?2
b2Mb2 i?i #Qi? i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi M/ +imiBQM /2Hvb `2 pB2r2/ b i?2 "2`MQmHHB
/Bbi`B#mi2/ r?Bi2 b2[m2M+2X h?Bb Kii2` ?b #22M +QMbB/2`2/ 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 Qi?2`
+QMi`QH biì2;B2b bm+? b Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ যҋ M/ bii2@722/#+F +QMi`QHH2`b (Rjk- de)X
AM #`B27- i?2 KBM ;QH Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb iQ bi#BHBx2 L*a BMpQHpBM; K2bm`2@
K2Mi M/ +imiBQM T+F2i /`QTQmib rBi? M Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ P.aJ*X h?2 KBM
+QMi`B#miBQM Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` BM+Hm/2b i?2 7QHHQrBM; KDQ` BMMQpiBQMbX
ͽ h?Bb +?Ti2` `2pBb2b i?2 Q#b2`p2` miBHBx2/ BM (Rjk- de) iQ KQ`2 T`+iB+H H@
i2`MiBp2X AM/22/- (Rjk- de) bbmK2 i?i i?2 bii2 Q#b2`p2` M/ +QMi`QHH2` `2
3k
*>Sh1_ 8X .aJ* 6P_ L*aa ALoPGoAL: *hlhAPL L.
J1al_1J1Lh *PLa1*lhAo1 S*E1h GPaa1a
MQi HQ+i2/ BM i?2 bK2 TH+2- Q` 2[mBpH2MiHv- i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MHb mb2/ BM i?2
bii2 Q#b2`p2` BMpQHp2 i?2 `M/QK iBK2@/2Hvb i?i 2tBbi BM i?2 +?MM2H 7`QK
i?2 bvbi2K +QMi`QHH2` iQ i?2 +imiQ`bX h?Bb +QmH/ MQi #2 `2H bbmKTiBQM BM
KQbi Q7 i?2 L*abX
ͽ h?2 T`QTQb2/ P.aJ* +M #2 TTHB2/ iQ i?2 L*ab BMpQHpBM; #Qi? i?2 K2@
bm`BM; M/ +imiBM; +QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i HQbb2bX
ͽ h?2 T`QTQb2/ `Q#mbi P.aJ* b+?2K2 T`QpB/2b M BMi2;ì2/ 7`K2rQ`F 7Q`

;2M2`H bvbi2KbX h?Bb Bb +2ìBMHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 .aJ* BMi`Q/m+2/ BM (3d)
r?B+? +M QMHv #2 TTHB2/ iQ i?2 bi#H2 bvbi2Kb- M/ (33) r?B+? bi#BHBx2b i?2
mM/2`HvBM; bvbi2K }`bi M/ i?2M /2bB;Mb i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2` b2Tì2HvX
ͽ MQp2H K2i?Q/ Bb /2p2HQT2/ iQ `2/m+2 i?2 +QMb2`piBbK r?B+? 2tBbib BM i?2

+m``2Mi HBi2ìm`2 i?i `2KQp2b i?2 +`Qbb i2`K #2ir22M i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/
/Bbim`#M+2 iQ KF2 7mHHv /B;QMH T`Q#H2KX
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb Q`;MBx2/ b 7QHHQrb, a2+iBQM 8Xk /2b+`B#2b i?2 T`Q#@
H2K 7Q`KmHiBQMX a2+iBQM 8Xj T`2b2Mib i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 bHB/BM;
bm`7+2 M/ P.aJ*X 1z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ P.aJ* Bb bim/B2/ #v MmK2`B+H
2tKTH2b BM a2+iBQM 8X9X 6BMHHv- a2+iBQM 8X8 +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb +?Ti2`X
8Xk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM M/ S`2HBKBM`B2b
8XkXR S`Q#H2K bii2K2Mi
*QMbB/2` i?2 L*a rBi? U+QMb2+miBp2V `M/QK T+F2i HQbb2b b?QrM BM 6B;X 8XRX b
b22M i?2 L*a ?2`2 BMpQHp2b #Qi? K2bm`2K2Mi M/ +imiBQM T+F2i /`QTQmiX AM
Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 bvbi2K /Q2b MQi ?p2 ++2bb iQ i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi ৕)ো*- ;2M2ì2/ #v
i?2 +QMi`QHH2`- M/ BMbi2/ Bi rQmH/ #2 miBHBx2/ rBi? i?2 +QKKmMB+i2/ +QMi`QH BMTmi
৕ৄ )ো*X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- /m2 iQ i?2 T+F2i HQbb2b 2tBbi BM i?2 +?MM2H 7`QK i?2
b2MbQ`b iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH2`- i?2 Q#b2`p2` r?B+? Bb i i?2 bK2 HQ+iBQM Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
HbQ /Q2b MQi `2+2Bp2 i?2 +imH pHm2b Q7 i?2 bvbi2K QmiTmi ৙)ো*- #mi ৙ৄ )ো*X h?2
Q#b2`p2` rBHH T`QpB/2 i?2 bii2 2biBKi2 ৘)ো*
Ƞ 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH2` mbBM; i?2 bB;MH ৕ৌȠ )ো*-
X `;? S;2 3j
System y
Actuator Plant
uc
u yc
Communication Communication
Network Controller Network
ûl x̂
(1)
Observer
(2) uc
6B;m`2 8XR, L*a bi`m+im`2
r?B+? rBHH #2 /2}M2/ Hi2` BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- ì?2` i?M ৕)ো* U+7X (Rjk- de)VX
LQr- +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; mM+2ìBM HBM2` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K r?B+? 2tTHBMb
i?2 /vMKB+b BM 6B;X 8XR-
֦
֩ ৘)ো , 2* > \ন , ɶন)ো*^৘)ো* , ঩\৕ৄ )ো* , ে )ো*^
avbi2K ң ֧ U8XRV
֨ ৙)ো* > প৘)ো*-
֩
r?2`2 ৘)ো* ѵ ϓৎ - ৕ৄ )ো* ѵ ϓ্ M/ ৙)ো* ѵ ϓ৐ `2 bvbi2K bii2- +QKKmMB+i2/ +QMi`QH
BMTmi Ub22 6B;X 8XRV M/ bvbi2K QmiTmi `2bT2+iBp2HvX qBi?Qmi HQbb Q7 ;2M2`HBiv- Bi Bb
bbmK2/ i?i ্ ӑ ৎ- `MF)঩* > ্ M/ `MF)প* > ৐X "2bB/2b- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i Uন-
঩V Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 M/ Uন- পV Bb Q#b2`p#H2X h?2 mM+2ìBM Ki`Bt ɶন)ো* ?b i?2
7Q`K Q7 UkXkVX
b i?2 K2bm`2/ QmiTmib `2 b2Mi iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH2` pB +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`F-
i?2 K2bm`2K2Mib Kv BMpQHp2 `M/QKHv p`vBM; +QKKmMB+iBQM /2Hvb M/fQ` i?2
/2i`BK2MiH T?2MQK2M `272``2/ iQ b /i T+F2i /`QTQmiX h?2 +QKKmMB+i2/ Qmi@
Tmi ৙ৄ )ো* M/ +QKKmMB+i2/ BMTmi ৕ৄ )ো* `2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 b
֦
֩ ৘ৄ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౖ)ো**৘)ো* , ౖ)ো*৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
*QKKmMB+i2/ QmiTmi ң ֧ U8XkV
֨ ৙ৄ )ো* > প৘ৄ )ো*-
֩
*QKKmMB+i2/ BMTmi ң ৕ৄ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౗)ো**৕)ো*- U8XjV
X `;? S;2 39
r?2`2 ৘ৄ )ো* /2MQi2b +QKKmMB+i2/ bvbi2K bii2 r?B+? `2 MQi pBH#H2 M/ i?2
biQ+?biB+ p`B#H2b ౖ)ো* ѵ ϓ M/ ౗)ো* ѵ ϓ `2 "2`MQmHHB /Bbi`B#mi2/ r?Bi2 b2[m2M+2b
rBi?
֦
֩ S`Q#|ౖ)ো* > 2~ > ઞ|ౖ)ো*~ > ౖȢ
֧ U8X9V
֨ S`Q#|ౖ)ো* > 1~ > 2 ѿ ઞ|ౖ)ো*~ > 2 ѿ ౖ-Ȣ
֩
֩ S`Q#|౗)ো* > 2~ > ઞ|౗)ো*~ > ౗ Ȣ

֦
֧ U8X8V
Ȣ
֨ S`Q#|౗)ো* > 1~ > 2 ѿ ઞ|౗)ো*~ > 2 ѿ ౗-
֩
BM r?B+? 1 ӑ ౖȢ = 2- 1 ӑ ౗ Ȣ = 2 BKTHv i?2 T`Q##BHBiv i?i /i T+F2i Kv #2 HQbi Q`

?p2 /2HvX h?2 biQ+?biB+ p`B#H2 ౗)ো* Bb KmimHHv BM/2T2M/2Mi Q7 i?2 biQ+?biB+
p`B#H2 ౖ)ো*X LQiB+2 i?i ৕ৄ )ো* BMpQHp2b `M/QK +QKKmMB+iBQM /2Hv bBKBH` iQ
i?i BM i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi +QKKmMB+iBQM- ?Qr2p2`- rBi? /Bz2`2Mi brBi+?BM; T`Q#@
#BHBivX Ai +M #2 7`2[m2MiHv b22M BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 iQ mb2 bBKBH` "2`MQmHHB /Bbi`B#mi2/
r?Bi2 b2[m2M+2 KQ/2H #mi rBi? /Bz2`2Mi brBi+?BM; T`Q##BHBiv 7Q` i?2 `M/QK /2@
Hvb BM i?2 bB;MHb 7`QK i?2 b2MbQ`b iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH2` M/ HbQ BM i?2 bB;MHb 7`QK
i?2 +QMi`QHH2` iQ i?2 +imiQ`bc b22 2X;X (Rjk- de)X "2bB/2b- irQ /Bz2`2Mi b+?2K2b 7Q`
i?2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; T+F2i HQbb ?p2 #22M +QMbB/2`2/- BX2X- i?2 ?QH/@BMTmi K2i?Q/
Ur?B+? Bb mb2/ ?2`2 BM i?2 +QKKmMB+i2/ QmiTmi ৙ৄ )ো* BM U8XkVV M/ i?2 x2`Q@BMTmi
K2i?Q/ Ur?B+? Bb mb2/ ?2`2 BM i?2 +QKKmMB+i2/ BMTmi ৕ৄ )ো* BM U8XjVV (Ry8- RRk- Ry9)X
h?2 ?QH/@BMTmi K2i?Q/ b22Kb iQ ?p2 #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 i?M i?2 x2`Q@BMTmi QM2X
>Qr2p2`- ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 U2X;X b22 (Ry8- Ry9)V- 2Bi?2` Q7 i?2K
+MMQi QmiT2`7Q`K i?2 Qi?2`- 2p2M BM bBKTH2 b+H` bvbi2Kb (Ry9)X h?2`27Q`2- ?2`2-
7Q` bBKTHB}+iBQM Tm`TQb2- i?2 x2`Q@BMTmi K2i?Q/ rQmH/ #2 miBHBx2/ iQ /2H rBi? i?2
T+F2i /`QTQmib BM i?2 +?MM2H 7`QK i?2 +QMi`QHH2` iQ i?2 +imiQ`bX
AM i?Bb MQi2- r2 mb2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2biBKiBQM b+?2K2 iQ T`QpB/2 i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
rBi? i?2 bvbi2K bii2 BM7Q`KiBQM-
֦
֩ ৘)োȠ , 2* > ন৘)ো* Ƞ , ঩ ৕ৌȠ )ো* , 2ѿ2 ౖȢ ঳\৙ৄ )ো* ѿ ৙ৄȠ )ো*^
֩ Ȣ ৌ )ো*
P#b2`p2` ң ֧ ৕ৌȠ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౗*৕ U8XeV
֩
֩
֨ ৙ৄȠ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౖ*প
Ȣ ৘)ো* Ƞ , ౖপ Ȣ ৘)ো
Ƞ ѿ 2*-
r?2`2 ৘)ো*
Ƞ ѵ ϓৎ Bb i?2 bii2 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 bvbi2K BM U8XRV- ৙ৄȠ )ো* ѵ ϓ৐ Bb i?2
Q#b2`p2` QmiTmi- ঳ ѵ ϓৎ·৐ Bb i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BM M/ ৕ৌ )ো* ѵ ϓ্ /2MQi2b i?2 HBM2`
X `;? S;2 38
Tì Q7 i?2 bvbi2K +QMi`QHH2` ৕)ো* T`QTQb2/ BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`X
_2K`F 8XR h?2 K2bm`2K2Mi KQ/2H U8XkV Bb 7mM/K2MiHHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 QM2
i?i ?b #22M mb2/ BM (NN- Rkd- Rjk- de) 2i+X LQi2 i?i BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2- ì?2` i?M
i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi KQ/2H U8XkV- i?2 7QHHQrBM; QM2 Bb 7`2[m2MiHv miBHBx2/-
৙ৄ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౖ)ো**৙)ো* , ౖ)ো*৙)ো ѿ 2*/ U8XdV
h?Bb KQ/2H BM/22/ rQmH/ BKTQb2 M bbmKTiBQM QM i?2 bvbi2K M2irQ`Fb i?i i?2
T+F2i /`QTQmi Kv MQi Q++m` bm++2bbBp2HvX h?Bb Bb Q#pBQmbHv MQi `2HBbiB+ b@
bmKTiBQMX AMbi2/- i?2 KQ/2H U8XkV +M +QT2 rBi? i?2 HQM;2` `M/QK /2Hvb M/fQ`
7`2[m2Mi T+F2i HQbb2bX LQiB+2 i?i i?2 KQ/2H U8XdV ?b #22M mb2/ iQ +QT2 rBi? #Qi?
iBK2 p`vBM; +QKKmMB+iBQM /2Hv U2X;X b22 (Rjk- de)V M/ /i T+F2i /`QTQmi U2X;X
b22 (3d)VX *QMbB/2`BM; i?2 KQ/2H U8XkV BMbi2/ Q7 KQ/2H U8XdV- B7 T+F2i HQbb Q++m`b-
i?2 +QMi`QHH2` Bb T`QpB/2/ rBi? ৙ৄ )ো* > ৙ৄ )োѿ2*- 2Hb2 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` miBHBx2b ৙ৄ )ো* > ৙)ো*
BMbi2/X >2`2- ৙ৄ )ো ѿ 2* /2MQi2b i?2 Hbi pBH#H2 +QKKmMB+i2/ /i T+F2iX h?Bb
DmbiB}+iBQM +M HbQ #2 mb2/ 7Q` i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM `M/QK iBK2@/2Hv ++Q`/BM;HvX
Ai K2Mb i?i B7 i?2 iBK2@/2Hv Q7 i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM +?MM2H- r?B+? Bb bbmK2/ iQ
#2 ౩৅ - Bb H2bb i?M bKTHBM; T2`BQ/ U঻ V Q7 i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K- i?2
/2Hv ?b MQ BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 bvbi2K M/ r2 ?p2 ৙ৄ )ো* > ৙)ো*X "mi- B7 ౩৅ Ӓ ঻ - i?2M
৙ৄ )ো* > ৙ৄ )ো ѿ 2*X LQi2 i?i- BM i?2 +b2 Q7 `M/QK /2Hv Q++m``2M+2- ৙ৄ )ো ѿ 2* +M
#2 `2;`/2/ b ৙)ো ѿ ౩৅ *X
LQiB+2 HbQ i?i r2 /Q MQi #QmM/ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 TQbbB#H2 +QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i HQbb2b UQ`
2[mBpH2MiHv i?2 `M/QK iBK2@/2Hvb +7X (de)VX AM/22/- i?2`2 Bb M BKTHB+Bi biQ+?biB+
+QMbi`BMi BM/B+i2/ #v i?2 "2`MQmHHB p`B#H2 ౖ)ো* b S`Q#|ౖ)ো* > 2~ > ઞ|ౖ)ো*~ > ౖXȢ
AM bBKTH2` i2`Kb- B7 ౖȢ Bb H`;2 pHm2- i?2 MmK#2` Q7 TQbbB#H2 +QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i
HQbb2b BM+`2b2b M/ pB+2 p2`bX
_2K`F 8Xk LQiB+2 i?i BM (Rjk- de)- i?2 Q#b2`p2` BM U8XeV Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 b
৘)ো
Ƞ , 2* > ন৘)ো*
Ƞ , ঩৕ৌৄ )ো* , ঳\৙ৄ )ো* ѿ ৙ৄȠ )ো*^-
r?2`2 ৕ৌৄ /2MQi2b i?2 HBM2` Tì Q7 ৕ৄ )ো*X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi miBHBx2/ BM
i?2 Q#b2`p2` Bb i?2 UHBM2` Tì Q7 i?2V +QKKmMB+i2/ +QMi`QH BMTmi iQ i?2 bvbi2K r?B+?
X `;? S;2 3e
BMpQHp2b `M/QK +QKKmMB+iBQM /2HvX h?Bb Bib2H7 K2Mb i?i 2Bi?2` i?2 Q#b2`p2`
M/ +QMi`QHH2` `2 MQi HQ+i2/ BM i?2 bK2 TH+2 iQ;2i?2`- Q` i?2 Q#b2`p2` ?b ++2bb
iQ ৕ৄ )ো*c b22 i?2 /b?2/ HBM2 BM 6B; 8XRX h?Bb bi`m+im`2 /Q2b MQi b22K iQ #2 T`+iB+H
+b2 BM KQbi Q7 i?2 L*abX h?2`27Q`2- iQ //`2bb i?Bb T`Q#H2K- BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- i?2
+QMi`QH BMTmi ৕ৌȠ )ো* Bb 2tTHQBi2/ BM i?2 Q#b2`p2` Ub22 U8XeVV- r?B+? Bb KQ`2 TTHB+#H2
7Q` T`+iB+H L*abX
h?Bb +?Ti2` rBHH +QMbB/2` i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2bB;MBM; `Q#mbi Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ .aJ*
7Q` i?2 L*a BM U8XRV@U8XjVX AM i?2 b2[m2H Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`- 7Q` bBKTHB}+iBQM- i?2 #`B27
ౖ M/ ɶন `2 mb2/ BMbi2/ Q7 ౖ)ো* M/ ɶন)ো*- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
8Xj aiQ+?biB+ bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH
h?Bb b2+iBQM BKb iQ /2bB;M `Q#mbi Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ P.aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ bi#BHBx2

i?2 L*a BM U8XRVX
8XjXR .2bB;MBM; i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM bm#D2+i iQ +QMb2+miBp2

T+F2i HQbb2b
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 HBM2` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM-
౨)ো* > ঺ ৘)ো*-

Ƞ U8X3V
r?2`2 i?2 Ki`Bt ঺ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ rBHH #2 /2bB;M2/ Hi2` bm+? i?i ঺঩ Bb MQMbBM;mH`X LQi2
i?i BM i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; KQ/2 r2 ?p2
౨)ো* > 1- ѭো Ӓ ো৓ - U8XNV
r?2`2 ো৓ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 iBK2 r?2M bHB/BM; KQiBQM biìbX h?2 +QMi`QHH2` Bb bbmK2/
iQ #2 Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; bi`m+im`2-
2
৕)ো* > ѿ \)঺঩*ѿ2 )঺ন ѿ ʇ঺*৘)ো*
Ƞ , ౱)ো*^- U8XRyV
2ѿ౗Ȣ
X `;? S;2 3d
r?2`2 ʇ ѵ ϓ্·্ Bb FMQrM bi#H2 Ki`Bt M/ ౱)ো* /2MQi2b i?2 TT`QtBKiBQM Q7
i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো* mb2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` iQ +QKT2Mbi2 i?2 ?`K7mH 2z2+i Q7
/Bbim`#M+2 QM i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2bX AM //BiBQM iQ
i?2 bbmKTiBQM BM UkXRjV- r2 HbQ bbmK2
ͱ౱)ো*ͱ ӑ ౟ อϢৃ อ - U8XRRV
r?2`2 ౟ ? 1 Bb b+H`X h?2 i2`K )঺঩*ѿ2 ʇ঺ ৘)ো*-

Ƞ BM ৕)ো* Ub22 U8XRyVV- Bb mb2/ iQ
;Qp2`M i?2 ì2 Q7 +QMp2`;2M+2 iQ i?2 bHB/BM; KMB7QH/X >2`2- bBKBH` iQ (k8)- Bi Bb
bbmK2/ i?i ʇ > ౠর্ - r?2`2 1 ӑ ౠ = 2 Bb ;Bp2M +QMbiMi pHm2X h?MFb iQ i?2
bT2+BH 7Q`K Q7 ʇ r?B+? +M +QKKmi2 rBi? ঺- i?2 +QMi`QH Hr ৕)ো* BM U8XRyV +QmH/
#2 r`Bii2M b
2
*QMi`QHH2` ң ৕)ো* > ѿ \)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ৘)ো*
Ƞ , ౱)ো*^
2ѿ౗ Ȣ
Ӊ ৕ৌ )ো* , ৕ৎ )ো*- U8XRkV
r?2`2 নౠ > নѿౠরৎ M/ ৕ৌ )ো* Bb i?2 HBM2` Tì Q7 ৕)ো* r?B+? rb mb2/ BM i?2 Q#b2`p2`
/2bB;M U8XeVX .2}M2 i?2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q`b b
֦
֩ ৆)ো* ң> ৘)ো* ѿ ৘)ো*
Ƞ
1biBKiBQM 2``Q` ң ֧ U8XRjV
֨ ৆ৄ )ো* ң> ৘ৄ )ো* ѿ ৘)ো*/
֩ Ƞ
h?2M- #v TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` U8XRkV iQ U8XRV M/ HbQ mbBM; U8XRjV- U8XkV M/
U8XeV- i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K Bb Q#iBM2/ b
*HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K ң
౗Ȣ Ƞ ౗Ȣ
֦ ৘)ো , 2* > ๢ন , ɶন ѿ নౠȠ , ౗ѿ ন ৘)ো* , ๢2 ѿ ౗ѿ
2ѿ౗ Ȣ ౠ ๣
নȠ ৆)ো*
2ѿ౗ Ȣ ๣ ౠ
֩
֩ ,঩ ๢৅౱ )ো* , ౗ѿ ౗ Ȣ
౱)ো*๣
֩ 2ѿ౗ Ȣ
֩ ౗Ȣ Ƞ ౗Ȣ Ƞ
֩ ৆)ো , 2* > ๢ɶন , ౗ѿ ন , ౖѿ
2ѿ౗ Ȣ ౠ
ౖȢ
2ѿౖȢ
঳প ๣ ৘)ো* , ๢ন ѿ ঳প ѿ ౗ѿ ন ৆)ো*
2ѿ౗ Ȣ ౠ ๣
֧ Ȣ
֩ ѿ ౖѿ ౖȢ
2ѿౖȢ
঳প৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ ౥঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ঩ ๢৅౱ )ো* , ౗ѿ ౗
2ѿ౗ Ȣ
౱)ো*๣
֩
֩ ৘ৄ )ো* > )2 ѿ ౖ*৘)ো* , ౖ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
֩
֩ ৆ৄ )ো* > ѿౖ৘)ো* , ౖ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ৆)ো*
֨
X `;? S;2 33
ౖȢ
r?2`2 নౠȠ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ M/ ౥ > 2ѿౖȢ
X HbQ- Bi +M bBKTHv #2 7QmM/ i?i
ౖ ѿ ౖȢ
౨)ো , 2* >঺ ๟ౠর ѿ ঳প ๠ ৘)ো* ѿ ঺ )ౠর ѿ ঳প* ৆)ো*
2 ѿ ౖȢ
ౖ ѿ ౖȢ
, ঺঳প৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ౥঺঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2*/ U8XR9V
2 ѿ ౖȢ
8XjXk ai#BHBiv MHvbBb
LQiB+2 i?i BM i?2 +b2 Q7 TTHvBM; .aJ* iQ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; 2tQ;2@
MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b- i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K b?QmH/ #2 MHvx2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 #QmM/2/@
M2bbX HbQ- i?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ* +QmH/ QMHv 2Mbm`2 i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ #2 /`Bp2M
BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨)ো* > 1X h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb BM/22/
`2;`/2/ b i?2 [mbB bHB/BM; KQ/2 UZaJV BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q@
`2K +QMbB/2`b K2i?Q/ iQ MHvx2 bBKmHiM2QmbHv i?2 `2+?#BHiBv Q7 ZaJ M/ i?2
bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2b miBHBxBM; /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GvTmMQp bi#BHBiv K2i?Q/-
BM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2bX h?2 +?`+i2`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 #QmM/b QM
i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2b M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMǶb #QmM/`v Hv2` `2 T`2b2Mi2/
b2Tì2Hv Hi2` BM h?2Q`2K 8XkX 6mì?2`- b h?2Q`2K 8Xk M22/b iQ /2`Bp2 i?2 +`Qbb
i2`Kb #2ir22M i?2 bvbi2K bii2 UbHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMV M/ i?2 +QKTQM2Mib ে౱ )ো* M/
౱)ো*- BM Q`/2` iQ pQB/ mMM2+2bb`v `2T2iBiBQM Q7 i?2 i2+?MB+H KMBTmHiBQMb- r2
rBHH biì i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K 8XR KQ`2 ;2M2`HHv UrBi? i?2 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2
M/ i?2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো*V 7Q` i?2 bF2 Q7 h?2Q`2K 8XkX q2 i?2M H2i
ে౱ )ো*
พ ౱)ো* ฟ > 1 iQ /2`Bp2 i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 bi#BHBiv MHvbBb M/ +QMi`QH M/
Q#b2`p2` bvMi?2bBbX
h?2Q`2K 8XR AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- i?2 +QMi`QH Hr
U8XRyV +M bi22` i?2 bii2 Q7 i?2 biQ+?biB+ bvbi2K U8XRV QMiQ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2
U8XNV M/- HbQ i?2 bvbi2K bii2 Bb 2tTQM2MiBHHv K2M b[m`2 bi#H2 B7 i?2`2 2tBbi
ষ22 1
Ki`B+2b 1 = ষ ң> ় ঻ ๢ 1 ষ33 ๣ ় - স2 ? 1- স3 ? 1- ি2 - ি3 - ি4 M/ ি5 - M/ b+H`b
X `;? S;2 3N
౰ ? 1 M/ ౴ ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
֠ ʄȪ 22 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ʄȡ ঻23 ʄȡ 33 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঩ি3 ঩ি4 ѿষ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ѿౖস Ȣ 3 ౖস
Ȣ 3 1 ʄȢ 44 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 1 ѿস3 , ౴র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ౠ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ 1 1 1 ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ѿౠ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ ঻ )ౠষ ѿ ি5 প* 1 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ি5 প 1 ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤=1
֡ ঻ষন ֤
֡ ѿ3౳঩ ౠ 3౳঩ ঻ ষ নౠ 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ3౳঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ 1 ষ ন ѿ ি5 প 1 1 ѿ౥ি5 প 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤֤
֡
֡ ౥ি5 প 1 1 ѿ౥ি5 প 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౥ষ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ౥঩ ঻ ি5 প 1 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ি5 প 1 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষ ন , ঩ি2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 1 1 1 ঴঻ ষ ঩ 1 1 ঴঻ ষ 1 1 ঴঻ ষ ѿ౰র ֥
U8XR8V
r?2`2 ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b Q7 i?2 mM+2ìBMiv BM UkXkV- 1 = ষ33 ѵ ϓ)ৎѿ্*·)ৎѿ্*
M/ ় ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ Bb /2}M2/ BM G2KK jXR- ʄȪ 22 > ѿষ , )2 ѿ ౖ*স Ȣ 3 , ি3঻ ঩ ঻ ,
Ȣ 2 , ౖস
঩ি3 , ౴র , ౰঵ ঻ ঵- ʄȡ 23 > ѿি3঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ি4 ѿ ౖস
Ȣ 3 - ʄȡ 33 > ѿি4঻ ঩ ঻ ѿ ঩ি4 ѿ ষ , স3 , ౴র-
ౖȢ ౗Ȣ
ʄȢ 44 > ѿ)2 ѿ ౖ*স
Ȣ 2 , ౖস
Ȣ 3 , ౴র- ౥ > 2ѿౖȢ
- ౳> 2ѿ౗ Ȣ
M/ |Գ~ /2MQi2b i?2 bvKK2i`B+ 2H2@
঻
K2Mib BM bvKK2i`B+ Ki`BtX >2`2 ঺ > ঩ ষ M/ i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BM Bb
঳ > ষ ѿ2 ি5 / U8XReV
S`QQ7, .2}M2
ঽ )౛)ো** >৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* , ৆঻ )ো*ষ ৆)ো* , ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স2 ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
, ৆঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স3 ৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*- U8XRdV
r?2`2 ౛ )ো* > \ ৘঻ )ো* ৆঻ )ো* ৘঻ৄ )োѿ2* ৆঻ৄ )োѿ2* ౨ ঻ )ো* ^঻ - ষ ? 1- স2 ? 1 M/ স3 ? 1 `2 bvKK2i`B+
Ki`B+2b M/ ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ X h?mb- Bi +M #2 r`Bii2M
ɶঽ )౛ )ো** Ӊ ઞ|ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬ౛)ো*~ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো**
>ઞม৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2* , ৆঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৆)ো , 2* , ৘঻ৄ )ো*স2 ৘ৄ )ো* , ৆঻ৄ )ো*স3 ৆ৄ )ো*
, ౨ ঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো , 2*ฬ౛)ো*ย ѿ ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* ѿ ৆঻ )ো*ষ ৆)ো* U8XR3V
ѿ ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স2 ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ ৆঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স3 ৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*/
Ai Bb i?2M 7QHHQr2/ #v
Ȣ ঻
Ƞ , ɶনౠ , ౗ ѿ ౗ নౠȠ
ઞ|৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2*ฬ౛)ো*~ > ઞ๥৘঻ )ো* ন , ɶন ѿ নɶ
ຒ 2ѿ౗Ȣ ຓ
X `;? S;2 Ny
Ȣ
Ƞ , ɶনౠ , ౗ ѿ ౗ নౠȠ ৘)ো*ฬ౛)ো*
· ষ ন , ɶন ѿ নɶ
ຒ 2ѿ౗Ȣ ຓ ๦
, 3৘঻ )ো*\)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ѿ ౳ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ^৆)ো*
, 3৘঻ )ো*)ɶন , ౠরৎ *঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*
, 3౳৘঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ ౱)ো* , 3৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো* ѿ 3౳৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ ౱)ো*
, )2 , ౳*৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ৆)ো* , ে౱ )ো*঻ )঺঩*ে౱ )ো* , ౳౱঻ )ো*)঺঩*౱)ো*
>৘঻ )ো*\)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*
, )ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন , ౳ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ^৘)ো**
, 3৘঻ )ো*\)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ѿ ౳ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ^৆)ো*
, 3৘঻ )ো*)ɶন , ౠরৎ *঻ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো* , 3౳৘঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ ౱)ো* , 3৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ ে౱ )ো*
ѿ 3౳৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ ౱)ো* , )2 , ౳*৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ ৆)ো* , ে౱ )ো*঻ )঺঩*ে౱ )ো*
, ౳౱঻ )ো*)঺঩*౱)ো* U8XRNV
Ƞ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*- ɶনౠ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন* M/ ౳ > ౗Ȣ
r?2`2 নɶ 2ѿ౗ Ȣ
X "2bB/2b-
Ȣ > 1 M/ ઞ|)౗ ѿ ౗*Ȣ 3 ~ > ౗)2ѿ
MQi2 i?i ઞ|)౗ ѿ ౗*~ Ȣ ౗*Ȣ Ӊ ౙ 3 X h?mb- Bi +M #2 /2KQMbiì2/
i?i
ઞ|৆঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৆)ো , 2*ฬ౛)ো*~
>৘঻ )ো*\ɶন঻ ষ ɶন , ౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ , ౥)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প^৘)ো*
, ৆঻ )ো*\)ন ѿ ঳প*঻ ষ )ন ѿ ঳প* , ౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ ^৆)ো*
, ౥৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ౥ 3 ৆঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
, ে౱঻ )ো*঩ ঻ ষ ঩ে౱ )ো* , ౳౱঻ )ো*঩ ঻ ষ ঩౱)ো*
, 3৘঻ )ো*\ɶন঻ ষ )ন ѿ ঳প* ѿ ౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ ^৆)ো*
ѿ 3౥৘঻ )ো*)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ 3౥৘঻ )ো*ɶন঻ ষ ঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , 3৘঻ )ো*ɶন঻ ষ ঩ে౱ )ো*
, 3౳৘঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ষ ঩౱)ো* ѿ 3౥৆঻ )ো*)ন ѿ ঳প*঻ ষ ঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
, 3৆঻ )ো*)ন ѿ ঳প*঻ ষ ঩ে౱ )ো* ѿ 3౳৆঻ )ো*ন঻ౠ ষ ঩౱)ো* ѿ 3౥৆঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*প ঻ ঳঻ ষ ঩ে౱ )ো*-
U8XkyV
X `;? S;2 NR
Ȣ > 1 M/ ઞ|)ౖ ѿ ౖ*Ȣ 3 ~ > ౖ)2

BM r?B+? ;BM ઞ|)ౖ ѿ ౖ*~ Ȣ ѿ ౖ*Ȣ Ӊ ౭ 3 X HbQ
ઞ๥৘঻ৄ )ো*স2 ৘ৄ )ো*๰౛)ো*๦
Ȣ ঻ )ো*স2 ৘)ো* , ౖ৘
>)2 ѿ ౖ*৘ Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স2 ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*- U8XkRV
M/
ઞ|৆঻ৄ )ো*স3 ৆ৄ )ো*ฬ౛)ো*~
>ઞ|\ѿౖ৘)ো* , ౖ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ৆)ো*^঻ স3 \ѿౖ৘)ো* , ౖ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* , ৆)ো*^ฬ౛)ো*~
Ȣ ঻ )ো*স3 ৘)ো* ѿ 3ౖ৘

>ౖ৘ Ȣ ঻ )ো*স3 ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ѿ 3ౖ৘
Ȣ ঻ )ো*স3 ৆)ো* , ౖ৘
Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স3 ৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
Ȣ ঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*স3 ৆)ো* , ৆঻ )ো*স3 ৆)ো*-

, 3ౖ৘ U8XkkV
BM r?B+? ઞ|ౖ 3 ~ > ౖXȢ "2bB/2b- r2 ?p2
ઞ|౨ ঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো , 2*ฬ౛)ো*~ U8XkjV
>৘঻ )ো*\౥প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প , ౠ3 ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺^৘)ো*
, ৆঻ )ো* )ౠর ѿ ঳প*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ )ౠর ѿ ঳প* ৆)ো*
, ౥৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
, ౥ 3 ৆঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2*প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
ѿ 3৘঻ )ো*ౠ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ )ౠর ѿ ঳প* ৆)ো* ѿ 3౥৘঻ )ো*প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প৘ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
, 3౥ౠ৘঻ )ো*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2*
ѿ 3౥৆঻ )ো* )ౠর ѿ ঳প*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প৆ৄ )ো ѿ 2*/
Ai Bb HbQ 2bv iQ b?Qr i?i
౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো* > \৘)ো* ѿ ৆)ো*^঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺\৘)ো* ѿ ৆)ো*^
> ৘঻ )ো*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৘)ো* ѿ 3৘঻ )ো*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৆)ো* , ৆঻ )ো*঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺৆)ো*/ U8Xk9V
঻
lbBM; U8XRNV@U8Xk9V M/ /2}MBM; ౵)ো* > ๢৘঻ )ো* ৆঻ )ো* ৘঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ৆঻ৄ )ো ѿ 2* ে౱঻ )ো* ౱঻ )ো*๣ -
U8XR3V +M #2 `2``M;2/ b
ɶঽ )౛)ো** > ౵ ঻ )ো* พʄ৉৊ ฟ7·7 ౵)ো*- U8Xk8V
X `;? S;2 Nk
r?2`2
ʄ22 >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*
, )ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ౠরৎ , ɶন*
, ɶন঻ ষ ɶন , 3౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ ѿ )2 ѿ ౠ3 *঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺,
౥)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প , ౥প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প ѿ ষ , )2 ѿ ౖ*স

Ȣ 2 , ౖস
Ȣ 3-
ʄ23 >)ౠরৎ , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ , ɶন঻ ষ )ন ѿ ঳প* , ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺
ѿ 3౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ ѿ ౖস

Ȣ 3 ѿ ౠ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ )ౠর ѿ ঳প* -
ʄ24 > ѿ ౥)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প ѿ ౥প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প ѿ ౖস

Ȣ 3-
ʄ25 > ѿ ౥ɶন঻ ষ ঳প , ౥ౠ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প-
ʄ26 >)ɶন , ౠরৎ *঻ ঺ ঻ , ɶন঻ ষ ঩-
ʄ27 >3౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩-
ʄ33 >)2 , 3౳*ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺নౠ , )ౠর ѿ ঳প*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ )ౠর ѿ ঳প*
, )ন ѿ ঳প*঻ ষ )ন ѿ ঳প* ѿ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ষ , স3 -
ʄ34 >ౖস
Ȣ 3-
ʄ35 > ѿ ౥)ন ѿ ঳প*঻ ষ ঳প ѿ ౥ )ౠর ѿ ঳প*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প-
ʄ36 >ন঻ౠ ঺ ঻ , )ন ѿ ঳প*঻ ষ ঩-
ʄ37 > ѿ 3౳ন঻ౠ ষ ঩-
ʄ44 >౥)঳প*঻ ষ ঳প , ౥প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প , ౖস

Ȣ 3 ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*স
Ȣ 2-
ʄ45 >1-
ʄ46 >1-
ʄ47 >1-
ʄ55 >౥ 3 )঳প*঻ ষ ঳প , ౥ 3 প ঻ ঳঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺঳প ѿ স3 -
M/ ʄ56 > ѿ౥প ঻ ঳঻ ষ ঩- ʄ57 > 1- ʄ66 > 3঺঩- ʄ67 > 1- ʄ77 > 3౳঺঩/ LQr- iQ T`Qp2
i?2 bvbi2K bi#BHBiv- H2i ๢ ে౱)ো*
౱ )ো*
๣ > 1X h?2M i?2 bvbi2K Bb bi#H2 B7
ʀ ң> พʄ৉৊ ฟ5·5 = ѿ౴র- U8XkeV
X `;? S;2 Nj
r?2`2 ౴ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X qBi? i?2 +?QB+2 Q7 ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ M/ miBHBxBM; i?2 a+?m`
+QKTH2K2Mi- Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 U8XkeV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?i Q7
֠ ʄȢ 22 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ʄȢ ঻23 ʄȢ 33 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
Ȣ 3 ʄȢ 44 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 ѿস3 , ౴র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঩ ঻ ষ )ౠর , ɶন* ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ 1 1 ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ৎ ֤=1
֡ ѿౠ঩ ঻ ষ ঻
঩ ষ )ౠর ѿ ঳প* 1 ঻
ѿ౥঩ ষ ঳প 1 ঻
ѿ঩ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ѿ3౳঩ ঻ ষ নౠ ঻
3౳঩ ষ নౠ 1 1 1 1 ঻
ѿ3౳঩ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষ ɶন ষ )ন ѿ ঳প* 1 ѿ౥ষ ঳প 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ౥ষ ঳প 1 ѿ౥ষ ঳প 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౥ষ Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ֤
֢ ౥঩ ষ ঳প 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ষ ঳প 1 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ষ ঩ ֥
U8XkdV
ౖȢ ౗Ȣ
r?2`2 ౥ > 2ѿౖȢ
- ౳> 2ѿ౗ Ȣ
- M/
ʄȢ 22 >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন* ѿ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ষ
Ȣ 3 , )2 ѿ ౖ*স
, ౖস Ȣ 2 , ౴র-
ʄȢ 23 >঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ౖস
Ȣ 3
ʄȢ 33 > ѿ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ষ , স3 , ౴র-
ʄȢ 44 > ѿ )2 ѿ ౖ*স
Ȣ 2 , ౖস
Ȣ 3 , ౴র/
>2M+2- mbBM; G2KK kXj Bi +M #2 b?QrM i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM
U8XkdV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?i Q7
֠ʄȠ 22 ʄȠ 23 ՜֣
֡ ֤
֡ʄȠ ঻ ʄȠ ՜֤ = 1- U8Xk3V
֡ 23 33 ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՞֤֥
֢
rBi?
ʄȠ 22 >)ন , ɶন , ঩ভ2 *঻ ষ )ন , ɶন , ঩ভ2 * ѿ ষ , )2 ѿ ౖ*স

Ȣ 2 , ভ3঻ )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ভ3
, ভ3঻ ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ ঩ভ3 , ౖস
Ȣ 3 , ౴র-
ʄȠ 23 >ভ3঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ভ4 ѿ ভ3঻ ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ ঩ভ4 ѿ ౖস

Ȣ 3
ʄȠ 33 >ভ4঻ )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ভ4 ѿ ভ4঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ ষ ঩ভ4 ѿ ষ , স3 , ౴র- U8XkNV
X `;? S;2 N9
r?2`2 ভ2 - ভ3 M/ ভ4 `2 mtBHB`v p`B#H2b (dR) M/ MQi2 i?i 2t+2Ti ʄȠ 22 - ʄȠ 23 M/
ʄȠ 33 Qi?2` 2Mi`B2b Q7 U8Xk3V `2 i?2 bK2 b i?2B` +QmMi2`Tìb BM U8XkdVX h?mb- mbBM;
G2KK jXR- U8XkNV +M #2 `2``M;2/ b
ʄȠ 22 >\ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ2 ^঻ ষ ѿ2 \ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ2 ^ ѿ ষ , )2 ѿ ౖ*স

Ȣ 2
, ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ2 ঩ুভ3 , ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ুভ3 , ౖস

Ȣ 3 , ౴র-
ʄȠ 23 >ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ2 ঩ুভ4 ѿ ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ুভ4 ѿ ౖস

Ȣ 3- U8XjyV
ʄȠ 33 >ভ4঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ2 ঩ুভ4 ѿ ভ4঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ѿ ঩ুভ4 ѿ ষ , স3 , ౴র-
r?2`2 ু biBb}2b ষ ঩ > ঩ুX lbBM; i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi Bi +M #2 b22M i?i U8Xk3V
Bb BKTHB2/ #v i?2 7QHHQrBM; BM2[mHBiv-
֠ ʄȡ 22 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ʄ ȡ঻ ʄȢ 33 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
23
֡ ֤
֡ ঩ি 3 ঩ি4 ѿষ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
Ȣ 3 1 ʄȢ 44 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 1 ѿস3 , ౴র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤֤
֡
֡ ঩ ঻ ষ )ౠর , ɶন* ঩ ঻ ষ নౠ 1 1 1 ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ৎ ֤=1
֡ ѿౠ঩ ঻ ষ ঻
঩ )ౠষ ѿ ি5 প* 1 1 ঻
ѿ౥঩ ি5 প 1 ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ѿ3౳঩ ঻ ষ নౠ 3౳঩ ঻ ষ নౠ 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ3౳঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষ ɶন ষ ন ѿ ি5 প 1 1 ѿ౥ি5 প 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ౥ি5 প 1 1 ѿ౥ি5 প 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౥ষ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঻
֤
֡ ౥঩ ি5 প 1 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ি5 প 1 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ౥঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ি2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ѿষ ֥
U8XjRV
r?2`2 ʄȡ 22 > ѿষ , )2 ѿ ౖ*স Ȣ 3 , ি3঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ি3 , ౴র- ʄȡ 23 > ѿি3঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ি4 ѿ ౖস

Ȣ 2 , ౖস Ȣ 3-
ʄȡ 33 > ѿি4঻ ঩ ঻ ѿ ঩ি4 ѿ ষ , স3 , ౴র- ি2 > ুভ2 - ি3 > ুভ3 - ি4 > ুভ4 M/ ি5 > ষ ঳X
qBi? i?2 ?2HT Q7 G2KK kXR M/ bbmKBM; ɶনো biBb}2b i?2 +QM/BiBQM BM UkXkV-
U8XjRV Bb HbQ bm{+2/ #v i?2 GJA BM U8XR8VX
_2K`F 8Xj LQi2 i?i i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM U8XkdV- r?B+? +QMiBMb i?2 M2;iBp2 [m/ìB+
bB;MmK i2`Kb- +MMQi 2bBHv #2 +QMp2ì2/ iQ M GJAX G2i mb 2tTHBM i?2 i2+?MB[m2
i?i r2 miBHBx2/ BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K 8XR iQ /2H rBi? QM2 Q7 i?2 M2;iBp2 i2`KbX
P#pBQmbHv- ѿ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো* BM ɶঽ )౛)ো** +M #2 `2r`Bii2M b
ѿ ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*
র ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ র ঻ ৘)ো* /
> ѿ \ ৘঻ )ো* ৆঻ )ো* ^ พ ѿর ฟ พ ѿর ฟ ๢ ৆)ো* ๣
X `;? S;2 N8
>2M+2- ++Q`/BM; iQ G2KK kXj- i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7
র র ঻
֠ ѿর ֣ ֠ ѿর ֣
ʉȡ ѿ ֡ 1 ֤ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ֡ 1 ֤ = 1-
֡՛֤ ֡՛֤
֢1֥ ֢1֥
r?2`2
র র ঻
֠ ѿর ֣ ֠ ѿর ֣
ʉȡ > ʉ , ֡ 1 ֤ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ֡ 1 ֤ -
֡՛֤ ֡՛֤
֢1֥ ֢1֥
BM r?B+? ʉ Bb i?2 BM2[mHBiv BM U8XkdV- Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?i Q7
ভ঻ ভ঻ ঻ ভ঻ র ঻ র ভ঻ ঻
֠ 3঻ ֣ ֠ 3঻ ֣ ֠ 3঻ ֣ ֠ ѿর ֣ ֠ ѿর ֣ ֠ 3঻ ֣
֡ ভ4 ֤ ֡ ভ4 ֤ ֡ ভ4 ֤ ֡ ভ4 ֤
ʉȡ , ֡ 1 ֤ )঺঩* ֡ 1 ֤ , ֡ 1 ֤ ঺ ֡ 1 ֤ , ֡ 1 ֤ ঺ ঻ ֡ 1 ֤ = 1-
֡ ՛ ֤ ֡ ՛ ֤ ֡ ՛ ֤ ֢֡ ՛ ֤֥ ֡՛֤
֢1֥ ֡ ՛ ֤
֢ 1 ֥ ֢ 1 ֥ ֢ 1 ֥ 1 ֢ 1 ֥
r?2`2 ভ3 M/ ভ4 `2 mtBHB`v Ki`Bt p`B#H2b BMi`Q/m+2/ BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2@
Q`2K 8XRX b b22M i?Bb K2i?Q/ pQB/b iQ BKTQb2 Mv +QMb2`piBbK iQ i?2 T`Q#@
H2KX >Qr2p2`- BM Q`/2` iQ /2H rBi? i?Bb T`Q#H2K- (3d) mb2b i?2 i`BpBH BM2[mHBiv
ѿ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো* = 1 M/ `2TH+2b i?Bb i2`K rBi? x2`QX AM/22/- i?Bb rQmH/ BMi`Q@
/m+2 bB;MB}+Mi +QMb2`piBbK iQ i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM /2bB;M T`Q#H2KX
h?2 #Qp2 i?2Q`2K T`2b2Mib 7`K2rQ`F 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 M P.aJ* BM Q`/2` iQ
bi#BHBx2 i?2 L*a BM U8XRVX >Qr2p2`- Bi /Q2b MQi T`2b2Mi #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K
bii2bX h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K BKb iQ T`QpB/2 #QmM/ 7Q` i?2 Q#iBM2/ biQ+?biB+
+HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2 M/ i?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K 8Xk AM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ৅)ো*- B7 i?2 GJA BM
U8XR8V Bb 72bB#H2- i?2 #QmM/ QM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ bvbi2K bii2 ౛)ো* Bb- 7Q` i?2 ;Bp2M
bQHmiBQM ষ ? 1- স2 ? 1- স3 ? 1- ঳ > ষ ѿ2 ি5 M/ ౴ ? 1 Q7 U8XR8V- b 7QHHQrb
ౠnby )঴*
ѭ౪ ? 1- ѰোԳ ? 1- ѭো ? োԳ - bXiX ઞ มͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ย ӑ ౘ , ౪- U8XjkV
౴ౠȠ 2
r?2`2 ౠ2 > ౠnjo \/B;)ষ - ষ - স2 - স3 - )঺঩*ѿ2 *^- ঀ > /B;)঴৐ - স2 - স3 * rBi? ঴ষ > พ ষ অ
,অ অ
ষ ,অ ฟ
3 ʄ ʄ67
M/ অ > ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ - M/ ౘ > )౩ 3 , ౟ 3 * อʂ , ʄৄ อ อϢৃ อ c ?2`2 ʄৄ > ๢ ʄ66
঻
ʄ77 ๣
67
ʂ ʂ23
M/ i?2 b+H` p`B#H2 ౴ Ƞ ? 1 M/ Ki`Bt p`B#H2 ʂ > ๢ ʂ22
঻
ʂ33 ๣ ? 1 `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK
23
X `;? S;2 Ne
bQHpBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
֠ ʊ2 Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ Գ ֤ = 1- U8XjjV
֡ ঻ ֤
֡ʄȢ 26 ʄ঻36 1 ʄ঻56 ѿʂ22 Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ֤
֡ʄ27 ʄ঻37 1 1 ѿʂ঻23 ѿʂ33 Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 1 1 ʊ3 1 ѿ౰রȢ ֥
r?2`2 ʄȢ 26 > ౠষ ঩- ʊ2 > )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র , ౰঵

Ȣ ঻ ঵- ʊ3 > 3঴ ঻ ষ ঩- ౰ Ȣ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2-
M/ ঴ M/ ঵ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b BM UkXkVX
঻
ʄ঻26 ʄ঻36 ʄ঻46 ʄ঻56
S`QQ7, .2}MBM; ౢ)ো* > \ ৘঻ )ো* ৆঻ )ো* ৘঻ৄ )োѿ2* ৆঻ৄ )োѿ2* ^঻ M/ ʄ৖ > - ++Q`/@
ຒ ʄ঻27 ʄ঻37 ʄ঻47 ʄ঻57 ຓ
BM; iQ G2KK kXk- r2 ?p2
঻
3ౢ ঻ )ো*ʄ৖ ๢ ে౱)ো*
౱ )ো* ঻ ѿ2 ঻ ে౱ )ো* ে౱ )ো*
๣ ӑ ౢ )ো*ʄ৖ ʂ ʄ৖ ౢ)ো* , ๢ ౱)ো* ๣ ʂ ๢ ౱)ো* ๣ - U8Xj9V
r?2`2 ʂ ? 1 rBi? TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMX Ai 7QHHQrb 7`QK U8Xk8V- U8XkeV M/ U8Xj9V
i?i
঻
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ౢ ঻ )ো*\౴র ѿ ʄ৖ ʂѿ2 ʄ঻৖ ^ౢ)ো* , ๢ ে౱)ো*
౱ )ো* ে౱ )ো*
๣ \ʄৄ , ʂ^ ๢ ౱)ো* ๣ )ো*- U8Xj8V
ʄ ʄ67
BM r?B+? ʄৄ > ๢ ʄ66
঻
ʄ77 ๣X A7 r2 +?QQb2 ʂ ? 1 bm+? i?i
67
౴রȠ = ౴র ѿ ʄ৖ ʂѿ2 ʄ঻৖ - U8XjeV
r?2`2 ౴ ? ౴ Ƞ ? 1- r?B+? Bb Hrvb TQbbB#H2 B7 ౴ ? 1 2tBbib- i?2M- Bi 7QHHQrb 7`QK U8Xj8V

i?i
঻
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ౴ౢȠ ঻ )ো*ౢ)ো* , ๢ ে౱)ো*
౱ )ো* ে౱ )ো*
๣ \ʄৄ , ʂ^ ๢ ౱)ো* ๣ / U8XjdV
JQ`2Qp2`- MQi2 i?i b ౨)ো* > ঺)৘)ো* ѿ ৆)ো** r2 +M /2`Bp2
ঽ )౛)ো** >ౢ ঻ )ো*঴ౢ)ো*- U8Xj3V
X `;? S;2 Nd
঻ ѿ2 ঻
r?2`2 ঀ > /B;)঴৐ - স2 - স3 * rBi? ঴ষ > พ ষ অ
,অ অ
ষ ,অ ฟ M/ অ > ষ ঩)঩ ষ ঩* ঩ ষ -
?2M+2-
ౠnjo )঴* ͱౢ)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౠnby )঴* ͱౢ)ো*ͱ3 / U8XjNV
//BiBQMHHv- Bi Bb FMQrM i?i
ౠ2 ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౠ3 ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 / U8X9yV
r?2`2 ౠ2 > ౠnjo )/B;)ষ - ষ - স2 - স3 - )঺঩*ѿ2 ** M/ ౠ3 > ౠnby )/B;)ষ - ষ - স2 - স3 - )঺঩*ѿ2 **X
>2M+2- 7`QK U8XjdV M/ U8XjNV QM2 +M /2`Bp2 i?i
౴Ƞ
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** , ౘ- U8X9RV
ౠnby )঴*
3
r?2`2 ౘ > )౩ 3 , ౟ 3 * อʂ , ʄৄ อ อϢৃ อ X LQi2 i?i 7`QK U8XkeV Bi +M bBKTHv #2 r`Bii2M
i?i ѭ ౢ)ো* Ӎ 1
ౢ ঻ )ো*ʀౢ)ো* >ઞ ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬ ে౱ )ো* ๰౛)ো*ຖ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো**

ຕ ๢ ౱)ো* ๣>1
= ѿ ౴ౢ ঻ )ো*ౢ)ো*/ U8X9kV
Ai Bb FMQrM i?i ઞ|ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬ ে౱ )ো* ฬ౛)ো*~ ? 1- M/ i?mb- 7`QK U8X9kV M/ U8XjNV-
๢ ౱)ো* ๣>1
Bi +M #2 +HBK2/ i?i ౴ = ౠnby )঴*X >2M+2-
౴Ƞ
= 2/
ౠnby )঴*
6BMHHv- 7`QK G2KK kX9 M/ U8X9RV- r2 +M }M/ i?2 #QmM/ ;Bp2M BM U8XjkVX
ʂ ʂ23
6mì?2`KQ`2- iQ }M/ ʂ ? 1 BM U8XjeV- /2}MBM; ʂ > ๢ ʂ22
঻
ʂ33 ๣- r2 +M `2r`Bi2 i?Bb
23
BM2[mHBiv- 7Q` ;Bp2M ষ ? 1- স2 ? 1- স3 ? 1- ঳ M/ ౴ ? 1- b
֠)౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ Գ ֤
֡ ֤ = 1/ U8X9jV
֡ 1 1 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ֤
֡ ʄ26 ʄ঻36 1 ʄ঻56 ѿʂ22 Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ֤
֢ ʄ27 ʄ঻37 1 1 ѿʂ঻23 ѿʂ33 ֥
X `;? S;2 N3
lbBM; G2KK kXR- U8X9jV +M #2 bm{+2/ #v i?2 GJA U8XjjVX
_2K`F 8X9 LQiB+2 i?i- BM i?2 7`K2rQ`F BM (3d)- i?2 +`Qbb i2`Kb #2ir22M i?2
bvbi2K bii2b M/ i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ?p2 BM+`2b2/ i?2 +QMb2`piBbK Q7 i?2
}MH Q#iBM2/ GJA +QM/BiBQMX Ai ?b #22M b?QrM ?2`2 i?i i?2 K2MiBQM2/ +`Qbb i2`Kb
b?QmH/ MQi BM~m2M+2 i?2 72bB#BHBiv `2;BQM Q7 i?2 }MH GJA +QM/BiBQM U8XR8VX "2bB/2b-
BMbi2/ Q7 `2KQpBM; i?2 +`Qbb i2`Kb #2ir22M ৘)ো*- ৆)ো*- ৘ৄ )োѿ2* M/ ৆ৄ )োѿ2* i?`Qm;?
b2p2`H BM2[mHBiB2b r?B+? rb BKTH2K2Mi2/ BM (3d) 7Q` ৘)ো* M/ ৘)ো ѿ 2*- r2 H2i i?2
+`Qbb i2`Kb iQ #2 BM i?2 Q`B;BMH 7Q`KX h?Bb rQmH/ HbQ rB/2M i?2 72bB#H2 `2;BQM Q7
i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQM T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb rQ`FX
h?2 bQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 GJA BM U8XjjV /Q MQi ?p2 /B`2+i BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
/2bB;M M/ i?2 +imH #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/fQ` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM- ?Qr2p2`-
i?2b2 T`K2i2`b rQmH/ H2/ mb iQ /2i2`KBM2 KQ`2 ++mì2 #QmM/X h?2`27Q`2-
iQ Q#iBM i?2 KBMBKmK pHm2 Q7 i?2 #QmM/ BM U8XjkV- i?2 GJAb BM U8XR8V M/ U8XjjV
+QmH/ #2 bQHp2/ bm#D2+i iQ bT2+B}+ +`Bi2`BX h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb
i?2bBb M/ `2KBMb 7Q` i?2 7mim`2 rQ`FX
_2K`F 8X8 h?2 KBM B/2 BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2Kb 8XR- 8Xk +M #2 bmKK`Bx2/
b 7QHHQrbX 6B`biHv- r2 i`B2/ iQ }M/
ɶঽ )౛)ো** Ӊ ઞ|ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬ౛)ো*~ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো**
>౵ ঻ )ো* พʄ৉৊ ฟ7·7 ౵)ো*
r?2`2 ౛)ো*- ౵)ো* M/ ʄ৉৊ - ৉- ৊ > 2- ՜ - 7 `2 /2}M2/ BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K 8XRX
h?2M- r2 H2i
֠พʄ৉৊ ฟ ʄ৖ ֣
5·5
พʄ৉৊ ฟ7·7 > ֡֡ ֤-
֢ ʄ৖
঻
ʄৄ ֤֥
঻
ʄ ʄ67 ʄ঻26 ʄ঻36 ʄ঻46 ʄ঻56
r?2`2 ʄৄ > ๢ ʄ66
঻
ʄ77 ๣ M/ ʄ৖ > X LQr- i?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`Bt
67 ຒ ʄ঻27 ʄ঻37 ʄ঻47 ʄ঻57 ຓ
঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ - M/ i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BM ঳ +M #2 Q#iBM2/ i?`Qm;? bQHpBM; i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQM
U8XR8V- r?B+? Bb /2`Bp2/ #v MHvxBM; i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; BM2[mHBiv,
พʄ৉৊ ฟ5·5 = ѿ౴র-
X `;? S;2 NN
r?2`2 ౴ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2- rBi? i?2 B/ Q7 b2p2`H +QMp2tB}+iBQM i2+?MB[m2bX

h?2 Q#iBM2/ Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ HBM2` +QMi`QH Hr BM U8XRkV 2Mbm`2b i?2 K2M b[m`2
bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 m;K2Mi2/ +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K UBM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bb@
im`#M+2bVX h?2Q`2K 8Xk- i?2M- +?`+i2`Bx2b i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 m;K2Mi2/
+HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K r?2M i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b `2 T`2b2Mi- mbBM; M BMMQpiBp2
b+?2K2X SH2b2 HbQ MQiB+2 i?i i?2 #bB+ B/2 Q7 i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 i?Bb i?2Q`2K +QK2b
7`QK G2KK kX9X
8X9 LmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b
hrQ MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b `2 T`2b2Mi2/ ?2`2 BM Q`/2` iQ 2pHmi2 i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb Q7
i?2 T`QTQb2/ P.aJ*X HH i?2 GJA QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2Kb `2 bQHp2/ #v uGJAS
(d8) b i?2 BMi2`7+2 M/ a.Shj (Rkk) b i?2 bQHp2`X
8X9XR 1tKTH2 R
*QMbB/2` i?2 bvbi2K U8XRV rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; T`K2i2`b,
֠1/36 1 1/39 ֣ ֠ 2 1/3֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤ ֠2 1 2֣
ন > ֡ 1 2/11 ѿ1/31֤ - ঩ > ֡1/6 1 ֤ - প > ֡ ֤-
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤ ֡1/6 2 1/4֤
֢ ֥
֡1/61 1
֢ 1/51 ֤֥ ֡1
֢ 2 ֤֥
֠1 1/2 ѿ1/2֣ ֠ 1 1/26 1/12֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
঴ > ֡1 1/16 1/13 ֤ - ঵ > ֡1/12 ѿ1/13 1 ֤ -
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡1 1 ѿ1/2֤
֢ ֥
֡1/12
֢ 1 1/2 ֤֥
হ)ো* > /B;)1/:bBM)ো*- 1/7bBM)ো*- 1/4+Qb)ো**- ౖȢ > 1/26- ౗ Ȣ > 1/3/
LQi2 i?i i?2 QT2M@HQQT bvbi2K Bb mMbi#H2X amTTQb2
֠1/12֣
৅)ো* > ֡ ֤ bBM) ো */
֡1/15֤ 21
֢ ֥
X `;? S;2 Ryy

aQHpBM; i?2 GJA BM U8XR8V ;Bp2b i?2 7QHHQrBM; `2bmHib,
֠ 43/19 1/21 ѿ2/29֣ ֠ 28/93 4/16 ѿ3/8:֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
ষ > ֡ 1/21 43/33 ѿ1/63֤ - স2 > ֡4/15:9 4/41 2/:9 ֤ - U8X99V
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ѿ2/29 ѿ1/63 42/59 ֤ ֡ ѿ3/8: 2/:9 28/81 ֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
֠ 21/75 4/16 ѿ2/11֣
֡ ֤ ֠43/24 27/32 ѿ2/55֣
স3 > ֡ 4/16 3/46 2/18 ֤ - ঺ > ֡ ֤-
֡ ֤ ֡ 6/34 ѿ1/61 42/35 ֤
֡ѿ2/11 2/18 24/27 ֤ ֢ ֥
֢ ֥
֠ 1/26 ѿ1/11֣
֡ ֤
঳ > ֡ѿ1/24 1/38 ֤ - ౴ > 1/27- ౰ > 34/71/
֡ ֤
֡ 1/29 1/16 ֤
֢ ֥
h?2 +QKTQM2Mi ౱)ো* BM U8XRyV Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 b
౱)ো* > Ϣূ , ౜/B;)Ϣৃ *b;M)঺ ৘)ো**-

Ƞ U8X98V
r?2`2 /B;)Ϣৃ * > /B;)৅2ৃ - ՜ - ৅্ৃ * M/ ౜ ? 1 Bb b+H`X >2M+2- mbBM; ষ - Ϣূ > \ 1 1 ^঻ -
Ϣৃ > \ 1/12 1/15 ^঻ - ౠ > 1/4 M/ ౜ > 1/2 i?2 +QMi`QH Hr ;Bp2M BM U8XRyV M/ U8X98V Bb
Q#iBM2/X h?2 `2bmHib Q7 TTHvBM; i?Bb +QMi`QHH2` iQ i?2 bvbi2K U8XRV `2 b?QrM BM
6B;bX 8Xk@8X9X >2`2- i?2 BMBiBH bii2 Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 ৘)1* > \ 2 1 1 ^঻ X "2`MQmHHB
b2[m2M+2b ౖ)ো* M/ ౗)ো* `2 /2TB+i2/ BM 6B;X kXeX Ai +M #2 b22M i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/
P.aJ* Hr bm++2bb7mHHv /`Bp2b i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQr`/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2
M/ F22Tb i?2K BM #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 i?2`27i2`X
8X9Xk 1tKTH2 k
q2 +QMbB/2` i?2 +QMi`QH T`Q#H2K Q7 mMBMi2``mTiB#H2 TQr2` bvbi2K UlSaV BM (Rjk)X

h?2 Q#D2+iBp2 Bb iQ ;Qp2`M i?2 TmHb2 rB/i?@KQ/mHi2/ BMp2ì2`- bQ i?i i?2 QmiTmi
+ pQHi;2 Q7 lSa `2KBMb +QMbiMi i /2bB`2/ b2i@TQBMi rBi? KBMBKmK /BbiQìBQMX
h?2 +QMbB/2`2/ lSa ?b i?2 +T+Biv Q7 R FoX h?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 KQ/2H Bb Q#iBM2/
X `;? S;2 RyR

0.1
Control efforts
u1
uc 1
0.05 ûl1
-0.05
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
0.1
Control efforts
u2
uc 2
0 ûl2
-0.1
-0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
6B;m`2 8Xk, *QMi`QH 2zQì 7Q` 1tKTH2 R

1
x1
0.5 x̂1
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
0.2
x2
0 x̂2
-0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
0.4 x3
0.2 x̂3
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
6B;m`2 8Xj, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bii2 2biBKi2 7Q` 1tKTH2 R
X `;? S;2 Ryk

1
y
System output
yc
ŷc
0.5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
0.6
y2
0.4
System output
yc 2
ŷc2
0.2
-0.2
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
6B;m`2 8X9, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bvbi2K QmiTmi 7Q` 1tKTH2 R
(a)
1
Bernoulli sequence
0.5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
(b)
1
Bernoulli sequence
0.5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
6B;m`2 8X8, "2`MQmHHB b2[m2M+2b V ౖ)ো*- #V ౗)ো* 7Q` 1tKTH2 R
X `;? S;2 Ryj

1
Our method
x1
0 Method in [1]
-1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
1
Our method
x2
0 Method in [1]
-1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
1
Our method
x3
0 Method in [1]
-1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
6B;m`2 8Xe, h`D2+iQ`B2b Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 7Q` 1tKTH2 k
#v mbBM; i?2 bKTHBM; iBK2 21 ্৓ i ?H7@HQ/ QT2ìBM; TQBMi b,
֠1/:337 ѿ1/7441 1֣ ֠2֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
ন > ֡ 2/1 1 1֤ - ঩ > ֡1֤ - প > ๢34/849 31/398 1๣ /
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ 1 2/1 ֤
1֥ ֡1֤
֢ ֢ ֥
b BM i?Bb +?Ti2` i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 i?2 Ki+?2/ QM2-

r2 b2i ঩ > ঩2 > ঩3 > \ 2 1 1 ^঻ X LQiB+2 HbQ i?i b i?2 bvbi2K BM (Rjk) /Q2b MQi
BM+Hm/2 mMKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiv r2 HbQ b2i ɶন > 1 BM i?Bb 2tKTH2X AM //BiBQM- r2
i2KTQ``BHv bbmK2 i?i i?2 bii2 Q#b2`p2` M/ i?2 +QMi`QHH2` `2 MQi HQ+i2/ BM i?2
bK2 TH+2c b22 _2K`F 8XkX "2bB/2b- BM Q`/2` 7Q` 7B` +QKT`BbQM rBi? i?2 +QMi`QH
b+?2K2 BM (Rjk)- r?B+? Bb TTHB+#H2 iQ bKHH `M/QK /2Hvb- #Qi? i?2 Q++m``2M+2
T`Q##BHBiB2b Q7 i?2 `M/QK K2bm`2K2Mi T+F2i HQbb2b M/ i?2 +imiBQM T+F2i
HQbb2b `2 bbmK2/ b ౖȢ > 1/2- ౗ Ȣ > 1/2X h?2 BMBiBH +QM/BiBQMb `2 ৘)1* > \ 2 1 1 ^঻ M/
Ƞ > \ 1 1 1 ^঻ X AM Qm` K2i?Q/ r2 b2i ౠ > 1/4 M/ ౱)ো* > 1X h?2 bBKmHiBQM `2bmHib Q7
৘)1*
i?2 bii2 `2bTQMb2b `2 ;Bp2M BM 6B;X 8Xe M/ i?2 "2`MQmHHB b2[m2M+2b ౖ)ো* M/ ౗)ো*
`2 b?QrM BM 6B;X 8XdX b b22M BM 6B;X 8Xe- i?2 P.aJ* /2p2HQT2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2`
H2/b iQ #2ii2` +HQb2/@HQQT i`MbB2Mi `2bTQMb2 +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 ςҋ bii2 722/#+F
T`QTQb2/ BM (Rjk)X LQiB+2 HbQ i?i- bBM+2 ౩ > 1 M/ ౟ > 1 BM U8XRRV M/ UkXRjV- i?2
#QmM/ BM U8XjkV rBHH #2 x2`Q ?2`2X
X `;? S;2 Ry9

(a)
1
Bernoulli sequence
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
(b)
1
Bernoulli sequence
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Samples
6B;m`2 8Xd, "2`MQmHHB b2[m2M+2b V ౖ)ো*- #V ౗)ো* 7Q` 1tKTH2 k
8X8 *QM+HmbBQMb
h?Bb +?Ti2` T`QTQb2b `Q#mbi Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH #v
miBHBxBM; QMHv QmiTmi bB;MHb 7Q` i?2 M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; `M/QK K2bm`BM;
M/ +imiBM; +QMb2+miBp2 T+F2i HQbb2bX q2 ?p2 2tTHQBi2/ "2`MQmHHB `M/QK #BM`v
/Bbi`B#miBQM iQ KQ/2H i?2 +QMb2+miBp2 /i T+F2i /`QTQmibX "2bB/2b- i?2 T`QTQb2/
K2i?Q/- +?B2p2/ rBi? i?2 B/ Q7 M GJA b+?2K2- 7Q`Kb mMB}2/ 7`K2rQ`F 7Q`
i?2 `Q#mbi P.aJ* /2bB;MX 6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi ?b `2/m+2/ i?2 +QMb2`piBbK Q7 i?2
2tBbiBM; K2i?Q/b BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X 6Q` MHvxBM; i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2
/2`Bp2/ +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K- i?2 MQiBQM Q7 2tTQM2MiBHHv K2M b[m`2 bi#BHBiv ?b
#22M miBHBx2/X LmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b ?p2 #22M T`2b2Mi2/ iQ b?Qr i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb Q7
i?2 T`QTQb2/ b+?2K2X
X `;? S;2 Ry8

Sì AAA
aT`b2 aHB/BM; JQ/2 *QMi`QH 7Q`

G`;2 a+H2 L*ab
*?Ti2` e
aT`b2 P#b2`p2`@#b2/ .aJ* 7Q`

L*ab
eXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
aTiBHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb r?B+? 2tTHQBi +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`Fb BM i?2B`

HQQT ?p2 #22M HbQ `2;`/2/ b M2irQ`F2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb UL*aVX liBHBxBM; +2M@
i`HBx2/ +QMi`QH b+?2K2 BM L*ab r?B+? `2[mB`2b i?2 +2Mi`H +QMi`QHH2` iQ ?p2 +@
+2bb iQ i?2 bii2b Q7 HH bm#bvbi2KbǶ THMib Bb MQi T`+iB+H b Bi M22/b H`;2`
M/ KQ`2 +QbiHv +QMi`QH M2irQ`FX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- Hi2`MiBp2Hv- /2+2Mi`HBx2/
Q` /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH `+?Bi2+im`2b ?p2 #22M T`QTQb2/ M/ mb2/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2
(R9R- Rk8- RR- 93)X h?2 ;2M2`H B/2 #2?BM/ i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QH b+?2K2 Bb iQ mb2
QMHv i?2 HQ+H bii2 BM7Q`KiBQM BM Q`/2` iQ +QMi`QH i?2 bm#bvbi2Kb M/ i?mb i?2`2 Bb
MQ +QMi`QH M2irQ`FX h?Bb +M #2 2z2+iBp2 QMHv r?2M i?2 BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb #2ir22M
i?2 bm#bvbi2Kb `2 MQi bi`QM; (Rje- RRR)X q?2M i?2 BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb `2 bi`QM;-
miBHBxBM; i?2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH 7`K2rQ`Fb ?b #22M +QMbB/2`2/ iQ 2Mbm`2 bi#BHBiv
Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K (Ryy)X AM i?Bb biì2;v- 2+? bm#bvbi2K +M 2tTHQBi HQ+H bii2
b r2HH b i?2 bii2 Q7 bQK2 Qi?2` bm#bvbi2KbX >2M+2- +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/
+QMi`QH b+?2K2- i?2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH b+?2K2 +M 2Mbm`2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH
bvbi2K BM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 bi`QM;2` bm#bvbi2K BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb (Rke)X J2MiBK2-
Bi HbQ ?b HQr2` +QKTH2tBiv M/ BKT`Qp2/ +QKTmiiBQMH bT2+ib +QKT`2/ iQ i?2
+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QH b+?2K2X
q?BH2 H`;2 MmK#2` Q7 BMp2biB;iBQMb BM i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb HBi2ìm`2 7Q+mb QM
RyN
*>Sh1_ eX aS_a1 P"a1_o1_@"a1. .aJ* 6P_ L*aa
i?2 MHvbBb Q7 +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 bvbi2Kb- KQ`2 M/ KQ`2 T`+iBbBM; +QMi`QH 2M;BM22`b
BKTH2K2Mi i?2 +QMi`QH Hrb mbBM; KB+`Q@T`Q+2bbQ`b (ke)X h?2 +QMi`QHH2`b +M 2Bi?2`
#2 +``B2/ Qmi 7`QK +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 `2T`2b2MiiBQMb mbBM; 7bi bKTHBM; B/2b- Q` i?2
+QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 +QMi`QHH2`b +M #2 +QMp2ì2/ iQ i?2B` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 `2T`2b2MiiBQMbX
>Qr2p2`- i?2 +?QB+2 Q7 ?B;? bKTHBM; ì2- r?B+? M2`Hv TT`QtBKi2b +QMiBMmQmb@
iBK2- Kv MQi Hrvb #2 TQbbB#H2 (e3)X Hi2`MiBp2Hv- /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 +QMi`QHH2`b +M
#2 /2bB;M2/ /B`2+iHv 7`QK /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 `2T`2b2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 THMiX PM2 i?`2/ Q7
i?2 HBi2ìm`2 /2p2HQTb /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 +QMi`QHH2`b iQ bi#BHBx2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 mM+2ìBM
HBM2` bvbi2Kb rBi? #QmM/2/ mM+2ìBMiB2bX ;`2i /2H Q7 i?2 rQ`F BM i?Bb }2H/
+QMbB/2`2/ bii2@722/#+F +QMi`QH Hrb #b2/ QM GvTmMQp B/2b (ke)X Hi2`MiBp2Hv-
i?2 B/2 Q7 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH U.aJ*V ?b #22M T`QTQb2/ BM i?2
HBi2ìm`2c b22 (e3) 7Q` KQ`2 BM7Q`KiBQM- r?B+? Bb bB;MB}+MiHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK Bib
+QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 +QmMi2`TìX h?2 `2bmHib T`2b2Mi2/ BM 2X;X (e3) /2KQMbiì2 i?i M
TT`QT`Bi2 +?QB+2 Q7 bHB/BM; bm`7+2- mb2/ rBi? i?2 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QH- +M 2Mbm`2
#QmM/2/ KQiBQM #Qmi i?2 bm`7+2 BM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 #QmM/2/ Ki+?2/ mM+2`@
iBMivX LQiB+2 HbQ i?i 7`QK i?Bb pB2rTQBMi- i?2 .aJ* T`Q#H2K +M #2 b22M b
`Q#mbi QTiBKH +QMi`QH T`Q#H2K M/ Bb `2Hi2/ iQ /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GvTmMQp KBM@Kt
T`Q#H2Kb (e3)X h?2 T`Q#H2K Bb iQ b2H2+i- KQM; HH TQbbB#H2 722/#+F +QMi`QHH2`b-
i?2 722/#+F ;BM i?i KBMBKBx2b i?2 rQ`bi +b2 2z2+i Q7 i?2 mM+2ìBMiv QM i?2
GvTmMQp /Bz2`2M+2 7mM+iBQM (e3)X JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QH
Hr +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/ b bQHmiBQM Q7 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GZ_ T`Q#H2K mM/2` i?2 b@
bmKTiBQM Q7 +?2T +QMi`QHc i?i Bb- MQ T2MHiv Bb bbB;M2/ iQ i?2 +QMi`QH 2zQì BM
i?2 +Qbi 7mM+iBQMX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- Km+? Q7 i?2 rQ`F T2`7Q`K2/ QM i?2 /2bB;M
Q7 bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QHH2`fQ#b2`p2` +QMbB/2`2/ biiB+@QmiTmi 722/#+F +QMi`QH
HrbX Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?2 Q#D2+iBp2 Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb iQ 2ti2M/ i?Bb B/2 iQ i?2 }2H/
Q7 .aJ* T`Q#H2KbX
M QmibiM/BM; `2b2`+? BKTH2K2Mi2/ QM i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH UaJ*V ?b
#22M /2+2Mi`HBx2/ aJ* 7Q` i?2 H`;2@b+H2 BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ bvbi2Kbc b22 (Rjy- RjR- N3-
dd) M/ i?2 `272`2M+2b i?2`2BMX 6mì?2`KQ`2- BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 i?2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ aJ*
?b `2+2Bp2/ H2bb ii2MiBQM M/ ?2M+2 Bi `2[mB`2b KQ`2 BMp2biB;iBQMbX h?Bb +?Ti2`
}`biHv 2tTHQ`2b i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2bB;MBM; bT`b2 .aJ* M2irQ`F 7Q` ;Bp2M THMi
M2irQ`F rBi? `#Bi``v iQTQHQ;vX hQ /Q bQ- i?Bb MQi2 +QMbB/2`b T`BQ`B +QMi`QH M2i@
X `;? S;2 RRy

rQ`F iQTQHQ;v r?B+? Bb bm#b2i Q7 mM/2`HvBM; /vMKB+b M2irQ`F M/ T`QpB/2b

K2i?Q/QHQ;v iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2 mM/2`HvBM; /vMKB+b miBHBxBM; UbT`b2V /Bbi`B#mi2/
Q#b2`p2` M/ +QMi`QHH2` M2irQ`FX Ai Bb HbQ bbmK2/ i?i +QKKmMB+iBQM M2irQ`Fb
/Q MQi ?p2 Mv /i T+F2i HQbb- #M/rB/i? HBKBiiBQM- Q` M2irQ`F /2HvbX q2 rBHH
b?Qr i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/ Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ .aJ* ?b i?Bb #BHBiv iQ +Qp2` HH i?2 +b2b
bm+? b 7mHHv /2+2Mi`HBx2/- 7mHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/- M/ bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/ iQTQHQ;B2bX
1tTHQBiBM; bT`b2 bi`m+im`2 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F r?B+? Bb bm#b2i Q7 /vMKB+b
bi`m+im`2 Bb +`m+BH BM i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K 7Q` Up2`vV H`;2 b+H2 bvbi2Kb- 7Q` BMbiM+2-
i?2 bKì ;`B/b (9)X
q?BH2 //`2bbBM; i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2bB;MBM; bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/ Q#b2`p2`@#b2/
.aJ* biì2;v rBi? bbmKBM; T`BQ`B iQTQHQ;v 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F Bb BKTQ`@
iMi- MQi?2` `BbBM; T`Q#H2K rBHH #2 T`QpB/BM; K2i?Q/ iQ }M/ bT`b2 +QMi`QH
M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2X hFBM; #`Q/ HQQF i i?2 Bbbm2- QM2 Kv `2bQì iQ }M/ i?2
bT`b2bi +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` bi`m+im`2- r?B+? Bb M2+2bb`BHv bm#b2i Q7 /vMKB+b M2i@
rQ`F- #mi biBHH +M 2Mbm`2 i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ bvbi2KX h?Bb Bbbm2
?b #22M BMp2biB;i2/ BM 2X;X (dj) BM Q`/2` iQ }M/ i?2 bm#QTiBKH +QMi`QHH2`b i?i
KBMBKBx2 bT2+BH Q#D2+iBp2 7mM+iBQM +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 bT`bBiv Q7 i?2 722/#+F ;BMX
>Qr2p2`- i?Bb Kv `2bmHi BM MQM@+QMp2t +QM/BiBQMX 6mì?2`KQ`2- (Ryy) +QMbB/2`b
i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 }M/BM; i?2 bT`b2bi +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F i?i biBb}2b b2i Q7
bi#BHBiv +QM/BiBQMb- Q#iBM2/ i?`Qm;? GvTmMQp /B`2+i b+?2K2X AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- b
i?2 b2+QM/ bi2T- r2 rBHH b2`+? 7Q` bT`b2 +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 rBi?
i?2 H2bi TQbbB#H2 MmK#2` Q7 HBMFb i?i +M biBb7v i?2 ;Bp2M bi#BHBiv +QM/BiBQMX hQ
i?Bb 2M/- ?2m`BbiB+ Bi2ìBp2 H;Q`Bi?K rBHH #2 T`QTQb2/- /BbiBM;mBb?BM; Bib2H7 7`QK
i`BH@M/@2``Q` T`Q+2bb r?B+? `2[mB`2b iQ +?2+F HH i?2 TQbbB#H2 bi`m+im`2bX
.Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ +QMi`QH biì2;B2b ?p2 #22M 2tTHQBi2/ BM /Bz2`2Mi
}2H/b BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 M/ ?p2 #22M bm++2bb7mHHv BKTH2K2Mi2/ 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi BKbc
b22 2X;X (dk)X h?2 B/2 Q7 mbBM; /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` BM i?2 .aJ* ?b #22M /2p2H@
QT2/ BM (RRN) BM Q`/2` iQ `2/m+2 i?2 mHiBKi2 #QmM/ QM i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K bii2X
>Qr2p2`- i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiQ` BM (RRN) ?b #22M /2bB;M2/ 7Q` i?2 +b2b i?i i?2
bvbi2K bii2b `2 7mHHv pBH#H2 M/ i?2 bvbi2K /Q2b MQi BMpQHp2 mMKi+?2/ mM+2`@
iBMiB2bX 7`K2rQ`F #v 2tTHQBiBM; QmiTmi BM7Q`KiBQM QMHv 7Q` /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 JAJP
bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; mMKi+?2/ 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b M/ rBi?Qmi mMKi+?2/ mM@
X `;? S;2 RRR

+2ìBMiB2b ?b #22M T`QTQb2/ BM (Rd)X AM/22/- i?2 B/2 Bb iQ mb2 M BMi2;`H i2`K
Q7 i?2 2biBKiBQM QmiTmi 2``Q`- BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 r2HH@FMQrM Gm2M#2`;2` Q#b2`p2`
r?B+? Q#b2`p2b i?2 bvbi2K bii2 rBi? T`QTQìBQMH HQQT- iQ KF2 KQ`2 /2;`22b Q7
7`22/QKX h?Bb Kii2` Bb `272``2/ iQ b T`QTQìBQMH BMi2;`H Q#b2`p2` USAPV BM i?2
HBi2ìm`2 (Rd)X h?2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ QmiTmi 722/#+F .aJ* UP.aJ*V- T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb
+?Ti2`- miBHBx2b /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2` BM Q`/2` iQ /2H rBi? i?2 BM~m2M+2b Q7 i?2
2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b QM i?2 #QmM/`v Hv2` i?B+FM2bbX h?Bb bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/
P.aJ* Bb /2bB;M2/ #v K2Mb Q7 M GJA b+?2K2X
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb b 7QHHQrbX a2+iBQM eXk /2b+`B#2b i?2 T`Q#H2K 7Q`Km@
HiBQM M/ T`2HBKBM`B2bX a2+iBQM eXj T`2b2Mib i?2 bT`b2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ bHB/BM; KQ/2
+QMi`QH M/ i?2 bT`b2 7mHH@Q`/2` Q#b2`p2`X a2+iBQM eX9 b?Qrb i?2 GJA@#b2/ Gv@
TmMQp bi#BHBiv b+?2K2 miBHBx2/ 7Q` i?2 /2bB;M Q7 `Q#mbi bHB/BM; bm`7+2- bii2 M/
/Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2` ;BMb +QM+m``2MiHvX a2+iBQM eX8 2tTHQ`2b +QMi`QH M2irQ`F
bi`m+im`2 rBi? i?2 KBMBKmK MmK#2` Q7 HBMFb i?i biBb7v i?2 GJA bi#BHBiv +QM/B@
iBQM /2`Bp2/ BM a2+iBQM eX9X 1z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ bT`b2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ P.aJ*
Bb bim/B2/ #v MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b BM a2+iBQM eXeX 6BMHHv- a2+iBQM eXd +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb
+?Ti2`X
eXk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM M/ S`2HBKBM`B2b
*QMbB/2` H`;2 b+H2 M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2K +QMbBbiBM; Q7 υ bm#@bvbi2Kb,
֦ ৘৉ )ো , 2* > \ন৉৉ , ɶন৉৉ )ো*^৘৉ )ো* , ঩৉ \৕৉ )ো* , ে৉ )ো*^

֩ υ
֩
֧ , า \ন৉৊ , ɶন৉৊ )ো*^৘৊ )ো*- UeXRV
֩ ৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉
֩ ৙ )ো* > প ৘ )ো*- ৉ > 2- ՜ - υ-
֨ ৉ ৉ ৉
r?2`2 ৘৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ - ৙৉ ѵ ϓ৐৉ M/ ৕৉ ѵ ϓ্৉ `2 i?2 bii2 p2+iQ`- QmiTmi p2+iQ` M/ +QMi`QH
BMTmi p2+iQ` Q7 i?2 ৉@i? bm#@bvbi2K- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 Ki`B+2b BM UkXRV `2 +QMbiMi
M/ Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMbX qBi?Qmi HQbb Q7 ;2M2`HBiv- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i ্৉ ӑ
৐৉ ӑ ৎ৉ - `MF)঩৉ * > ্৉ - `MF)প৉ * > ৐৉ X h?2 i2`K ɶন৉৉ )ো* /2MQi2b i?2 mM+2ìBMiv
Q7 ৉@i? bm#@bvbi2K M/ Ѿυ৊>2 ন৉৊ ৘৊ )ো*- Ѿυ৊>2 ɶন৉৊ )ো*৘৊ )ো* `2- `2bT2+iBp2Hv- FMQrM
৊Ӎ৉ ৊Ӎ৉
X `;? S;2 RRk

BMi2`+QMM2+iBQM M/ M mM+2ìBM BMi2`+QMM2+iBQM Q7 i?2 ৉@i? bm#@bvbi2KX q2 HbQ

bbmK2
ɶন৉৊ )ো* > ঴৉৊ হ৉৊ )ো*঵৉৊ - UeXkV
r?2`2 ঴৉৊ M/ ঵৉৊ `2 FMQrM Ki`B+2b M/ হ৉৊ )ো* Bb M mMFMQrM iBK2 p`vBM; K@
i`Bt biBb7vBM; হ঻৉৊ )ো*হ৉৊ )ো* ӑ রX ে৉ )ো* Bb i?2 Ki+?2/ 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2b Q7 i?2
৉@i? bm#@bvbi2K rBi? FMQrM #QmM/X
LQiB+2 i?i mMHBF2 i?2 KQbi Q7 i?2 HBi2ìm`2 Q7 aJ* i?i +QMbB/2`b i?2 bvbi2Kb
BMpQHpBM; T2ìm`#iBQMb biBb7vBM; Ki+?BM; +QM/BiBQMX AM Q`/2` iQ KF2 i?2 T`Q#@
H2K +HQb2` iQ T`+iB+H +b2b M/ BKT`Qp2 i?2 ;2M2`HBiv Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` bvMi?2bBb
T`Q#H2K- BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- r2 bim/v i?2 bvbi2Kb BMpQHpBM; KBbKi+?2/ mM+2ìBMiB2bX
AM/22/- i?2 brBi+?BM; bm`7+2 /2bB;M T`Q#H2K- M/ 7mì?2`- i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 bvMi?2bBx@
BM; i?2 HBM2` Tì Q7 i?2 aJ* +M #2 bQHp2/ pB GJA K2i?Q/b bm+? i?i i?2 Q#iBM2/
HBM2` +QMi`QHH2`- BM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 MQM@pMBb?BM; Ki+?2/ 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b-
+M [m/ìB+HHv bi#BHBx2 i?2 bvbi2K 7Q` HH /KBbbB#H2 KBbKi+?2/ MQ`K@#QmM/2/
iBK2@p`vBM; mM+2ìBMiB2bX
.2}M2
৘)ো* Ӂ +QH)৘৉ )ো**υ৉>2 - ৕)ো* Ӂ +QH)৕৉ )ো**υ৉>2 -
UeXjV
৙)ো* Ӂ +QH)৙৉ )ো**υ৉>2 - ে )ো* Ӂ +QH)ে৉ )ো**υ৉>2 -
M/
ন Ӂ \ন৉৊ ^υ·υ - ɶন)ো* Ӂ \ɶন৉৊ )ো*^υ·υ -
UeX9V
঩ Ӂ /B;\঩৉ ^υ৉>2 - প Ӂ /B;\প৉ ^υ৉>2 /
"2bB/2b- i?2 mM+2ìBMiv Ki`Bt 7Q` Qp2`HH bvbi2K +M #2 `2``M;2/ b,
υ
ɶন)ো* > UeX8V
า ঴৉ হ৉ )ো*঵৉ -
৉>2
BM r?B+?
֦
֩ ঴৉৊ B7 ৒ > ৉-
৉ ৉
঴৉ >\঴৒৊ ^υ·υ - ঴৒৊ >֧
֨ 1
֩ Qi?2`rBb2-
হ৉ )ো* >/B;)হ৉2 )ো*- ՜ - হ৉υ )ো**-
঵৉ >/B;)঵৉2 - ՜ - ঵৉υ */
X `;? S;2 RRj

lbBM; UeXRV- UeXjV M/ UeX9V- i?2 bvbi2K BM UeXRV i M2irQ`F H2p2H +M #2 r`Bii2M
֦
֩ ৘)ো , 2* > \ন , ɶন)ো*^৘)ো* , ঩\৕)ো* , ে )ো*^
֧ UeXeV
֨ ৙)ো* > প৘)ো*/
֩
LQi2 i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ Bb MQi `2bi`B+iBp2 iQ i?Bb B/2H bvbi2K- #mi +M #2
`2/BHv 2ti2M/2/ iQ 2X;X i?2 bvbi2K rBi? iBK2@/2Hv M/ T+F;2 HQbb2bc b22 (e) 7Q`
Qm` `2H2pMi rQ`F BM i?2 bK2 .aJ* 7`K2rQ`FX
eXkXR S`2HBKBM`B2b
.2}MBiBQM eXR Ki`Bt Bb bB/ iQ #2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt B7 Bib 2H2K2Mib `2 2Bi?2`
y Q` RX h?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt Q7 #HQ+F Ki`Bt ী > \ী৉৊ ^υ·υ rBi? ী৉৊ ѵ ϓ৒৉ ·৓৊ Bb
଎)ী * Ӊ \৓৉৊ ^υ·υ rBi?
֦
֩ 1 B7 ী৉৊ > 1- ৉ Ӎ ৊
৓৉৊ > ֧
֨ 2
֩ Qi?2`rBb2/
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt /2}M2/ #Qp2 Bb bQK2r?i bBKBH` iQ i?2 r2HH@FMQrM
/D+2M+v Ki`Bt BM ;`T? i?2Q`vc b22 (9y)X >Qr2p2`- mMHBF2 i?2 /D+2M+v Ki`Bt-
i?2 /B;QMH 2Mi`B2b BM i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt rBHH #2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 2X
.2}MBiBQM eXk hrQ Ki`B+2b ী2 M/ ী3 `2 bB/ iQ ?p2 i?2 bK2 bi`m+im`2 B7
଎)ী2 * > ଎)ী3 *X
.2}MBiBQM eXj h?2 Ki`Bt ী2 rBi? ଎)ী2 * Ӊ \৓2৉৊ ^υ·υ Bb bB/ iQ #2 bi`m+im`HHv bm#b2i
Q7 ী3 rBi? ଎)ী3 * Ӊ \৓3৉৊ ^υ·υ r?BH2 ৓3৉৊ ѿ ৓2৉৊ Ӓ 1X q2 /2MQi2 i?Bb b ଎)ী2 * ӳ ଎)ী3 *X
/B;\াȢ ৉ ^υ৉>2 /B;\াȠ ৉ ^υ৉>2

G2KK eXR *QMbB/2` 1 = া > ঻ ѵ ϓ)্,ৎ*·)্,ৎ* - rBi? াȢ ৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·ৎ৉ - াȡ ৉ ѵ
ຒ /B;\াȠ ৉ ^υ৉>2 /B;\াȡ ৉ ^υ৉>2 ຓ
ϓ্৉ ·্৉ - াȠ ৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·্৉ X q2 ?p2
଎)া * > ଎)া ѿ2 */
ɺ ɺ3
S`QQ7, aBM+2 া > ๢ ɺ঻2 ɺ4 ๣ ? 1- Bi Bb FMQrM i?i া ѿ2 ? 1X amTTQb2
3
֠ ɺȢ 2 ɺȢ 3 ֣
া ѿ2 > ֡ ֤/
֡ɺȢ ঻ ɺȢ ֤
֢ 3 4֥
X `;? S;2 RR9

Ai Bb i?2M 2bv iQ b?Qr i?i (N9)
ɺȢ 2 >)ɺ2 ѿ ɺ3 ɺѿ2 ঻ ѿ2
4 ɺ3 * -
ɺȢ 4 >)ɺ4 ѿ ɺ঻3 ɺѿ2 ѿ2

2 ɺ3 * -
ɺȢ 3 > ѿ ɺѿ2 ঻ ѿ2 ѿ2
2 ɺ3 )ɺ4 ѿ ɺ3 ɺ2 ɺ3 * -
`2 #HQ+F@/B;QMH Ki`B+2b M/ i?mb ଎)া * > ଎)া ѿ2 *X LQiB+2 i?i ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2
a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi ɺ2 ѿ ɺ3 ɺѿ2 ঻ ঻ ѿ2
4 ɺ3 M/ ɺ4 ѿ ɺ3 ɺ2 ɺ3 `2 BMp2ìB#H2X
G2KK eXk *QMbB/2` i?2 Ki`Bt 1 = া ѵ ϓ)্,ৎ*·)্,ৎ* ;Bp2M BM G2KK eXR- 7Q`
ী ঱
Mv ী > ๢ ী23 ๣- r?2`2 ী2 ѵ ϓৎ·৐ M/ ী3 ѵ ϓ্·৐ - r?BH2 ๢ ঱23 ๣ > া ѿ2 ী M/ ଎)ী2 * ӳ ɵ-
଎)ী3 * ӳ ɵ r2 ?p2
଎)঱2 * ӳ ɵ-
଎)঱3 * ӳ ɵ/
S`QQ7, .m2 iQ i?2 bBKTHB+Biv- r2 QKBi i?2 T`QQ7 ?2`2X
.2}MBiBQM eX9 h?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K UeXeV Bb bB/ iQ #2 bi`m+im`HHv +QMi`QHH#H2 rBi?
`2bT2+i iQ i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ B7 i?2`2 2tBbib ল > \ল৉৊ ^υ·υ rBi? ଎)ল* ӳ ɵ
bm+? i?i i?2 KQ/2b Q7 ন ѿ ঩ল `2 `#Bi``BHv bbB;M#H2X
.2}MBiBQM eX8 h?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K UeXeV Bb bB/ iQ #2 bi`m+im`HHv Q#b2`p#H2 rBi?
`2bT2+i iQ i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ B7 i?2`2 2tBbib ঳ > \঳৉৊ ^υ·υ rBi? ଎)঳* ӳ ɵ
bm+? i?i ɵ ҅ ন ѿ ঳প Bb >m`rBix- r?2`2 ɵ ҅ ন > \ౘ৉৊ ন৉৊ ^υ·υ X
bbmKTiBQM eXR h?2 Ki`Bt i`BTH2 Uন- ঩- পV BM UeXeV Bb bi`m+im`HHv +QMi`QHH#H2

M/ Q#b2`p#H2 rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 ;Bp2M bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ X
h?2 7QHHQrBM; bbmKTiBQM M/ H2KKb `2 `2[mB`2/ BM i?2 b2[m2H Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`X
bbmKTiBQM eXk U(Rd)V h?2 Ki`B+2b ন- ঩ M/ প BM i?2 bvbi2K UeXeV M/ i?2
bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ biBb7v
֚֠ɵ ҅ ন ѿ রৎ ঩ ֣֝
`MF ֛֡ ֤֞ > ৎ , ্/
֛֡ প 1 ֤֥֞
֢֜ ֟
X `;? S;2 RR8

LQiB+2 i?i i?2 #Qp2 bbmKTiBQM Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ MQi ?pBM; i`MbKBbbBQM x2`Q i
RX
bbmKTiBQM eXj h?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে৉ )ো* BM UeXRV biBb}2b i?2 GBTb+?Bix
+QMiBMmBiv +QM/BiBQM,
อে৉ȡ )ো*อ ӑ ঳ȡ ৉ ঻৓ - ѭো Ӓ 1- UeXdV
r?2`2 ে৉ȡ )ো* > ে৉ )ো* ѿ ে৉ )ো ѿ 2*- ঳ȡ ৉ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 GBTb+?Bix +QMbiMi M/ ঻৓ Bb i?2
bKTHBM; iBK2X
>2`2- Bi Bb bmTTQb2/ i?i ঳ȡ ৉ Bb bKHHX hQ i?Bb 2M/- i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 /Bb+`2i2
bB;MH T`Q+2bbBM; bvbi2K Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 H`;2 2MQm;? +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 KtBKmK
7`2[m2M+v +QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2 ে৉ )ো*X
eXkXk aii2 M/ /Bbim`#M+2 Q#b2`p2`
Ai Bb bbmK2/ BM i?Bb MQi2 i?i bQK2 //BiBQMH bii2 2biBKi2b 7`QK Qi?2` bm#bvbi2Kb
`2 miBHBx2/ iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH HQQTX h?Bb B/2 Bb /Bz2`2Mi
7`QK i?2 Tm`2Hv /2+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QHH2` M/ rBHH H2/ iQ TìBHHv /2+2Mi`HBx2/ Q`
/Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH bi`m+im`2X AM i?Bb MQi2- r2 mb2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2biBKiBQM b+?2K2
iQ T`QpB/2 i?2 ৉@i? HQ+H +QMi`QHH2` #v i?2 bvbi2K bii2 BM7Q`KiBQM M/ /Bbim`#M+2
2biBKi2-
৊>υ
֦ ৘Ƞ )ো , 2* > ন ৘Ƞ )ো* , ঩ ৕ )ো* , Ѿ ౘ ন ৘Ƞ )ো*
֩ ৉ ৉৉ ৉ ৉ ৉ ৉৊ ৉৊ ৊
֩ ৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉
৊>υ
֩
֩ , Ѿ ౘ৉৊ ঳৉৊ \৙৊ )ো* ѿ ৙৊Ƞ )ো*^ , ঩৉ ে৉Ƞ )ো*
֧ ৊>2 UeX3V
৊>υ
֩ Ƞ Ƞ
֩ ে৉ )ো , 2* > ে৉ )ো* , Ѿ ౘ৉৊ ফ৉৊ \৙৊ )ো* ѿ ৙৊Ƞ )ো*^
֩ ৊>2
֩ ৙ Ƞ )ো* > প ৘Ƞ )ো*-
֨ ৉ ৉ ৉
r?2`2 ৘Ƞ৉ )ো* ѵ ϓৎ৉ Bb i?2 bii2 2biBKi2 Q7 i?2 ৉@i? bm#@bvbi2K BM UkXRV- ৙৉Ƞ )ো* ѵ ϓ৐৉ Bb
i?2 Q#b2`p2` QmiTmi- ঳৉৊ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·৐৊ M/ ফ৉৊ ѵ ϓ্৉ ·৐৊ `2 i?2 HQ+H Q#b2`p2` ;BMb 7Q`
i?2 bii2 M/ /Bbim`#M+2 `2bT2+iBp2HvX >2`2 ౘ৉৊ /2MQi2b i?2 pBH#BHBiv Q7 +QKKmMB@
+iBQM HBMFb KQM; bm#bvbi2Kb BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` M/ Q#b2`p2` /2bB;M- i?i Bb- ౘ৉৊ > 2
B7 ৉৊@i? HBMF 2tBbib BM i?2 +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F M/ ౘ৉৊ > 1 Qi?2`rBb2X h?2M i?2
X `;? S;2 RRe

Qp2`HH 2biBKiQ` Bb
֦ Ƞ
֩ ৘)ো
Ƞ , 2* > ɵ ҅ ন৘)ো*
Ƞ , ঩৕)ো* , ঳৓ \৙)ো* ѿ ৙)ো*^
Ƞ , ঩ ে )ো*
֩ Ƞ Ƞ , ফ৓ \৙)ো* ѿ ৙)ো*^
֧ ে )ো , 2* > ে )ো* Ƞ UeXNV
֩
֩
֨ ৙)ো*
Ƞ > প ৘)ো*-
Ƞ
r?2`2 ঳৓ ң> ɵ ҅ ঳ rBi? ঳ > \঳৉৊ ^υ·υ - ফ৓ ң> ɵ ҅ ফ rBi? ফ > \ফ৉৊ ^υ·υ M/ ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ X
eXj aTiBHHv .2+2Mi`HBx2/ aHB/BM; JQ/2 *QMi`QH
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; HBM2` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM
౨)ো* > ঺৘)ো*- UeXRyV
r?2`2 ౨)ো* ң> +QH)౨৉ )ো**υ৉>2 M/ i?2 #HQ+F /B;QMH Ki`Bt ঺ ң> /B;\঺৉ ^υ৉>2 rBHH #2
/2bB;M2/ Hi2` bm+? i?i ঺঩ Bb MQMbBM;mH`X
.m`BM; i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; KQiBQM i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM biBb}2b,
౨)ো* > 1- ѭো ? ো৓ - UeXRRV
r?2`2 ো৓ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 iBK2 i?i bHB/BM; KQiBQM biìbX PM2 Kv Q#iBM 7`QK UeXeV
M/ UeXRyV i?i
౨)ো , 2* > ঺\ন , ɶন^৘)ো* , ঺঩\৕)ো* , ে )ো*^/ UeXRkV
_2K`F eXR [m2biBQM r?B+? rQmH/ #2 `Bb2M ?2`2 Bb i?i r?v i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM
UeXRyV Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 BM i?2 bii2 bT+2 ì?2` i?M bii2 2biBKi2 bT+2 Q` 2biB@
KiBQM 2``Q` bT+2- r?BH2 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K QmiTmi ৙)ো* Bb QMHv pBH#H2X AM 7+i-
bBM+2 i?Bb bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM rQmH/ MQi #2 mb2/ BM i?2 p`B#H2 bi`m+im`2 /Bb+QMiBMmQmb
+QKTQM2Mi Q7 i?2 P.aJ*- i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 Bb MQi `2[mB`2/ iQ #2 /2bB;M2/ #v miB@
HBxBM; FMQrM BM7Q`KiBQM Q7 i?2 bvbi2KX AMbi2/- Bi Bb QMHv `2[mB`2/ iQ #2 2Mbm`2/
i?i i?2 bvbi2K bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b +QmH/ #2 bi22`2/ BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2
bHB/BM; bm`7+2 M/ #2 F2Ti i?2`2 i?2`27i2`X h?Bb +M #bB+HHv #2 `2;`/2/ b i?2
X `;? S;2 RRd

F2v 72im`2 Q7 i?2 P.aJ* T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb MQi2 7Q` L*abX h?Bb +M HbQ H2/ iQ
+QMbB/2`#H2 2ti2MbBQM iQ i?2 TTHB+#H2 `2;BQM Q7 i?2 7`K2rQ`F ;Bp2M BM i?Bb +?Ti2`
+QKT`2/ iQ i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 7Q` i?2 +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 +QmMi2`TìX h?2 bK2
KMM2` +M #2 b22M BM (e3) 7Q` i?2 biiB+ P.aJ*X
h?2 +QMi`QHH2` Bb bbmK2/ iQ ?p2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; bi`m+im`2,
৕৉ )ো* > ѿ)঺৉ ঩৉ *ѿ2 \)঺৉ ন৉৉ ѿ ʇ৉ ঺৉ *৘Ƞ৉ )ো* UeXRjV

৊>υ
, ঺৉ า ౘ৉৊ ন৉৊ ৘Ƞ৊ )ো*^ ѿ ে৉Ƞ )ো*-
৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉
r?2`2 ʇ৉ ѵ ϓ্৉ ·্৉ Bb bi#H2 Ki`Bt M/ BKb iQ ;Qp2`M i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2 ì2 Q7 i?2
bii2 /`Bp2M BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2X >2`2- bBKBH` iQ
(k8)- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i ʇ৉ > ౠ৉ র্৉ - r?2`2 1 ӑ ౠ৉ = 2 Bb ;Bp2M +QMbiMi pHm2X PrBM;
iQ i?2 bT2+BH 7Q`K Q7 ʇ৉ - Bi +M +QKKmi2 rBi? ঺৉ M/ i?2M i?2 +QMi`QH Hr ৕৉ )ো* BM
UeXRjV +M #2 r`Bii2M b
৊>υ
ౠ
৕৉ )ো* > ѿ)঺৉ ঩৉ *ѿ2
঺৉ \ন৉৉৉ ৘Ƞ৉ )ো* , Ƞ
า ౘ৉৊ ন৉৊ ৘Ƞ৊ )ো*^ ѿ ে৉ )ো*- UeXR9V
৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉
ౠ
r?2`2 ন৉৉৉ > ন৉৉ ѿ ౠ৉ রৎ৉ X h?2M i?2 +QKT+i +QMi`QH Hr Bb
৕)ো* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ɵ ҅ নౠ *৘)ো* Ƞ

Ƞ ѿ ে )ো*- UeXR8V
r?2`2 নౠ > ন ѿ /B;\ౠ৉ রৎ৉ ^υ৉>2 X Ai Bb rQì? K2MiBQMBM; i?i- `272``BM; iQ 2X;X (e3- RRN-
Rd)- i?2 .aJ* /Q2b MQi M2+2bb`BHv `2[mB`2 brBi+?BM; +QKTQM2Mi M/ i?2 HBM2` Tì
BM UeXR8V H2/b iQ #QmM/`v Hv2` rBi? i?B+FM2bb শ)঻৓ *X "v T`QT2` +QMbB/2ìBQM
Q7 i?2 bKTHBM; T?2MQK2MQM BM i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH /2bB;M- i?2
#QmM/`v Hv2` i?B+FM2bb +M #2 `2/m+2/ iQ শ)঻৓3 * (Rd)X JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM
UeXR8V Bb BM/22/ #b2/ QM i?2 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QH- #v `2KQpBM; mMFMQrM mM+2ìBMiv
i2`Kb M/ iFBM; BMiQ ++QmMi i?2 bi`m+im`2 +QMbi`BMiX h?2 `2KQp2/ i2`Kb +M #2
iF2M +`2 Q7 #v `Q#mbi +QMi`QH i2+?MB[m2bX
_2K`F eXk qBi? /Bz2`2Mi bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ- i?2 #Qp2 +QMi`QHH2` M/ i?2 Q#@
b2`p2` BM UeXNV +M 2tTHBM p`BQmb iQTQHQ;B2bX h?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QH biì2;v
X `;? S;2 RR3

֦
֩ 2 B7 ৉ > ৊
+M #2 Q#iBM2/ #v ౘ৉৊ > ֧ r?B+? K2Mb i?i i?2 HQ+H +QMi`QHH2`b mb2
֩
֨ 1 Qi?2`rBb2
QMHv HQ+H bii2 BM7Q`KiBQM iQ +QMi`QH i?2 ;Bp2M bm#bvbi2KX AM i?Bb +b2- i?2`2 Bb
MQ +QMi`QH M2irQ`F BM i?2 bvbi2KX q?2M ɵ > ଎)ন*- r?B+? K2Mb i?i r2 Kv ?p2
7mHHv /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K- r?2`2 2+? bm#bvbi2K mb2b Bib QrM bii2 b r2HH
b i?2 bii2b Q7 HH Qi?2` T?vbB+HHv +QmTH2/ bm#bvbi2KbX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 +QMi`QH
M2irQ`F Bb bi`m+im`HHv bK2 b i?2 THMi M2irQ`FX b i?2 i?B`/ Hi2`MiBp2- i?2
bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ +M ;2M2ì2 KB//H2@Q7@i?2@`Q/ bQHmiBQM- #2ir22M 7mHHv /Bb@
i`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH TT`Q+?2b M/ /2+2Mi`HBx2/ QM2b- `2;`/2/ b bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/
+QMi`QH bvbi2KbX h?Bb +QmH/ #2 #2M2}+BH r?2M bQK2 +QMbi`BMib QM +QKKmMB+iBQM
`2[mB`2K2Mib #2ir22M HQ+H +QMi`QHH2`b 2tBbi M/ ?2M+2 i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F +QmH/ MQi
?p2 i?2 bK2 bi`m+im`2 b i?2 THMi M2irQ`FX
_2K`F eXj h?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 rBHH Hrvb #2 bm#b2i Q7 i?2 THMi
M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- B7 ন৉৊ > 1 Ubm#@bvbi2K ৊ /Q2b MQi BM~m2M+2 ৉@i?
bm#@bvbi2KV- i?2M ౘ৉৊ > 1X
.2}M2 i?2 Qp2`HH bii2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` b
৆)ো* ң> ৘)ো* ѿ ৘)ো*-

Ƞ UeXReV
M/ /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKiBQM 2``Q` b
Ƞ
৆ে )ো* ң> ে )ো* ѿ ে )ো*/ UeXRdV
h?2 Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K Bb Q#iBM2/ #v TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UeXR8V iQ UeXeV
M/ mbBM; UeXReV- UeXRdV M/ UeXNV- b
֦
֩ ৘)ো , 2* > )ন , ɶন ѿ নɵ-ౠȠ *৘)ো* , ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ \ ɵ҅নౠ ঩ ^ ৆৔ )ো*
֧ UeXR3V
Ȣ , 2*-
ন,ɶনѿɵ҅ন ৘)ো* , )ন ѿ ঳ প *৆ )ো* , ে )ো
֨ ৆৔ )ো , 2* > พ
֩ 1 ฟ ৔ ৔ ৔ ৔
Ȣ , 2* > ȡ 1
Ƞ > ঩)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ɵ ҅ নౠ *- ে )ো
r?2`2 নɵ-ౠ ȡ ȡ υ
๢ ে )ো,2* ๣ rBi? ে )ো* > +QH)ে৉ )ো**৉>2 - ৆৔ )ো* >
৆)ো* ɵ҅ন ঩ υ ঳৓
๢ ৆ে )ো* ๣- ন৔ > พ 1 র্ ฟ rBi? ্ > Ѿ৉>2 ্৉ - ঳৔ > ๢ ফ৓ ๣ M/ প৔ > \ প 1 ^X
X `;? S;2 RRN

G2KK eXj U(Rd)V A7 i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uɵ ҅ ন- পV Bb Q#b2`p#H2 M/ Uɵ ҅ ন- ঩ পV

biBb}2b i?2 `MF +QM/BiBQM BM bbmKTiBQM eXk- i?2M i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uন৔ - প৔ V Bb
Q#b2`p#H2X
HbQ- Bi +M bBKTHv #2 7QmM/ i?i
౨)ো , 2* >঺)ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ *৘)ো* , ঺ \ ɵ҅নౠ ঩ ^ ৆৔ )ো*/ UeXRNV
eX9 ai#BHBiv MHvbBb
AM i?2 +b2 Q7 TTHvBM; .aJ* iQ i?2 bvbi2K BMpQHpBM; 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2b- Bi

+M QMHv 2Mbm`2 i?2 bii2 i`D2+iQ`B2b iQ #2 /`Bp2M BMiQ #QmM/`v Hv2` `QmM/
i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ౨)ো* > 1X h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb BM/22/ `2;`/2/ b i?2 [mbB bHB/BM;
KQ/2 UZaJV BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K +QMbB/2`b K2i?Q/ iQ M@
Hvx2 bBKmHiM2QmbHv i?2 `2+?#BHiBv Q7 ZaJ M/ i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2b
miBHBxBM; /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 GvTmMQp bi#BHBiv K2i?Q/- BM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 2tQ;2MQmb
/Bbim`#M+2bX h?2 +?`+i2`BxiBQM Q7 i?2 #QmM/b QM i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2b
M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMǶb #QmM/`v Hv2` `2 T`2b2Mi2/ b2Tì2Hv Hi2` BM h?2Q`2K eXkX
6mì?2`KQ`2- b h?2Q`2K eXk M22/b iQ /2`Bp2 i?2 +`Qbb i2`Kb #2ir22M i?2 bvbi2K
Ȣ , 2*- BM Q`/2` iQ pQB/ mMM2+2bb`v
bii2 UbHB/BM; 7mM+iBQMV M/ i?2 +QKTQM2Mib ে )ো
`2T2iBiBQM Q7 i?2 i2+?MB+H KMBTmHiBQMb- r2 rBHH biì i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K eXR KQ`2
Ƞ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`V
;2M2`HHv UrBi? i?2 2ti2`MH /Bbim`#M+2 M/ i?2 +QKTQM2Mi ে )ো*
ȡ > 1- M/ i?mb- ে )ো
7Q` i?2 bF2 Q7 h?2Q`2K eXkX q2 i?2M H2i ে )ো* > 1- ে )ো* Ȣ , 2* > 1 iQ
/2`Bp2 i?2 GJA +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 bi#BHBiv MHvbBb- M/ +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` bvMi?2bBbX
h?2Q`2K eXR AM i?2 #b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- i?2 HBM2` Tì Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH
Hr UeXR8V +M /`Bp2 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 QMiQ i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 UeXRyV- M/ i?2
bvbi2K bii2 Bb bi#BHBx2/- B7 i?2`2 2tBbi Ki`B+2b ষ > /B;\ষ৉ ^υ৉>2 - rBi? 1 = ষ৉ ң>
ষ৉22 1 /B;\সȢ ৉ ^υ৉>2 /B;\সȠ ৉ ^υ৉>2
়৉঻ พ 1 ষ৉33 ฟ়৉ - ষ৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·ৎ৉ - স > ঻ ? 1- rBi? সȢ ৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·ৎ৉ - সȡ ৉ ѵ
ຒ /B;\সȠ ৉ ^υ৉>2
/B;\সȡ ৉ ^υ৉>2 ຓ
ɵ҅ি঳
ϓ্৉ ·্৉ - সȠ ৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·্৉ - ি2 - ি3 M/ ি4 > ๢ ɵ҅িফ ๣- rBi? ি঳ ѵ ϓৎ·৐ - িফ ѵ ϓ্·৐ - M/
X `;? S;2 Rky

b+H`b ౰৉৊ ? 1- ৉ > 2- ՜ - υ- ৊ > 2- ՜ - υ- M/ ౴ ? 1 biBb7vBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA-
֠ ౬22
Ȫ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ౬33
Ȣ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ঻ ঻ ঻
֤
֡ ҇3঩ ষ )ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ * ҇3঩ ষ \ ɵ҅নౠ ঩ ^ ѿ঩ ষ ঩ Գ Գ Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ স พ নѿɵ҅ন
1 ฟ সন৔ ѿ ি4 প৔ 1 ѿস Գ Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ষ ন , ঩ি2 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ঩ি3 1 1 1 1 ѿষ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 ҇3঴2঻ ষ ঩ ঻
พ ঴2 1 ฟ স ঴2঻ ষ 1 ѿʆ2 ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՞ ՛ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 ҇3঴υ঻ ষ ঩ ঻
พ ঴υ 1 ฟ স ঴υ঻ ষ 1 1 ՜ ѿʆυ ֥
UeXkyV
r?2`2 1 = ষ৉22 ѵ ϓ্৉ ·্৉ - 1 = ষ৉33 ѵ ϓ)ৎ৉ ѿ্৉ *·)ৎ৉ ѿ্৉ * M/ ়৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ ·ৎ৉ Bb /2}M2/ BM
Ȫ > ѿষ , ি3঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ি3 , ౴র , Ѿυ৉>2 ʆ৉ ঵৉঻ ঵৉ - rBi? ʆ৉ > /B;\౰৉৊ রৎ৊ ^υ৊>2 -
G2KK jXR- ౬22
౬33
Ȣ > ѿস,౴র- ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ Bb ;Bp2M bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt M/ |Գ~ /2MQi2b i?2 bvKK2i`B+
2H2K2Mib BM bvKK2i`B+ Ki`BtX >2`2 ঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ M/ i?2 Q#b2`p2` ;BM Bb
঳৔ > সѿ2 ি4 / UeXkRV
S`QQ7, .2}M2
ঽ )౛)ো** >৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* , ৆঻৔ )ো*স৆৔ )ো* , ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*- UeXkkV
r?2`2 ౛)ো* > พ ৘঻ )ো* ৆঻৔ )ো* ౨ ঻ )ো* ฟ঻ - ষ ? 1 M/ স ? 1 `2 bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b M/
঺ > ঩ ঻ ষ X LQi2 i?i i?2 BM+HmbBQM Q7 #Qi? bii2 ৘)ো* M/ bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM ౨)ো*
BM i?2 GvTmMQp +M/B/i2 7mM+iBQM KF2b Bi TQbbB#H2 iQ MHvx2 bBKmHiM2QmbHv i?2
`2+?#BHiBv Q7 ZaJ b r2HH b i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQM- b rBHH #2 b22M Hi2` BM i?2 T`QQ7 Q7 h?2Q`2K eXkX h?mb- Bi +M #2 r`Bii2M
ɶঽ )౛)ো** Ӊ ঽ )౛)ো , 2** ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** UeXkjV
>৘঻ )ো , 2*ষ ৘)ো , 2* , ৆঻৔ )ো , 2*স৆৔ )ো , 2*
, ౨ ঻ )ো , 2*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো , 2* ѿ ৘঻ )ো*ষ ৘)ো* ѿ ৆঻৔ )ো*স৆৔ )ো*
ѿ ౨ ঻ )ো*)঺঩*ѿ2 ౨)ো*/
X `;? S;2 RkR

঻
.2}MBM; ౵ > พ ৘঻ )ো* ৆঻৔ )ো* ে )ো,2*
Ȣ
ฟ - UeXkjV +M #2 `2``M;2/ b,
ɶঽ )౛)ো** > ౵ ঻ )ো* พ౬৉৊ ฟ4·4 ౵)ো*- UeXk9V
r?2`2
౬22 >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ
ѿ ষ , 3)ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ *঻ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ )ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ *

঻
֠ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ ֣ ֠ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ ֣
,֡ ֤ স֡ ֤-
֡ 1 ֤ ֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
౬23 >3)ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ *঻ ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ๢ɵ ҅ নౠ ঩ ๣
঻
֠ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ ֣
,֡ ֤ স)ন৔ ѿ ঳৔ প৔ *-
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
঻
֠ɶন , ন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ ֣
౬24 > ֡ ֤ স-
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
঻
౬33 >3 ๢ɵ ҅ নౠ ঩ ๣ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ๢ɵ ҅ নౠ ঩ ๣ , )ন৔ ѿ ঳৔ প৔ *঻ স)ন৔ ѿ ঳৔ প৔ * ѿ স-
౬34 >)ন৔ ѿ ঳৔ প৔ *঻ স-
౬44 >স/
Ȣ , 2* > 1X h?2 bvbi2K rBHH #2

LQr- BM Q`/2` iQ MHvx2 i?2 bvbi2K bi#BHBiv H2i ে )ো
bi#H2 B7
ʀ ң> พ౬৉৊ ฟ3·3 = ѿ౴র- UeXk8V
r?2`2 ౴ ? 1 Bb b+H` p`B#H2X hQ +QMbB/2` i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 UeXk8V- #v i?2 a+?m`

+QKTH2K2Mi- UeXk8V Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ
֠ ౬22
Ȣ Գ Գ Գ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ౬33
Ȣ Գ Գ֤
֡ ঻ ঻ ֤ = 1- UeXkeV
֡҇3঩ ষ )ন , ɶন ѿ ɵ ҅ ন* ҇3঩ ষ \ ɵ҅নౠ ঩ ^ ѿ঩ ঻ ষ ঩ Գ֤
֡ ֤
֢ স พ ন,ɶনѿɵ҅ন
1 ฟ স)ন৔ ѿ ঳৔ প৔ * 1 ѿস֥
X `;? S;2 Rkk

r?2`2
Ȣ >)ন , ɶন*঻ ষ )ন , ɶন* ѿ )ন , ɶন*঻ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ন , ɶন*
౬22
ѿ ঺ ঻ )঺঩*ѿ2 ঺ ѿ ষ , ౴র-
Ȣ > ѿ স , ౴র/
౬33
*QMb2[m2MiHv- G2KK kXj +M #2 mb2/ iQ b?Qr i?i i?2 72bB#BHBiv Q7 UeXkeV Bb 2[mBp@
H2Mi iQ i?i Q7
֠౬22
Ƞ ՜֣
֡ ֤ = 1- UeXkdV
֡ ՛ ՞֤
֢ ֥
rBi?
Ƞ >)ন , ɶন , ঩ভ2 *঻ ষ )ন , ɶন , ঩ভ2 * ѿ ষ

౬22
, ভ3঻ )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ভ3 , ভ3঻ ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ ঩ভ3 , ౴র- UeXk3V
r?2`2 ভ2 M/ ভ3 `2 mtBHB`v p`B#H2b (dR) M/ MQi2 i?i 2t+2Ti ౬22
Ƞ - Qi?2` 2H2K2Mib
Q7 UeXkdV `2 i?2 bK2 b i?Qb2 BM UeXkeVX h?2`27Q`2- mbBM; G2KK jXR- ౬22
Ƞ BM UeXk3V
+M #2 `2``M;2/ b
Ƞ >\ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ2 ^঻ ষ ѿ2 \ষ )ন , ɶন* , ঩ুভ2 ^ ѿ ষ

౬22
, ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ ষ ѿ2 ঩ুভ3 , ভ3঻ ু ঻ ঩ ঻ , ঩ুভ3 , ౴র- UeXkNV
r?2`2 ু biBb}2b ষ ঩ > ঩ুX .2}MBM; ি2 > ুভ2 - ি3 > ুভ3 M/ ি4 > স঳৔ - rBi? i?2
?2HT Q7 i?2 a+?m` +QKTH2K2Mi M/ G2KK kXR- Bi +M #2 b22M i?i UeXkdV Bb bm{+2/
#v i?2 GJA BM UeXkyVX
q?BH2 i?2 #Qp2 i?2Q`2K ;Bp2b K2i?Q/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 bi`m+im`H P.aJ* BM Q`/2`
iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K BM UeXeV- Bi /Q2b MQi T`2b2Mi #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K
bii2bX h?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K BKb iQ +?`+i2`Bx2 i?2 #QmM/2/M2bb Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/
Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K bii2 M/ +Q``2bTQM/BM; bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM BM i?2 T`2b2M+2
Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*X
h?2Q`2K eXk AM i?2 T`2b2M+2 Q7 /Bbim`#M+2 ে )ো*- B7 i?2 GJA BM UeXkyV Bb 72bB#H2-
7Q` i?2 Q#iBM2/ ষ - স- ঳৔ > সѿ2 ি4 M/ ౴- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UeXR8V biBb7vBM; UeXdV rBHH
X `;? S;2 Rkj

H2/ iQ #QmM/ QM i?2 m;K2Mi2/ bvbi2K bii2 ౛)ো* > \৘঻ )ো*- ৆৔ )ো*- ౨ ঻ )ো*^঻ b 7QHHQrb,
ౠnby )঴*
ѭ౧ ? 1- ѰোԳ ? 1- bXiX ѭো ? োԳ - ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ౙ , ౧- UeXjyV
౴ౠȠ 2
r?2`2 ౠ2 > ౠnjo )/B;)ষ - স- )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 **- ঴ > /B;)঴ষ - স*- ঴ষ > ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ ,
ষ - M/ ౙ > ͱʂ , সͱ Ѿυ ঳ȡ 3 ঻৓3 c ?2`2 i?2 b+H` p`B#H2 ౴ Ƞ ? 1 M/ Ki`Bt p`B#H2
৉>2 ৉
ʂ ? 1 `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; GJA,
֠ ʊ2 Գ Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র Գ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ ֤
֡౬ Ȣ ঻ ౬34঻
ѿʂ Գ ՜ Գ ֤
֡ 24 ֤ = 1- UeXjRV
֡ 1 Գ ֤
พ ঴2 1 ฟ স ѿʆ2Ȣ ՜
঻
1
֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՞ ՛ ֤֤
֡
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 ঻
พ ঴υ 1 ฟ স 1 ՜ ѿʆυȢ ֥
঻
r?2`2 ౬24 Ȣ > พ নѿɵ҅ন
1
ౠ
ฟ স- ౬34 > )ন৔ ѿ ঳৔ প৔ * স- ʊ2 > )౴ Ƞ ѿ ౴*র , Ѿ৉>2 ʆ৉Ȣ ঵৉ ঵৉ M/
঻ υ ঻
ʆ৉Ȣ > /B;\౰৉৊Ȣ রৎ ^υ BM r?B+? ౰৉৊Ȣ ? 1- ৉ > 2- ՜ - υ- ৊ > 2- ՜ - υ `2 b+H` p`B#H2bX
৊ ৊>2
S`QQ7, .2}MBM; ౢ)ো* > พ ৘঻ )ো* ৆঻৔ )ো* ฟ঻ M/ ౬৖ > พ ౬24
঻ ঻
౬34 ฟ
঻
M/ ++Q`/BM; iQ G2KK 9
BM (3N) Bi +M #2 r`Bii2M i?i
Ȣ , 2* ӑౢ ঻ )ো*౬৖ ʂѿ2 ౬৖঻ ౢ)ো* , ে ঻Ȣ )ো , 2*ʂে )ো

3ౢ ঻ )ো*౬৖ ে )ো Ȣ , 2*- UeXjkV
r?2`2 ʂ ? 1 Bb Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQM Ki`BtX Ai 7QHHQrb 7`QK UeXk9V- UeXk8V M/

UeXjkV i?i
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ౢ ঻ )ো*\౴র ѿ ౬৖ ʂѿ2 ౬৖঻ ^ౢ)ো*

Ȣ , 2*/
, ে ঻Ȣ )ো , 2*\౬44 , ʂ^ে )ো UeXjjV
A7 r2 +?QQb2 ʂ ? 1 bm+? i?i
౴রȠ = ౴র ѿ ౬৖ ʂѿ2 ౬৖঻ - UeXj9V
X `;? S;2 Rk9

r?2`2 ౴ ? ౴ Ƞ ? 1- r?B+? Bb Hrvb TQbbB#H2 B7 ౴ ? 1 2tBbib- i?2M- Bi 7QHHQrb 7`QK UeXjjV

i?i
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ౴ౢȠ ঻ )ো*ౢ)ো* , ে ঻Ȣ )ো , 2*\౬44 , ʂ^ে )ো

Ȣ , 2*/ UeXj8V
JQ`2Qp2`- MQi2 i?i

ঽ )౛)ো** >ౢ ঻ )ো*঴ౢ)ো*- UeXjeV
r?2`2 ঴ > /B;)঴ষ - স*- M/ ঴ষ > ষ ঩)঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ঩ ঻ ষ , ষ - ?2M+2-
ౠnjo )঴* ͱౢ)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౠnby )঴* ͱౢ)ো*ͱ3 / UeXjdV
//BiBQMHHv- Bi Bb FMQrM i?i
ౠ2 ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 ӑ ঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ౠ3 ͱ౛)ো*ͱ3 / UeXj3V
r?2`2 ౠ2 > ౠnjo )/B;)ষ - স- )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 ** M/ ౠ3 > ౠnby )/B; )ষ - স- )঩ ঻ ষ ঩*ѿ2 **X >2M+2-
7`QK UeXj8V M/ UeXjdV QM2 +M /2`Bp2 i?i
౴Ƞ
ɶঽ )౛)ো** ӑ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো** , ౙ- UeXjNV
ౠnby )঴*
r?2`2 ౙ > ͱʂ , সͱ Ѿυ৉>2 ঳ȡ 3৉ ঻৓3 X JQ`2Qp2`- 7`QK UeXk8V Bi +M bBKTHv #2 r`Bii2M i?i
ѭ ౢ)ো* Ӎ 1
ౢ ঻ )ো*ʀౢ)ো* >ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬে )ো,2*>1

Ȣ ѿ ঽ )౛)ো**
= ѿ ౴ౢ ঻ )ো*ౢ)ো*/ UeX9yV
Ai Bb FMQrM i?i ঽ )౛)ো , 2**ฬে )ো,2*>1

Ȣ Ӓ 1- M/ i?mb- 7`QK UeX9yV M/ UeXjdV- Bi +M #2
౴Ƞ
+HBK2/ i?i ౴ = ౠnby )঴*X h?2`27Q`2- ౠnby )঴*
= 2/ 6BMHHv- 7`QK (ek- h?2Q`2K 8XR-
*Q`QHH`B2b 8XR- 8Xk) M/ UeXjNV- QM2 +M }M/ i?2 #QmM/ ;Bp2M BM UeXjyVX JQ`2Qp2`-
iQ }M/ ʂ ? 1 BM UeXj9V- 7Q` ;Bp2M ষ ? 1- স ? 1- ঳৔ > সѿ2 ি4 M/ ౴ ? 1- #v mbBM;
G2KK kXR- r2 +M b?Qr i?i UeXj9V Bb bm{+2/ #v i?2 GJA BM UeXjRVX
b b22M BM i?2 T`QTQb2/ bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/ P.aJ*- HQ+H +QMi`QHH2`bfQ#b2`p2`b `2

#H2 iQ miBHBx2 bQK2 BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb BM i?2 MQKBMH ন Ki`Bt- M/ i?2 `2KBMBM;
X `;? S;2 Rk8

BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb BM ন Ki`Bt iQ;2i?2` rBi? ɶন `2 +QMbB/2`2/ b i?2 mM+2ìBMiB2b

Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2KX b M BHHmbiìBQM- r?2M ɵ > ଎)ন* i?2 mM+2ìBM i2`K ন , ɶন ѿ
ɵ ҅ নౠ Bb ɶন , ౠরৎ - M/ 7Q` i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QH M2irQ`F BX2X ɵ > রৎ - r2 ?p2
ন , ɶন ѿ ɵ ҅ নౠ > ɶন , ౠরৎ , ন৏ে ে - r?2`2 ন৏ে ে > ন ѿ নফ - rBi? নফ > /B;\ন৉৉ ^υ৉>2 c
?2`2 ন৏ে ে BM+Hm/2b HH i?2 2tBbiBM; BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb KQM; i?2 bm#bvbi2KbX h?2
b2+QM/ bi2T Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` rBHH +QMbB/2` i?2 Bbbm2 Q7 KBMBKBxBM; i?2 +Qbib Q7
+QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F miBHBx2/ 7Q` i?2 bi#BHBxBM; /Bbi`B#mi2/ P.aJ* i?i +M
bi#BHBx2 i?2 mM/2`HvBM; H`;2 b+H2 bvbi2KX h?Bb rBHH #2 i?2 bm#D2+i Q7 i?2 M2ti
b2+iBQMX
_2K`F eX9 Ai Bb 2bv iQ `2HBx2 7`QK G2KK eXR M/ eXk i?i ଎)সѿ2 * > ଎)স*- M/
i?mb ଎)঳৓ * ӳ ɵ- ଎)ফ৓ * ӳ ɵ/
h?2 bQHmiBQM Q7 i?2 GJA BM UeXjRV /Q2b MQi ?p2 /B`2+i BM~m2M+2 QM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
/2bB;M M/ i?2 +imH #QmM/ QM i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/fQ` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM- ?Qr2p2`-
i?2b2 T`K2i2`b Kv H2/ mb iQ /2i2`KBM2 KQ`2 ++mì2 #QmM/X h?2`27Q`2- iQ
Q#iBM i?2 KBMBKmK pHm2 Q7 i?2 #QmM/ BM UeXjyV- i?2 GJAb BM UeXkyV M/ UeXjRV +M
#2 bQHp2/ bm#D2+i iQ bT2+B}+ +`Bi2`BX h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`
M/ `2KBMb 7Q` i?2 7mim`2 rQ`FX
eX8 aT`bB7vBM; i?2 *QMi`QH L2irQ`F ai`m+im`2
S`2pBQmb b2+iBQMb ?p2 bim/B2/ i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2bB;MBM; P.aJ* 7Q` L*ab rBi?
BKTQbBM; T`BQ`B +QMbi`BMib QM +QKKmMB+iBQM `2[mB`2K2Mib #2ir22M bm#@bvbi2KbX
AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ BM UeXkyV rb bbmK2/ iQ #2 FMQrM QM2
M/ ?2M+2 i?2 /2`Bp2/ bi#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM rb M GJAX h?Bb b2+iBQM BKb iQ /2bB;M
+QMi`QH M2irQ`F rBi? KBMBKmK MmK#2` Q7 HBMFb i?i biBb}2b i?2 bi#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM
UeXkyVX AM/22/- i?2 KBM Q#D2+iBp2 Bb i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM Q7 i?2 +Qbi Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH
M2irQ`F miBHBx2/ iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2 bvbi2KX >2`2- b r2 rBHH bbmK2 i?i i?2 ;2M2`H
+Qbi- BM+Hm/BM; i?2 +QMbi`m+iBQM M/ /i i`Mb72``BM; +Qbib 2i+- `2 B/2MiB+H 7Q` HH
i?2 HBMFb- KBMBKBxBM; i?2 +Qbib Q7 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F +M BMimBiBp2Hv #2 +QMbB/2`2/
b KBMBKBxBM; i?2 MmK#2` Q7 HBMFb BM i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 Q` 2[mBpH2MiHv
}M/BM; i?2 bT`b2bi +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 i?i +M bi#BHBx2 i?2 bvbi2KX q2
X `;? S;2 Rke

7Q`KmHi2 i?Bb T`Q#H2K b
njo +`/)ɵ* UeX9RV

ষ -স-ি2 -ি3 -ি4 -౴-ʆ2 -՜-ʆυ
bm#D2+i iQ UeXkyV M/ ɵ ӳ ଎)ন*-
r?2`2 ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ M/ +`/)Բ* /2MQi2b i?2 +`/BMHBiv 7mM+iBQM Ui?2 MmK#2` Q7
MQMx2`Q 2H2K2Mib Q7 Ki`BtVX h?2 #Qp2 QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K Bb +QMp2t KBt2/@
#BM`v T`Q#H2K r?B+? Bb #`Q/Hv bT2FBM; LS@?`/X MmK#2` Q7 2t+i b+?2K2b
7Q` //`2bbBM; i?2 +QMp2t KBt2/@#BM`v T`Q;`Kb `2 +QMbB/2`2/ (9j)X >Qr2p2`- 2t@
THQBiBM; i?2b2 b+?2K2b `2 +QKTmiiBQMHHv 2tT2MbBp2 7Q` H`;2 M2irQ`Fb M/ BM i?2
rQ`bi +b2 Bi Kv `2[mB`2 bQHpBM; 3ଉ +QMp2t T`Q#H2K BM Q`/2` iQ }M/ i?2 bT`b2bi
bi`m+im`2- r?2`2 ଉ /2MQi2b i?2 MmK#2` Q7 T?vbB+H BMi2`+QMM2+iBQMb BM i?2 THMi
M2irQ`FX AMbi2/- BM i?Bb MQi2- r2 rBHH +QMbB/2` ?2m`BbiB+ bm#@QTiBKH b+?2K2 iQ
/2H rBi? i?Bb T`Q#H2KX
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 +`/BMHBiv 7mM+iBQM- BM QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2Kb bm+? b UeX9RV-
Bb mbmHHv TT`QtBKi2/ #v i?2 ϊ2 MQ`K Q7 i?2 QTiBKBxiBQM p`B#H2 (R8) Q` i?2
bQ@+HH2/ r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 MQ`K (Re)X aBM+2 i?2 r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 MQ`K Bb MQi BKTH2K2Mi#H2
Ui?2 `2[mB`2/ r2B;?ib b?QmH/ #2 +H+mHi2/ #b2/ QM i?2 mMFMQrM 722/#+F ;BMV-
`2r2B;?i2/ H;Q`Bi?K ?b `2+2MiHv #22M T`QTQb2/ BM (Re)- M/ 7mì?2` mb2/ #v (dj) iQ
/2bB;M bT`b2 722/#+F ;BMbX h?Bb H;Q`Bi?K bQHp2b r2B;?i2/ QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2Kb
Bi2ìBp2Hv BM r?B+? i?2 r2B;?ib `2 mT/i2/ BMp2`b2Hv T`QTQìBQMH iQ i?2 bi`2M;i?
Q7 BM/BpB/mH U#HQ+FV 2Mi`B2b Q7 722/#+F ;BM BM i?2 T`2pBQmb Bi2ìBQMX hrQ KBM
`2bQMb `2bi`B+i i?2 TTHB+iBQM Q7 i?2 `2r2B;?i2/ H;Q`Bi?K iQ Qm` T`Q#H2KX 6B`biHv-
bBM+2 ɵ- BM UeX9RV- Bb #BM`v Ki`Bt p`B#H2- i?2 2tBbiBM; `2r2B;?i2/ H;Q`Bi?Kb
`2 MQi TTHB+#H2 iQ i?Bb T`Q#H2KX L2ti- QM2 Kv HbQ bm;;2bi iQ /2H rBi? i?Bb
T`Q#H2K #v /2}MBM; ল > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ɵ ҅ নౠ * M/ 2KTHQvBM; i?2 `2r2B;?i2/ H;Q`Bi?K
iQ B/2MiB7v bT`b2 Tii2`Mb 7Q` লX >Qr2p2`- i?Bb HbQ bmz2`b 7`QK i?2 /`r#+F
i?i 2p2`v Q#iBM2/ bQHmiBQM Kv MQi #2 72bB#H2 bQHmiBQM iQ i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2
+QMi`QHH2`X h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 bBM+2 i?2 b2i Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT TQH2b Kv BM+Hm/2 Tm`2Hv
+QKTH2t +QMDm;i2 TB`b- Bi +MMQi #2 bTHBi #2ir22M i?2 MmHH@bT+2 UbHB/BM; KQ/2V
M/ `M;2@bT+2 /vMKB+b (k8)X JQ`2Qp2`- b i?2 T`Q#H2K BM i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb iQ bT`@
bB7v i?2 +QMi`QHH2`fQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F- mT/iBM; i?2 r2B;?ib QMHv ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2
X `;? S;2 Rkd

Qz@/B;QMH #HQ+F 2Mi`B2b Q7 ল UQ` Q#b2`p2` ;BMb ঳৓ Q` ফ৓ V Kv MQi `2bmHi BM M

/2[mi2 bQHmiBQMX
Hi2`MiBp2Hv- bvbi2KiB+ rv Q7 `2KQpBM; i?2 HBMFb +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/ #v `2@
HtBM; i?2 +QMbi`BMi QM ౘ৉৊ - ৉ Ӎ ৊ 7`QK #BM`v p`B#H2b iQ i?2 +QMbi`BMi 1 ӑ ౘ৉৊ ӑ 2X
q2 +M //`2bb i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K UeX9RV rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; H;Q`Bi?K,
H;Q`Bi?K eXR
2* a2i ɵ > রX A7 i?2 GJA UeXkyV Bb 72bB#H2- |ౘ৉৊Գ ~ І |ౘ৉৊ ~- MQ +QMi`QH M2irQ`F Bb
`2[mB`2/ M/ i?2 bT`b2bi bi`m+im`2 Bb i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ bi`m+im`2X h2`KBMi2
i?2 b2`+? M/ ;Q iQ ai2T eX
3* AMBiBHBx2 ɵ > ଎)ন* M/ ৌ > 2- BM r?B+? ৌ /2MQi2b i?2 Bi2ìBQM MmK#2`X
4* aQHp2 i?2 GJA UeXkyVX A7 Bi Bb 72bB#H2- |ౘ৉৊Գ ~ І |ౘ৉৊ ~X Pi?2`rBb2- B7 ৌ > 2

i2`KBMi2 i?2 b2`+? M/ i?2 T`Q#H2K ?b MQ bQHmiBQM- Q` 2Hb2 ;Q iQ ai2T eX
5* qBi? FMQrM ষ - স- ি2 - ি3 - ি4 - ౴- ʆ2 - ՜ - ʆυ M/ `2TH+BM; i?Qb2 2Mi`B2b ౘ৉৊ > 2- ৉ Ӎ

৊ rBi? i?2 `2Ht2/ +QMbi`BMi 1 ӑ ౘ৉৊ ӑ 2- KBMBKBx2 Ѿυ৉-৊>2- ৉Ӎ৊ ౘ৉৊ bm#D2+i iQ i?2
GJA UeXkyV M/ 1 ӑ ౘ৉৊ ӑ 2 iQ }M/ ౘ৉৊৒ X aQì i?2 b2i |ౘ৉৊৒ ~ BM b+2M/BM; Q`/2`X
6* a2i ౘ৉৊ +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2 ৌ@i? 2Mi`v Q7 |ౘ৉৊৒ ~ iQ x2`Q M/ ৌ > ৌ , 2X A7 ৌ =
ॶ঎ট঑)଎)ন** ѿ ৎ `2im`M iQ ai2T j- Qi?2`rBb2 ;Q iQ ai2T eX
7* _2im`M ౘ৉৊Գ X
AM i?2 #Qp2 H;Q`Bi?K- ai2T 9 +?`+i2`Bx2b i?2 +QMi`B#miBQM Q7 2+? HBMF BM i?2
bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2KX JQ`2Qp2`- b b22M- i?2 H;Q`Bi?K b2`+?2b 7Q` i?2
bT`b2bi bi`m+im`2 mbBM; i?2 bQì2/ b2i |ౘ৉৊৒ ~X AM i?2 rQ`bi +b2- BM Q`/2` iQ }M/ i?2
bQHmiBQM- 3 )ॶ঎ট঑)଎)ন** ѿ ৎ* +QMp2t T`Q#H2Kb Kv #2 //`2bb2/X 6BMHHv- Bi b?QmH/
#2 bi`2bb2/ i?i i?Bb Hi2`Mi2 b+?2K2 Bb QMHv bm#@QTiBKH K2i?Q/ iQ /2H rBi?
i?2 bT`bB}+iBQM T`Q#H2K +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?Bb b2+iBQMX "`Q/Hv bT2FBM;- iQ Q#iBM
i?2 QTiBKH bQHmiBQM- QM2 b?QmH/ bQHp2 i?2 Q`B;BMH KBt2/@#BM`v +QMp2t T`Q#H2K BM
UeX9RV- r?B+? Bb LS@?`/X
X `;? S;2 Rk3

eXe LmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b
*QMbB/2` M BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ bvbi2K +QMbBbiBM; Q7 i?`22 BMp2ì2/ T2M/mHmKb i?i `2

KQmMi2/ QM +QmTH2/ +ìb (Ryy- Ny)X h?2 HBM2`Bx2/ 2[miBQMb Q7 KQiBQMb `2 HbQ
;Bp2M BM (Ryy)X .2}M2 ৘৉ > \৘৉-2 - ৘৉-3 - ৘৉-4 - ৘৉-5 ^঻ > \ౝ৉ - ౝ৉ȥ - থ৉ - থȥ৉ ^঻ -
֠ 1 2 1 1 ֣ ֠1 1 1 1 ֣
֡ ঴ ,্ ো৉ ৄ৉ ,ৃ৉
֤ ֡ ѿো৉৊ ѿৃ৉৊ ֤
֡ ৉ ৈ 1 ֤ ֡1 1 ֤
ন৉ > ֡ ঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ϊ ֤
- ন৉৊ > ֡ ঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ϊ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 2 ֤ ֡1 1 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ ѿ্ ৈ ѿো৉ ѿৄ৉ ѿৃ৉ ֤ ֡1 1 ো৉৊ ৃ৉৊ ֤
֢ ঴৉ 1 ঴৉ ঴৉ ϊ ֥ ֢ ঴৉ ঴৉ ֥
ѿ2 2
঻ ֠2 1 1 1֣
঩৉ > ๢1 1 - প৉ > ֡ ֤-
঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ๣ ֡1 1 2 1֤
֢ ֥
7Q` )৉- ৊* ѵ |)2- 3*- )3- 2*- )3- 4*- )4- 3*~- BM r?B+? ো৉ > Ѿ৊ѵଅ৉ ো৉৊ M/ ৃ৉ > Ѿ৊ѵଅ৉ ৃ৉৊ - r?2`2
ଅ৉ Ӂ |৊ } )৉- ৊* ѵ ଎)ন*~X "2bB/2b- ৄ৉ - ৃ৉৊ > ৃ৊৉ - ো৉৊ > ো৊৉ M/ ϊ `2 i?2 7`B+iBQM- /KT2`-
bT`BM; +Q2{+B2Mib M/ T2M/mHmK H2M;i? `2bT2+iBp2HvX Ai Bb HbQ bbmK2/ i?i i?2
KQK2Mi Q7 BM2ìB Q7 i?2 T2M/mHmKb `2 x2`QX h?2 MmK2`B+H bvbi2K T`K2i2`b `2
bbmK2/ b ঴2 > 3- ঴3 > 2- ঴4 > 4- ্ > 1/6- ৈ > 21- ϊ > 1/6- ো23 > ো32 > 6- ো34 >
ো43 > 26- ৃ23 > ৃ32 > 2- ৃ34 > ৃ43 > 6- ৄ2 > 5- ৄ3 > 3 M/ ৄ4 > 2X /Bb+`2iBx2/ `2T@
`2b2MiiBQM #b2/ QM bKTH2 BMi2`pH Q7 1/116 ৓ Bb Q#iBM2/X q2 b2i ౠ৉ > 1/8X AM
Q`/2` iQ +?2+F i?2 `Q#mbiM2bb T`QT2ìB2b Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2`- i?2 7QHHQrBM; mM+2ìBMiv
T`K2i2`b `2 +QMbB/2`2/, ঴৉৊ > 1/12 · 25·2 - ঵৉৊ > ѿ1/12 · 22·5 - ৉- ৊ > 2- 3- 4/ H@
;Q`Bi?K eXR Bb bQHp2/ M/ i?2M Bi Bb 7QmM/ i?i i?2 KQbi bT`b2 bi`m+im`2 i?i +M
biBb7v i?2 `MF +QM/BiBQM BM bbmKTiBQM eXk M/- KQ`2 BKTQìMiHv- i?2 bi#BHBiv
+QM/BiBQM BM i?2 GJA UeXkyV Bb i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ bi`m+im`2X 6Q` +QKT`BbQM- r2 i?2M
2tTHQBi M 2t?mbiBp2 b2`+? QM i?2 #BM`v p`B#H2b- 7QHHQr2/ #v +QMp2t QTiBKBx@
iBQM Q7 Qi?2` p`B#H2b- M/ i?2 Q#iBM2/ bi`m+im`2 Bb i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ QM2X q2 +M
b22 i?i i?2 T`QTQb2/ bm#@QTiBKH H;Q`Bi?K H2/b iQ i?2 bK2 `2bmHi b i?2 QTiBKH
bQHmiBQMX
X `;? S;2 RkN

eXd *QM+HmbBQMb
h?Bb +?Ti2` }`biHv- rBi? bbmKBM; T`BQ`B FMQrM bi`m+im`2 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2`
M2irQ`F- T`QTQb2b bT`b2 .aJ* #v miBHBxBM; QMHv +QMi`QH bvbi2K b2MbQ`bǶ bB;MHb
7Q` i?2 M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2KbX mMB}2/ 7`K2rQ`F Bb /2`Bp2/ 7Q` i?2 Q#b2`p2`@#b2/
+QMi`QHH2` /2bB;M- rBi? i?2 B/ Q7 M GJA b+?2K2X 6mì?2`KQ`2- Qm` bT`b2 P.aJ*
`2/m+2b i?2 +QMb2`piBbK Q7 i?2 2tBbiBM; K2i?Q/b BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 7Q` i?2 GJA #b2/
.aJ*X h?2M- i?Bb +?Ti2` 2tTHQ`2b i?2 bQHmiBQM iQ i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 }M/BM; i?2 bT`b@
2bi +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 i?i biBb}2b i?2 GJA bi#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM
Q#iBM2/ BM i?2 }`bi TìX MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2 ?b #22M T`2b2Mi2/ iQ b?Qr i?2
2z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ b+?2K2X
X `;? S;2 Rjy

*?Ti2` d
ς3 @"b2/ PTiBKH aT`b2 aHB/BM;

JQ/2 *QMi`QH 7Q` L2irQ`F2/
*QMi`QH avbi2Kb
dXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
Hi?Qm;? i?2 aJ* Bb MQr r2HH@FMQrM biì2;v- 7`QK i?2 biM/TQBMi Q7 +QMbi`BMBM;
i?2 pBH#H2 +QMi`QH +iBQM- HH i?2 i`/BiBQMH K2i?Q/b +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2
?p2 b?Qì+QKBM;b (k8)X h?Bb /`r#+F #bB+HHv +QK2b 7`QK i?2 Mim`2 Q7 i?2 aJ*
/2bB;M T`Q+2bb r?B+? +QMiBMb irQ b2Tì2 bi;2bX .m`BM; i?2 bvMi?2bBxBM; i?2 bHB/@
BM; 7mM+iBQM- i?2`2 Bb MQ b2Mb2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH +iBQM H2p2H i?i Bb `2[mB`2/ iQ BM/m+2
M/ `2iBM bHB/BM;X h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb KQ`2 +`m+BH BM i?Bb +?Ti2` r?2M Bi +QK2b iQ bT`@
bB7v i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2- b rBi? MQ HBKBib QM i?2 pBH#H2 +QMi`QH +iBQMb-
Bi Kv `2bmHi BM i?2 ?B;? H2p2H Q7 +QMi`QH 2zQìb i?i 2+? bm#bvbi2KǶb +QMi`QHH2`
`2[mB`2b iQ TTHv- r?B+? Bb MQi T`+iB+H +b2X hQ /2H rBi? i?Bb T`Q#H2K- (NR)
T`QTQb2b b+?2K2 iQ /2bB;M bHB/BM; bm`7+2 r?B+? KBMBKBx2b +Qbi 7mM+iBQMH Q7
i?2 bvbi2K bii2 M/ +QMi`QH BMTmiX >Qr2p2`- i?2 K2i?Q/ ;Bp2M BM (NR) ?b b2p2`H
HBKBiiBQMbX b i?2 K2i?Q/ BM (NR) M22/b iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i i H2bi QM2 2B;2MpHm2 Q7
i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K U7Q` bBM;H2 BMTmi bvbi2KbV Bb `2H pHm2- MQi M2+2bb`BHv Mv
`#Bi``v r2B;?iBM; Ki`B+2b BM i?2 Q#D2+iBp2 7mM+iBQM +M `2bmHi BM bHB/BM; KQ/2
+QMi`QHX >2M+2- i?Bb `272`2M+2 2Bi?2` `2b2H2+ib i?2 r2B;?iBM; Ki`B+2b Q` TT`QtB@
Ki2b i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K 2B;2MpHm2b bQ i?i b2i Q7 2B;2MpHm2b `2 ;2M2ì2/
RjR
*>Sh1_ dX ς3 @"a1. PShAJG aS_a1 aGA.AL: JP.1 *PLh_PG
6P_ L1hqP_E1. *PLh_PG auah1Ja
r?B+? +M #2 bTHBi #2ir22M i?2 `M;2@bT+2 M/ MmHH@bT+2 /vMKB+bX >Qr2p2`- MQ
T`2+Bb2 b+?2K2 Bb ;Bp2M QM ?Qr iQ `2b2H2+i i?2 r2B;?iBM; Ki`B+2bX 6mì?2`- i?2 T@
T`QtBKiBQM Q7 2B;2MpHm2b Kv H2/ iQ HQbb BM QTiBKHBiv M/ TQbbB#Hv `Q#mbiM2bbX
AM Q`/2` iQ `2bQHp2 i?2 HBKBiiBQMb Q7 (NR)- (RkR) T`QTQb2b 7`K2rQ`F BM r?B+?
r2B;?iBM; Ki`Bt Bb +QKTmi2/ i?i Bb i`B2/ iQ #2 i?2 +HQb2bi iQ i?2 /2bB`2/ QM2 M/
HbQ `2bmHib BM i?2 /2bB`2/ 2B;2MpHm2bX h?2 aJ* i?2M +M #2 /2bB;M2/ ++Q`/BM; iQ
i?2 Q#iBM2/ 2B;2MpHm2b M/ r2B;?iBM; Ki`BtX >Qr2p2`- #Qi? K2i?Q/b BM (NR- RkR)
`2 QMHv TTHB+#H2 iQ bBM;H2 BMTmi bvbi2KbX Hi2`MiBp2Hv- (k8) +QMbB/2`b i?Bb T`Q#@
H2K M/ T`QTQb2b irQ M2r 7`K2rQ`FbX >Qr2p2`- i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/b BM (k8) `2Hv
QM bT2+BH bvbi2K +QQ`/BMi2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQM r?B+? #QmM/b i?2 TQbbB#H2 /QTiBQM
Q7 i?2b2 K2i?Q/b iQ Qm` +QMi`QH bi`m+im`2 bT`bB}+iBQM T`Q#H2KX h?Bb +?Ti2` H@
i2`MiBp2Hv /2p2HQTb /Bz2`2Mi TT`Q+? #v r?B+? r2 +M /2H rBi? M ς3 #b2/
QTiBKH bi`m+im`2/ aJ* T`Q#H2KX
_2+2MiHv- i?2 Bbbm2 Q7 /2bB;MBM; +QMi`QH M2irQ`F rBi? KBMBKmK +QKKmMB+iBQM
HBMFb ?b #22M bim/B2/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 (Ryd- Ry3- Rye- dj- Ryy)X b M BHHmbiìBQM-
(dj) T`QTQb2b MQM@+QMp2t +QM/BiBQM r?B+? Bb bQHp2/ MmK2`B+HHv #v 2tTHQBiBM; +QM@
p2t `2r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 MQ`K TT`QtBKiBQMX 6mì?2`KQ`2- (Ryy) +QMbB/2`b i?2 T`Q#H2K
Q7 }M/BM; i?2 bT`b2bi +QMi`QHfQ#b2`p2` M2irQ`F i?i biBb}2b i?2 Q#iBM2/ bi#BHBiv
+QM/BiBQMX _Qm;?Hv bT2FBM;- i?2 bT`bBiv Bb 7Q`KmHi2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 +`/BMHBiv Uϊ1
[mbB@MQ`KV Q7 i?2 722/#+F ;BM BM i?2b2 `272`2M+2b- r?B+? Bb i?2M `2Ht2/ #v i?2
Ur2B;?i2/V ϊ2 @MQ`K Ub22 (Re)VX AM i?Bb +?Ti2` BM Q`/2` iQ //`2bb i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2@
bB;MBM; bT`b2 aJ* +QMi`QHH2`- bT2+B}+ 7Q`K Q7 }+iBiBQmb bvbi2K- r?Qb2 Ki`B+2b
+QMiBM i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2- Bb /2`Bp2/X h?Bb KF2b i?2 r2HH@/2p2HQT2/
r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 H;Q`Bi?K BM72bB#H2 iQ Qm` T`Q#H2KX Hi2`MiBp2Hv- i?Bb +?Ti2` T`Q@
TQb2b ?2m`BbiB+ b+?2K2 iQ Q#iBM i?2 bT`b2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHH2`X
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb b 7QHHQrbX a2+iBQM dXk /2b+`B#2b i?2 T`Q#H2K 7Q`@
KmHiBQM M/ T`2HBKBM`B2bX a2+iBQM dXj T`2b2Mib i?2 bi`m+im`2/ ς3 #b2/ bHB/BM;
KQ/2 +QMi`QHX a2+iBQM dX9 /2KQMbiì2b Qm` ?2m`BbiB+ K2i?Q/ iQ bQHp2 i?2 T`Q#H2K
Q7 }M/BM; 7pQm`#H2 bT`b2 bi`m+im`2 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`FX 1z2+iBp2M2bb Q7 i?2
T`QTQb2/ bT`b2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ aJ* Bb bim/B2/ #v MmK2`B+H 2tKTH2b BM a2+iBQM dX8X
6BMHHv- a2+iBQM dXe +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb +?Ti2`X
X `;? S;2 Rjk

dXk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM M/ S`2HBKBM`B2b
*QMbB/2` H`;2 b+H2 M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2K +QMbBbiBM; Q7 υ bm#bvbi2Kb-
υ
৘ȥ৉ )৔* > ন৉ ৘৉ )৔* , า ন৉৊ ৘৊ )৔* , ঩৉ \৕৉ )৔* , ে৉ )৘৉ *^- UdXRV
৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉
r?2`2 ৘৉ ѵ ϓৎ৉ - ৕৉ ѵ ϓ্৉ M/ ৚৉ )৔* ѵ ϓ৑৉ `2 i?2 bii2 p2+iQ`- +QMi`QH BMTmi p2+iQ`
M/ T2`7Q`KM+2 QmiTmi p2+iQ` Q7 i?2 ৉@i? bm#bvbi2K- `2bT2+iBp2HvX h?2 Ki`B+2b BM
UdXRV `2 +QMbiMi M/ Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 /BK2MbBQMbX "2bB/2b- ন৉৊ Ӎ 1 B7 i?2 bm#@bvbi2K
৊ BM~m2M+2b /B`2+iHv i?2 bm#@bvbi2K ৉X qBi?Qmi HQbb Q7 ;2M2`HBiv- Bi Bb HbQ bbmK2/
i?i `MF)঩৉ * > ্৉ X ে৉ )৘৉ * ѵ ϓ্৉ Bb i?2 Ki+?2/ mM+2ìBMivX
hQ /2bB;M i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 BM i?Bb +?Ti2` Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 bvbi2K BM
UkXRV Bb BM bT2+BH +QQ`/BMi2 Ub22 2X;X (k8)V r?B+? Bb KQ`2 bi`BM;2Mi i?M r?i Bb
+QMbB/2`2/ BM i?2 r2HH@FMQrM `2;mH` 7Q`K +QQ`/BMi2X h?mb- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2
BMTmi /Bbi`B#miBQM Ki`Bt BM UkXRV ?b i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`K
֠1֣
঩৉ > ֡ ֤ - UdXkV
֡র ֤
֢ ্৉ ֥
.2}M2
৘)৔* Ӂ +QH)৘৉ )৔**υ৉>2 - ৕)৔* Ӂ +QH)৕৉ )৔**υ৉>2 -
UdXjV
ে )৘* Ӂ +QH)ে৉ )৘৉ **υ৉>2 -
M/
ন Ӂ /B;\ন৉ ^υ৉>2 , ๢ন৉৊ ๣ - ঩ Ӂ /B;\঩৉ ^υ৉>2 - UdX9V

υ·υ
BM r?B+? ন৉৉ > 1X lbBM; UdXRV- UdXjV M/ UdX9V- i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K +M #2 r`Bii2M b
৘)৔*
ȥ > ন৘)৔* , ঩\৕)৔* , ে )৘*^/ UdX8V
Ai Bb bbmK2/ BM i?Bb MQi2 i?i bQK2 //BiBQMH bii2b 7`QK Qi?2` bm#bvbi2Kb `2
miBHBx2/ iQ BKT`Qp2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH HQQTX h?Bb B/2 Bb /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK
i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QHH2` M/ rBHH H2/ iQ /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH bi`m+im`2X LQi2
i?i i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F Kv /Bz2` 7`QK i?2 bvbi2K M2irQ`FX Pm` Q#D2+iBp2 ?2`2 Bb
X `;? S;2 Rjj

iQ /2bB;M M ς3 @#b2/ QTiBKH /Bbi`B#mi2/ aJ*- 2tTHQBiBM; 722/#+F 7`QK UbQK2 Q7V
Qi?2` bm#bvbi2Kb- iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K BM UdX8V i?`Qm;? bT`b2 +QMi`QH
M2irQ`FX LQr- +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; HBM2` bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM
౨)৔* > ঺৘)৔*- UdXeV
r?2`2 ౨)৔* Ӂ +QH)౨৉ )৔**υ৉>2 M/ i?2 #HQ+F /B;QMH Ki`Bt ঺ Ӂ /B;\঺৉ ^υ৉>2 rBHH #2
/2bB;M2/ Hi2` bm+? i?i ঺঩ Bb MQMbBM;mH`X
.m`BM; i?2 B/2H bHB/BM; KQiBQM i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM biBb}2b,
౨)৔* > 1- ѭ৔ ? ৔৓ - UdXdV
r?2`2 ৔৓ ? 1 /2MQi2b i?2 iBK2 i?i bHB/BM; KQiBQM biìbX .m2 iQ i?2 bT2+BH bvb@
i2K +QQ`/BMi2 2tTHBM2/ #27Q`2- i?2 Qp2`HH brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM ঺ Ki`Bt Kv #2
T`K2i2`Bx2/ b
υ
঺ > /B;\঺৉Ȣ ^υ৉>2 Բ /B; ๢๢঴৉ র্ ๣๣ - UdX3V
৉ ৉>2
r?2`2 ঴৉ ѵ ϓ্৉ ·)ৎ৉ ѿ্৉ * M/ ঺৉Ȣ `2 MQMbBM;mH` Ki`B+2b ?pBM; MQ BM~m2M+2 QM i?2
Qp2`HH `2/m+2/@Q`/2` bHB/BM; KQiBQMX LQr- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 Q7 i?2
7QHHQrBM; bi`m+im`2,
υ
ѿ2
৕৉ )৔* > ѿ)঺৉ ঩৉ * )঺৉ ন৉ ѿ ʇ৉ ঺৉ *৘৉ )৔* , ঺৉ า ౘ৉৊ ন৉৊ ৘৊ )৔* , ౱৉ )৔*- UdXNV
ໄ ৊>2
໅
r?2`2 ʇ৉ ѵ ϓ্৉ ·্৉ Bb bi#H2 Ki`Bt- ౘ৉৊ /2MQi2b i?2 ৉৊@i? 2H2K2Mi Q7 i?2 bi`m+im`2
Ki`Bt ɵ Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F- i?i Bb- ౘ৉৊ > 2 B7 ৉ > ৊- Q` i?2 ৉৊@i? HBMF 2tBbib BM i?2
+QMi`QH M2irQ`F M/ ౘ৉৊ > 1 Qi?2`rBb2- M/ ౱৉ )৔* ѵ ϓ্৉ /2MQi2b i?2 MQMHBM2` Tì Q7
i?2 +QMi`QHH2`X
bbmKTiBQM dXR h?2`2 2tBbi FMQrM +QMiBMmQmb 7mM+iBQMb ౴৉ )Բ* M/ ౡ৉ )Բ* bm+? i?i
7Q` ৉ > 2- ՜ - υ,
2* อে৉ )৘৉ *อ ӑ ౴৉ )৘৉ *-

υ
3* Ѿ )2 ѿ ౘ৉৊ *ন৉৊ ৘৊ ӑ ౡ৉ )ౘ৉Ȣ ঻ ҅ ৘*-
ມ৊>2-৊Ӎ৉ ມ
X `;? S;2 Rj9

r?2`2 ౘ৉Ȣ BKTHB2b i?2 ৉@i? `Qr Q7 )1υ·υ ѿ ɵ*X
h?2M i?2 MQMHBM2` Tì Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` ?b i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`K
౨৉ )৔*
౱৉ )৔* > ѿ)঺৉ ঩৉ *ѿ2 มอ঺৉ ঩৉ อ ౴৉ )৘৉ * , ౟৉ )৘৉ *ย B7 ౨৉ )৔* Ӎ 1- UdXRyV
อ౨৉ )৔*อ
BM r?B+? ౟৉ )৘৉ * Bb ;BM iQ #2 /2bB;M2/ Hi2` BM i?Bb b2+iBQMX

"2bB/2b- r2 M22/ iQ /2bB;M i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`Bt bQ i?i i?2 `2bmHiBM; `2@
/m+2/ Uৎ৉ ѿ ্৉ V Q`/2` bHB/BM; KQ/2 /vMKB+b `2 bi#H2X h?mb- Qm` M2ti T`Q#H2K Bb
iQ /2bB;M bHB/BM; Ki`B+2b ঺৉ 2Mbm`BM; Qp2`HH bi#BHBiv M/ M //BiBQMH ς3 T2`@
7Q`KM+2 bT2+B}+iBQMX LQiB+2 i?i i?2 `QH2 Q7 i?2 i2`K )঺৉ ঩৉ *ѿ2 ʇ৉ ঺৉ ৘৉ )ো* BM i?2
+QMi`QHH2` UdXNV Bb iQ ;Qp2`M i?2 +QMp2`;2M+2 ì2 iQ i?2 bHB/BM; KMB7QH/ BM bbQ+B@
iBQM rBi? i?2 MQMHBM2` Tì ౱৉ )৔*X >2`2- bBKBH` iQ (k8)- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i ʇ৉ > ౠ৉ র্৉ -
r?2`2 ౠ৉ = 1 Bb ;Bp2M +QMbiMi pHm2X LQi2 i?i mMHBF2 BM (k8)- ౠ৉ +M HbQ #2HQM;
iQ i?2 bT2+i`mK Q7 ন৉ X PrBM; iQ i?2 bT2+BH 7Q`K Q7 ʇ৉ - Bi +M +QKKmi2 rBi? ঺৉ M/
i?2M i?2 +QMi`QH Hr ৕৉ )ো* BM UdXNV +M #2 r`Bii2M b
υ
ѿ2
৕৉ )৔* > )঺৉ ঩৉ * ঺৉ নౠ-৉ ৘৉ )ো* ѿ า ౘ৉৊ ন৉৊ ৘৊ )৔* , ౱৉ )৔*- UdXRRV
ໄ ৊>2
໅
r?2`2 নౠ-৉ > ন৉ ѿ ౠ৉ রৎ৉ X h?2M i?2 +QKT+i +QMi`QH Hr Bb
৕)৔* > ѿ)঺঩*ѿ2 ঺)ɵ ҅ নౠ *৘)৔* , ౱)৔*- UdXRkV
r?2`2 নౠ > ন ѿ /B;\ౠ৉ রৎ৉ ^υ৉>2 - ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ M/ ౱)৔* > +QH)౱৉ )৔**υ৉>2 X
q2 MQr BK iQ b?Qr i?i i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UdXRRV- UdXRyV /`Bp2b i?2 bvbi2K bii2 iQ
i?2 +QKTQbBi2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 UdXeVX 6mì?2` BM r?i 7QHHQrb- r2 bbmK2 i?2 FMQrM
bHB/BM; bm`7+2 Ki`Bt ঺ Ӂ /B;\঺৉ ^υ৉>2 M/ Bib /2bB;M rBHH #2 /2`Bp2/ BM i?2 M2ti
b2+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K dXR *QMbB/2` i?2 L*ab BM UkXRVX lM/2` bbmKTiBQM dXR- i?2 bT`b2
+QMi`QHH2` UdXRRV- UdXRyV /`Bp2b i?2 bii2 Q7 i?2 bvbi2K UdXRV iQ i?2 +QKTQbBi2 bHB/BM;
bm`7+2 UdXeV M/ KBMiBMb bHB/BM; KQiBQM B7 ౟৉ )৘৉ * biBb}2b
υ υ
า ౟৉ )৘৉ * ? า อ ৉ อ ৉ )ౘ৉Ȣ ҅ ৘*
঺ ౡ UdXRjV
৉>2 ৉>2
X `;? S;2 Rj8

r?2`2 ঺৉ `2 ;Bp2M bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`B+2b M/ ౡ৉ )Բ* `2 /2i2`KBM2/ #v bbmKT@
iBQM dXRX
S`QQ7, h?2 /vMKB+b Q7 ౨৉ Q7 bm#bvbi2K ৉ +M #2 /2`Bp2/ #v iFBM; i?2 iBK2 /2`BpiBp2
Q7 UdXeV- bm#biBimiBM; BM i?2 bii2 2[miBQM UdXRV- M/ mbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` UdXRRV-
UdXRyV- BX2X-
υ
౨ )৔*
౨ȥ৉ )৔* >ౠ৉ ౨৉ )৔* , ঺৉ )2 ѿ ౘ ৉৊ *ন ৉৊ ৘৊ )৔* ѿ พ ౟৉ )৘৉ * , อ ঺৉ ঩ ৉ อ ౴৉ )৘৉ *ฟ ৉
า
৊>2-৊Ӎ৉ อ౨৉ )৔*อ
, ঺৉ ঩৉ ে৉ )৘৉ */ UdXR9V
LQr r2 rBHH T`Qp2 i?i i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QKTQbBi2 `2+?#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM Bb biBb}2/
(8y),
υ
౨৉঻ ౨ȥ৉
า ౨ = 1/ UdXR8V
৉>2 อ ৉ อ
Ai 7QHHQrb 7`QK UdXR9V M/ bbmKTiBQM dXR i?i
౨৉঻ ౨ȥ৉
ӑౠ৉ อ౨৉ อ , อ঺৉ อ ౡ৉ )ౘ৉Ȣ ҅ ৘* ѿ ౟৉ )৘৉ * , อ঺৉ ঩৉ ে৉ )৘৉ *อ ѿ อ঺৉ ঩৉ อ ౴৉ )৘৉ *
อ౨৉ อ
ӑ อ঺৉ อ ౡ৉ )ౘ৉Ȣ ҅ ৘* ѿ ౟৉ )৘৉ */ UdXReV
6BMHHv- B7 ౟৉ )৘৉ * biBb}2b UdXRjV- i?2 +QKTQbBi2 `2+?#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM UdXR8V ?QH/bX
υ
_2K`F dXR M Q#pBQmb +?QB+2 7Q` ౡ৉ )ౘ৉Ȣ ঻ ҅ ৘* Bb Ѿ อ)2 ѿ ౘ৉৊ *ন৉৊ อ อ৘৊ อ- M/ b
৊>2-৊Ӎ৉
υ
+QMb2[m2M+2- ౟৉ )৘৉ * > Ѿ อ঺৊ อ อ)2 ѿ ౘ৊৉ *ন৊৉ อ อ৘৉ อ , ౰৉ - rBi? ౰৉ ? 1 bKHH ;Bp2M
৊>2-৊Ӎ৉
b+H`- biBb}2b i?2 +QM/BiBQM UdXRjVX
LQi2 i?i i?MFb iQ i?2 bT2+BH bi`m+im`2 Q7 ঺ M/ ঩- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` +M #2 r`Bii2M
b
υ
৕)৔* > ѿ/B; ๢๢঴৉ র্ ๣๣ )ɵ ҅ নౠ *৘)৔* , ౱)৔*- UdXRdV
৉ ৉>2
qBi? /Bz2`2Mi bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ- i?2 #Qp2 +QMi`QHH2` +M 2tTHBM p`BQmb
iQTQHQ;B2bX h?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ +QMi`QH biì2;v +M #2 Q#iBM2/ #v ɵ > রυ r?B+?
K2Mb i?i i?2 HQ+H +QMi`QHH2`b mb2 QMHv HQ+H bii2 BM7Q`KiBQM iQ +QMi`QH i?2 ;Bp2M
X `;? S;2 Rje

bm#bvbi2KX q?2M ɵ > ଎)ন* r2 Kv ?p2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K- r?2`2 2+?
bm#bvbi2K mb2b Bib QrM bii2 b r2HH b i?2 bii2b Q7 HH Qi?2` T?vbB+HHv +QmTH2/
bm#bvbi2KbX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F Bb bi`m+im`HHv bK2 b i?2 THMi
M2irQ`FX b i?2 i?B`/ Hi2`MiBp2- i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ +M ;2M2ì2 KB//H2@Q7@
i?2@`Q/ bQHmiBQM- #2ir22M /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH TT`Q+?2b M/ /2+2Mi`HBx2/ QM2b-
ɵ ӳ ଎)ন*- `2;`/2/ b bT`b2Hv /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2KbX h?Bb +M #2 #2M2}+BH
r?2M bQK2 +QMbi`BMib QM +QKKmMB+iBQM `2[mB`2K2Mib #2ir22M HQ+H +QMi`QHH2`b
2tBbi M/ ?2M+2 i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F +MMQi ?p2 i?2 bK2 bi`m+im`2 b i?2 THMi
M2irQ`FX "2bB/2b- QM2 Kv `2bQì iQ QTiBKBx2 i?2 bi`m+im`2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`FX
b M BHHmbiìBQM- MmK#2` Q7 rQ`Fb BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 7Q+mb QM }M/BM; i?2 bT`b2bi
+QMi`QH M2irQ`F i?i biBb}2b ;HQ#H +QMi`QH Q#D2+iBp2c b22 2X;X (dj)X h?Bb Bbbm2 rBHH
#2 bm#D2+i Q7 i?2 M2ti b2+iBQMX
_2K`F dXk h?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F b?QmH/ Hrvb #2 bm#b2i Q7 i?2 /vMKB+b M2i@
rQ`F- i?i Bb- ɵ ӳ ଎)ন*X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- B7 ন৉৊ > 1 Ubm#bvbi2K ৊ /Q2b MQi BM~m2M+2
৉@i? bm#bvbi2KV- i?2M ౘ৉৊ > 1X
dXj PTiBKH ai`m+im`2/ aJ* .2bB;M S`Q#H2K
h?Bb b2+iBQM BKb iQ /2bB;M bHB/BM; Ki`B+2b ঺৉ r?BH2 2Mbm`BM; Qp2`HH bi#BHBiv M/
T2MHBxBM; i?2 H2p2H Q7 `2[mB`2/ +QMi`QH 2zQì iQ KBMiBM bHB/BM; b r2HH b i?2 bi@
#BHBiv Q7 i?2 `2/m+2/ Q`/2` BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ bvbi2KbX AM Q`/2` iQ +QT2 rBi? i?2 #Qp2
T`Q#H2K r2 Kv `2bQì iQ b2H2+i i?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`B+2b ঺৉ - rBi? ;Bp2M ౠ৉ -
r?BH2 2Mbm`BM; Qp2`HH bi#BHBiv M/ i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 `2/m+2/ Q`/2` BMi2`+QMM2+i2/
bvbi2Kb- bQ i?i i?2 HBM2` +QMi`QH Tì Q7 UdXRdV KBMBKBx2b i?2 +Qbi 7mM+iBQMH
ҋ
঱Ӂ ม ৘঻ )౩*স৘)౩* , ৕঻ )౩*হ৕)౩*ย ৅౩- UdXR3V
฀1
r?2`2 স ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ - rBi? ৎ > Ѿυ৉>2 ৎ৉ - Bb ;Bp2M TQbBiBp2 b2KB@/2}MBi2 Ki`Bt- M/
হ Ӂ /B;\হ৉ ^υ৉>2 ѵ ϓ্·্ - rBi? ্ > Ѿυ৉>2 ্৉ - Bb ;Bp2M #HQ+F /B;QMH bXTX/ Ki`Bt
U1 = হ৉ ѵ ϓ্৉ ·্৉ VX
X `;? S;2 Rjd

dXjXR ς3 #b2/ QTiBKH bi`m+im`2/ biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F
*QMbB/2` i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM UdXRdV +QMiBMb QMHv i?2 HBM2` Tì- ?2M+2
৘)৔*
ȥ >ন৘)৔* , ৗ)৔* , ঩৕)৔* UdXRNV
৚)৔* >প৚ȡ ৘)৔* , ফȡ ৚ ৕)৔*

υ
৕)৔* > ѿ /B; ๢๢঴৉ র্ ๣๣ )ɵ ҅ নౠ *৘)৔*-
৉ ৉>2
r?2`2 ৗ)৔* Ӂ +QH)ৗ৉ )৔**υ৉>2 Bb }+iBiBQmb 2tQ;2MQmb /Bbim`#M+2- ৚)৔* Ӂ +QH)৚৉ )৔**υ৉>2 -
M/
2
֠স 3 ֣ ֠1֣
প৚ȡ Ӂ ֡ ֤ - ফȡ ৚ Ӂ ֡ 2 ֤ / UdXkyV
֡ 1 ֤ ֡হ 3 ֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
AM Q`/2` iQ +QT2 rBi? i?2 QTiBKH aJ* T`Q#H2K 2tTHBM2/ T`2pBQmbHv- i?Bb +?T@
i2` i?2M rBHH 2M/2pQm` iQ +?QQb2 #HQ+F /B;QMH Ki`Bt ঺ bQ i?i i?2 Q#iBM2/
+HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K #v TTHvBM; i?2 HBM2` +QMi`QH Hr BM UdXRNV KBMBKBx2b
঱ Ӂ อ঻ৗ৚ อ33 - UdXkRV
r?2`2 อ঻ৗ৚ อ3 /2MQi2b i?2 ς3 @MQ`K Q7 i?2 +HQb2/ HQQT i`Mb72` 7mM+iBQM 7`QK ৗ)৔*
iQ ৚)৔*X
_2K`F dXj Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i /2bB;MBM; i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 rBi? QMHv i?2
HBM2` Tì Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` Bb biM/`/ b+?2K2 BM i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2 Q7 aJ*c
b22 2X;X (Ryk)X
h?2 HBM2` +QMi`QHH2` BM UdXRNV +M #2 `2r`Bii2M b ৕)৔* > ভ ৘)৔* BM r?B+?
υ
ভ > ѿ /B; ๢๢঴৉ র্ ๣๣ )ɵ ҅ নౠ * UdXkkV
৉ ৉>2
υ υ
> ѿ ๟/B; พ঴৉ ฟυ৉>2 /B; ๢๢রৎ ѿ্ 1)ৎ৉ ѿ্৉ *·্৉ ๣๣ ѿ /B; ๢๢1 র্ ๣๣ )ɵ ҅ নౠ */
৉ ৉ ৉>2 ৉ ৉>2 ๠
b b22M ঴৉ `2 i?2 /2bB;M 7`22/QKb BM i?Bb M2r 7`K2rQ`FX G2i mb Q#iBM i?2
X `;? S;2 Rj3

+HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K b
υ
֠֠1 1 ֣֣
ন , ঩ভ >ন ѿ /B; ֡֡ ֤֤ )ɵ ҅ নౠ *
֡֡1 র ֤֤
֢֢ ্৉ ֥֥৉>2
υ
ѿ ঩/B; พ঴৉ ฟυ৉>2 /B; ๢๢রৎ ѿ্ 1)ৎ ѿ্ *·্ ๣๣ )ɵ ҅ নౠ *
৉ ৉ ৉ ৉ ৉ ৉>2
Ӊনৄ , ঩঴প- UdXkjV
r?2`2 ঴ > /B; พ঴৉ ฟυ৉>2 M/
υ
֠֠1 1 ֣֣
নৄ > ন ѿ /B; ֡֡ ֤֤ )ɵ ҅ নౠ *- UdXk9V
֡֡1 র ֤֤
֢֢ ্৉ ֥֥৉>2
υ
প > ѿ/B; ๢๢রৎ ѿ্ 1)ৎ ѿ্ *·্ ๣๣ )ɵ ҅ নౠ */
৉ ৉ ৉ ৉ ৉ ৉>2
LQr +QMbB/2` i?2 }+iBiBQmb bvbi2K
ȥ > নৄ ৘)৔* , ৗ)৔* , ঩ ৕)৔*

৘)৔* Ȣ
৚)৔* > প৚ ৘)৔* , ফ৚ ৕)৔*

Ȣ
৙)৔* > প৘)৔*- UdXk8V
r?2`2 ৕)৔*
Ȣ > ঴৙)৔* M/
2
֠ স3 ֣ ֠1֣
প৚ > ֡ 2 υ ֤ - ফ৚ > ֡ 2 ֤ / UdXkeV
֡ѿহ 3 /B; 1 র ֤ ֡হ 3 ֤
֢ ๢๢ ্৉ ๣๣৉>2 )ɵ ҅ নౠ *֥ ֢ ֥
6`QK i?Bb M2r pB2rTQBMi- i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2bB;MBM; ς3 bii2 722/#+F aJ* UdXRNV@UdXkRV
+M #2 `2;`/2/ b biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F GZ T`Q#H2K 7Q` i?2 }+iBiBQmb bvbi2K
)নৄ - ঩- প*- ;Bp2M BM UdXk8VX aT2+B}+HHv- KBMBKBxBM; i?2 ς3 @MQ`K Q7 i?2 ঻ৗ৚ Ub22
UdXkRVV bm#D2+i iQ UdXRNV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ KBMBKBxBM; i?2 ς3 @MQ`K Q7 UdXk8V rBi?
`2bT2+i iQ i?2 biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F ;BM ঴X
.Bz2`2Mi K2i?Q/b ?p2 #22M T`QTQb2/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 iQ /2H rBi? i?2 biiB+ Qmi@
Tmi 722/#+F GZ T`Q#H2K BM UdXk8V- 2X;X i?2 Bi2ìBp2 GJA K2i?Q/ T`QTQb2/ BM (8e)
`272``2/ iQ b i?2 b+H2/ KBM@Kt H;Q`Bi?KX q2 /QTi i?2 K2i?Q/ BM (8e) Ub22
H;Q`Bi?K XR BM TT2M/BtV iQ }M/ ঴ M/ i?mb ঺X
X `;? S;2 RjN

_2K`F dX9 LQiB+2 i?i i?2 pHm2 Q7 i?2 ς3 +Qbi Q#iBM2/ 7`QK H;Q`Bi?K XR Bb
MQi i?2 i`m2 QM2- /m2 iQ i?2 +QMb2`piBbK BMi`Q/m+2/ #v bbmKBM; i?2 #HQ+F@/B;QMH
bi`m+im`2 7Q` ঴X L2p2ì?2H2bb- i?2 i`m2 pHm2 +M #2 +QKTmi2/ #v bQHpBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM;
GvTmMQp 2[miBQM
ষ৔৒৕৆ )ন , ঩ভ * , )ন , ঩ভ *঻ ষ৔৒৕৆ , স , ভ ঻ হভ > 1/ UdXkdV
h?2M QM2 +M }M/ i?2 ς3 +Qbi b ҇i`+2)ষ৔৒৕৆ *X
dXjXk ai#BHBiv MHvbBb Q7 bHB/BM; KQ/2 /vMKB+b
Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i i?2 ς3 #b2/ K2i?Q/ T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?2 T`2pBQmb bm#b2+iBQM
Kv MQi M2+2bb`BHv bi#BHBx2 i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 /vMKB+bX h?Bb bm#b2+iBQM BKb iQ
BKTQb2 M //BiBQMH `2/m+2/ Q`/2` bi#BHBiv +QMbi`BMi QM i?2 T`2pBQmbHv T`QTQb2/
QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2KX G2i mb `2r`Bi2 i?2 bvbi2K BM UdXRV b
υ
֠৘ȥ৉2 )৔*֣ ֠ন৉22 ন৉23 ֣ ֠৘৉2 )৔*֣ ֠ন৉৊22 ন৉৊23 ֣ ֠৘৊2 )৔*֣
֡ ֤>֡ ֤֡ ֤, ֡ ֤֡ ֤ , ঩৉ \৕৉ )৔* , ে৉ )৘৉ *^/
֡৘ȥ )৔*֤ ֡ন ֤ ֡৘ )৔*֤ า ֡ ֤ ֡৘ )৔*֤
֢ ৉3 ֥ ֢ ৉32 ন ৉33 ֥ ֢ ৉3 ֥ ৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉ ন
֢ ৉৊32 ন ৉৊33 ֥ ֢ ৊3 ֥
UdXk3V
LQr #v TTHvBM; i?2 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QH,
υ
৕৆৑-৉ > ѿ ๢঴৉ র্ ๣ নౠ-৉ ৘৉ )ো* , า ন৉৊ ৘৊ )৔* ѿ ে৉ )৘৉ *- UdXkNV
৉ ໄ ໅
৊>2
M/ mbBM; i?2 MQMbBM;mH` +QQ`/BMi2 i`Mb7Q`KiBQMb ঻ > /B;\঻৉ ^υ৉>2 rBi? ঻৉ >
র 1
พ ঴৉ র ฟ- BM i?2 M2r +QQ`/BMi2b- BX2X ৘Ȣ > ঻ ৘- r2 +M r`Bi2
Ȣ υ Ȣ
֠৘ȥ৉2 )৔*֣ ֠ন৉22 ন৉23 ֣ ֠৘৉2 )৔*֣ ֠ন৉৊22 ন৉৊23 ֣ ֠৘৊2 )৔*֣
֡ ֤>֡ ֤֡ ֤, ֡ ֤֡ ֤- UdXjyV
֡ ౨ȥ )৔* ֤ ֡ 1 ౠ র ֤ ֡ ౨ )৔* ֤ า ֡
֢ ৉ ֥ ֢ ৉ ্৉ ֥ ֢ ৉ ֥ ৊>2- ৊Ӎ৉ ֢ 1 1 ֥ ֢ ౨৊ )৔* ֤֥
֤ ֡
Ȣ > ন৉22 ѿ ন৉23 ঴৉ M/ ন৉৊22

r?2`2 ন৉22 Ȣ > ন৉৊22 ѿ ন৉৊23 ঴৊ X P#pBQmbHv- UdXjyV BM+Hm/2b
`2/m+2/ Q`/2` BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ bvbi2K +QKTQb2/ Q7 υ bm#bvbi2Kb rBi? /BK2MbBQM
ৎ৉ ѿ ্৉ X LQi2 i?i i?Bb `2/m+2/ Q`/2` bvbi2K Bb bK2 b i?2 `2/m+2/@Q`/2` bvbi2K
`2bmHi2/ #v i?2 aJ* UdXRdV b i?2v #Qi? ?p2 i?2 bK2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2X h?2`27Q`2
X `;? S;2 R9y

i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K UdXjyV rBHH BM72` i?2 bi#BHiv Q7 i?2 `2/m+2/ Q`/2` bvbi2K BM
a2+iBQM k- i?mb ;m`Mi22BM; i?2 bi#BHBxBM; Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ aJ*X LQr- bi#BHBiv
MHvbBb Bb +QMbB/2`2/ 7Q` i?2 bvbi2K UdXjyVX G2i i?2 Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K-
Q#iBM2/ #v i?2 Qp2`HH 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QH- #2
ȥȢ > ন৒Ȣ ৘)৔*/

৘)৔* ৄৌ Ȣ UdXjRV
Ȣ Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7

Ai +M `2/BHv #2 b?QrM i?i i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 ন৒ৄৌ
ন৒ৄৌ > ন৒ৄ , ঩঴প ৒ - r?2`2 ন৒ৄ M/ প ৒ `2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK UdXk9V #v H2iiBM; ɵ > 1υ·υ -
i?i Bb MQ bi`m+im`2 BKTQb2/X LQr BM Q`/2` iQ 2Mbm`2 i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2
/vMKB+b- r2 m;K2Mi i?2 ς3 T`Q#H2K BM UXRV Ub22 TT2M/Bt V #v BM+Hm/BM; UXkV
rBi? M bXTX/ /2+BbBQM p`B#H2 ষ Ȣ ? 1X Ai Bb MQi ?`/ iQ b?Qr i?i i?2 Q#iBM2/ ঴ >
/B;\঴৉ ^υ৉>2 2Mbm`2b i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 7QHHQrBM; +QKTQbBi2 `2/m+2/ Q`/2` /vMKB+b,
Ȣ
֠ ন222 Ȣ
՜ ন2υ22 ֣
֡ ֤
৘ȥ৒ )৔* > ֡ ՛ ՞ ՛ ֤ ৘৒ )৔* UdXjkV
֡ ֤
֡ন Ȣ ՜ ন Ȣ ֤
֢ υ222 υ22 ֥
r?2`2 ৘৒ > +QH)৘৉2 *υ৉>2 X LQi2 i?i i?2 Q#iBM2/ brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM Ki`B+2b ঺৉ `2
+QKTH2i2Hv /2i2`KBM2/ #v +?QB+2 Q7 ঴৉ X
q2 }MHHv bmKK`Bx2 i?2 T`QTQb2/ bi`m+im`2/ ς3 #b2/ aJ* BM i?2 7QHHQrBM;

i?2Q`2KX
h?2Q`2K dXk bbmK2 i?i H;Q`Bi?K XR- rBi? ;Bp2M bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ- ?b
bQHmiBQM ঴ > /B;\঴৉ ^υ৉>2 7Q` bQK2 ౙ ? 1X h?2M i?2 ς3 T2`7Q`KM+2 +QMbi`BMi
3
อ঻ৗ৚ อ3 = ౙ QM i?2 bvbi2K UdXRNV Bb 2Mbm`2/X 7i2` i?2 `2+?BM; iBK2 ৔৓ - i?2 `2bmHiBM;
`2/m+2/ ৎ৉ ѿ ্৉ U৉ > 2- ՜ - υV Q`/2` bHB/BM; KQ/2 /vMKB+b- Q#iBM2/ #v TTHvBM; i?2
+QMi`QH Hr BM UdXRRV M/ UdXRyV iQ i?2 bvbi2K UdXRV- Bb bvKTiQiB+HHv bi#H2X
S`QQ7, h?2 T`QQ7 Bb i`BpBH 7`QK i?2 T`2pBQmbHv ;Bp2M K2i?Q/ iQ b2H2+i i?2 bHB/BM;
7mM+iBQM Ki`BtX
X `;? S;2 R9R

dX9 aT`bB}+iBQM Q7 *QMi`QH L2irQ`F
S`2pBQmb b2+iBQMb ?p2 bim/B2/ i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 /2bB;MBM; ς3 @#b2/ aJ* 7Q` L*ab
rBi? BKTQbBM; T`BQ`B +QMbi`BMib QM +QKKmMB+iBQM `2[mB`2K2Mib KQM; bm#bvb@
i2KbX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵ BM UdXRdV Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 FMQrM
T`BQ`BX h?2 Q#D2+iBp2 BM i?Bb b2+iBQM Bb iQ 2bi#HBb? M QTiBKBxiBQM 7`K2rQ`F r?B+?
BM/22/ BKb iQ Q#iBM i`/2@Qz #2ir22M i?2 ς3 T2`7Q`KM+2 M/ i?2 bT`bBiv Q7
i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2X AM/22/- QM2 +M bv i?i i?2 KBM Q#D2+iBp2 ?2`2 Bb iQ
KBMBKBx2 i?2 +Qbi Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F miBHBx2/ iQ +QMi`QH Ubi#BHBx2V i?2 bvbi2KX
>2`2- r2 bbmK2 i?i i?2 ;2M2`H +Qbib- BM+Hm/BM; i?2 +QMbi`m+iBQM M/ /i i`Mb72`@
`BM; +Qbib 2i+- `2 B/2MiB+H 7Q` HH i?2 HBMFbX >2M+2- i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH
M2irQ`F +Qbib +M BMimBiBp2Hv #2 +QMbB/2`2/ b i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM Q7 i?2 MmK#2` Q7
HBMFb BM i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 Q` 2[mBpH2MiHv }M/BM; i?2 bT`b2bi +QMi`QH
M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 i?i +M biBb7v ;HQ#H +QMi`QH Q#D2+iBp2X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/-
KBMBKBxBM; i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 7Q` i?2 aJ* rBi?Qmi iFBM; BMiQ ++QmMi
i?2 +QMi`QH +Qbib- Kv MQi `2bmHi BM TTHB+#H2 `2bmHibX >2`2 r2 T`QTQb2 rv iQ
KBMBKBx2 i?2 +QMi`QH T2`7Q`KM+2 M/ i?2 +QKKmMB+iBQM +Qbib bBKmHiM2QmbHvX q2
7Q`KmHi2 i?Bb T`Q#H2K b
njo ঱ )ɵ- ঴* , ౜+`/)ɵ* UdXjjV
bm#D2+i iQ ɵ ӳ ଎)ন*- ଎)঴* > র- M/ UdXk8V-
r?2`2 ঱ Bb i?2 b[m`2 Q7 i?2 ς3 MQ`K Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT i`Mb72` 7mM+iBQM 7`QK ৗ)৔* iQ
৚)৔* BM UdXk8V- ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ M/ +`/)Բ* /2MQi2b i?2 +`/BMHBiv 7mM+iBQM Ui?2 MmK#2`
Q7 MQMx2`Q 2H2K2Mib Q7 Ki`BtVX "2bB/2b- ౜ Ӓ 1 Bb ;Bp2M +QMbiMi r?B+? +Tim`2b
i`/2@Qz #2ir22M i?2 ς3 T2`7Q`KM+2 M/ i?2 bT`bBiv Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` bi`m+im`2X
6Q` 2tKTH2 H`;2` ౜ rBHH H2/ iQ bT`b2` ɵ M/ ౜ > 1- r?B+? K2Mb ɵ > ଎)ন*-
+QMp2ìb i?2 T`Q#H2K iQ /Bbi`B#mi2/ aJ* rBi? i?2 Q#D2+iBp2 7mM+iBQM UdXkRVX h?2
QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K BM UdXjjV Bb KBt2/@#BM`v T`Q#H2K r?B+?- #`Q/Hv bT2FBM;-
`2[mB`2b M BMi`+i#H2 +QK#BMiQ`BH b2`+? iQ +?B2p2 i?2 bQHmiBQMX
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 +`/BMHBiv 7mM+iBQM- BM QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2Kb bm+? b UdXjjV-
Bb mbmHHv TT`QtBKi2/ #v i?2 ϊ2 MQ`K Q7 i?2 QTiBKBxiBQM p`B#H2 (R8) Q` i?2
bQ@+HH2/ r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 MQ`K (Re)X aBM+2 i?2 r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 MQ`K Bb MQi BKTH2K2Mi#H2
X `;? S;2 R9k

Ui?2 `2[mB`2/ r2B;?ib b?QmH/ #2 +H+mHi2/ #b2/ QM i?2 mMFMQrM 722/#+F ;BMV-
`2r2B;?i2/ H;Q`Bi?K Bb T`QTQb2/ BM (Re)- M/ 7mì?2` mb2/ #v (dj) iQ /2bB;M bT`b2
722/#+F ;BMbX h?Bb H;Q`Bi?K bQHp2b r2B;?i2/ QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2Kb Bi2ìBp2Hv BM
r?B+? i?2 r2B;?ib `2 mT/i2/ BMp2`b2Hv T`QTQìBQMH iQ i?2 bi`2M;i? Q7 BM/BpB/mH
U#HQ+FV 2Mi`B2b Q7 722/#+F ;BM BM i?2 T`2pBQmb Bi2ìBQMX >Qr2p2`- i?2 2tBbiBM;
`2r2B;?i2/ H;Q`Bi?Kb `2 MQi TTHB+#H2 iQ i?2 QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K BM UdXjjV- b
i?2 bvbi2K Ki`B+2b নৄ M/ প BM i?2 }+iBiBQmb bvbi2K UdXk8V- BMpQHp2 i?2 bi`m+im`2
Ki`Bt ɵX AMbi2/- BM i?Bb MQi2- r2 rBHH +QMbB/2` ?2m`BbiB+ b+?2K2 #v `2HtBM;
i?2 +QMbi`BMi QM i?2 p`B#H2b ౘ৉৊ - ৉ Ӎ ৊ 7`QK i?2 #BM`v p`B#H2b- 1 Q` 2- iQ i?2
+QMbi`BMi Q7 1 ӑ ౘ৉৊৒ ӑ 2- ৉ Ӎ ৊- r?2`2
อভ৉৊ อভ
ౘ৉৊৒ > ৉ Ӎ ৊- UdXj9V
nbyอভ৉৊ อভ
ౘ৉৊ >2
BM r?B+? ভ৉৊ /2MQi2b i?2 ৉৊@i? 2Mi`v Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH 722/#+F ;BM ভ BM UdXkkV M/
ͱԲͱভ Bb i?2 6`Q#2MBmb MQ`KX AM/22/ ౘ৉৊৒ +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/ b i?2 MQ`KHBx2/ bi`2M;i?
Q7 i?2 +QmTHBM; 722/#+F ;BM ভ৉৊ X h?Bb b+?2K2 rQ`Fb #v }`bi }M/BM; i?2 MQ`KHBx2/
bi`2M;i?b Q7 HH i?2 +QmTHBM; 722/#+Fb M/ i?2M `2KQpBM; i?2 HBMFb +Q``2bTQM/BM;
iQ i?2 r2F2` 722/#+F ;BMb QM2@#v@QM2 mMiBH i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT
bvbi2K Bb pBQHi2/X AM/22/- #v bbB;MBM; MQ`KHBx2/ r2B;?i iQ 2+? HBMF ++Q`/BM;
iQ i?2 +QMi`B#miBQM Q7 Bib +Q``2bTQM/BM; 722/#+F ;BM BM i?2 +QMi`QH Q#D2+iBp2- i?Bb
T`Q+2bb rBHH `2/m+2 i?2 T`Q##BHBiv Q7 HQQbBM; i?2 bi#BHBiv #v `2KQpBM; HBMFX h?Bb
HbQ +M H2/ iQ KQ`2 +QKTmiiBQMHHv 2{+B2Mi K2i?Q/ +QKT`2/ iQ M 2t?mbiBp2
b2`+? rBi?Qmi iFBM; BMiQ ++QmMi i?2 bi`2M;i? Q7 i?2 +QmTH2/ 722/#+F ;BMbX
S`Q+2/m`2 dXR 2* AMBiBHBx2 ɵ > ଎)ন* M/ ৌ > 2- BM r?B+? ৌ /2MQi2b i?2 Bi2ìBQM
MmK#2`X
3* aQHp2 H;Q`Bi?K XR U`272` iQ TT2M/BtV iQ }M/ ষ M/ ঴X A7 i?2 GJAb BM

UXRV M/ UXkV `2 72bB#H2- ɵ ৌ І ɵ M/ ঱৓ )ৌ* > ঱ )ɵ ৌ * , ౜ॶ঎ট঑)ɵ ৌ *- Qi?2`rBb2
i2`KBMi2 i?2 b2`+? M/ i?2 T`Q#H2K ?b MQ bQHmiBQMX
4* 6BM/ ౘ৉৊৒ b BM UdXj9V 7Q` HH ౘ৉৊ > 2- ৉ Ӎ ৊X aQì i?2 b2i |ౘ৉৊৒ ~ BM b+2M/BM; Q`/2`X
5* a2i ౘ৉৊ +Q``2bTQM/BM; iQ i?2 ৌ@i? 2Mi`v Q7 |ౘ৉৊৒ ~ iQ x2`Q M/ ৌ > ৌ , 2X
X `;? S;2 R9j

6* aQHp2 H;Q`Bi?K XRX A7 i?2 GJAb BM UXRV M/ UXkV `2 72bB#H2- ɵ ৌ І ɵ- i?2M
+QKTmi2 i?2 Q#D2+iBp2 7mM+iBQM BM UdXjjV iQ }M/ ঱৓ )ৌ* > ঱ )ɵ ৌ * , ౜ॶ঎ট঑)ɵ ৌ *- B7
ৌ ӑ ॶ঎ট঑)଎)ন**- `2im`M iQ ai2T 9- Qi?2`rBb2 ;Q iQ ai2T eX
Գ
7* 6BM/ ৌԳ > `; njo ঱৓ )ৌ* M/ `2im`M Bib +Q``2bTQM/BM; ɵৌ X
ৌ
_2K`F dX8 Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i `M/QK i`mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 /Bbi`B#mi2/ +QMi`QHH2`
Uɵ > ଎)ন** Kv H2/ iQ 722/#+F i?i +MMQi bi#BHBx2 i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2KX AM +QMi`bi-
i?2 T`QTQb2/ K2i?Q/ ?2`2 Bb bvbi2KiB+ rv iQ `2/m+2 i?2 MmK#2` Q7 HBMFb BM i?2
+QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2 r?BH2 T`2b2`pBM; i?2 bi#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Qp2`HH +HQb2/@HQQT
bvbi2KX
LQiB+2 i?i BM Q`/2` iQ Q#iBM i?2 `2bmHi 7`QK i?2 #Qp2 T`Q+2/m`2- i KQbi Ѿਏ
ৌ>2 ϡৌ
+QMp2t T`Q#H2Kb M22/ iQ #2 bQHp2/- r?2`2 ਏ > ॶ঎ট঑)଎)ন** M/ ϡৌ /2MQi2b i?2
MmK#2` Q7 Bi2ìBQMb i?i Bb `2[mB`2/ 7Q` H;Q`Bi?K XR i i?2 ৌ@i? Bi2ìBQM Q7 S`Q@
ਏ
+2/m`2 dXRX h?Bb Bb BM +QMi`bi iQ Ѿ3৉>2 ϡ৉ BM i?2 +b2 Q7 +``vBM; M 2t?mbiBp2 b2`+?
QM i?2 #BM`v p`B#H2bX "2bB/2b- `Qm;?Hv bT2FBM;- HH i?2 K2i?Q/b BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2
iQ bQHp2 M ς3 biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F T`Q#H2K miBHBx2 Bi2ìBp2 T`Q+2bb2b- M/ i?2B`
bQHmiBQMb M/ KQ`2 BKTQìMiHv i?2B` +QMp2`;2M+2 /2T2M/ [mBi2 bB;MB}+MiHv QM i?2
BMBiBH +QM/BiBQMbX Ai Bb /B{+mHi iQ 2Mbm`2 S`Q+2/m`2 dXR iQ +?B2p2 i?2 ;HQ#H KBMB@
KmK Q` 2p2M HQ+H QM2X >Qr2p2`- Qm` 2ti2MbBp2 +QKTmiiBQMH 2tT2`BK2Mib b?Qr
i?i i?Bb H;Q`Bi?K +M T`QpB/2 M 2z2+iBp2 K2Mb iQ +?B2p2 M ++2Ti#H2 i`/2@Qz
#2ir22M i?2 +QMi`QH T2`7Q`KM+2 M/ i?2 bT`bBiv Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F bi`m+im`2X
*QKT`2/ iQ i?2 2t?mbiBp2 b2`+?- S`Q+2/m`2 dXR T`QTQb2b bBKTH2 bm#QTiBKH
`2HtiBQM b+?2K2- r?B+? Bb Km+? KQ`2 +QKTmiiBQMHHv ii`+iBp2X
dX8 LmK2`B+H 1tKTH2b
dX8XR 1tKTH2 R
*QMbB/2` M BMi2`+QMM2+i2/ bvbi2K r?B+? BM+Hm/2b i?`22 BMp2ì2/ T2M/mHmKb KQmMi2/

QM +QmTH2/ +ìb (Ryy- Ny)X h?2 HBM2`Bx2/ bvbi2K 2[miBQMb `2 HbQ ;Bp2M BM (Ryy)X
X `;? S;2 R99

h#H2 dXR, _2bmHib Q7 1tKTH2 R

Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ
౜ ౖ23 ౖ24 ౖ32 ౖ34 ౖ42 ౖ43
yXyyR R y R y y y
yXyyk R y R y y y
yXyR y y y y y y
.2}M2 ৘৉ > \৘৉-2 - ৘৉-3 - ৘৉-4 - ৘৉-5 ^঻ > \ౝ৉ - ౝ৉ȥ - থ৉ - থȥ৉ ^঻ -
֠ 1 2 1 1 ֣ ֠1 1 1 1 ֣
֡ ঴ ,্ ো৉ ৄ৉ ,ৃ৉
֤ ֡ ѿো৉৊ ѿৃ৉৊ ֤
֡ ৉ ৈ 1 ֤ ֡1 1 ֤
ন৉ > ֡ ঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ϊ ֤
- ন৉৊ > ֡ ঴৉ ϊ ঴৉ ϊ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 2 ֤ ֡1 1 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡ ѿ্ ৈ ѿো৉ ѿৄ৉ ѿৃ৉ ֤ ֡1 1 ো৉৊ ৃ৉৊ ֤
֢ ঴৉ 1 ঴৉ ঴৉ ϊ ֥ ֢ ঴৉ ঴৉ ֥
঻
ѿ2 2
঩৉ > ๢1 1 ๣ -
঴৉ ϊ ঴৉
7Q` )৉- ৊* ѵ |)2- 3*- )3- 2*- )3- 4*- )4- 3*~- BM r?B+? ো৉ > Ѿ৊ѵଅ৉ ো৉৊ M/ ৃ৉ > Ѿ৊ѵଅ৉ ৃ৉৊ - r?2`2
ଅ৉ Ӂ |৊ } \଎)ন*^৉৊ > 2- ৊ Ӎ ৉~X "2bB/2b- ৄ৉ - ৃ৉৊ > ৃ৊৉ - ো৉৊ > ো৊৉ M/ ϊ `2 7`B+iBQM- /KT2`-
bT`BM; +Q2{+B2Mib M/ T2M/mHmK H2M;i? `2bT2+iBp2HvX Ai Bb HbQ bbmK2/ i?i i?2
KQK2Mi Q7 BM2ìB Q7 2+? T2M/mHmK Bb x2`QX "2bB/2b- i?2 bvbi2K T`K2i2`b `2
bbmK2/ b ঴2 > 5- ঴3 > 4- ঴4 > 6- ্ > 1/3- ৈ > 21- ϊ > 5- ো23 > ো32 > 2- ো34 >
ো43 > 2- ৃ23 > ৃ32 > 2- ৃ34 > ৃ43 > 1/3- ৄ2 > 1/5- ৄ3 > 1/3 M/ ৄ4 > 1/2X LQiB+2 i?i ?2`2
Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i 2MiB`2 bvbi2K bii2b `2 pBH#H2X h`Mb7Q`KiBQM Ki`B+2b ঻৉ `2
miBHBx2/ iQ i`Mb7Q`K i?2 bm#bvbi2Kb iQ i?2 7Q`K ;Bp2M BM UdXkVX h?2 T2`7Q`KM+2
r2B;?ib `2 b2i b স > রৎ M/ হ > 1/2র্ X q2 ?p2 HbQ +?Qb2M ౠ > ѿ2X S`Q+2/m`2 dXR-
rBi? i?`22 /Bz2`2Mi T`K2i2`b ౜ > 1/12- ౜ > 1/16 M/ ౜ > 1/2- Bb bQHp2/ M/ i?2
+Q``2bTQM/BM; `2bmHib `2 ;Bp2M BM h#H2 dXRX 6mì?2`KQ`2- i?2 BMBiBH +QM/BiBQMb
7Q` H;Q`Bi?K XR- r?B+? Bb `2[mB`2/ iQ #2 bQHp2/ 7Q` //`2bbBM; i?2 bm#QTiBKH
঳স biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F T`Q#H2K BM a2+iBQM dXj- `2 b2i iQ ౡ৓৏ৌ > 2- ী৓৏ৌ > রৎ M/
Ȣ > রৎ M/ i?2 T`K2i2` ౙ > 291X b b22M- i?2 H`;2` T`K2i2` ౜ `2bmHib BM
ী৓৏ৌ
KQ`2 bT`b2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`FX
X `;? S;2 R98

h#H2 dXk, _2bmHib Q7 1tKTH2 k

Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ Գ
౜ ౖ23 ౖ24 ౖ32 ౖ34 ౖ42 ౖ43
yXyyR R R R R R R
yXyR R y y y y y
yXR y y y y y y
dX8Xk 1tKTH2 k
*QMbB/2` i?2 bvbi2K UdXRV rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; T`K2i2`b,
֠ 1 1 ѿ4/7 1 1 1 1 ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ѿ1/3 8/3 ѿ1/5 ѿ1/2 1 1/4 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1/4 1 1 4/1 1/3 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
ন>֡ 1 1/4 1 1 2/1 1 1 ֤-
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ѿ1/3 ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 1 1 1 2/1 ֤֤
֡
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1/4 1 ѿ1/6 1/2 1 1 ֥
֠ 1 1 1 1 ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 2 1 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 2 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
঩>֡ 1 1 1 1 ֤/
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 2 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֡
֡ 1 1 1 1 ֤֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 1 2 ֥
LQi2 i?i HH i?`22 QT2M@HQQT HQ+H bm#bvbi2Kb `2 mMbi#H2X h?2 T2`7Q`KM+2
r2B;?ib স M/ হ `2 b2i iQ B/2MiBiv Ki`B+2b M/ r2 +?QQb2 ౠ > ѿ5X q2 }`biHv
mb2 S`Q+2/m`2 dXR rBi? i?`22 /Bz2`2Mi T`K2i2`b ౜ > 1/112- ౜ > 1/12 M/ ౜ > 1/2X
h?2 +Q``2bTQM/BM; `2bmHib `2 ;Bp2M BM h#H2 dXkX h?2 BMBiBH +QM/BiBQMb 7Q` H;Q@
`Bi?K XR- r?B+? bQHp2b i?2 bm#QTiBKH ঳স biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F T`Q#H2K- `2
Ȣ > রৎ M/ i?2 T`K2i2` ౙ > 2:1X PM2 +M b22 i?i b
ౡ৓৏ৌ > 1/2- ী৓৏ৌ > রৎ M/ ী৓৏ৌ
i?2 `2;mH`BxiBQM T`K2i2` ౜ BM+`2b2b- i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F #2+QK2b KQ`2 bT`b2X
X `;? S;2 R9e

*QKT`BbQM R
6Q` +QKT`BbQM H2i mb +QMbB/2` biM/`/ bT`b2 bii2@722/#+F GZ_ +QMi`QHH2` rBi?
i?2 ;Bp2M +?QB+2b Q7 স M/ হX AM /QBM; bQ- bbmK2 i?i i?2`2 2tBbib bi#BHBxBM;
ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ rBi? ɵ > \ౘ৉৊ ^υ·υ M/ ভৌ৑৒ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ KBMBKBxBM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; +Qbi 7mM+iBQMH-
঱ > i`+2)িȢ ৌ৑৒ *- UdXj8V
r?2`2 িȢ ৌ৑৒ > /B;\িȢ ৉ ^υ৉>2 ? 1 Bb Q#iBM2/ 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2 GvTmMQp BM2[mHBiv-
\ন , ঩)ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *^঻ িȢৌ৑৒ ,িȢ ৌ৑৒ \ন , ঩)ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *^
, স , )ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *঻ হ)ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ * = 1/ UdXjeV
h?2 #Qp2 BM2[mHBiv Bb MQi +QMp2t rBi? `2bT2+i iQ িȢৌ৑৒ M/ ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ X >Qr2p2`- Bi
+M #2 +QMp2tB}2/ i?`Qm;? p`B#H2 +?M;BM;X G2iiBM; িৌ৑৒ > িȢ ѿ2 M/ T`2 M/ TQbi
ৌ৑৒
KmHiBTHvBM; িৌ৑৒ iQ UdXjeV- r2 ?p2
িৌ৑৒ \ন , ঩)ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *^঻ , \ন , ঩)ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *^িৌ৑৒ , িৌ৑৒ সিৌ৑৒
, িৌ৑৒ )ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *঻ হ)ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *িৌ৑৒ = 1/ UdXjdV
>pBM; i?2 +QMp2t +QMbi`BMi BM UdXjdV- i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K 2tTHBM2/ BM

UdXj8V +M #2 +bi b M QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K miBHBxBM; GJA TT`Q+?-
KBMBKBx2 i`+2 )ু৓ * bm#D2+i iQ
֠ নিৌ৑৒ , িৌ৑৒ ন঻ , ঩ীৌ৑৒ , ীৌ৑৒

঻ ঻
঩ Գ Գ ֣
֡ 2 ֤
֡ স 3 িৌ৑৒ ѿর Գ ֤ = 1- UdXj3V
֡ 2
֤
֡ হ ীৌ৑৒
3 1 ѿর ֤֥
֢
֠ѿু৓ Գ ֣
֡ ֤ = 1- UdXjNV
֡ র ѿিৌ৑৒ ֤֥
֢
Ȣ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ - M/ ু৓ Bb bH+F

Ȣ rBi? ীৌ৑৒
r?2`2 ীৌ৑৒ > )ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ *িৌ৑৒ > ɵ ҅ )ভৌ৑৒ িৌ৑৒ * > ɵ ҅ ীৌ৑৒
ѿ2
p`B#H2X h?mb- i?2 bi`m+im`H bii2@722/#+F +M #2 Q#iBM2/ b ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ > ীৌ৑৒ িৌ৑৒ X
X `;? S;2 R9d

_2K`F dXe Ai Bb 2bv iQ `2HBx2 i?i
ѿ2
଎)িৌ৑৒ * > ଎)িৌ৑৒ * > র-
M/ bBM+2 ଎)ীৌ৑৒ * ӳ ɵ- i?mb
ѿ2
଎)ীৌ৑৒ িৌ৑৒ * ӳ ɵ/
ѿ2
h?Bb K2Mb i?i i?2 bi`m+im`H bii2 722/#+F ;BM ɵ ҅ ভৌ৑৒ Q#iBM2/ 7`QK ীৌ৑৒ িৌ৑৒ ?b
i?2 /2bB`2/ bi`m+im`2 ɵX
aQHpBM; i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K BM UdXj3V M/ UdXjNV ;Bp2b #QmM/ Q7 7/4948 QM
i?2 ς3 +Qbi 7Q` /2+2Mi`HBx2/ bi`m+im`2X >Qr2p2`- ;BM Bi b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i /m2
iQ i?2 +QMb2`piBbK BMi`Q/m+2/ #v 2M7Q`+BM; #HQ+F@/B;QMH bi`m+im`2 QM িৌ৑৒ - i?Bb
Bb MQi i?2 i`m2 pHm2 Q7 ς3 +Qbi M/ Bi +M #2 Q#iBM2/ b 6/9387 7`QK bQHpBM; i?2
GvTmMQp 2[miBQM BM UdXkdV rBi? i?2 `2bmHiBM; ভৌ৑৒ X LQiB+2 HbQ i?i i?2 i`m2 pHm2
Q7 ς3 +Qbi +?B2p2/ 7`QK H;Q`Bi?K XR 7Q` /2+2Mi`HBx2/ bi`m+im`2 Bb 7/4191X
*QKT`BbQM k
q2 MQr +QMbB/2` `2r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` }M/BM; M QTiBKH bT`b2 bii2

722/#+F ;BMbc 2X;X b22 (dj)X h?Bb T`Q#H2K +M #2 +bi b
JBMBKBx2 i`+2)ু৓ * , ౜ Ȣ อা ҅ ঽৌ৑৒ อϊ UdX9yV

2
bm#D2+i iQ
֠ নিৌ৑৒ , িৌ৑৒ ন঻ , ঩ঽৌ৑৒ , ঽৌ৑৒

঻ ঻
঩ Գ Գ ֣
֡ 2 ֤
֡ স িৌ৑৒
3 ѿর Գ ֤ = 1-
֡ 2
֤
֡ হ 3 ঽৌ৑৒ 1 ѿর ֤֥
֢
֠ѿু৓ Գ ֣
֡ ֤ = 1-
֡ র ѿিৌ৑৒ ֤֥
֢
r?2`2 1 = িৌ৑৒ ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ - ঽৌ৑৒ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ - ু৓ Bb bH+F p`B#H2 M/ া Bb ;Bp2M r2B;?iBM;
Ki`Bt rBi? i?2 bK2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 ଎)ভৌ৑৒ *X q2 i?2M 2tTHQBi H;Q`Bi?K "XR rBi?
౜ Ȣ > 1/12 iQ }M/ i?2 bT`b2 bii2 722/#+F Ki`BtX h?Bb H;Q`Bi?K bm;;2bib i?2
/2+2Mi`HBx2/ bi`m+im`2 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QH M2irQ`F rBi? i`m2 pHm2 ς3 +Qbi Q7 6/9387X
X `;? S;2 R93

HbQ- MQiB+2 i?i i?2 2tBbiBM; `2r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 H;Q`Bi?K- 7Q` KBMBKBxBM; i?2 M2irQ`F
bi`m+im`2- Bb MQi TTHB+#H2 iQ Qm` T`Q#H2K r?B+? rb BM/22/ i?2 /2bB;M Q7 bT`b2
/Bbi`B#mi2/ ς3 @#b2/ aJ* M/ `2``M;2/ b M ঳স biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F T`Q#H2KX
dXe *QM+HmbBQMb
h?Bb +?Ti2` ?b /2p2HQT2/ /Bbi`B#mi2/ bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH 7`K2rQ`F #v mb@
BM; UbQK2 Q7V Qi?2` bm#bvbi2KbǶ bii2bX AM/22/ i?Bb Bbbm2 ?b #22M +QMbB/2`2/ iQ
rB/2M i?2 TTHB+#BHBiv `2;BQM Q7 i?2 /2+2Mi`HBx2/ aJ* BM r?B+? 2+? bm#bvbi2KǶb
+QMi`QHH2` mb2b QMHv HQ+H BM7Q`KiBQMX 6mì?2`KQ`2- M TT`Q+? Bb T`QTQb2/ 7Q`
i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 /2bB;M BM r?B+? i?2 H2p2H Q7 `2[mB`2/ +QMi`QH 2zQì Bb iF2M BMiQ
++QmMiX h?2M i?Bb MQp2H b+?2K2 ?b #22M miBHBx2/ iQ T`2b2Mi ?2m`BbiB+ H;Q`Bi?K
i?i T`QpB/2b M 2z2+iBp2 K2Mb Q7 b2H2+iBM; M Qp2`HH bHB/BM; KMB7QH/ i?`Qm;?
i`/2@Qz #2ir22M i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 M/ i?2 bT`bBiv Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2`X AM/22/- i?2
MQp2H b+?2K2 T`QTQb2/ ?2`2 iQ /2bB;M i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 ?2HTb pQB/ 2t+2bbBp2Hv H`;2
+QMi`QH 2zQìX AHHmbiìBp2 2tKTH2b ?p2 #22M mb2/ iQ /2KQMbiì2 i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb
Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ TT`Q+?X
X `;? S;2 R9N

Sì Ao
.aJ* 7Q` hrQ@.BK2MbBQMH

avbi2Kb
*?Ti2` 3
.aJ* 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb
3XR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
JmHiB/BK2MbBQMH HBM2` bvbi2Kb M/ BM TìB+mH` k. bvbi2Kb ?p2 ii`+i2/ Km+?

ii2MiBQM bBM+2 RNdybc b22 (jN- j3- jk- jR) 7Q` irQ@/BK2MbBQMH HBM2` KQ/2HbX AM
RNdk- :BpQM2 M/ _Q2bb2`- 7Q` i?2 }`bi iBK2- BMi`Q/m+2/ bii2@bT+2 KQ/2H 7Q`
HBM2` Bi2ìBp2 +B`+mBi r?B+? Bb bim/B2/ b bTiBH bvbi2K ì?2` i?M i2KTQ`H
bvbi2K (jN)- (j3)X h?Bb bii2@bT+2 KQ/2H Bb i?2M `272``2/ iQ b :_ KQ/2HX 6Q`MbBMB
M/ J`+?2bBMB T`QTQb2/ /Bz2`2Mi bii2@bT+2 `2HBxiBQM 7Q` i?2 k. /B;BiH }Hi2`b
(jk)- FMQrM b i?2 }`bi 6J KQ/2HX Gi2` BM (jR)- i?2v T`QTQb2/ M2r bii2@bT+2
7Q`K r?B+? Bb i?2 }`bi@Q`/2` /Bz2`2M+2 2[miBQM M/ bQK2iBK2b Bb +HH2/ b2+QM/ 6J
KQ/2HX aBM+2 i?2M- KmHiB/BK2MbBQMH bvbi2Kb- 2bT2+BHHv k. bvbi2Kb- ?p2 #22M
bim/B2/ BM KMv bT2+ib M/ BM KMv TTHB+iBQMbX
AM (RkN)- ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 bQ@+HH2/ R. [mbB@bHB/BM; KQ/2 U(8j)V- aJ* /2bB;M ?b
#22M 2ti2M/2/ 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb BM _Q2bb2` JQ/2H U_JVX AM //BiBQM- i?2 +QM/BiBQMb iQ
2Mbm`2 i?2 `2KBMBM; ?Q`BxQMiH M/ p2ìB+H bii2b BM _J QM i?2 brBi+?BM; bm`7+2b
M/ HbQ i?2 `2+?BM; +QM/BiBQM 7Q` /2bB;MBM; i?2 +QMi`QH Hr mbBM; k. GvTmMQp
7mM+iBQM `2 BMp2biB;i2/ BM (j)X
MQi?2` biì2;v iQ rQ`F rBi? k. bvbi2Kb Bb iQ i`Mb72` i?2K iQ R. 7Q`KX
qp2 /pM+2 KQ/2H UqJV Bb R. 7Q`K Q7 k. bvbi2Kb 2bi#HBb?2/ BM (Nd)X 6`QK
i?2 pB2r TQBMi Q7 qJ KQ/2H- k. bvbi2Kb `2 +QMbB/2`2/ b /pM+2/ rp2b M/
+QMb2[m2MiHv i?2 Q`B;BMH biiBQM`v k. bvbi2K Bb +QMp2ì2/ iQ iBK2@p`vBM; R.
bvbi2KX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 bvbi2K Ki`B+2b `2 BM `2+iM;mH` 7Q`K ì?2` i?M b[m`2
R8j
*>Sh1_ 3X .aJ* 6P_ k. auah1Ja
7Q`KX b `2bmHi- i?2 KDQ` /`r#+F Q7 i?Bb R. 7Q`K Q7 k. bvbi2Kb Bb i?2 p`vBM;
/BK2MbBQMb Q7 i?2 /2}M2/ bii2 p2+iQ`bX h?Bb K2Mb i?i i?2 `2bmHib /2p2HQT2/ mbBM;
i?Bb 7`K2rQ`F `2 KQbi HBF2Hv +QKTmiiBQMHHv mMii`+iBp2 BM i2`Kb Q7 TQbbB#H2
TTHB+iBQMbX JQiBpi2/ #v i?Bb Bbbm2 M/ mbBM; bi+FBM; p2+iQ`b- M2r TT`Q+?
iQ +QMp2ìBM; k. bvbi2Kb iQ R. 7Q`K Bb T`QTQb2/ BM BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X aT2+B}+HHv-
?2`2- ì?2` i?M mbBM; qJ KQ/2H- `Qr U+QHmKMV T`Q+2bbBM; K2i?Q/ Bb mb2/X
_Qr U+QHmKMV T`Q+2bbBM; K2Mb i?i i?2 k. p`B#H2b r?B+? `2 BM i?2 bK2 `Qrb
U+QHmKMbV `2 mb2/ iQ 7Q`K R. bi+FBM; p2+iQ`bX *QMb2[m2MiHv- i?2 bii2b- BMTmib
M/ QmiTmib Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ R. bvbi2K `2 BM i?2 p2+iQ` 7Q`K- M/ KQ`2 BKTQìMiHv
i?2B` /BK2MbBQMb `2 BMp`BMiX h?Bb 7`K2rQ`F Bb #bB+HHv mb27mH 7Q` +Hbb Q7 k.
HBM2` bvbi2Kb BM r?B+? BM7Q`KiBQM T`QT;iBQM BM QM2 Q7 i?2 irQ /BbiBM+i /B`2+iBQMb
QMHv Q++m`b Qp2` }MBi2 ?Q`BxQMX h?Bb +M #2 i?2 +b2 Q7 `2T2iBiBp2 T`Q+2bb (j8) Q`
Mv BM?2`2MiHv k. bvbi2K- 7Q` BMbiM+2- .`#Qmt 2[miBQM (83),
౯৓)৘- ৔* ౯৓)৘- ৔* ౯৓)৘- ৔*

> ূ2 , ূ3 , ূ1 ৓)৘- ৔* , ৃ৕)৔- ৘*-
౯৘౯৔ ౯৔ ౯৘
r?2`2 BMBiBH M/ #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb `2 FMQrM M/ +QMbiMiX >2`2- ৓)৘- ৔* Bb M
mMFMQrM 7mM+iBQM i bT+2 U৘ ѵ \1- ৘Գ ^V M/ ৔ ѵ ϖ, - M/ HH i?2 +Q2{+B2Mib `2 `2H
b+H`bX ৕)৘- ৔* Bb i?2 BMTmi bB;MHX .2}MBM; ৓)৉ɶ৘- ৊ɶ৔* ң> ৓)৉- ৊*- M/
౯৓)৘- ৔* ৓)৉ , 2- ৊* ѿ ৓)৉- ৊* ౯৓)৘- ৔* ৓)৉- ৊ , 2* ѿ ৓)৉- ৊*

Ҳ - Ҳ -
౯৘ ɶ৘ ౯৔ ɶ৔
i?2 /Bb+`2i2 7Q`K Q7 .`#Qmt 2[miBQM +M #2 r`Bii2M b
৓)৉ , 2- ৊ , 2* >)ূ2 ɶ৔*৓)৉ , 2- ৊* , )ূ3 ɶ৘*৓)৉- ৊ , 2*
, )ূ1 ɶ৘ɶ৔ ѿ ূ2 ɶ৔ ѿ ূ3 ɶ৘ , 2*৓)৉- ৊*
, )ৃɶ৘ɶ৔*৕)৉- ৊*-
r?2`2 ɶ৔ M/ ɶ৘ /2MQi2 i?2 iBK2 bi2T bBx2 M/ i?2 bTiBH K2b? bBx2- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
b b22M- /Bb+`2i2 7Q`K Q7 .`#Qmt 2[miBQM Bb }`bi 6J KQ/2H r?B+? ?b }MBi2
T`QT;iBQM Qp2` i?2 bT+2 /B`2+iBQMX
X `;? S;2 R89

3Xk S`Q#H2K 6Q`KmHiBQM
hQ BHHmbiì2 ?Qr k. bvbi2Kb +M #2 +QMp2ì2/ iQ R. 7Q`K- r2 +QMbB/2` i?2 }`bi

6J KQ/2H rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`KmHiBQM
৘)৉ , 2- ৊ , 2* > ন2 ৘)৉ , 2- ৊* , ন3 ৘)৉- ৊ , 2* , ন1 ৘)৉- ৊* , ঩৕)৉- ৊* U3XRV
r?2`2 ৘ ѵ ϓৎ M/ ৕ ѵ ϓ্ `2 `2bT2+iBp2Hv HQ+H bii2 M/ +QMi`QH BMTmiX AM //BiBQM-
i?2 Ki`B+2b BM i?Bb 2[miBQM `2 ন2 ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ - ন3 ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ - ন1 ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ M/ ঩ ѵ ϓৎ·্ X Ai
+M #2 b22M i?i i?Bb `2HiBQM Bb b2+QM/ Q`/2` `2+m`bBp2 2[miBQMX
3XkXR L2r R. 7Q`K Q7 k. }`bi 6J KQ/2H
h?2 6J KQ/2H U3XRV +M #2 `2T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`K
৘)৉ , 2- ৊ , 2* ѿ ন2 ৘)৉ , 2- ৊* > ন3 ৘)৉- ৊ , 2* , ন1 ৘)৉- ৊* , ঩৕)৉- ৊*/ U3XkV
LQr- r2 /2}M2 i?2 7QHHQrBM; bi+FBM; p2+iQ`b
֠ন2 ৘)৉ , 2- 1* , ন1 ৘)৉- 1*֣

֡ ֤
֡ 1 ֤
ঽ )৉* > ֡ ֤-
֡ ՛ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ֤
֢ ֥
֠৘)৉- 2*֣ ֠ ৕)৉- 1* ֣

֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡৘)৉- 3*֤ ֡ ৕)৉- 2* ֤
ি)৉* > ֡ ֤ - ় )৉* > ֡ ֤- U3XjV
֡ ՛ ֤ ֡ ՛ ֤
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤
֡৘)৉- ৖*֤ ֡৕)৉- ৖ ѿ 2*֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
r?2`2 ৖ Bb i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 /BbiBM+i p`B#H2 ৊- ি)৉* ѵ ϓ৖/ৎ - ঽ )৉* ѵ ϓ৖/ৎ M/ ় )৉* ѵ
ϓ৖/্ X b `2bmHi- i?2 k. 2[miBQM U3XkV +M #2 T`2b2Mi2/ b
঱ ি)৉ , 2* > লি)৉* , ঳় )৉* , ঽ )৉*- U3X9V
X `;? S;2 R88

r?2`2
֠ র 1 1 Ϳ 1 1֣
֡ ֤
֡ѿন2 র 1 Ϳ 1 1֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ѿন2 র Ϳ 1 1֤
঱ >֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՞ ՛ ՛֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 Ϳ র 1֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 1 Ϳ ѿন2 র֥
֠12·)৖ѿ2* 1 ֣
> র৖ Ԅ রৎ , ֡ ֤ Ԅ )ѿন2 *-
֡ র 1 ֤
֢ ৖ѿ2 )৖ѿ2*·2 ֥
֠ ন3 1 1 Ϳ 1 1֣
֡ ֤
֡ ন1 ন3 1 Ϳ 1 1֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 ন1 ন3 Ϳ 1 1֤
ল >֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՞ ՛ ՛ ֤
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 1 Ϳ ন3 1֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 1 Ϳ ন1 ন3 ֥
֠12·)৖ѿ2* 1 ֣
> র৖ Ԅ ন 3 , ֡ ֤ Ԅ ন1 / U3X8V
֡ র 1 ֤
֢ ৖ѿ2 )৖ѿ2*·2 ֥
"2bB/2b-
֠঩ 1 Ϳ 1֣
֡ ֤
֡1 ঩ Ϳ 1֤
঳>֡ ֤ > র৖ Ԅ ঩/
֡՛
֡ ՛ ՞ ՛ ֤֤
֡1
֢ 1 Ϳ ঩ ֤֥
>2`2- ৘)৉ , 2- 1* M/ ৘)৉- 1* `2 bii2 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb QM #QmM/`v U৊ > 1VX JQ`2@
Qp2`- b Bi Bb b22M rBi? i?2 p2+iQ`BH /2}MBiBQM U3XjV- i?2 p`B#H2 ৊ Bb ?B//2M BM i?2
M2r /2}M2/ R. 7Q`KX JQ/2H U3X9V Bb HbQ FMQrM b /2b+`BTiQ` KQ/2HX
_2K`F 3XR AM ;2M2`H- i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 k. bvbi2Kb +M #2 BM}MBi2X >Qr2p2`-

b Bi rb K2MiBQM2/ #27Q`2- BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i QM2 Q7 i?2 /BbiBM+i
p`B#H2 Q7 k. bvbi2K Bb }MBi2X JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 +QKTmiBM; HBKBiiBQMb ?p2 K/2 Bi
BM2pBi#H2 iQ bbmK2 }MBi2 /BK2MbBQMb 7Q` #Qi? b2Tì2 /B`2+iBQMb Q7 k. bvbi2KbX
AM i?Bb `2TQì- i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 +QMbB/2`2/ k. bvbi2K Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 ౡ · ৖ M/- b
`2bmHi- i?2 bBx2 Q7 R. bii2 p2+iQ` ি)৉* M/ +QMi`QH BMTmi p2+iQ` ় )৉* BM U3X9V `2
X `;? S;2 R8e

৖/ৎ M/ ৖/্- `2bT2+iBp2HvX "2bB/2b- i?2`2 `2 irQ b2i Q7 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb U৉ > 1
M/ ৊ > 1VX
ౖ)৉* > ৘)৉- 1* ৏৖৆৒ ৊ > 1-
U3XeV
ຕ ౗)৊* > ৘)1- ৊* ৏৖৆৒ ৉ > 1/
_2K`F 3Xk GBF2rBb2- MQi2 i?i Ki`B+2b ঱ M/ ল `2 #B@/B;QMH UBM ;2M2`H
#HQ+FV hQ2THBix Ki`B+2b M/ i?2 bBx2b Q7 i?2b2 Ki`B+2b /2T2M/ QM i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7
bii2 p2+iQ` ি)৉*X h?2 /BK2MbBQMb Q7 i?2 Ki`B+2b /2}M2/ BM U3X9V `2
঱ ң \৖/ৎ^ · \৖/ৎ^- ল ң \৖/ৎ^ · \৖/ৎ^-

U3XdV
঳ ң \৖/ৎ^ · \৖/্^/
hQ TTHv /Bb+`2i2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH iQ i?2 bvbi2K U3X9V- i?Bb 2[miBQM b?QmH/ #2
H27i KmHiBTHB2/ #v ঱ ѿ2 UQ#pBQmbHv- Ki`Bt ঱ Bb Q7 7mHH `MFVX AM i?2 +b2 i?i i?2
2H2K2Mib Q7 Ki`Bt ঱ `2 p`vBM;- BM 2p2`v bi2T i?2 BMp2`b2 Q7 i?Bb Ki`Bt b?QmH/
#2 +QKTmi2/X p2`v ?2pv +QKTmiiBQMH HQ/ +QmH/ `2bmHi- 2bT2+BHHv 7Q` k.
;`B/b rBi? H`;2 /BK2MbBQMbX >Qr2p2`- BM Qm` +b2- i?2 Ki`Bt ঱ Bb iBK2 BMp`BMi
M/ +QMb2[m2MiHv BM i?2 T`QTQb2/ .aJ* Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`- i?2 Ki`Bt ঱ ѿ2 +M #2
+QKTmi2/ QMHv QM+2X
_2K`F 3Xj AM (R3)- bBKTH2 7Q`KmH 7Q` i?2 BMp2`b2 Q7 #HQ+F Ki`Bt rBi? MQM@
x2`Q #HQ+Fb BM i?2 T`BM+BTH /B;QMH M/ i?2 }`bi bm#@/B;QMH QMHv Bb T`Qp2/X /Ti@
BM; i?Bb 7Q`KmH iQ Qm` +b2 `2bmHib BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`K 7Q` ঱ ѿ2 > ๢ౘ৐-৑ ๣-
֦
֩ 1ৎ ৉ে ৐ = ৑-
֩
ౘ৐-৑ > ֧ রৎ ৉ে ৐ > ৑- U3X3V
֩ ৐,৑ ৐ѿ৑
֩
֨ )ѿ2* )ѿন2 * ৉ে ৐ ? ৑/
h?2M- #v H27i KmHiBTHvBM; U3X9V #v ঱ ѿ2 - i?2 7QHHQrBM; biM/`/ R. bii2 bT+2 7Q`K
+M #2 Q#iBM2/-
Ƞ
ি)৉ , 2* > লি)৉* Ƞ )৉* , হঽ
, ঳় Ƞ )৉*- U3XNV
r?2`2
লȠ > ঱ ѿ2 ল- ঳Ƞ > ঱ ѿ2 ঳- ূৎ৅ হȠ > ঱ ѿ2 /
X `;? S;2 R8d

LQi2 i?i MmK2`B+H H;Q`Bi?K Bb ;Bp2M BM (8) iQ +QKTmi2 ঱ ѿ2 2tTHB+BiHvX Ai +M #2

7QmM/ i?i লȠ M/ ঳Ƞ `2 #HQ+F HQr2` i`BM;mH` Ki`B+2b b
֠ ন3 1 ՜ 1 1֣
֡ ֤
֡ ন 2 ন3 , ন 1 ন3 ՜ 1 1֤
লȠ > ֡ ֤-
֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤֤
֡
֡ ৖ѿ2 ৖ѿ3 ৖ѿ3 ৖ѿ4 ֤
֢ন2 ন3 , ন2 ন1 ন2 ন3 , ন2 ন1 ՜ ন2 ন3 , ন1 ন3 ֥
֠ ঩ 1 ՜ 1 1֣
֡ ֤
֡ ন2 ঩ ঩ ՜ 1 1֤
঳Ƞ > ֡ ֤/ U3XRyV
֡ ՛
֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤֤
֡ ৖ѿ2 ৖ѿ3 ֤
֢ন2 ঩ ন2 ঩ ՜ ন2 ঩ ঩ ֥
AM i?Bb M2r R. 7Q`K- i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7 bii2 p2+iQ`b Bb +QMbiMi M/ +QMb2[m2MiHv
}M/BM; Bib `2;mH` 7Q`K Bb TQbbB#H2X h?Bb b2ib i?2 bi;2 7Q` /2bB;MBM; bT2+B}+ R.
.aJ* 7Q` i?2 Q#iBM2/ R. bii2 bT+2 KQ/2H U3XNV- r?B+? Bb i?2 bm#D2+i Q7 M2ti
b2+iBQMX
3Xj .aJ* 7Q` R. .Bb+`2i2 o2+iQ` 6Q`K

bbmK2 i?i ৒ূৎো)঳*Ƞ > ৖/্ UKi`Bt ঳Ƞ Bb Q7 7mHH +QHmKM `MFV- M/ i?2 TB` Uল-Ƞ ঳VȠ Bb
+QMi`QHH#H2 (Rk)- (8k)X
_2K`F 3X9 aBM+2 ঱ Bb BMp2ìB#H2- Bi Bb +H2` i?i i?2 +QMi`QH Ki`Bt ঳Ƞ BM U3XNV Bb Q7
7mHH +QHmKM `MF B7 M/ QMHv B7 i?2 +QMi`QH Ki`Bt ঩ BM U3XRV Bb Q7 7mHH +QHmKM `MFX
aBM+2 ৒ূৎো)঳*Ƞ > ৖/্- i?2`2 2tBbib M Qì?Q;QMH Ki`Bt ঻৒ ѵ ϓ\৖/ৎ^·\৖/ৎ^ bm+? i?i
֠1\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^·\৖/্^ ֣
঻৒ ঳Ƞ > ֡ ֤- U3XRRV
֡ ঳ Ȣ3 ֤
֢ ֥
r?2`2 i?2 Ki`Bt ঳Ȣ 3 ѵ ϓ\৖/্^·\৖/্^ M/ Bb MQMbBM;mH` (39)X ULQi2 i?i i?2 Qì?Q;QMH
Ki`Bt ঻৒ +M #2 +QKTmi2/ mbBM; সহ /2+QKTQbBiBQM (39)VX 7i2` i?2 +QQ`/BMi2
i`Mb7Q`KiBQM- r2 ?p2
Ȣ
֠ু2 )৉ , 2*֣ ֠ল22 Ȣ ֣ ֠ু2 )৉*֣ ֠1\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^·\৖/্^ ֣
ল23
֡ ֤>֡ ֤֡ ֤,֡ Ƞ )৉*-
֤ ় )৉* , ঻৒ হঽ U3XRkV
֡ু )৉ , 2*֤ ֡লȢ Ȣ ֤ ֡ ֤ ֡ Ȣ ֤
֢ 3 ֥ ֢ 32 ল33 ֥ ֢ু3 )৉*֥ ֢ ঳3 ֥
X `;? S;2 R83

r?2`2
֠ু2 )৉*֣
֡ ֤ > ঻৒ ি)৉*-
֡ু )৉*֤
֢ 3 ֥
ু2 )৉* ѵ ϓ\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^ ূৎ৅ ু3 )৉* ѵ ϓ৖/্

Ȣ ѵ ϓ\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^·\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^
ল22
Ȣ ѵ ϓ\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^·\৖/্^
ল23 U3XRjV
Ȣ ѵ ϓ\৖/্^·\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^
ল32
Ȣ ѵ ϓ\৖/্^·\৖/্^ /
ল33
h?Bb `2T`2b2MiiBQM Bb `272``2/ iQ b ǵ`2;mH` 7Q`KǶ (39)X 6mì?2`- iQ /2bB;M i?2

bHB/BM; bm`7+2 r2 B;MQ`2 i?2 i2`K `BbBM; 7`QK i?2 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb b Bi /Q2b
MQi BM~m2M+2 i?2 bi#BHBivX AM i?2b2 M2r +QQ`/BMi2b i?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM #2+QK2b
౨ি )৉* > ঺2Ȣ ু2 )৉* , ঺3Ȣ ু3 )৉*- U3XR9V
r?2`2 ঺2Ȣ ѵ ϓ\৖/্^·\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^ M/ ঺3Ȣ ѵ ϓ\৖/্^·\৖/্^ biBb7vBM; ঺ Ȣ > \঺2Ȣ ঺3Ȣ ^ > ঺঻৒ѿ2 X h?2
/2bB;M T`K2i2`b ঺2Ȣ - ঺3Ȣ /2i2`KBM2 i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2 M/ b?QmH/ #2 +?Qb2M bm+?
i?i- BM i?2 +b2 i?i ౨ি )৉* > 1- HH `2KBMBM; /vMKB+b `2 bi#H2X .m`BM; B/2H
bHB/BM; QM i?2 bm`7+2- ౨ি )৉* > 1 7Q` HH ো Ӓ ো৓ - r?2`2 ো৓ Bb i?2 iBK2 r?2M bHB/BM;
biìb- +QMb2[m2MiHv
ু3 )৉* > ѿ঺3Ȣѿ2 ঺2Ȣ ু2 )৉*/ U3XR8V
.2}MBM; ʊ > ঺3Ȣѿ2 ঺2Ȣ M/ bm#biBimiBM; i?2 2[miBQM U3XR8V BMiQ i?2 2[miBQM U3XRkV
H2/b iQ,
Ȣ ѿ ল23
ু2 )৉ , 2* > )ল22 Ȣ ʊ*ু2 )৉*/ U3XReV
b `2bmHi- bi#BHBiv BM i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 Bb biBb}2/ r?2M HH 2B;2MpHm2b Q7 i?2 Ki`Bt
Ȣ ѿ ল23
)ল22 Ȣ ʊ* `2 HQ+i2/ BMbB/2 i?2 mMBi +B`+H2X AM/22/- i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 }M/BM; i?2
Ki`Bt ʊ Bb +HbbB+H bii2 722/#+F T`Q#H2KX AM (8k)- Bi Bb T`2b2Mi2/ i?i B7 i?2

TB` )ল-Ƞ ঳*Ƞ Bb +QMi`QHH#H2- i?2 TB` )ল22
Ȣ - ল23
Ȣ * Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 b r2HHX h?2`27Q`2- Mv
+HbbB+H bii2 722/#+F K2i?Q/ +M #2 mb2/ iQ +QKTmi2 ʊX _2;`/BM; i?2 2[miBQM
U3XR8V- i?2 Ki`Bt ঺3Ȣ THvb i?2 `QH2 Q7 b+HBM; T`K2i2` r?B+? +M #2 b2H2+i2/
X `;? S;2 R8N

`#Bi``BHv #mi BMp2ìB#H2X 6Q` bBKTHB+Biv Bi Bb +?Qb2M b i?2 7QHHQrBM;
঺3Ȣ > ঳Ȣ ѿ2
3 / U3XRdV
qBi? i?2 +?QB+2 U3XRdV- i?2 Ki`Bt ʊ M/ +QMb2[m2MiHv ঺2Ȣ +M #2 7QmM/ #v TQH2
TH+2K2Mi- GZ_@/2bB;M Q` GJA K2i?Q/bX AM i?Bb +?Ti2` i?2 GZ_@/2bB;M K2i?Q/ Bb
mb2/ iQ }M/ i?2 Ki`Bt ঺2Ȣ #v bQHpBM; +2ìBM /Bb+`2i2 _B++iB 2[miBQM rBi? T`QT2`
+?QB+2b Q7 r2B;?iBM; Ki`B+2bX AM i?Bb +b2- i?2 brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQM +M #2 Q#iBM2/
BM Q`B;BMH +QQ`/BMi2 b
঺ > ঺3Ȣ \ʊ র৖/্ ^঻৒ / U3XR3V
LQr- iQ /2bB;M +QMi`QHH2` r?B+? ;m`Mi22b i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 Q7 bvbi2K i?2 i`Mb@
7Q`KiBQM Ki`Bt ঻৓ ѵ ϓ\৖/ৎ^·\৖/ৎ^ Bb BMi`Q/m+2/ b
֠র৖/ৎѿ৖/্ 1\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^·\৖/্^ ֣
঻৓ > ֡ ֤/ U3XRNV
֡ ঺Ȣ ঺3Ȣ ֤
֢ 2 ֥
h?Bb i`Mb7Q`KiBQM Ki`Bt +QMp2ìb i?2 bvbi2K U3XRkV iQ i?2 7QHHQrBM; 7Q`K,
ȡ
֠ু2 )৉ , 2*֣ ֠ল22 ȡ ֣ ֠ু2 )৉*֣ ֠1\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^·\৖/্^ ֣
ল23 ֠ঽ ȡ ֣
֡ ֤>֡ ֤֡ ֤,֡ ֤ ় )৉* , ֡ 2 ֤ - U3XkyV
֡౨ )৉ , 2*֤ ֡লȡ ȡ ֤֡ ֤ ֡ ֤ ֡ঽ ȡ ֤
֢ ি ֥ ֢ 32 ল33 ֥ ֢౨ি )৉*֥ ֢ র৖/্ ֥ ֢ 3֥
r?2`2 \ঽ2ȡ ঻ ঽ3ȡ ঻ ^঻ > ঻৓ ঻৒ হঽ

Ƞ )৉* M/ ঽ2ȡ ѵ ϓ\৖/ৎѿ৖/্^ - ঽ3ȡ ѵ ϓ৖/্ X AM Q`/2` iQ /2bB;M
+QMi`QHH2` r?B+? 7Q`+2b i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K BMiQ i?2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 r2 mb2 i?2
7QHHQrBM; HBM2` `2+?BM; Hr T`2b2Mi2/ BM (3R) M/ (Rk9)-
౨ি )৉ , 2* > ʇ౨ি )৉*- U3XkRV
r?2`2 i?2 /2bB;M T`K2i2` ʇ ѵ ϓ\৖/্·৖/্^ Bb +?Qb2M iQ #2 /B;QMH Ki`Bt rBi?

HH Bib /B;QMH 2H2K2Mib ౳ো - ো > 2- Ϳ - ৖/্- biBb7vBM; 1 ӑ ౳ো = 2/
h?2Q`2K 3XR bbmKBM; i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi ় b,
় )৉* > \ʇ ѿ ল33 ȡ ু2 )৉* ѿ ঽ3ȡ -

ȡ ^౨ি )৉* ѿ ল32 U3XkkV
i?2 bvbi2K U3XkyV Bb bi#BHBx2/X
X `;? S;2 Rey

S`QQ7, TTHvBM; i?2 #Qp2 +QMi`QH Hr iQ i?2 bvbi2K U3XkyV H2/b iQ i?2 7QHHQrBM;
+HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K,
ȡ
֠ু2 )৉ , 2*֣ ֠ল22 ȡ ֣ ֠ু2 )৉*֣ ֠ঽ2ȡ ֣
ল23
֡ ֤>֡ ֤֡ ֤,֡ ֤/ U3XkjV
֡౨ )৉ , 2*֤ ֡ 1 ʇ ֥ ֢౨ি )৉*֤֥ ֢֡ 1 ֤֥
֤ ֡
֢ ি ֥ ֢
h?2 TQH2b Q7 i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT bvbi2K `2 ;Bp2M #v
ȡ * җ ౠ)ʇ*/
ౠ)ਏৄৌ * > ౠ)ল22 U3Xk9V
P#pBQmbHv- i?2 2B;2MpHm2b Q7 ʇ `2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 bi#H2 U#v /2bB;M +?QB+2VX AM

//BiBQM- Bi +M #2 2bBHv T`Qp2/ i?i ল22 Ȣ ѿ ল23
ȡ > ল22 Ȣ ʊ r?B+? Bb /2bB;M2/ iQ #2
bi#H2 Ki`Bt #v U3XReVX *QMb2[m2MiHv- i?2 bvbi2K U3XkyV Bb bi#BHBx2/ rBi? +QMi`QH
Hr U3XkkVX
3XjXR .B`2+i K2i?Q/ iQ }M/ +QMi`QH Hr
Ai b?QmH/ #2 K2MiBQM2/ i?i BMbi2/ Q7 +QMi`QH Hr U3XkkV- MQi?2` /B`2+i K2i?Q/ Bb
HbQ TQbbB#H2 iQ Q#iBM i?2 bHB/BM; +QMi`QH Hr (39)X bbmKBM; i?i Ki`B+2b ঺2Ȣ M/
঺3Ȣ ?p2 #22M /2bB;M2/ U#v 7Q` BMbiM+2 GZ_ /2bB;MV bm+? i?i i?2 `2/m+2/ Q`/2`
/vMKB+b U3XReV Bb bi#H2X LQr- #v mbBM; HBM2` `2+?BM; Hr U3XkRV r2 ?p2
ʇ౨ি )৉* > ঺ি)৉ , 2*/ U3Xk8V
AMb2ìBM; 2[miBQM U3XNV BM U3Xk8V H2/b iQ
Ƞ
ʇ౨ি )৉* > ঺\লি)৉* Ƞ )৉* , হঽ
, ঳় Ƞ )৉*^/ U3XkeV
h?2`27Q`2- i?2 +QMi`QH Hr +M #2 /2}M2/ iQ #2
় )৉* > )঺ ঳*Ƞ ѿ2 \ʇ঺ি)৉* ѿ ঺ লি)৉*

Ƞ Ƞ )৉*^/
ѿ ঺ হঽ U3XkdV
h?Bb +QMi`QH Hr Bb +HH2/ /B`2+i +QMi`QH Hr r?B+? +M #2 Q#iBM2/ /B`2+iHv 7i2`
+QKTmiBM; i?2 bHB/BM; Ki`Bt ঺X
X `;? S;2 ReR

3X9 aBKmHiBQM _2bmHib
*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; k. }`bi 6J KQ/2H
֠ѿ1/67 ѿ1/44֣ ֠1/44 ѿ1/65֣

ন2 > ֡ ֤ - ন3 > ֡ ֤-
֡ѿ1/21 1/56֤֥ ֡2/37 ѿ1/52֤֥
֢ ֢
֠ѿ1/62 ѿ1/1:֣ ֠1֣

ন1 > ֡ ֤-঩ > ֡ ֤/ U3Xk3V
֡ 1/11 1/15֤֥ ֡3֤
֢ ֢ ֥
>2`2 ৘ ѵ ϓ3 M/ ৕ ѵ ϓ X LQi2 i?i- i?Bb k. bvbi2K rBi? ় > 1 Bb mMbi#H2X q2
bbmK2 i?Bb k. bvbi2K Qp2` i?2 `2+iM;H2 ౡ · ৖ Uౡ > 71 M/ ৖ > 4:VX 6mì?2`KQ`2-
Bi Bb bmTTQb2/ i?i
֠2֣
৘)1- ৊* > ֡ ֤ - 1 ӑ ৊ ӑ 4:-
֡2֤
֢ ֥ U3XkNV
֠1/3֣
৘)৉- 1* > ֡ ֤ - 1 ӑ ৉ ӑ 71/
֡1/3֤
֢ ֥
hQ +QKTmi2 i?2 Qì?Q;QMH Ki`Bt ঻৒ - JiH# সহ +QKKM/ Bb mb2/X ++Q`/BM;
iQ U3XRdV- i?2 Ki`Bt ঺3Ȣ ѵ ϓ4:·4: Bb +?Qb2M b ঳Ȣ ѿ2
3 U>Qr2p2`- Bi Bb MQi M2+2bb`v
M/ +M #2 +?Qb2M `#Bi``BHv #mi BMp2ìB#H2V M/ BM //BiBQM Ki`Bt ঺2Ȣ ѵ ϓ4:·4:
Bb /2i2`KBM2/ #v GZ_ /2bB;M rBi? bii2 r2B;?iBM; Q7 র4: M/ +QMi`QH r2B;?iBM;
Q7 211র4: X 1p2MimHHv- Ki`Bt ঺ Bb Q#iBM2/ 7`QK 2[miBQM U3XR3VX ʇ > 1/6র4: Bb
mb2/ BM +QMi`QH Hr U3XkdV M/ i?2 `2bmHib Q7 TTHvBM; .aJ* `2 ;Bp2M BM 6B;m`2b
3XR@3XjX h?2b2 };m`2b b?Qr i?2 i`D2+iQ`v Q7 k. bii2b U৘2 -৘3 V M/ k. +QMi`QH Hr-
`2bT2+iBp2HvX
3X8 *QM+HmbBQMb
AM i?Bb +?Ti2` r2 ?p2 /2p2HQT2/ M2r K2i?Q/ iQ TTHv i?2 .aJ* iQ i?2 k.
}`bi 6J KQ/2H mbBM; R. p2+iQ`BH 7Q`K Q7 k. bvbi2KbX Hi?Qm;? i?2 7Q+mb Q7 i?Bb
+?Ti2` ?b #22M QM i?2 }`bi 6J KQ/2H- i?2 /2`Bp2/ `2bmHib `2 KQ`2 ;2M2`H M/
+M #2 2bBHv 2ti2M/2/ iQ Qi?2` k. KQ/2HbX AM i?2 T`QTQb2/ R. p2+iQ`BH 7Q`K Q7 i?Bb
+?Ti2`- QM2 Q7 i?2 k. p`B#H2b U৉ Q` ৊V Bb bi+F2/ M/ +QMb2[m2MiHv i?2 Q`B;BMH k.
T`Q+2bb Bb `2TH+2/ #v R. pBìmH T`Q+2bb r?B+? +M #2 +QMi`QHH2/ 2bBHvX .2HBM;
X `;? S;2 Rek

1
System state x1
−1
−2
−3
60
40
40
30
20 20
10
0 0
i axis j axis
6B;m`2 3XR, h?2 bvbi2K bii2 ৘2
1.5
System state x2
0.5
−0.5
−1
60
40
40
30
20 20
10
0 0
i axis j axis
6B;m`2 3Xk, h?2 bvbi2K bii2 ৘3
X `;? S;2 Rej

1.5
1
Control effort
0.5
−0.5
60
40
40
30
20 20
10
0 0
i axis j axis
6B;m`2 3Xj, h?2 +QMi`QH Hr ৕
rBi? i?Bb M2r R. 7Q`K- i?2 /2bB;MBM; T`Q+2/m`2 Q7 .aJ* Bb KQ`2 bi`B;?i7Q`r`/
+QKT`2/ iQ k. bvbi2KX HbQ- MHvbBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 bvbi2K Bb Km+? 2bB2`
BM i?Bb 7Q`K Ur?B+? rBHH #2 +QMbB/2`2/ BM i?2 M2ti +?Ti2`VX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 T`QTQb2/
K2i?Q/ Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` +M #2 2ti2M/2/ iQ i?2 i`+FBM; T`Q#H2K BM k. bvbi2KbX
X `;? S;2 Re9

*?Ti2` N
*QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Q7 k.
bvbi2Kb
NXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
"`Q/Hv bT2FBM;- i?2 iBK2 /QKBM MHvbBb- bm+? b +QMi`QHH#BHBiv- `2+?#BHBiv

M/ Q#b2`p#BHBiv Q7 k. bvbi2Kb- ?b #22M /QM2 #v p`BQmb `2b2`+?2`b- `2bmHiBM; BM
MmK#2` Q7 M2r MQiBQMb bm+? b HQ+H- ;HQ#H M/ +mbH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv U`2+?@
#BHBivV (jN- j3- jk- jR- RyN- jj- R9- Rj)X L2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQMb 7Q` i?2
2t+i `2+QMbi`m+iB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bii2 Q7 i?2 b2+QM/ 6J KQ/2H ?p2 #22M T`2b2Mi2/ BM
(Rj)X Pi?2` M2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQMb rBi? `2bT2+i iQ k. Ki`Bt TQHvMQ@
KBH 2[miBQMb 7Q` i?2 HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv M/ i?2 +mbH `2+QMbi`m+iB#BHBiv Q7 k.
HBM2` bvbi2Kb `2 T`QTQb2/ BM (RyN)X _272`2M+2 (8N) 2ti2M/b MQiBQMb Q7 i?2 HQ+H
+QMi`QHH#BHBiv- `2+?#BHBiv- M/ `2+QMbi`m+iB#BHBiv 7Q` i?2 ;2M2`H bBM;mH` KQ/2H Q7
k. HBM2` bvbi2KbX
AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- }`biHv- i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Q7 qJ KQ/2H Q7 i?2 }`bi 6J
KQ/2H Bb bim/B2/- M/ M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?Bb R. KQ/2H
Bb ;Bp2MX Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i }M/BM; i?2 bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH@
#BHBiv Q7 i?2 qJ KQ/2H Bb ?`/X h?Bb 7+i BM //BiBQM iQ i?2 iBK2@p`vBM; 7Q`K Q7
qJ KQ/2H HBKBib i?2 TTHB+#BHBiv Q7 qJ KQ/2H Q7 k. bvbi2KbX h?Bb T`QKTib
mb iQ 2tTHQBi i?2 `Qr U+QHmKMV T`Q+2bb 7Q` +QMp2ìBM; k. bvbi2Kb iQ i?2B` R. KQ/2Hb
BMbi2/X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- /m`BM; i?2 T`Q+2/m`2 Q7 /2bB;MBM; i?2 bHB/BM; bm`7+2
BM i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2`- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 Q#iBM2/ R. bvbi2K Bb +QMi`QHH#H2c
Re8
*>Sh1_ NX *PLh_PGG"AGAhu LGuaAa P6 k. auah1Ja
b22 2X;X (RRy) 7Q` i?2 bBKBH` i`2iK2MiX "mi- i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ R.
7Q`K M/ Bib `2HiBQM iQ i?2 Q`B;BMH k. bvbi2K Bb M mMMbr2`2/ T`Q#H2K BM *?Ti2`
3X >2M+2- KQiBpi2/ #v i?2b2 Bbbm2b- BM i?Bb +?Ti2`- r2 7Q+mb QM i?2 +QMi`QHH#BH@
Biv MHvbBb Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ R. 7Q`K Q7 i?2 mM/2`HvBM; k. bvbi2KbX "b2/ QM i?2
+QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb- M2r MQiBQM- /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv- 7Q` i?2 mM/2`HvBM;
k. bvbi2Kb Bb BMi`Q/m+2/ M/ bim/B2/X JQ`2 BKTQìMiHv- M2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi
+QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 k. bvbi2Kb Bb T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb +?T@
i2`X
HbQ- i?2`2 Bb bi`QM; +QMM2+iBQM #2ir22M +QMi`QHH#BHBiv M/ i?2 i?2Q`v Q7 KBM@
BKH `2HBxiBQM Q7 HBM2` iBK2@BMp`BMi UGhAV +QMi`QH bvbi2KbX >2M+2- i?2 +QMi`QH@
H#BHBiv `2bmHi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` rQmH/ HbQ T`QpB/2 mb27mH BMbB;?i BMiQ i?2 Q#b2`p#BH@
Biv M/ `2HBxiBQM MHvbBb Q7 i?2 mM/2`HvBM; k. bvbi2Kb mbBM; i?2 /2p2HQT2/ R.
7`K2rQ`FX 6mì?2`KQ`2- MQi2 i?i i?2 bQ@+HH2/ KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH T`Q#H2K
Bb 2tTHB+BiHv +QMM2+i2/ rBi? +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb (ej)X h?2`27Q`2- QM2 TTHB+iBQM
Q7 i?2 T`2b2Mi2/ +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Bb i?2 /2bB;M Q7 bT2+B}+ R. KBMBKmK 2M@
2`;v +QMi`QH BMTmi 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb +HH2/ /B`2+iBQMH KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH BMTmiX
Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i i?2 `2bmHib Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` `2 TìB+mH`Hv mb27mH 7Q` i?Qb2
r?Q rMi iQ +QMi`QH i?2 k. bvbi2Kb pB i?2 T`QTQb2/ R. 7`K2rQ`FX
h?2 `2bi Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2` Bb b 7QHHQrbX AM i?2 M2ti b2+iBQM- i?2 R. qJ KQ/2H Q7
}`bi 6J bvbi2Kb M/ Bib +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb `2 T`2b2Mi2/X a2+iBQM NXj T`2b2Mib
i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Q7 i?2 R. KQ/2H T`2b2Mi2/ BM *?Ti2` 3X "2bB/2b- Mm@
K2`B+H 2tKTH2 Bb ;Bp2M BM a2+iBQM NX8X 6BMHHv- a2+iBQM NXe +QM+Hm/2b i?Bb +?Ti2`X
NXk qJ KQ/2H Q7 6B`bi 6J JQ/2H
*QMbB/2` i?2 }`bi 6J KQ/2H BM U3XRVX AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- #`B27 `2pB2r QM i?2 qJ
KQ/2H (Nd) Q7 i?2 }`bi 6J KQ/2H U3XRV Bb ;Bp2MX h?2M- i?2 /`r#+Fb Q7 i?Bb K2i?Q/
`2 2tTHBM2/- r?B+? KQiBpi2 mb iQ BMp2biB;i2 M Hi2`MiBp2 R. 7Q`K 7Q` i?2 k.
bvbi2Kb BM i?2 T`2pBQmb +?Ti2` r?B+? Bb KQ`2 2z2+iBp2X
X `;? S;2 Ree

.2}M2 i?2 bii2 p2+iQ`b ౳)ো* M/ ౢ)ো* b
঻
౳)ো* > ๢৘঻ )ো- 1* ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2- 2* ՜ ৘঻ )1- ো*๣ -
঻
ౢ)ো* > ๢৕঻ )ো- 1* ৕঻ )ো ѿ 2- 2* ՜ ৕঻ )1- ো*๣ / UNXRV
h?2 `2bmHiBM; qJ 7Q`K Q7 i?2 }`bi 6J KQ/2H U3XRV Bb b
౳)ো , 2* > ঴)ো*౳)ো* , ঵)ো ѿ 2*౳)ো ѿ 2* , ব)ো ѿ 2*ౢ)ো ѿ 2*/ UNXkV
>2`2- ঴)ো*- ঵)ো ѿ 2* M/ ব)ো ѿ 2* `2 /2i2`KBM2/ #v
֠ রো,2 ֣ ֠1 ֣
঴)ো* > ֡ ֤ Ԅ ন3 , ֡ 2·)ো,2* ֤ Ԅ ন2 -
֡1 ֤ ֡ র ֤ UNXjV
֢ 2·)ো,2* ֥ ֢ ো,2 ֥
঵)ো ѿ 2* > ঻ )ো* Ԅ ন1 - ব)ো ѿ 2* > ঻ )ো* Ԅ ঩-
r?2`2
঻
঻ )ো* > ๢1঻2·ো রো 1঻2·ো ๣ - UNX9V
M/ রো Bb i?2 B/2MiBiv Ki`Bt Q7 Q`/2` োX .2}MBM;
৒)ো* > ঵)ো ѿ 2*౳)ো ѿ 2* , ব)ো ѿ 2*ౢ)ো ѿ 2*- UNX8V
R. bii2 bT+2 KQ/2H Bb Q#iBM2/ b
֠౳)ো , 2*֣ ֠঴)ো* র ֣ ֠౳)ো*֣ ֠ 1 ֣

֡ ֤>֡ ֤֡ ֤,֡ ֤ ౢ)ো*/ UNXeV
֡ ৒)ো , 2* ֤ ֡ ঵)ো* 1 ֤ ֡ ৒)ো* ֤ ֡ব)ো*֤
֢ ֥ ֢ ֥֢ ֥ ֢ ֥
_2K`F NXR h?2 bii2 p2+iQ` BM UNXeV Bb HBM2` +QK#BMiBQM Q7 i?2 HQ+H bii2b
M/ BMTmibX >Qr2p2`- BM bQK2 TTHB+iBQMb- ?pBM; bii2 bT+2 2[miBQMb rBi? /B`2+i
++2bb iQ i?2 HQ+H bii2b Bb `2[mB`2/X AM i?Bb +b2- #v BMi`Q/m+BM; M2r bii2 p2+iQ`-
Ƞ >\৘঻ )ো- 1*- ৘঻ )ো- 2*- ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2- 2*- ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2- 3*-

౳)ো*
UNXdV
՜ - ৘঻ )2- ো ѿ 2*- ৘঻ )2- ো*- ৘঻ )1- ো*^঻ -
R. bii2 bT+2 2[miBQM rBi? /B`2+i ++2bb iQ i?2 bii2 p2+iQ`b ౳)ো* M/ ౳)ো , 2* Bb
X `;? S;2 Red

+[mB`2/X
_2K`F NXk AM i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 bii2 p2+iQ`b UNXdV- BMbi2/ Q7 mbBM; i?2 HQ+H bii2b
Dmbi QM i?2 HBM2 ৉ , ৊ > ো , 2- i?2 HQ+H bii2b HQ+i2/ QM i?2 HBM2 ৉ , ৊ > ো `2 HbQ mb2/
iQ 7Q`K bii2 p2+iQ`bX :2M2`HHv- 7Q` qJ /2b+`BTiBQM Q7 k. bvbi2Kb r?B+? `2
Q7 i H2bi b2+QM/ Q`/2`- mbBM; i?2 bii2 p2+iQ` UNXdV Bb mb27mHX >Qr2p2`- Q#iBMBM;
qJ K2i?Q/ 7Q` b2+QM/ Q`/2` k. bvbi2Kb U7Q` BMbiM+2 6J KQ/2HV M/ 2bT2+BHHv
7Q` H`;2 b+H2 k. bvbi2Kb Bb +QKTHB+i2/ M/- KQ`2 BKTQìMiHv- i?2 /BK2MbBQM Q7
i?2 bii2 p2+iQ` UNXdV Bb p`vBM;X
_2K`F NXj AM i?2 +b2 i?i i?2 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb `2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 +QMbiMi-
i?2 bii2 p2+iQ` UNXdV b?QmH/ ;2i `B/ Q7 i?2 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQM i2`Kb ৘)ো- 1* M/
৘)1- ো* b
Ȣ >\৘঻ )ো- 2*- ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2- 2*- ৘঻ )ো ѿ 2- 3*-
౳)ো*
UNX3V
՜ - ৘঻ )2- ো ѿ 2*- ৘঻ )2- ো*^঻ ѵ ϓ\)3োѿ2*Բৎ^ - ѭো Ӓ 2/
>2M+2- i?2 R. KQ/2H Bb b 7QHHQrb
Ȣ , 2* > ঴)ো*
౳)ো Ȣ , ব)ো*ౢ)ো*
Ȣ ౳)ো* Ȣ , ঽ Ȣ )ো*- UNXNV
r?2`2
֠ন3 1 1 1 1 ՜ 1֣
֡ ֤
֡র 1 1 1 1 ՜ 1֤
֡ ֤
֡ন2 ন1 ন3 1 1 ՜ 1֤
֡ ֤
Ȣ ֡1 1 র 1 1 ՜ 1֤
঴)ো* >֡ ֤- UNXRyV
֡1 1 ন2 ন1 ন3 ՜ 1֤
֡ ֤
֡՛ ՛ ՛ ՜ ՛֤
֡ ֤
֡1 1 1 1 1 ՜ র֤
֡ ֤
֢1 1 1 1 1 ՜ ন2 ֥
֠঩ 1 1 ՜ 1֣
֡ ֤ ֠ন2 ৘)ো , 2- 1* , ন1 ৘)ো- 1*֣
֡1 1 1 ՜ 1֤ ֡ ֤
֡ ֤ ֡ 1 ֤
1 ঩ 1 ՜ 1֤ ֡ ֤
Ȣ > ֡֡
ব)ো* ֤ - ঽ Ȣ )ো* > ֡ ՛ ֤ - ѭো Ӓ 2-
֡1 1 1 ՜ 1֤ ֡ ֤
֡ ֤ ֡ 1 ֤
֡՛ ՛ ՛ ՜ ՛֤ ֡ ֤
֡ ֤ ֢ন3 ৘)1- ো , 2* , ন1 ৘)1- ো*֥
֢1 1 1 ՜ ঩֥
Ȣ
M/- ঴)ো* ѵ ϓ\)3ো,2*Բৎ^·\)3োѿ2*Բৎ^ - ব)ো*
Ȣ ѵ ϓ\)3ো,2*Բৎ^·\)ো,2*Բ্^ - ঽ Ȣ )ো* ѵ ϓ)3ো,2*Բৎ - 7Q` HH
Ȣ
ো Ӓ 2X LQi2 i?i- ?2`2- ঴)1* Ȣ >
Ȣ > ঩- ঽ Ȣ )1* > ন2 ৘)2- 1* , ন1 ৘)1- 1* M/ ౳)1*
> ন3 - ব)1*
X `;? S;2 Re3

৘)1- 2*X
NXkXR *QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Q7 qJ KQ/2H
h?Bb bm#b2+iBQM BKb iQ MHvx2 i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 R. qJ KQ/2H T`2b2Mi2/
BM UNXNVX hQ i?Bb 2M/- /2}M2 i?2 bQ@+HH2/ bii2 i`MbBiBQM Ki`Bt ন৉-৊ b
ন৉-৊ > ন1 ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ2 , ন2 ন৉-৊ѿ2 , ন3 ন৉ѿ2-৊

UNXRRV
> ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ2 ন1 , ন৉-৊ѿ2 ন2 , ন৉ѿ2-৊ ন3 - ѭ৉- ৊ ? 1/
6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i
ন1-1 > রৎ - নѿ৉-৊ > ন৉-ѿ৊ > নѿ৉-ѿ৊ > 1- ѭ৉- ৊ ? 1/ UNXRkV
LQr- 7`QK UNXNV M/ rBi? bQK2 `2+m`bBp2 KMBTmHiBQMb- r2 ?p2
ো
Ȣ , 2* ѿ ਐৗȠ )ো*ਜৗ )ো* ѿ
౳)ো ঴)৉* Ȣ > ਐৗ )ো*ਛৗ )ো*-
Ȣ ౳)1* UNXRjV
ะ
৉>1
r?2`2
ো ো
ਐৗ )ো* > \| Ȣ
঴)৉*~ Ȣ
ব)1* Ȣ
} | ঴)৉*~ Ȣ
ব)2* Ȣ ব)ো
} ՜ } ঴)ো* Ȣ ѿ 2* } ব)ো*^-
Ȣ
ะ ะ
৉>2 ৉>3
ো ো
ਐৗȠ )ো* > \ะ ঴)৉*
Ȣ }
ะ
Ȣ
঴)৉* Ȣ
} ՜ } ঴)ো* } র|)3ো,2*Բৎ~ ^-
৉>2 ৉>3
ਛৗ )ো* > \৖ )1* } ৖ )2* } ՜ } ৖঻ )ো ѿ 2* } ৖঻ )ো*^-

঻ ঻
ਜৗ )ো* > \ঽ Ȣ ঻ )1* } ঽ Ȣ ঻ )2* } ՜ } ঽ Ȣ ঻ )ো ѿ 2* } ঽ Ȣ ঻ )ো*^/ UNXR9V
b ਜৗ )ো* Bb /2i2`KBM2/ #v #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb QMHv UMQi 7mM+iBQM Q7 +QMi`QHV- r2

M2;H2+i i?2 b2+QM/ Bi2K Q7 i?2 2[miBQM UNXRjV /m`BM; i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBbX
h?2Q`2K NXR h?2 R. qJ KQ/2H UNXNV Bb MQi +QMi`QHH#H2 mMH2bb ঩ Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr
`MFX
X `;? S;2 ReN

S`QQ7, Ji`Bt ਐৗ )ো* BM UNXR9V +M #2 7QmM/ iQ #2 b UNXR8VX
֠ নো-1 ঩ নোѿ2-1 ঩ 1 ՜ ন2-1 ঩ ՜ 1 1 ঩ 1 ՜ 1 1 ֣

֡ োѿ2-1 োѿ3-1
֤
֡ ন ঩ ন ঩ 1 ՜ ঩ ՜ 1 1 1 1 ՜ 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֡ নোѿ2-2 ঩ নোѿ3-2 ঩ নোѿ2-1 ঩ ՜ ন1-2 ঩ ՜ 1 1 1 ঩ ՜ 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
ਐৗ )ো* > ֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤/
֡ ֤
֡ ন2-োѿ2 ঩ ন1-োѿ2 ঩ ন2-োѿ3 ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ ন1-2 ঩ ন2-1 ঩ 1 1 ՜ ঩ 1 ֤
֡ 1-োѿ2 1-োѿ3 ֤
֡ ন ঩ 1 ন ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ঩ 1 1 ՜ 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֢ ন1-ো ঩ 1 ন1-োѿ2 ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ন1-2 ঩ 1 1 ՜ 1 ঩ ֥
UNXR8V
G27i KmHiBTHvBM; i?Bb Ki`Bt #v
֠রৎ ѿন3 1 ՜ 1֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 রৎ 1 ՜ 1֤
ੴ)ো* > ֡ ֤- UNXReV
֡՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤֤
֡
֡1 1 1 ՜ রৎ ֤֥
֢
r?2`2 ੴ)ো* ѵ ϓ\)3ো,2*Բৎ^·\)3ো,2*Բৎ^ - Bi Bb Q#iBM2/ i?i
֠ 1 1 ՜ 1 ঩ 1 1֣ ՜
֡ োѿ2-1 োѿ3-1
֤
֡ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ 1 1 1 ՜ 1֤
֡ ֤
ੴ)ো*ਐৗ )ো* > ֡ ҄ ҄ ՜ ҄ ҄ ҄ ՜ ֤҄ / UNXRdV
֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՜ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՜ ՛֤
֡ ֤
֢ ҄ ҄ ՜ ҄ ҄ ҄ ՜ ֥҄
r?2`2 |҄~ K2Mb B``2H2pMi 2Mi`B2bX LQi2 i?i bBM+2 ੴ)ো* Bb BMp2ìB#H2- Bi /Q2b MQi
+?M;2 i?2 `Qr `MF Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ Ki`Bt ੴ)ো*ਐৗ )ো* +QKT`2/ iQ ਐৗ )ো*X *H2`Hv-
B7 ঩ Bb MQi Q7 7mHH `Qr `MF- i?2M- ੴ)ো*ਐৗ )ো*- M/ +QMb2[m2MiHv- ਐৗ )ো* Bb MQi Q7 7mHH
`Qr `MFX h?mb- i?2 qJ KQ/2H UNXNV Bb MQi +QMi`QHH#H2X
6`QK h?2Q`2K NXR- Bi +M #2 b22M i?i i?2 M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv
Q7 qJ KQ/2H UNXNV Bb i?i ঩ ?b 7mHH `Qr `MFX >Qr2p2`- i?Bb +QM/BiBQM Bb p2`v
Ȣ
`2bi`B+iBp2X b K2MiBQM2/ BM _2K`F NXk- BM Q`/2` iQ +QMbi`m+i i?2 bii2 p2+iQ` ౳)ো*-
i?2 HQ+H bii2b QM i?2 HBM2 ৉ , ৊ > ো , 2- M/ ৉ , ৊ > ো `2 #Qi? mb2/X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b-
i?2 2p2M 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?2 bii2 p2+iQ` ౳)Բ* Ȣ `2 +``B2/ 2H2K2Mib 7`QK i?2 T`2pBQmb
bi2T M/ QMHv HQ+H bii2b QM i?2 HBM2 ৉ , ৊ > ো , 2 ?p2 M2r BM7Q`KiBQMX "2bB/2b-
i?2 HQ+H bii2b QM i?2 HBM2 ৉ , ৊ > ো , 2 rBHH +Qp2` i?2 r?QH2 bT+2 r?2M ো BM+`2b2bX
b `2bmHi Q7 i?Bb 7+i- i?2 2p2M #HQ+F `Qrb Q7 i?2 Ki`Bt ਐৗ )ো* `2 `2KQp2/ M/
X `;? S;2 Rdy

i?2 `2KBMBM; Ki`Bt +M #2 r`Bii2M b ਐৗȢ )ো* b
֠ নো-1 ঩ নোѿ2-1 ঩ 1 ՜ ন2-1 ঩ ՜ 1 1 ঩ 1 ՜ 1 1 ֣

֡ োѿ2-2 োѿ3-2 োѿ2-1 1-2
֤
֡ ন ঩ ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ՜ 1 1 1 ঩ ՜ 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
ਐৗȢ )ো* > ֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤-
֡ 2-োѿ2 1-োѿ2 2-োѿ3 1-2 2-1 ֤
֡ ন ঩ ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ ন ঩ ন ঩ 1 1 ՜ ঩ 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֢ ন1-ো ঩ 1 ন1-োѿ2 ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ন1-2 ঩ 1 1 ՜ 1 ঩ ֥
UNXR3V
r?B+? rBHH #2 mb2/ iQ /2i2`KBM2 qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv /2}M2/ #2HQrX h?Bb Bb 2[mBp@

H2Mi iQ i?2 QmiTmi +QMi`QHH#BHBiv rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; qJ QmiTmi Ki`Bt 7Q` i?2
bvbi2K UNXNV-
֠রৎ 1 1 ՜ 1֣
֡ ֤
֡1 1 রৎ ՜ 1֤
পৗ )ো* > ֡ ֤ UNXRNV
֡՛ ՛ ՜ ՛ ֤֤
֡
֡1 1 1 ՜ রৎ ֤֥
֢
r?2`2 পৗ )ো* ѵ ϓ\োԲৎ^·\)3োѿ2*Բৎ^ X h?Bb 2[mBpH2M+2 iQ i?2 bT2+BH QmiTmi +QMi`QHH#BHBiv

Bb BM TìB+mH` mb27mH iQ i?2 +QMi`QHfi`+FBM; T`Q#H2Kb 7Q` i?2 R. qJ KQ/2H Q7
i?2 7Q`K UNXNV- ?Qr2p2` Bi Bb #2vQM/ i?2 b+QT2 Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`X
.2}MBiBQM NXR h?2 k. bvbi2K BM UkXRV Bb bB/ iQ #2 qJ@+QMi`QHH#H2 B7 i?2`2 2tBbib

ো Ӓ ো, > ձ 3ৎ
্
ѿ3ղ Ӊ njo|ো ѵ ϋ } ো Ӓ 3ৎ
্
ѿ3~ bm+? i?i ৒ূৎো)ਐৗȢ )ো*Բ ਐৗ঻Ȣ )ো** > )ো,2*ԲৎX
)ো,2*)ো,3*
_2K`F NX9 Ai +M #2 b22M i?i ਐৗȢ )ো* ѵ ϓ\)ো,2*Բৎ^·\ 3
Բ্^
X "2bB/2b- BM i?2 #Qp2
/2}MBiBQM- i?2 +QM/BiBQM ো Ӓ 3ৎ
্
ѿ3 Bb `BbBM; 7`QK i?2 7+i i?i i?2 MmK#2` Q7 +QHmKMb
3ৎ
Q7 Ki`Bt ਐৗȢ )ো* Bb ;`2i2` i?M Q` 2[mH iQ i?2 MmK#2` Q7 Bib `Qrb B7 ো Ӓ ্
ѿ 3X
b ਐৗȢ )ো* M/ Bib /BK2MbBQM `2 iBK2@p`vBM;- QM2 Kv bF #Qmi i?2 7mim`2 bi2TǶb
qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv 2p2M B7 i?2 bvbi2K U3XRV Bb qJ@+QMi`QHH#H2 i i?2 bi2T োX
S`QTQbBiBQM NXR- BM i?2 7QHHQrBM;- +QM}`Kb i?2 qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv 7Q` HH i?2 7m@
im`2 bi2Tb- i?mb- pHB/iBM; i?2 /2}MBiBQM Q7 qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv BM .2}MBiBQM NXRX
"27Q`2 Bi- +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; H2KK r?B+? T`QpB/2b M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2
qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBivX
G2KK NXR A7 i?2 bvbi2K U3XRV Bb qJ@+QMi`QHH#H2- i?2M i?2 TB`b Uন2 - ঩V M/
Uন3 - ঩V `2 #Qi? +QMi`QHH#H2X
X `;? S;2 RdR

S`QQ7, Ai Bb Q#pBQmb i?i i?2 MQMx2`Q #HQ+Fb Q7 i?2 }`bi M/ i?2 Hbi #HQ+F `Qrb Q7
i?2 Ki`Bt ਐৗȢ )ো* `2 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 )ো , 2*@i? bi2T +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`B+2b Q7 Uন3 -
঩V M/ Uন2 - ঩V- `2bT2+iBp2HvX A7 2Bi?2` QM2 Bb MQi +QMi`QHH#H2 ਐৗȢ )ো* Bb MQi Q7 7mHH
`Qr `MFX >2M+2- bvbi2K U3XRV Bb MQi qJ@+QMi`QHH#H2X
S`QTQbBiBQM NXR A7 ਐৗȢ )ো* Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr `MF 7Q` Mv ো Ӓ ো, > ձ 3ৎ
্
ѿ 3ղ- ਐৗȢ )ো2 * Bb
Q7 7mHH `Qr `MF 7Q` Mv ো2 ? োX
S`QQ7, h?2 Ki`Bt ਐৗȢ )ো , 2* +M #2 `2``M;2/ #v bQK2 +QHmKM T2`KmiiBQM QT2`@
iBQMb UrBi?Qmi +?M;BM; i?2 `Qr `MFV b
֠ নো,2-1 ঩ নো-1 ঩ ՜ ন2-1 ঩ ঩ 1 ֣

֡ ֤
֡ নো-2 ঩ নোѿ2-2 ঩ ՜ ন1-2 ঩ 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ਐৗȢ )ো* ֤ / UNXkyV
֡ ֤
֡ ন2-ো ঩ ন1-ো ঩ ՜ 1 1 ֤
֡ 1-ো,2 ֤
֢ ন ঩ 1 ՜ 1 1 ֥
6`QK UNXkyV- Bi +M #2 b22M i?i B7 ਐৗȢ )ো* ?b 7mHH `Qr `MF- M2+2bb`BHv- i?2
+QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Q7 i?2 TB` Uন3 - ঩V Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr `MF BM )ো , 2*@i? bi2T 7`QK
G2KK NXRX h?2`27Q`2- i?Bb TB` Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 BM )ো , 3*@i? bi2T b r2HHX aBM+2 i?2
MQM@x2`Q 2H2K2Mib Q7 i?2 }`bi #HQ+F `Qr Q7 UNXkyV +QMiBMb i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt
Q7 i?2 TB` Uন3 - ঩V BM )ো , 3*@i? bi2T- ਐৗȢ )ো , 2* Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr `MFX h?Bb +M #2
bBKTHv 2ti2M/2/ iQ i?2 ;2M2`H +b2 Q7 ਐৗȢ )ো , ৒*- ৒ Ӓ 2X
h?2 M2ti `2bmHi +?`+i2`Bx2b i?2 qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv +QM/BiBQM BM i2`Kb Q7 i?2
Q`B;BMH bvbi2K Ki`B+2bc B7 BM TìB+mH` ৎ > 3- ্ > 2 M/ i?mb ਐৗȢ )3* ѵ ϓ7·7 - r2
rQmH/ +QM+Hm/2 i?2 M2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQM QM i?2 7mHH `MF Q7 ਐৗȢ )3*X
h?2Q`2K NXk A7 ৎ > 3- ্ > 2- i?2 Ki`Bt ਐৗȢ )3* Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr `MF B7 M/ QMHv B7
i?2 i?`22 TB`b Uন2 - ঩V- Uন3 - ঩V M/ Uন1 - ঩V `2 +QMi`QHH#H2X
֠ ন33 ঩ ন3 ঩ 1 ঩ 1 1 ֣
֡ ֤
ਐৗȢ )3* > ֡ )ন2 ন3 , ন3 ন2 , ন1 *঩ ন2 ঩ ন3 ঩ 1 ঩ 1 ֤/ UNXkRV
֡ ֤
֡ ন32 ঩ 1 ন2 ঩ 1 1 ঩ ֤֥
֢
S`QQ7, G2i ন4 > ন2 , ন3 M/ ౖ৉ - ౗৉ #2 i?2 b+H` +Q2{+B2Mib Q7 i?2 +?`+i2`BbiB+

TQHvMQKBH Q7 ন৉ - biBb7vBM; ন3৉ , ౖ৉ ন৉ , ౗৉ র > 1- 7Q` ৉ > 2- 3- 4X "v MQiBM; ৔৒ূৄ৆)ন৉ * >
X `;? S;2 Rdk

ѿౖ৉ - Bi 7QHHQrb ౖ4 > ౖ2 , ౖ3 7Q` ৎ > 3X h?2M
ন2 ন3 , ন3 ন2 >)ন2 , ন3 *3 ѿ ন32 ѿ ন33
> ѿ ౖ4 )ন2 , ন3 * ѿ ౗4 র , ౖ2 ন2 , ౗2 র , ౖ3 ন3 , ౗3 র
> ѿ ౖ3 ন2 ѿ ౖ2 ন3 , )౗2 , ౗3 ѿ ౗4 *র/
b `2bmHi- i?2 Ki`Bt BM UNXkRV +M #2 `2r`Bii2M b
֠ ѿ)ౖ3 ন3 , ౗3 র*঩ ন3 ঩ 1 ঩ 1 1 ֣
֡ ֤
ਐৗȢ )3* > ֡ |ѿౖ3 ন2 ѿ ౖ2 ন3 , )౗2 , ౗3 ѿ ౗4 *র , ন1 ~঩ ন2 ঩ ন3 ঩ 1 ঩ 1 ֤/
֡ ֤
֡ ѿ)ౖ2 ন2 , ౗2 র*঩ 1 ন2 ঩ 1 1 ঩ ֤֥
֢
qBi? bQK2 2H2K2Mi`v +QHmKM QT2ìBQMb QM ਐৗȢ )3*- +QH2 , ౖ3 +QH3 , ౖ2 +QH4 , ౗3 +QH5 ,
౗2 +QH7 , )౗2 , ౗3 ѿ ౗4 *+QH6 - U+QH৉ Bb i?2 ৉@i? #HQ+F +QHmKM Q7 i?2 Ki`Bt BM UkX9NVV- QM2
+M +?M;2 ਐৗȢ )3* iQ
֠ 1 ন3 ঩ 1 ঩ 1 1 ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ন1 ঩ ন2 ঩ ন3 ঩ 1 ঩ 1 ֤/ UNXkkV
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 ন2 ঩ 1 1 ঩ ֤֥
֢
qBi? bQK2 `Qr M/ +QHmKM T2`KmiiBQMb UNXkkV Bb +QMp2ì2/ iQ
֠ ন1 ঩ ঩ ন2 ঩ 1 ন3 ঩ 1 ֣
֡ ֤
֡ 1 1 ন3 ঩ ঩ 1 1 ֤/ UNXkjV
֡ ֤
֡ ֤
֢ 1 1 1 1 ন2 ঩ ঩ ֥
Ai +M #2 `2HBx2/ i?i HH i?2 `Qrb Q7 i?2 #Qp2 Ki`Bt `2 HBM2`Hv BM/2T2M/2Mi B7
M/ QMHv B7 i?2 TB`b Uন2 - ঩V- Uন3 - ঩V M/ Uন1 - ঩V `2 +QMi`QHH#H2X LQi2 i?i- ?2`2-
r2 mb2 i?2 7+i i?i ਐৗȢ )3* Bb b[m`2 Ki`Bt M/ i?2 `Qr `MF Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2
+QHmKM `MFX
h?2Q`2K NXk T`QpB/2b M2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv
Q7 i?2 bT2+BH +b2 ৎ > 3- ্ > 2X b 7Q` i?2 ;2M2`H +b2- r?BH2 G2KK NXR T`2b2Mib
i?2 M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 qJ KQ/2H- }M/BM; Bib bm{@
+B2Mi +QM/BiBQM Bb ?`/ M/ i?Bb +M #2 i?2 bm#D2+i Q7 7mim`2 rQ`FbX Ai rBHH #2 b?QrM-
BM a2+iBQM NXj- i?i i?2 M2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7
i?Bb R. KQ/2H- `272``2/ iQ b /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv- Bb QMHv i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7
QM2 Q7 i?2 irQ TB`b Uন2 - ঩V M/ Uন3 - ঩VX h?2 TB` Uন1 - ঩V rQmH/ ?p2 MQ BM~m2M+2
QM i?2 /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBivX
X `;? S;2 Rdj

NXj *QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Q7 i?2 L2r JQ/2H BM

3XkXR
AM i?Bb b2+iBQM- /Bz2`2Mi +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MQiBQMb Q7 i?2 k. bvbi2K U3XRV `2 +QMbB/@
2`2/- MK2Hv- HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv M/ /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBivX h?Bb Bb +?B2p2/ #v
bim/vBM; i?2 `2HiBQM #2ir22M i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ R. bvbi2K U3X9V
M/ i?i Q7 i?2 k. bvbi2K U3XRVX
NXjXR LQiBQM Q7 HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb
.Bz2`2Mi /2}MBiBQMb Q7 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv ++Q`/BM; iQ /Bz2`2Mi ivT2b Q7 /vMKB+H bvb@

i2Kb +M #2 7QmM/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X "`Q/Hv bT2FBM;- +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv
Q7 k. bvbi2Kb Bb `2HiBp2Hv KQ`2 +QKTH2t +QKT`2/ iQ R. bvbi2KbX AMbi2/ Q7 MQiBQM
Q7 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv BMi`Q/m+2/ 7Q` R. /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2Kb- MQiBQM Q7 HQ+H +QMi`QH@
H#BHBiv U`2+?#BHBivV Bb /2p2HQT2/ 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb (e9)X >2`2- i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7
i?2 }`bi 6J KQ/2H U3XRV Bb bim/B2/ `272``BM; iQ (jk) M/ (e9)X
qBi? i?2 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb U3XeV M/ i?2 ;Bp2M /KBbbB#H2 +QMi`QHb b2[m2M+2-
Bi +M #2 b?QrM
৘)৉- ৊* >ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ2 ন1 ৘)1- 1*

৉
, า)ন৉ѿ৐-৊ѿ2 ন2 , ন৉ѿ৐ѿ2-৊ѿ2 ন1 *৘)৐- 1*
৐>2
৊ UNXk9V
, า)ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ৑ ন3 , ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ৑ѿ2 ন1 *৘)1- ৑*
৑>2
৉ѿ2 ৊ѿ2
, า า ন৉ѿ৐ѿ2-৊ѿ৑ѿ2 ঩৕)৐- ৑*-
৐>1 ৑>1
r?2`2 i?2 bii2 i`MbBiBQM Ki`Bt ন৉-৊ Bb b BM UNXRRV M/ UNXRkVX 6`QK UNXk9V- r2
?p2
঴)৉- ৊* Ӊ৘)৉- ৊* ѿ ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ2 ন1 ৘)1- 1*
৉ UNXk8V
ѿ า)ন৉ѿ৐-৊ѿ2 ন2 , ন৉ѿ৐ѿ2-৊ѿ2 ন1 *৘)৐- 1*
৐>2
X `;? S;2 Rd9

৊
ѿ า)ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ৑ ন3 , ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ৑ѿ2 ন1 *৘)1- ৑*
৑>2
৉ѿ2 ৊ѿ2
> า า ন৉ѿ৐ѿ2-৊ѿ৑ѿ2 ঩৕)৐- ৑*
৐>1 ৑>1
>Ϟ৉৊ ৕৉৊ -
r?2`2
Ϟ৉৊ > \ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ2 ঩- ন৉ѿ2-৊ѿ3 ঩- ՜ - ন৉ѿ2-1 ঩- ՜ - ন1-৊ѿ2 ঩- ন1-৊ѿ3 ঩- ՜ - ঩^- UNXkeV
M/
৕৉৊ > \৕঻ )1- 1*- ৕঻ )1- 2*- ՜ - ৕঻ )1- ৊ ѿ 2*- ՜ -
UNXkdV
৕঻ )৉ ѿ 2- 1*- ৕঻ )৉ ѿ 2- 2*- ՜ - ৕঻ )৉ ѿ 2- ৊ ѿ 2*^঻ /
.2}MBiBQM NXk *QMbB/2` i?2 bvbi2K U3XRV rBi? i?2 #QmM/`v +QM/BiBQMb U3XeVX h?Bb
bvbi2K Bb HQ+HHv +QMi`QHH#H2 BM ;Bp2M `2+iM;H2 \)1- 1*- )ౡ- ৖*^ B7 7Q` 2p2`v #QmM/`v
+QM/BiBQMb U3XeV M/ 7Q` 2p2`v p2+iQ` ৘৅ ѵ ϓৎ - i?2`2 2tBbib b2[m2M+2 Q7 +QMi`QHb ৕ౡ৖
b BM UNXkdV bm+? i?i ৘)ౡ- ৖* > ৘৅ X
h?2 Ki`Bt Ϟ৉৊ BM UNXkeV Bb FMQrM b HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`BtX
G2KK NXk U(e9)V h?2 bvbi2K UkXRV Bb HQ+HHv +QMi`QHH#H2 BM ;Bp2M `2+iM;H2
\)1- 1*- )ౡ- ৖*^ rBi? mM+QMbi`BM2/ +QMi`QH BMTmib ৕ B7 M/ QMHv B7 ৒ূৎো)Ϟౡ৖ Բ Ϟ঻ౡ৖ * > ৎX
6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi Bb b?QrM BM (jk) i?i G2KK NXk +M #2 +QM}M2/ iQ i?2 7QHHQrBM;
H2KKX
G2KK NXj h?2 bvbi2K UkXRV Bb HQ+HHv +QMi`QHH#H2 BM ;Bp2M `2+iM;H2 \)1- 1*- )ౡ- ৖*^
rBi? mM+QMbi`BM2/ +QMi`QH BMTmib ৕ B7 M/ QMHv B7 ৒ূৎো)Ϟৎৎ Բ Ϟ঻ৎৎ * > ৎ r?2`2 ౡ Ӓ ৎ M/
৖ Ӓ ৎX
Ai b?QmH/ #2 K2MiBQM2/ i?i i?Bb H2KK Bb T`Qp2M BM (jk) 7Q` `2+?#BHBiv +b2X
AM/22/- K2i?Q/ bBKBH` iQ T`QpBM; *vH2v@>KBHiQM i?2Q`2K 7Q` R. bvbi2Kb +M
#2 /2p2HQT2/ 7Q` i?2 k. +b2X
NXjXk .B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv rBi? `2bT2+i iQ |৊~@/B`2+iBQM

AM i?Bb bm#b2+iBQM- i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 R. bvbi2K BM UkXNV Bb +QMbB/2`2/X JQ`2@
Qp2`- M2r MQiBQM Q7 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv 7Q` i?Bb bT2+BH 7Q`K Q7 i?2 k. bvbi2K BM U3XRV
X `;? S;2 Rd8

Bb /2}M2/X
LQr- /2}M2
Ϥ)৉* > \঴ ঻ )৉- 2* ՜ ঴ ঻ )৉- ৖*^঻ > \)Ϟ৉2 ৕৉2 *঻ ՜ )Ϟ৉৖ ৕৉৖ *঻ ^঻ / UNXk3V
aBM+2 ৕৉2 - Ϳ - ৕৉)৖ѿ2* `2 BM+Hm/2/ BM ৕৉৖ - UNXk3V +M #2 `2r`Bii2M b
Ϥ)৉* > ਐ৉ ৕৉৖ - UNXkNV
r?2`2 ਐ৉ Bb
֠ ন৉ѿ2-1 ঩ 1 ՜ 1 1 ՜ ঩ 1 ՜ 1 1 ֣
֡ ֤
֡ ন৉ѿ2-2 ঩ ন৉ѿ2-1 ঩ ՜ 1 1 ՜ ন1-2 ঩ ঩ ՜ 1 1 ֤
֡ ֤
ਐ৉ > ֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤/
֡ ֤
֡ ন৉ѿ2-৖ѿ3 ঩ ন৉ѿ2-৖ѿ4 ঩ ՜ ন৉ѿ2-1 ঩ 1 ՜ ন1-৖ѿ3 ঩ ন1-৖ѿ4 ঩ ՜ ঩ 1 ֤
֡ ৉ѿ2-৖ѿ2 ৉ѿ2-৖ѿ3 ৉ѿ2-2 ৉ѿ2-1 1-৖ѿ2 1-৖ѿ3 1-2 ֤
֢ ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ঩ ֥
UNXjyV
G2KK NX9 h?2 Ki`Bt ਐ৉ BM UNXjyV biBb}2b
ਐ৉ > ๢লȠ ৉ѿ2 ঳Ƞ } ՜ } লȠ ঳Ƞ } ঳Ƞ ๣ - UNXjRV
r?2`2 লȠ M/ ঳Ƞ ?p2 i?2 7Q`K BM U3XRyVX
S`QQ7, 6`QK U3XNV Bi +M #2 /2KQMbiì2/ i?i
ি)৉* ѿ লȠ ৉ ি)1* ѿ ਐ৖৉ ਜ )৉* > ਐ৕৉ ਛ)৉*- UNXjkV
r?2`2
ਜ )৉* > \ঽ ঻ )1* ՜ ঽ ঻ )৉ ѿ 2*^঻ - ਛ)৉* > \় ঻ )1* ՜ ় ঻ )৉ ѿ 2*^঻ -
ਐ৕৉ > ๢লȠ ৉ѿ2 ঳Ƞ } ՜ } লȠ ঳Ƞ } ঳Ƞ ๣ - ਐ৖৉ > ๢লȠ ৉ѿ2 হȠ } ՜ } লȠ হȠ } হȠ ๣ - UNXjjV
M/ ় )Բ*- ঽ )Բ* `2 /2}M2/ BM U3XjVX LQiBM; i?i ਛ)৉* > ৕৉৖ M/ +QKT`BM; UNXjkV
rBi? UNXkNV- r2 +M +QM+Hm/2 UNXjRV b ਐ৉ > ਐ৕৉ X
b ি)1* M/ ਜ )৉* `2 /2i2`KBM2/ #v i?2 #QmM/`v M/ BMBiBH +QM/BiBQMb- r2 QMHv
M22/ iQ +?2+F ਐ৉ iQ MHvx2 i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 bvbi2K UNXjkVX b b22M- i?2 Ki`Bt
X `;? S;2 Rde

ਐ৉ ?b i?2 7Q`K Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Q7 i?2 R. bvbi2K U3XNV- ?2M+2- i?2
+QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 R. bvbi2K U3XNV +M #2 MHvx2/ #v +?2+FBM; i?2 `MF Q7 i?Bb
Ki`BtX 6mì?2`KQ`2- BM i?2 b2[m2H Bi Bb b?QrM i?i i?2 Ki`Bt ਐ৉ BM UNXjyV ?b
KQ`2 iQ /Q rBi? i?2 HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 k. bvbi2K BM U3XRVX LQi2 i?i- BM i?2
b2[m2H Q7 i?Bb +?Ti2`- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i ౡ Ӓ ৎ M/ ৖ Ӓ ৎ- rBi?Qmi HQbb Q7 ;2M2`HBivX
G2KK NX8 h?2 bvbi2K U3XNV Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 i i?2 ো@i? Uো > 2- ՜ - ౡV bi2T rBi?
mM+QMbi`BM2/ +QMi`QH BMTmib ় - B7 M/ QMHv B7 ৒ূৎো)ਐো Բ ਐো঻ * > ৖ Բ ৎX
S`QQ7, 6`QK G2KK NX9- i?2 ো@i? bi2T +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Q7 U3XNV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi
iQ ਐো X >2M+2- i?Bb bvbi2K Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 B7 M/ QMHv B7 ਐো ?b 7mHH `Qr `MFX
JQ`2Qp2`- BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; i?2Q`2K Bi rBHH #2 b?QrM i?i r?2M ౡ Ӓ ৎ- ৖ Ӓ ৎ M/ ਐౡ

Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr `MF- i?2 HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Ϟৎৎ - M/ ?2M+2- Ϟౡ৖ rBHH #2 Q7
7mHH `Qr `MFX >Qr2p2`- i?2 +QMp2`b2 Q7 i?Bb Bbbm2 Bb MQi Hrvb i`m2X
h?2Q`2K NXj h?2 HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Ϟৎৎ ?b 7mHH `Qr `MF B7 i?2 Ki`Bt
ਐౡ ?b 7mHH `Qr `MF r?2`2 ౡ Ӓ ৎ M/ ৖ Ӓ ৎX
S`QQ7, ਐౡ ?b ৖ #HQ+F `Qrb rBi? 2+? #HQ+F ?pBM; i?2 /BK2MbBQM |ৎ · )ౡ Բ ৖ Բ ্*~X Ai
Bb MQi ?`/ iQ b?Qr i?i i?2 MQMx2`Q #HQ+Fb Q7 i?2 ৎ@i? #HQ+F `Qr Q7 ਐౡ Bb 2[mBpH2Mi
iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Ϟౡৎ X >2M+2- B7 ਐౡ ?b 7mHH `Qr `MF- Ϟౡৎ M/ i?mb Ϟౡ৖
?b 7mHH `Qr `MFX 6`QK G2KK NXk- i?2 k. bvbi2K U3XRV Bb HQ+HHv +QMi`QHH#H2 BM
;Bp2M `2+iM;H2 \)1- 1*- )ౡ- ৖*^X ++Q`/BM; iQ G2KK NXj- Bi +M #2 +QM+Hm/2/ i?i
Ϟৎৎ Bb Q7 7mHH `Qr `MFX
AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- r?2M2p2` i?2 Ki`Bt ਐౡ ?b 7mHH `Qr `MF i?2 R. 7Q`K bvbi2K U3XNV
Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 M/ i?2 k. bvbi2K U3XRV Bb HQ+HHv +QMi`QHH#H2 BM ;Bp2M `2+iM;H2
\)1- 1*- )ౡ- ৖*^ rBi? mM+QMbi`BM2/ +QMi`QH BMTmibX
LQr +QK2b i?2 KBM `2bmHi Q7 i?Bb b2+iBQMX
h?2Q`2K NX9 h?2 R. 7Q`K U3XNV Q7 i?2 k. bvbi2K U3XRV Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 B7 M/ QMHv
B7 i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uন3 - ঩V Bb +QMi`QHH#H2X
X `;? S;2 Rdd

S`QQ7, "v bQK2 +QHmKM T2`KmiiBQMb UrBi?Qmi +?M;BM; i?2 `Qr `MFV i?2 Ki`Bt
ਐৎ Bb `2``M;2/ iQ
֠ নৎѿ2-1 ঩ ՜ ঩ 1 ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ֣
֡ ֤
֡ নৎѿ2-2 ঩ ՜ ন1-2 ঩ নৎѿ2-1 ঩ ՜ ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ֤
֡ ֤
֡ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ՛ ֤ / UNXj9V
֡ ֤
֡ নৎѿ2-৖ѿ3 ঩ ՜ ন1-৖ѿ3 ঩ নৎѿ2-৖ѿ4 ঩ ՜ ন1-৖ѿ4 ঩ ՜ 1 ՜ 1 ֤
֡ ৎѿ2-৖ѿ2 1-৖ѿ2 ৎѿ2-৖ѿ3 1-৖ѿ3 ৎѿ2-1 ֤
֢ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ՜ ন ঩ ՜ ঩ ֥
P#pBQmbHv- i?2 Ki`Bt BM UNXj9V Bb HQr2`@i`BM;mH` #HQ+F Ki`Bt M/ Bib /B;QMH
#HQ+Fb `2 i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt Q7 i?2 TB` Uন3 - ঩VX h?2`27Q`2- i?2 +QMi`QHH@
#BHBiv Q7 Uন3 - ঩V Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 Uল-Ƞ ঳VX
Ƞ
>2`2- ++Q`/BM; iQ h?2Q`2K NX9- M2r MQiBQM Q7 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb Bb

/2}M2/X
.2}MBiBQM NXj h?2 k. bvbi2K BM U3XRV Bb bB/ iQ #2 /B`2+iBQMHHv +QMi`QHH#H2 rBi?

`2bT2+i iQ i?2 /B`2+iBQM |৊~- B7 Bib R. 7Q`K ʄ৖ BM U3XNV Bb +QMi`QHH#H2X
S`QTQbBiBQM NXk h?2 k. bvbi2K BM U3XRV Bb /B`2+iBQMHHv +QMi`QHH#H2 rBi? `2bT2+i

iQ i?2 /B`2+iBQM |৊~- B7 M/ QMHv B7 i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uন3 - ঩V Bb +QMi`QHH#H2X
_2K`F NX8 "bB+HHv- i?2 MQiBQM Q7 HQ+H +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 k. bvbi2Kb mb2b i?2
EHKM@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv MQiBQM M/ 2ti2M/b Bi iQ KQ`2 ;2M2`H 7Q`K 7Q` k. bvbi2KbX
J2MiBK2- i?2 MQiBQMb Q7 qJ +QMi`QHH#BHBiv M/fQ` /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv /2@
}M2/ bT2+B}+HHv 7Q` i?2 R. 7Q`K Q7 i?2 k. bvbi2K U3XRV HbQ 2tTHQBib i?2 biM/`/
EHKM@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv MQiBQMX LQi2 i?i h?2Q`2K NX9 T`QpB/2b bm{+B2Mi M/
M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ R. bvbi2K U3XNV r?B+? Bb
2t+iHv 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 EHKM@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uন3 - ঩VX
NXjXj .B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv rBi? `2bT2+i iQ |৉~@/B`2+iBQM
AM i?2 T`Q+2/m`2 Q7 (8) M/ i?Bb +?Ti2`- Bi Bb bbmK2/ i?i i?2 |৊~@/B`2+iBQM Bb }MBi2-
M/ ?2M+2- i?2 HQ+H bii2b HQ+i2/ BM i?2 bK2 |৊~@/B`2+iBQM 7Q`K i?2 R. bi+FBM;
p2+iQ`bX AM i?2 +b2 i?i i?2 |৉~@/B`2+iBQM Bb Q7 }MBi2 /BK2MbBQM- i?2 HQ+H bii2b
HQ+i2/ BM i?2 bK2 |৉~@/B`2+iBQM +M #2 bi+F2/ iQ 7Q`K i?2 R. bi+FBM; p2+iQ`bX
aBKBH`Hv- bm{+B2Mi M/ M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM Q7 i?2 /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv rBi?
`2bT2+i iQ |৉~@/B`2+iBQM +M #2 Q#iBM2/ b 7QHHQrbX
X `;? S;2 Rd3

S`QTQbBiBQM NXj h?2 k. bvbi2K BM UkXRV Bb /B`2+iBQMHHv +QMi`QHH#H2 rBi? `2bT2+i

iQ i?2 /B`2+iBQM |৉~- B7 M/ QMHv B7 i?2 Ki`Bt TB` Uন2 - ঩V Bb +QMi`QHH#H2X
NXjX9 .B`2+iBQMH KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH BMTmi
6Q` R. GhA bvbi2Kb i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb Bb bi`QM;Hv `2Hi2/ iQ i?2 bQ@+HH2/
KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH T`Q#H2K (ej)X AM i?Bb bm#b2+iBQM- bT2+B}+ KBMBKmK 2M2`;v
+QMi`QH BMTmi Bb T`QTQb2/ 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv
MQiBQM ;Bp2M BM i?2 T`2pBQmb bm#b2+iBQMbX h?Bb +QMi`QH BMTmi rBHH #2 /2MQi2/ BM i?Bb
MQi2 b i?2 /B`2+iBQMH KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH BMTmiX
amTTQb2 i?i Uন3 - ঩V Bb +QMi`QHH#H2X 6`QK h?2Q`2K NX9 r2 ?p2 i?2 Ki`Bt TB`
Uল-Ƞ ঳VȠ Q7 i?2 bvbi2K BM U3XNV Bb +QMi`QHH#H2 rBi? ਐ৉ - i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Ki`Bt-
ে
r?2`2 ৉ে ? ৎX G2i
ȡ ে * > ѿਐ ঻ )ਐ৉ ਐ ঻ *ѿ2 \ি)৉ে * ѿ লȠ ৉ে ি)1* ѿ ਐ৉Ƞ ਜ )৉ে *^-

ਛ)৉ UNXj8V
৉ে ে ৉ে ে
Uਛȡ৉ে Bb b BM UNXjjVV- i?2M ਛ)৉

ȡ ে * ?b i?2 KBMBKmK 2M2`;v อਛ)৉
ȡ ে *อ3 KQM; HH TQbbB#H2
+QMi`QH BMTmi b2[m2M+2b r?B+? +M bi22` i?2 bvbi2K bii2 7`QK ি)1* iQ ি)৉ে * (99)X
h?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi b2[m2M+2 ;Bp2M BM UNXj8V Bb bB/ iQ ?p2 i?2 /B`2+iBQMH KBMBKmK
2M2`;v rBi? `2bT2+i iQ |৊~@/B`2+iBQMX
NX9 LmK2`B+H 1tKTH2

*QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; k. }`bi 6J KQ/2H
֠ѿ1/67 1֣ ֠ѿ1/44 ѿ1/65֣

ন2 > ֡ ֤ - ন3 > ֡ ֤-
֡ 1
֢ 1֤֥ ֡ 1/37
֢ ѿ1/52֤֥
֠1/62 ѿ1/1:֣ ֠1֣

ন1 > ֡ ֤- ঩ > ֡ ֤/ UNXjeV
֡1/11 1/15֤֥ ֡3֤
֢ ֢ ֥
>2`2- ৘ ѵ ϓ3 M/ ৕ ѵ ϓX q2 bbmK2 i?Bb k. bvbi2K Qp2` i?2 `2+iM;H2 ౡ · ৖ Uౡ > 31

M/ ৖ > 6VX Ai Bb bmTTQb2/ i?i ৘)1- ৊* > พ 11 ฟ- 1 ӑ ৊ ӑ 6- ৘)৉- 1* > พ 11 ฟ- 1 ӑ ৉ ӑ 31X
Ai +M #2 b22M i?i /2bTBi2 i?2 mM+QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 TB` Uন2 - ঩V- M/- bBM+2 i?2
TB` Uন3 - ঩V Bb +QMi`QHH#H2- i?2 TB` Uল-Ƞ ঳VȠ Bb +QMi`QHH#H2X HbQ- ਐ3 M/ Ϟ33 ?p2
7mHH `Qr `MF U৒ূৎো)ਐ3 * > 7 M/ ৒ূৎো)Ϟ33 * > 3*X b `2bmHi- i?Bb k. bvbi2K +M #2
X `;? S;2 RdN

20
2D state X1
0
−20
5
4 20
3 15
2 10
1 5
0 0
j i
20
2D state X2
−20
5
4 20
3 15
2 10
1 5
0 0
j i
6B;m`2 NXR, k. bvbi2K bii2
bB/ iQ #2 /B`2+iBQMHHv +QMi`QHH#H2 rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2 |৊~@/B`2+iBQMX LQi2 i?i bBM+2
৒ূৎো)ਐৗȢ )3** > 6 = 7 i?Bb bvbi2K Bb MQi qJ +QMi`QHH#H2 BM j`/ bi2TX HbQ- bBM+2
Uন2 - ঩V Bb MQi +QMi`QHH#H2- 7`QK G2KK NXR- i?Bb bvbi2K Bb MQi qJ +QMi`QHH#H2
BM ;2M2`HX
LQr- i?2 `2bmHib Q7 TTHvBM; i?2 QT2M@HQQT KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH BMTmi b2@
[m2M+2b BM UNXj8V- rBi? ৉ে > ౡ > 31- ি)1* > 121·2 M/ ি)31* > 21 · 221·2 - iQ i?2
bvbi2K U3XNV `2 b?QrM BM 6B;X NXRX
NX8 *QM+HmbBQMb
AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- M2r qJ@+QMi`QHH#BHBiv MQiBQM ?b #22M /2}M2/ 7Q` k. bvbi2Kb
M/ M2+2bb`v +QM/BiBQM Bb ;Bp2M ++Q`/BM;HvX h?2M- M2+2bb`v M/ bm{+B2Mi
+QM/BiBQM ?b #22M /2`Bp2/ 7Q` i?2 +QMi`QHH#BHBiv Q7 i?2 M2rHv T`QTQb2/ R. KQ/2H
BM *?Ti2` 3X ++Q`/BM;Hv M2r MQiBQM- /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv- ?b #22M /2}M2/
7Q` i?2 mM/2`HvBM; k. bvbi2KbX h?2 /B`2+iBQMH +QMi`QHH#BHBiv MHvbBb T`2b2Mi2/ BM
i?Bb rQ`F Bb #2M2}+BH BM i2`Kb Q7 /2bB;MBM; i?2 bQ@+HH2/ KBMBKmK 2M2`;v +QMi`QH
BMTmiX
X `;? S;2 R3y

Sì o
AMi2;`H .aJ* 7Q` >2ì _i2

_2;mHiBQM
*?Ti2` Ry
>2ì _i2 _2;mHiBQM .m`BM;

*v+H2@1`;QK2i2` 1t2`+Bb2 pB
1p2Mi@.`Bp2M "BQ722/#+F
RyXR AMi`Q/m+iBQM
Ai Bb ;2M2`HHv ++2Ti2/ i?i `2;mH` 2`Q#B+ 2t2`+Bb2 ?b TQbBiBp2 2z2+i QM `2/m+@
BM; i?2 `BbF Q7 ?2ì /Bb2b2- `2?#BHBiiBQM TQbi BM7`+i M/ 7Q` `2p2`bBM; i?2 ?2Hi?
2z2+ib Q7 /B#2i2b Q` Qp2`r2B;?i (kR- Rj9- d- 3y)X
>_ +M #2 mb2/ b M BM/2t iQ KQMBiQ` i?2 2t2`+Bb2 BMi2MbBiv (Nk)X h?Bb 7+i
KF2b Bi bBKTH2` iQ /2p2HQT +QMi`QH bvbi2K iQ bi22` i?2 ?mKM >_ iQ T`2/2@
i2`KBM2/ M/ BM/BpB/mH 2t2`+Bb2 T`2b+`BTiBQM- `2T`2b2Mi2/ b i`;2i >_ T`Q}H2-
BMbi2/ Q7 /B`2+iHv 2KTHQvBM; i?2 2t2`+Bb2 BMi2MbBiv BM FCQmH2b Q` qiib M/ 2t2`+Bb2
ì2 U1_V b +QMi`QH T`K2i2`bX
MmK#2` Q7 biì2;B2b ?p2 2tTHQ`2/ `2H@iBK2 +QMi`QH Q7 >_ /m`BM; i`2/KBHH
2t2`+Bb2b bm+? b- 2X;X +HbbB+H T`QTQìBQMH- BMi2;`H M/ /2`BpiBp2 USA.V +QMi`QH
(eR)- Iҋ +QMi`QH (RN- RRe) M/ KQ/2H T`2/B+iBp2 +QMi`QH (RR3- RR8)X >Qr2p2`- iQ /i2-
i?Bb Bbbm2 ?b MQi `2+2Bp2/ p2`v Km+? ii2MiBQM- 7Q` +v+H2@2`;QK2i2` 2t2`+Bb2bX AM
i?2 +b2 Q7 i`2/KBHH- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` /B`2+iHv +QMi`QHb i?2 i`2/KBHH bT22/ M/fQ`
i`2/KBHH ;`/B2Mi- M/ b `2bmHi- i?2 ?mKM /Q2b MQi THv i?2 `QH2 Q7 +imiQ` BM
i?2 +QMi`QH@HQQTX 6mì?2`- i?2v QMHv ?p2 iQ TbbBp2Hv `2bTQM/ iQ i?2 p`BiBQM Q7 i?2
+QMi`QHH2/ T`K2i2`b UbT22/ M/fQ` 2H2piBQMV Q7 i`2/KBHHX h?Bb HbQ ?TT2Mb 7Q`
R3j
*>Sh1_ RyX >1_h _h1 _1:lGhAPL .l_AL:
*u*G1@1_:PJ1h1_ 1s1_*Aa1 oA 1o1Lh@._Ao1L "AP611."*E
i?2 +QMi`QHH#H2 miQKiB+ #`FBM; +v+H2@2`;QK2i2`b- BM r?B+? i?2 +QMi`QHH2` +QMi`QHb

i?2 HQ/ QM i?2 +v+HBM; bvbi2K #v +?M;BM; i?2 `2bBbiM+2 Q7 i?2 #`F2 /2pB+2 (ey)X
h?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 >_ `2;mHiBQM /m`BM; +v+H2@2`;QK2i2` 2t2`+Bb2b +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/
BM M 2MiB`2Hv /Bz2`2Mi 7`K2rQ`FX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` +QKKM/b +M #2
i`MbKBii2/ /B`2+iHv iQ i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+ib M/- i?2M i?2 ?mKM QT2ìQ` +ib BM
i?2 `QH2 Q7 i?2 +imiQ` Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2KX h?Bb Bb +QKKQMHv `272``2/ iQ #BQ722/@
#+F rBi? i?2 QT2ìQ` BM i?2 722/#+F HQQT (jd)X h?Bb MQp2H 7`K2rQ`F Q#pBi2b i?2
M22/ 7Q` +QMi`QHH#H2 miQKiB+ #`F2 2[mBTK2Mi BM i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2`bX AM (Ry)-
T2`BQ/B+ m/BiQ`v iQM2 Bb mb2/ iQ BM7Q`K i?2 bm#D2+i Q7 ?Qr ?`/ i?2v Kmbi rQ`FX AM
Qi?2` rQ`/b- i`MbHiBM; 7mM+iBQM- ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 H2p2H Q7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` bB;MH-
bBKTHv +?M;2b i?2 m/BiQ`v ì2 M/ 7`2[m2M+v iQ b?Qr r?2i?2` KQ`2 Q` H2bb 2zQì Bb
`2[mB`2/X >Qr2p2`- i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K BM (Ry) ;2M2ì2b M/ i`MbKBib #BQ722/#+F
rBi?Qmi +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+ibǶ 722iX h?Bb KF2b i?2
+QMi`QH bvbi2K bBKTH2 iBK2@/`Bp2M QM2- `QmiBM2 BM i?2 +QMi`QH 2M;BM22`BM;- r?B+?
BKTH2K2Mib i?2 +QMi`QH +H+mHiBQMb i }t2/ ì2X >Qr2p2`- i?Bb Kv H2/ iQ
+Q;MBiBp2 /Bb2M;;2K2Mi Q7 i?2 bm#D2+i 7`QK i?2 722/#+F +QMi`QHH2`X PM2 TQbbB#H2
Hi2ìBQM iQ i?Bb m/BQ QmiTmi K2i?Q/ KB;?i #2 /DmbiBM; i?2 iBK2 /mìBQM M/
i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 i?2 m/BiQ`v biBKmHmb- r?BH2 bvM+?`QMBbBM; i?2 ì2 Q7 i`MbKBiiBM;
i?2 m/BiQ`v biBKmHmb iQ i?2 mb2` rBi? i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 2t2`+Bb2 #BF2 T2/Hb iQ
QTiBKBx2 2z2+iBp2 TTHB+iBQM Q7 7Q`+2X AKTH2K2MiBM; i?Bb B/2- ?Qr2p2`- `2[mB`2b
M2r +QMi`QH bvbi2K biì2;v Ub22 6B;X RyXRV- `2;`/2/ ?2`2 b M +imiQ`@#b2/
2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K- r?B+? Bb /Bz2`2Mi iQ i?2 2tBbiBM; b2MbQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@
/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 (9e)X
PrBM; iQ i?2 bBKTHB+Biv Q7 i?2 SA. +QMi`QH bi`m+im`2- Bi `2T`2b2Mib bBKTH2
M/ TQr2`7mH +QMi`QH biì2;v r?B+? +M #2 mb2/ 7Q` p`BQmb BM/mbi`BH M/ T`+iB+H
TTHB+iBQMbX Ai Bb r2HH FMQrM i?i i?2 >_ `2bTQMb2 iQ /vMKB+ 2t2`+Bb2 Bb MQMHBM2`
M/ Bi Kv #2 /Bz2`2Mi 7Q` 2+? 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i- BM /Bz2`2Mi T?vbB+H bBimiBQMb
(Ry)X >2M+2- M /TiBp2 M/ KQ/2H@#b2/ +QMi`QH K2i?Q/ Bb mbmHHv /2bB;M2/ iQ /@
/`2bb i?2 T`Q#H2K Q7 >_ +QMi`QHX q?2M mbBM; SA. +QMi`QH- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` T`K2i2`b
7Q` 2+? bm#D2+i b?QmH/ #2 /2i2`KBM2/ +QMiBMmQmbHv mbBM; bm#D2+i bT2+B}+ KQ/2HX
Hi2`MiBp2Hv- QM2 +M /2bB;M `Q#mbi SA. +QMi`QHH2` r?B+? Bb #H2 iQ +QKT2Mbi2
7Q` i?2 BMi2`@BM/BpB/mH /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2 /vMKB+ >_ `2bTQMb2 iQ i?2 rQ`F ì2 (ey)X
X `;? S;2 R39

Wireless HR
Sensor
Computerized
Control Unit
Auditory
Converter
6B;m`2 RyXR, "HQ+F /B;`K 7Q` i?2 >_ `2;mHiBQM bvbi2K /m`BM; +v+HBM; 2t2`+Bb2
mbBM; MQM@KQ/2H@#b2/ +QMi`QH b+?2K2b
Wireless HR Adaptive ISM

Sensor Controller
System
Identification
Auditory
Converter
6B;m`2 RyXk, "HQ+F /B;`K 7Q` i?2 >_ `2;mHiBQM bvbi2K /m`BM; +v+HBM; 2t2`+Bb2
mbBM; KQ/2H@#b2/ +QMi`QH b+?2K2b
X `;? S;2 R38

//BiBQMHHv- BM i?Bb rQ`F- r2 /2p2HQT2/ M /TiBp2 BMi2;`H bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QM@

i`QH biì2;v- HQM; rBi? /KT2/ QMHBM2 T`K2i2` 2biBKiBQM b+?2K2X h`/BiBQMH
aJ* TT`Q+?2b Kv H2/ iQ /2/#2i +QMi`QH r?B+? Bb mM/2bB`#H2 BM T`+iB+H
TTHB+iBQMb #2+mb2 Q7 i?2 TQbbB#H2 `2[mB`2/ H`;2 +QMi`QH 2zQìbX h?2 BMi2;`H bHB/@
BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QH UAaJ*V /2bB;M `2bQHp2b i?Bb Bbbm2 #v `2KQpBM; i?2 TQH2b i x2`Q
(R)X PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- i?2 i`/BiBQMH T`K2i2` 2biBKiBQM b+?2K2b U2X;X `2+m`@
bBp2 H2bi b[m`2b U_GaV K2i?Q/V T`QpB/2 MQ mb27mH T`K2i2` 2biBKi2b r?BH2 i?2
2t+BiiBQM bB;MH Bb bKHH Q` x2`QX h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb `272``2/ iQ b #HQrmT T?2MQK2M BM
i?2 HBi2ìm`2X 6mì?2`KQ`2- B7 7Q` HQM; T2`BQ/ MQ 2t+BiiBQM ?TT2Mb- H`;2 ~m+@
imiBQMb Kv ?TT2M BM i?2 2biBKi2/ T`K2i2`bX h?2 `272`2M+2 (eN) KQ/B}2b i?2
+QMp2MiBQMH _Ga K2i?Q/ iQ #QmM/ i?2 KQmMi Q7 T`K2i2` p`BiBQMbX AMbTB`2/
#v (eN)- i?Bb rQ`F /2p2HQT2/ /KT2/ _Ga b+?2K2 mbBM; `2;mH`BxiBQM TT`Q+?
i?i Bb bT2+B}+HHv mb27mH 7Q` >_ `2bTQMb2 /vMKB+b B/2MiB}+iBQMc b22 6B;X RyXkX
AM i?Bb +?Ti2`- M 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K Bb T`QTQb2/- BM r?B+? irQ MiB@
rBM/mT (N) K2+?MBbKb `2 /2bB;M2/ iQ T`Qi2+i i?2 mb2` ;BMbi TQbbB#H2 H`;2 >_
~m+imiBQMb QrBM; iQ BM++mì2 +QMi`QHH2` T`K2i2`b M/fQ` BM/BpB/mH >_ `2@
bTQMb2bX h?Bb 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K +QMbBbib Q7 SA. Q` M /TiBp2 AaJ*
+QMi`QHH2` r?Qb2 QmiTmi bB;MH Bb i`MbHi2/ iQ b2i Q7 m/BiQ`v biBKmHmb i`MbKBi@
i2/ iQ i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i i iBK2@p`vBM; ì2 bvM+?`QMBx2/ rBi? i?2 bm#D2+iǶb
T2/HBM; ì2 M/ TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 T2/HbX
6Q` +QKT`BbQM- r2 HbQ mb2/ bBKTH2 brBi+?BM; U`2HvV +QMi`QHH2` iQ ;2M2ì2
pBbmH T?`b2b r?B+? +M #2 `2/ #v i?2 2t2`+Bb2`- b r2HH b +QMp2MiBQMH SA.
+QMi`QHH2` r?Qb2 QmiTmi bB;MH Bb i`MbKBii2/ b #BQ722/#+F Um/BiQ`v bB;MHV- ?Qr@
2p2`- rBi? }t2/ i`MbKBbbBQM ì2 Q` 2[mBpH2MiHv rBi?Qmi +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 TQbBiBQM
Q7 i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+ibǶ 722iX
h?2 MQp2H +QMi`QH bvbi2K rb 2tT2`BK2MiHHv p2`B}2/ 2KTHQvBM; ir2Hp2 2t2`+BbBM;
bm#D2+ibX AM /QBM; bQ- }`biHv- r2 imM2/ i?2 SA. T`K2i2`b mbBM; bT2+B}+ 2t2`+Bb2
b2bbBQM M/ rBi? i?2 B/ Q7 2B;?i /Bz2`2Mi 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+ibX JQ`2Qp2`- [mMiBi@
iBp2 +QKT`BbQM Q7 i?2 Q#iBM2/ p2`;2 i`+FBM; 2``Q` bB;MHb BHHmbiì2/ i?i i?2
T`QTQb2/ +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2` ?b #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 +QK@
T`2/ iQ +QMp2MiBQMH SA. +QMi`QHH2` rBi? }t2/@ì2 #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK Q`
`2Hv +QMi`QHH2` mbBM; bvM+?`QMBx2/ pBbmH #BQ722/#+FX
X `;? S;2 R3e

6B;m`2 RyXj, LQMBM 9Ryy SmHb2 PtBK2i2`
RyXk J2i?Q/b
RyXkXR am#D2+ib
hr2Miv ?2Hi?v KH2 bm#D2+ib U7`22 7`QK Mv FMQrM K2i#QHB+ Q` +`/B+ /BbQ`/2`b-
?vT2ì2MbBQM- M/ MQi mM/2` Mv K2/B+iBQMV TìB+BTi2/ BM i?Bb T`QD2+i iQ 2t2`+Bb2
QM i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2`X q`Bii2M BM7Q`K2/ +QMb2Mib r2`2 Q#iBM2/ 7`QK HH TìB+B@
TMib- M/ i?2 bim/v rb TT`Qp2/ #v i?2 lha >mKM _2b2`+? 1i?B+b *QKKBii22
Ulha >_1* 311:111338VX aBM+2 b2p2`H T`K2i2`b- bm+? b i?2 iBK2 Q7 i?2 /v-
2KQiBQMH bii2- i2KT2ìm`2- ?mKB/Biv- T`2pBQmb +iBpBiv- 7QQ/ M/ +z2BM2 BMiF2-
7iB;m2- HiBim/2 M/ /2?v/ìBQM- +M BM~m2M+2 >_ (dN)- i?2 bm#D2+ib r2`2 bF2/
iQ ?p2 HB;?i K2H irQ ?Qm`b #27Q`2 i?2 2tT2`BK2Mi M/ MQi iQ ;2i BMpQHp2/ BM
BMi2Mb2 2t2`+Bb2 7Q` k9 ?Qm`b #27Q`2 i?2 2tT2`BK2MiX 1MpB`QMK2MiH +QM/BiBQMb r2`2
KBMiBM2/ +QMbiMi 7Q` HH bm#D2+ibX h?2 T?vbB+H +?`+i2`BbiB+b Q7 i?2 bm#D2+ib
`2 T`2b2Mi2/ BM h#H2 RyXR Ua. /2MQi2b i?2 biM/`/ /2pBiBQMVX 1B;?i Q7 i?2 T`@
iB+BTMib- MK2/ :`QmT R- r2`2 `2[m2bi2/ iQ +QKTH2i2 bT2+B}+ 2t2`+Bb2 b2bbBQM
/2bB;M2/ 7Q` i?2 imM2 Q7 i?2 SA. +QMi`QHH2` T`K2i2`bX 6mì?2`- iQ pHB/i2 i?2
T`QTQb2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K- ir2Hp2 bm#D2+ib r?Q r2`2 MQi BMpQHp2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
imMBM; U:`QmT kV- r2`2 bF2/ iQ 2t2`+Bb2 QM i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2`c b22 a2+iBQM RyXjX
RyXkXk 1[mBTK2Mi M/ /i +[mBbBiBQM bvbi2K
AM i?Bb T`QD2+i- r2 miBHBx2/ LQMBM 9Ryy SmHb2 PtBK2i2` iQ +QHH2+i i?2 >_ /i
/m`BM; 2t2`+Bb2c b22 6B;X RyXjX o`BQmb /i 7Q`Kib +M #2 2ti`+i2/ 7`QK i?2
LQMBM 9Ryy rB`2H2bb b2MbQ` bm+? b ঺৐শ3 - >_- SH2i?vbKQ;`T?B+ TmHb2 /i 2i+X
Hi?Qm;? i?Bb b2MbQ` QmiTmib /Bz2`2Mi /i- r?B+? KF2b Bi M /2[mi2 +?QB+2
X `;? S;2 R3d

7Q` +HBMB+H TTHB+iBQMb- Bi Kv bQK2iBK2b b?Qr bQK2 #MQ`KHBiB2b BM i?2 /iX
h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 i?2 LQMBM 9Ryy TmHb2 QtBK2i2` `2HB2b QM +QKT`BM; irQ /Bz2`2Mi
HB;?i rp2b M/ M H;Q`Bi?K iQ +H+mHi2 i?2 ?2ì ì2 M/ Qtv;2M bimìBQM
H2p2HbX A7 i?2 b2MbQ` bHBTb QM i?2 }M;2`- Bi Bb mM#H2 iQ TB+F mT +H2M 722/ Q7 /i
M/ i?2`27Q`2 2``Q`b BM i?2 /i `2 ;2M2ì2/X 6mì?2`- B7 bm#D2+i +HKT i?2B`
}M;2`b `QmM/ M Q#D2+i r?BH2 QM i?2 #BF2- #HQQ/ Kv #2 +QMbi`BM2/ Q` +mi Qz
7`QK i?2 }M;2`- `2bmHiBM; BM H+F Q7 /i Q` BM+Q``2+i /i #2BM; +QHH2+i2/X hQ
`2bQHp2 i?Bb r2 M22/ iQ 2Mbm`2 i?i QM i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2` i?2 bm#D2+iǶb `Kb `2bi
QM i?2 bmTTQìBM; bi`m+im`2 r?BH2 i?2 }M;2`b `2KBM2/ +QK7Qì#Hv bi`2i+?2/ Qmi
iQ 2Mbm`2 M /2[mi2 ~Qr Q7 #HQQ/X JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2` i?i r2 mb2/
BM i?Bb T`QD2+i Bb M B` pM2 2t2`+Bb2 #BF2- r?B+? Bb r2HH bmBi2/ 7Q` b72 2t2`+Bb2
#v i?2 7`BH M/fQ` 2H/2`HvX aBM+2 Bi ?b #B; bmTTQìBM; bi`m+im`2- r?B+? +M #2
mb2/ #v i?2 2t2`+BbBM; TiB2Mi iQ bi#BHBx2 i?2Kb2Hp2b /m`BM; 2t2`+BbBM;- i?2 }M;2`
TmHb2 QtBK2i2` Bb HKQbi +QKTH2i2Hv bi#H2 /m`BM; 2t2`+Bb2 M/ Bi ;2M2ì2b KBMBKH
ì27+iX q2 ?p2 /2p2HQT2/ /i +[mBbBiBQM bvbi2K mbBM; LiBQMH AMbi`mK2Mi
G#oA1q r?B+? T`QpB/2b 2bv bvM+?`QMBxiBQM M/ ;`T?B+H mb2` BMi2`7+2X h?2
G#oA1q +QHH2+i2/ >_ bB;MH 7`QK i?2 LQMBM 9Ryy TmHb2 QtBK2i2` 2p2`v R ৓৆ৄX AM
//BiBQM- iQ T`2T`2 `2HB#H2 `2H@iBK2 >_ bB;MH 7Q` i?2 +QKTmi2` +QMi`QHH2`- M
2tTQM2MiBHHv r2B;?2/ KQpBM; p2`;2 }Hi2` Ub22 (k9)V- rBi? }Hi2` +Q2{+B2Mi ౖ > 1/86-
Bb BKTH2K2Mi2/X
hrQ `22/ brBi+?2b M/ K;M2ib ?p2 #22M ii+?2/ iQ i?2 +`MF b?7i Q7 i?2
T2/Hb Q7 i?2 2t2`+Bb2 #BF2- BM Q`/2` iQ T`QpB/2 TmHb2 r?2M2p2` 7mHH `2pQHmiBQM
?b #22M +QKTH2i2/c b22 6B;X RyX9X AM i?2 G#pB2r T`Q;`K- iBK2@/2Hv T`K2i2`
Kv #2 b2i iQ ?2HT i?2 mb2` iQ /Dmbi i?2 iBK2@/2Hv #2ir22M i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2
T2/H b2Mb2/ #v i?2 b2MbQ` M/ i?2 iBK2 r?2M i?2 +QKKM/ Bb b2MiX h?Bb T`K2i2`
Bb mb27mH bBM+2 r2 +M /Dmbi i?2 TQBMi r?2`2 i?2 mb2` +M KQbi 2z2+iBp2Hv TTHv
7Q`+2 iQ i?2 T2/Hbc b22 6B;X RyX9X
RyXkXj >_ T`Q}H2
h?2 >_ T`Q}H2 BM i?Bb rQ`F Bb b2H2+i2/ BM i?`22 bi;2bX AM i?2 }`bi bi;2- +HH2/ i?2
r`K mT T2`BQ/- r2 BK iQ ;`/mHHv BM+`2b2 i?2 mb2` >_ 7`QK i?2B` MQ`KH >_
Uযহৎ V iQ i?2 2t2`+Bb2 >_ Uযহ৆ V r?B+? i?2M `2KBMb +QMbiMi 7Q` r?BH2 U঻৆ VX h?2
X `;? S;2 R33

Adjustable time delay
Reed switch
6B;m`2 RyX9, _22/ brBi+? M/ /Dmbi#H2 iBK2 /2Hv T`K2i2`
r`K mT bHQT2 Bb
যহ৆ ѿ যহৎ
ౝৗ > - URyXRV
঻ৗ
BM r?B+? ౝৗ `2T`2b2Mib i?2 r`K mT bHQT2 M/ ঻ৗ b?Qrb i?2 r`K mT iBK2 /mìBQMX
h?2 r`K mT iBK2 /mìBQM ঻ৗ Bb mb2/ iQ pQB/ M 2t+2bbBp2Hv `TB/ BM+`2b2 BM i?2
>_X h?2 b2+QM/ 2`Q#B+ i`BMBM; bi;2 Bb /2MQi2/ #v ঻৆ - r?B+? Kv #2 +QKTmi2/
++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 KtBKmK >_X 6Q` Q#iBMBM; i?2 B/2H i`;2i 2`Q#B+ i`BMBM; >_-
p`BQmb 7Q`KmHb ?p2 #22M T`QTQb2/X h?2 KtBKmK >_ Uযহ্ূ৘ V Bb +QKKQMHv
+?`+i2`Bx2/ #v i?2 r2HH@FMQrM >bF2HH M/ 6Qt 7Q`KmH (RyR) b,
যহ্ূ৘ > 331 ѿ Bhf/ URyXkV
q2 i?2M b2i i?2 2t2`+BbBM; যহ৆ b 1/76 ҩ 1/96 Q7 যহ্ূ৘ - /2T2M/BM; QM i?2 bm#@
D2+iǶb H2p2H Q7 }iM2bb M/fQ` `BbF T`Q}H2X h?2 TTHB+iBQM Q7 i?2 i?B`/ +QQHBM; /QrM
Q` `2+Qp2`v bi;2 U঻ৄ V Bb #bB+HHv iQ T`2p2Mi TQbbB#H2 p2MQmb TQQHBM; M/ `2/m+2/
p2MQmb `2im`M iQ i?2 ?2ì 7`QK M 2t+2bbBp2Hv #`mTi i2`KBMiBQM Q7 i?2 2t2`+Bb2X
_2K`F RyXR AM i?Bb T`QD2+i- i?2 >_ T`Q}H2 Bb /vMKB+X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 >_
T`Q}H2 Hrvb biìb 7`QK i?2 bm#D2+iǶb +m``2Mi `2biBM; >_ M/ BM+`2b2b iQ pHm2
r?B+? Bb +H+mHi2/ #b2/ QM i?2 ;2 Q7 i?2 bm#D2+i U2`Q#B+ i`BMBM; B/2H >_VX
RyXkX9 *QMi`QH avbi2K
+imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2`
aBM+2 i?Bb T`QD2+i /Q2b MQi mb2 M //BiBQMH miQKiB+ #`FBM; bvbi2K QM i?2 +v+H2@
2`;QK2i2`- i?2 mb2 Q7 #BQ722/#+F Bb M2+2bb`v iQ +QMi`QH i?2 2t2`+Bb2 BMi2MbBivX h?Bb
X `;? S;2 R3N

K2Mb i?i i?2 +QMi`QHH2` +QKKM/b `2 b2Mi /B`2+iHv iQ i?2 2t2`+Bb2` M/ i?2v
Kmbi #2 BMi2`T`2i2/ M/ BKTH2K2Mi2/ #v i?2 2t2`+Bb2` b Tì Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH HQQTX
q2 mb2 i?2 BM7Q`KiBQM 7`QK irQ b2MbQ`b BMbiHH2/ QM i?2 T2/HBM; bvbi2K iQ i`B;@
;2` i?2 i?2 #BQ722/#+F rBi? bmBi#H2 /2Hv iQ QTiBKBx2 i?2 #BHBiv Q7 i?2 mb2`
iQ #Qi? BMi2`T`2i i?2 +QKKM/ M/ iQ bb2ì i?2 TT`QT`Bi2 KQmMi Q7 7Q`+2 QM
i?2 T2/Hb i i?2 +Q``2+i iBK2X >Qr2p2`- b i?2 ì2 Q7 QmiTmi U>_V bKTHBM; Bb
MQi bvM+?`QMQmb rBi? i?2 ì2 Q7 i`MbKBiiBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` +QKKM/b Um/BiQ`v
bB;MHbV iQ i?2 mb2`- i?`Qm;? i?2 M2r T`QTQb2/ #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK- r2 M22/2/
iQ /2p2HQT MQp2H +QMi`QH bvbi2K r?B+? Bb /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH
bvbi2Kb- BM r?B+? i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 bvbi2K QmiTmib Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 i?2
bK2 b i?2 ì2 Q7 +QMi`QH bB;MH i`MbKBbbBQM iQ i?2 bvbi2K +imiQ`bX h?Bb b2+iBQM
#`B2~v 2tTHBMb i?2 MQp2H +QMi`QH bvbi2K /2bB;M2/ 7Q` i?Bb T`QD2+iX /Bb+mbbBQM QM
i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K rBHH #2 ;Bp2M Hi2` BM i?Bb +?Ti2`X
*QMbB/2` iBK2@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2` BM i?2 p2HQ+Biv 7Q`K bm+? b
৕)ো* > ৕)ো ѿ 2* , ɶ৕)ো*- URyXjV
r?2`2
ɶ৕)ো* >ল৐ \৆)ো* ѿ ৆)ো ѿ 2*^ , ল৉ ঻৓ ৆)ো*
ল৅ URyX9V
, \৆)ো* ѿ 3৆)ো ѿ 2* , ৆)ো ѿ 3*^-
঻৓
BM r?B+?
৆)৔* > ৒)৔* ѿ ৙)৔*- URyX8V
r?2`2 ৕)৔*- ৒)৔*- ৙)৔*- ল৐ - ল৉ M/ ল৅ `2 +QMi`QH 2zQì- `272`2M+2- +imH QmiTmi-
T`QTQìBQMH ;BM- BMi2;`H ;BM M/ /2`BpiBp2 ;BM- `2bT2+iBp2Hv- M/ ঻৓ Bb }t2/
bKTHBM; ì2 M/ Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ i?2 bKTHBM; T2`BQ/ Q7 i?2 >_ b2MbQ`X h?2M-
r?2M2p2` M 2p2Mi Q++m`b Ui?2 H27i Q` `B;?i T2/H Tbb2b i?2 `22/ b2MbQ`V- i?2 Hbi
T`2T`2/ mT/i2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MH rBHH #2 i`MbKBii2/ b #BQ722/#+F bB;MHX b
b22M- i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 >_ i`MbKBii2/ iQ i?2 T`Q;`K #v i?2 >_ i`Mb/m+2`-
M/ i?mb- i?2 mT/iBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MH BM URyXjV- `2 ivTB+HHv +QMbiMi UR
bKTH2 T2` b2+QM/VX >Qr2p2`- i?2 ì2 Q7 #BQ722/#+F i`MbKBbbBQM iQ i?2 2t2`+BbBM;
bm#D2+i p`B2b #b2/ QM i?2 T2/HBM; ì2X h?Bb bT2+B}+ 7Q`K Q7 +QMi`QH bvbi2K-
+HH2/ ?2`2 i?2 +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K- rBHH #2 /Bb+mbb2/ Hi2` BM
X `;? S;2 RNy

a2+iBQM RyX9XkX
+imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M /TiBp2 AaJ*
JQ/2H B/2MiB}+iBQM, .KT2/ H2bi b[m`2b UGaV K2i?Q/ aBM+2 i?2 >_
`2bTQMb2 iQ /vMKB+ 2t2`+Bb2 Bb iBK2@p`vBM;- biiBQM`v +QMi`QH b+?2K2 Kv MQi
T`QpB/2 /2[mi2 T2`7Q`KM+2X h?2`27Q`2 ?2`2 M /TiBp2 +QMi`QH b+?2K2 Bb miB@
HBx2/ iQ /2H rBi? i?2 iBK2@p`vBM; /vMKB+bX
h?2 +QMp2MiBQMH H2bi b[m`2b K2i?Q/ Q#iBMb i?2 T`K2i2` 2biBKi2 KBMBKBx@
BM; i?2 7QHHQrBM; [m/ìB+ +Qbi 7mM+iBQM,
ো
঱1 )ౝ*Ƞ > োѿ৔ ঻ Ƞ 3
า ౗ \৙)৔* ѿ ౳)৔ ѿ 2* ౝ^ - URyXeV
৔>োѿ঵
r?2`2 ৙)ো* Bb i?2 T`Q+2bb QmiTmi- ౝ Ƞ Bb i?2 T`K2i2` 2biBKi2- ౳)ো* Bb i?2 `2;`2bbQ`
p2+iQ`- ঵ Bb i?2 bKTH2 MmK#2`- M/ ౗ Bb i?2 2tTQM2MiBH 7Q`;2iiBM; 7+iQ`X LQr-
i?2 ;QH Bb iQ }M/ KQ/2H T`K2i2` 2biBKi2b UౝVȠ i?i KBMBKBx2 i?2 H2bi b[m`2b
Q7 i?2 /Bz2`2M+2b #2ir22M i?2 +imH bvbi2K QmiTmib M/ i?2 T`2/B+i2/ pHm2b 7Q`
i?2 bvbi2K QmiTmibX h?2 p2+iQ` ౳)ো* +QMbBbib Q7 i?2 Tbi BMTmi M/ QmiTmi pHm2bX
6mì?2`- 1 = ౗ ӑ 2- `272``2/ iQ b i?2 7Q`;2iiBM; 7+iQ`- Bb b+H` i?i T`QpB/2b mb
rBi? ~2tB#BHBiv iQ r2B;?i i?2 BM~m2M+2 Q7 i?2 Tbi BM7Q`KiBQM QM i?2 2biBKiBQMc
b22 (3)X >Qr2p2`- i?2 i`/BiBQMH _Ga K2i?Q/ bmz2`b 7`QK /`r#+FX 6Q` BMbiM+2-
B7 i?2 2t+BiiBQM bB;MH Bb bKHH M/ HH 2H2K2Mib Q7 ౳)ো* `2 x2`Q- MQ mb27mH T`K2i2`
2biBKi2b +M #2 +?B2p2/X h?Bb Bbbm2 Bb +HH2/ #HQrmT BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2X AM bBKTH2`
i2`Kb- mbBM; +QMbiMi 7Q`;2iiBM; 7+iQ`- B7 7Q` HQM; T2`BQ/ MQ 2t+BiiBQM ?TT2Mb-
i?2 2biBKiQ` rBHH HQQb2 i?2 T`QT2` pHm2b Q7 i?2 T`K2i2`b- M/ i?2 `2;`2bbQ` p2+iQ`
rBHH #2 /QKBMi2/ #v MQBb2X AM bm+? +b2- H`;2 ~m+imiBQMb Kv ?TT2M BM i?2
2biBKi2/ T`K2i2`bX h?2 `272`2M+2 (eN) KQ/B}2b i?2 +QMp2MiBQMH _Ga K2i?Q/
iQ #QmM/ i?2 KQmMi Q7 T`K2i2` p`BiBQM `2HiBp2 iQ T`2pBQmb@iBK2 T`K2i2`
p2+iQ`X h?Bb +M #2 7Q`KmHi2/ b,
ো
঱ )ౝ*Ƞ > োѿ৔ ঻ Ƞ 3
า ౗ \৙)৔*ѿ౳)৔ ѿ 2* ౝ^ URyXdV
৔>োѿ঵
Ƞ ѿ ౝ)ো
, ౠ৅ )ো* อౝ)ো* Ƞ ѿ 2*อ -
X `;? S;2 RNR

r?2`2 ౠ৅ )ো* Bb iBK2@p`vBM; `2;mH`BxiBQM T`K2i2` i?i BKTHB2b i?2 2KT?bBb

QM #QmM/BM; i?2 T`K2i2` BM+`2K2Mibc BX2X ౠ৅ )ো* > ౠ৅ )ো ѿ 2* > 1 +QMp2ìb i?2 #Qp2
Q#D2+iBp2 7mM+iBQM 2t+iHv iQ i?2 biM/`/ `2+m`bBp2 H2bi b[m`2b rBi? 2tTQM2MiBH
7Q`;2iiBM;- Q` B7 ౠ৅ )ো* > ҋ Uౠ৅ )ো* Bb b2i iQ p2`v H`;2 pHm2V i?2M i?2 2biBKi2/
T`K2i2`b `2 BKK2/Bi2Hv 7`Qx2M iQ i?2B` +m``2Mi pHm2bX
JBMBKBxiBQM Q7 i?2 #Qp2 Q#D2+iBp2 7mM+iBQM `2bmHib BM i?2 `2+m`bBp2 2[miBQMb b,
Ƞ ѿ 2*-
ౚ)ো* >৙)ো* ѿ ౳)ো ѿ 2*঻ ౝ)ো URyX3V
Ƞ >ౝ)ো
ౝ)ো* Ƞ ѿ 2* , ষ )ো ѿ 2*౳)ো ѿ 2*ౚ)ো* URyXNV
Ƞ ѿ 2* ѿ ౝ)ো
, ষ )ো ѿ 2*౗ౠ৅ )ো ѿ 2*\ౝ)ো Ƞ ѿ 3*^-
ষ )ো ѿ 2*ѿ2 >౗ষ )ো ѿ 3*ѿ2 , ౳)ো ѿ 2*౳)ো ѿ 2*঻ URyXRyV
, \ౠ৅ )ো* ѿ ౗ౠ৅ )ো ѿ 2*^র-
Ƞ > ౝ1 Uౝ1 Bb MQKBMH T`K2i2` p2+iQ`V M/ ষ )1* > ౠ৅ )1*ѿ2 রX

r?2`2 ౝ)1*
LQr- r2 BK iQ KQ/2H i?2 ?mKM >_ `2bTQMb2 iQ i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmibX h?2 KQ/2H
BMTmi ?2`2 Bb i?2 +QMi`QH +QKKM/b i?i i?2 +QMi`QHH2` ;2M2ì2bX h?2 `2HiBQMb?BT
#2ir22M i?2 BMTmi M/ QmiTmi- #v bbmKBM; }`bi Q`/2` /vMKB+b 7Q` i?2 >_
`2bTQMb2- Bb `2T`2b2Mi2/ b,
৙)ো , 2* > ূ)ো*৙)ো* , ৃ)ো*৕)ো* , ৅)ো*- URyXRRV
r?2`2 ৙)ো* ѵ ϓ- ৕)ো* ѵ ϓ M/ ৅)ো* ѵ ϓ /2MQi2 i?2 >_- i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi- M/ i?2
/Bbim`#M+2 Ur?B+? Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 bKQQi? M/ #QmM/2/V- `2bT2+iBp2HvX 6mì?2`-
ূ)ো* M/ ৃ)ো* `2 i?2 iBK2@p`vBM; bvbi2K T`K2i2`b r?B+? `2 b+H`bX
.Bb+`2i2@iBK2 AMi2;`H aHB/BM; JQ/2 *QMi`QH *QMbB/2` i?2 }`bi Q`/2` bvbi2K
BM URyXRRVX LQr i?2 BMi2;`H bHB/BM; bm`7+2 Bb T`QTQb2/ b
౨)ো* > ৆)ো* ѿ ৆)1* , ౚ)ো*
ౚ)ো* > ౚ)ো ѿ 2* , ౡ৆)ো ѿ 2*- URyXRkV
r?2`2 ৆)ো* > ৒)ো* ѿ ৙)ো* /2MQi2b i?2 i`+FBM; 2``Q` U৒)ো* Bb i?2 `272`2M+2 i`D2+iQ`vV-
౨)ো*- ౚ)ো* `2 i?2 bHB/BM; 7mM+iBQM M/ BMi2;`H p`B#H2 M/ ౡ Bb i?2 /2bB;M T`K2i2`X
X `;? S;2 RNk

LQr H2iiBM; ౨)ো , 2* > 1 Ur?B+? Bb `QmiBM2 BM bHB/BM; KQ/2 +QMi`QHV H2/b iQ,
౨)ো , 2* > ৆)ো , 2* , ౚ)ো , 2* ѿ ৆)1*
> ৆)ো , 2* ѿ )2 ѿ ౡ*৆)ো* , ౚ)ো* , ৆)ো* ѿ ৆)1*
> ৆)ো , 2* ѿ )2 ѿ ౡ*৆)ো* , ౨)ো* > 1/
>2M+2 miBHBxBM; URyXRRV- QM2 Kv b?Qr i?i i?2 bQ@+HH2/ 2[mBpH2Mi +QMi`QHH2` Bb
৕৆৑ )ো* > ৃ)ো*ѿ2 \৒)ো , 2* ѿ ౦৆)ো* ѿ ূ)ো*৙)ো* ѿ ৅)ো* , ౨)ো*^-
r?2`2 ౦ > 2 ѿ ౡX >Qr2p2`- Bi Bb MQi TQbbB#H2 iQ BKTH2K2Mi i?2 #Qp2 +QMi`QHH2` b

৅)ো* Bb mMFMQrMX b i?Bb rQ`F mb2b KQpBM; p2`;2 }Hi2` 7Q` bKQQi?BM; i?2 >_
bB;MH- M/ 7mì?2`- i?2 mT/iBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 bvbi2K KQ/2H Bb p2`v bHQr2` i?M i?2
bKTHBM; ì2- i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKi2 +M #2 2KTHQv2/ BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2` b
Ƞ , ౨)ো*^-
৕)ো* > ৃ)ো*ѿ2 \৒)ো , 2* ѿ ౦৆)ো* ѿ ূ)ো*৙)ো* ѿ ৅)ো* URyXRjV
Ƞ Bb i?2 /Bbim`#M+2 2biBKi2 r?B+? +M #2 +?B2p2/ #v i?2 7QHHQrBM; 2[m@

r?2`2 ৅)ো*
iBQM,
Ƞ > ৅)ো ѿ 2* > ৙)ো* ѿ ূ)ো ѿ 2*৙)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ৃ)ো ѿ 2*৕)ো ѿ 2*/

৅)ো* URyXR9V
ai#BHBiv MHvbBb "v TTHvBM; i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM URyXRjV iQ i?2 bvbi2K URyXRRV-
r2 Q#iBM
Ƞ , ౨)ো*/
৙)ো , 2* > ৒)ো , 2* ѿ ౦৆)ো* , ৅)ো* ѿ ৅)ো*
Ƞ ѿ 2* ѿ ৅)ো ѿ 2*- i?2M

aBM+2 ౨)ো* > ৅)ো
৆)ো , 2* > ౦৆)ো* , ౟)ো*- URyXR8V
BM r?B+? ౟)ো* > ৅)ো* ѿ 3৅)ো ѿ 2* , ৅)ো ѿ 3* > P)঻ 4 * Ub22 (R)VX b ౦ > 2 ѿ ౡ- QM2 Kv
+?QQb2 ౡ bm+? i?i ౦ = 2X h?Bb bm{+2b i?i i?2 i`+FBM; 2``Q` /vMKB+b `2KBMb
#QmM/2/ b ౟)ো* Bb #QmM/2/ b r2HHX
X `;? S;2 RNj

m/BiQ`v +QMp2ìQ`
AM Q`/2` iQ BMbi`m+i i?2 mb2` iQ TTHv KQ`2 Q` H2bb 2zQì i i?2 `B;?i iBK2- +QK#B@
MiBQM Q7 p`vBM; #Qi? i?2 iBK2 /mìBQM M/ i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 m/BiQ`v biBKmHmb rb
mb2/ BM i?Bb T`QD2+iX AM i?Bb K2i?Q/ b?Qì2` iBK2 /mìBQM M/ HQr2` 7`2[m2M+v
Bb mb2/ iQ KQiBpi2 i?2 bm#D2+i iQ `2/m+2 i?2 TTHB+iBQM Q7 7Q`+2 iQ i?2 T2/Hb M/
+QMp2`b2Hv iQ BM+`2b2 i?2 TTHB2/ 7Q`+2 B7 i?2 iBK2 /mìBQM M/ 7`2[m2M+v BM+`2b2bX
>Qr2p2`- i?2 iBK2 BMi2`pHb M/ 7`2[m2M+v `M;2 r?B+? +M #2 mb2/ `2 HBKBi2/X q2
FMQr i?i i?2 iBK2 /mìBQMb Q7 KQ`2 i?M bT2+B}+ pHm2 `2bmHi BM i?2 bQ@+HH2/
HBbBM; T?2MQK2MX //BiBQMHHv- iBK2 /mìBQMb r?B+? `2 H2bb i?M bT2+B}+ pHm2
Kv MQi #2 ?2`/ #v i?2 bm#D2+ibX h?Bb Bbbm2 HbQ ?QH/b 7Q` i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 i?2
m/BiQ`v bB;MHX ++Q`/BM;Hv- r2 b2H2+i2/ i?2 7QHHQrBM; `M;2 Q7 iBK2 /mìBQM M/
7`2[m2M+v 7Q` i?2 m/BiQ`v biBKmHmb, 71 ҩ 611 ্৓ M/ 511 ҩ 3111 য৚- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
h?2 m/BiQ`v +QMp2ì2` i?2`2#v +QMiBMb irQ bimìBQM 7mM+iBQMb-
֦
֩ ౠ2 ৈ)৕)ো** ӑ ౠ2
֩
৔৅ > tbu|ৈ)৕)ো**~ > ֧ ৈ)৕)ো** ౠ2 = ৈ)৕)ো** = ౠ3 URyXReV
֩
֩
֨ ౠ3 ৈ)৕)ো** Ӓ ౠ3 -
r?2`2 ৔৅ Bb i?2 iBK2 /mìBQM Q7 i?2 m/BiQ`v bB;MHb M/ ৈ)৕)ো** Bb b+HBM; 7mM+iBQM
r?B+? +QMp2ìb i?2 `M;2 Q7 ৕)ো* iQ i?2 `M;2 Q7 i?2 iBK2 /mìBQM- ౠ2 > 71 ্৓-
ౠ3 > 611 ্৓- M/
֦
֩ ౘ2 υ)৕)ো** ӑ ౘ2
֩
েৃ > tbu|υ)৕)ো**~ > ֧ υ)৕)ো** ౘ2 = υ)৕)ো** = ౘ3 URyXRdV
֩
֩
֨ ౘ3 υ)৕)ো** Ӓ ౘ3 -
r?2`2 েৃ Bb i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 i?2 m/BiQ`v bB;MHb M/ υ)৕)ো** Bb b+HBM; 7mM+iBQM
r?B+? +QMp2ìb i?2 `M;2 Q7 ৕)ো* iQ i?2 `M;2 Q7 TT`QT`Bi2 7`2[m2M+B2b Q7 i?2
m/BiQ`v bB;MH- ౘ2 > 511 য৚ M/ ౘ3 > 3111 য৚X
_2K`F RyXk Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i i?2 #Qp2 bvbi2K BM+Hm/2b irQ /BbiBM+i +QMi`QH
HQQTbX AM bBKTH2 i2`Kb- i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K Bb JAaP UkARPV BM r?B+? i?2 SA.
+QMi`QHH2` Q7 #Qi? +QMi`QH HQQTb ?p2 i?2 bK2 T`K2i2`bc b22 6B;X RyX8X
X `;? S;2 RN9

Pulses for synchronizing

the control commands
fb
Freq. Converter
Profile PID HR
Subject
Controller
Time duration
Converter td
Reed Switch
sensor
6B;m`2 RyX8, h?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K #HQ+F /B;`KX
h?2 T`QTQb2/ +QMi`QH K2+?MBbK BM bmKK`v
h?2 bi`m+im`2 Q7 i?2 /2bB;M2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K +M #2 #`B2~v 2tT`2bb2/ b 7QHHQrb,
R@ h?2 +QMi`QH bB;MHb `2 mT/i2/ bvM+?`QMQmbHv rBi? i?2 >_ K2bm`2K2Mib i
+QMbiMi ì2X
k@ M m/BiQ`v bB;MH U#BQ722/#+FV Bb ;2M2ì2/ ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 H2p2H Q7 i?2

+QMi`QH bB;MH M/ i`MbKBii2/ r?2M2p2` i?2 }`bi 2p2Mi Q++m`bX
j@ h?Bb m/BiQ`v bB;MH KQiBpi2b i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i iQ BM+`2b2 Q` /2+`2b2

i?2B` T2/HBM; ì2 M/ i?2 H2p2H Q7 7Q`+2 TTHB2/X
9@ b `2bmHi Q7 p`vBM; i?2 T2/HBM; ì2 /m`BM; bQK2 bKTHBM; T2`BQ/b- KQ`2
i?M QM2 2p2Mi +M Q++m`X 6Q` i?2b2 2p2Mib- i?2 bK2 m/BiQ`v bB;MH b i?2
QM2 i`MbKBii2/ i i?2 }`bi 2p2Mi Bb b2Mi iQ i?2 bm#D2+iX h?2b2 //BiBQMH
m/BiQ`v +QKKM/b ?2HT i?2 bm#D2+i iQ +QMiBMm2 i`+FBM; i?2 /2bB`2/ T`Q}H2X
hrQ MQp2H MiB@rBM/mT K2+?MBbKb
AM i?2 +b2 Q7 miBHBbBM; M BMi2;ìQ` BM i?2 +QMi`QHH2`- B7 i?2 +imiQ`b T2`7Q`K i

i?2B` HBKBib BM/2T2M/2MiHv Q7 i?2 bvbi2K QmiTmib K2bm`2/- i?2 2``Q` rBHH #2 BMi2@
;ì2/ +QMiBMmQmbHv 7Q` HQM; T2`BQ/ #27Q`2 +QM/BiBQMb `2im`M iQ MQ`KHX >2M+2- i?2
+QMi`QH 2zQì Kv BM+`2b2 iQ p2`v H`;2 pHm2X h?mb i?2 SA. Q` AaJ* +QMi`QHH2`
Kv +mb2 H`;2 i`MbB2Mib r?BH2 i?2 bvbi2K +imiQ` bimì2bX h?Bb Bb `272``2/ iQ
b rBM/mT T?2MQK2M (N)X AM i?Bb rQ`F- b i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i THvb i?2 `QH2 Q7
bvbi2K +imiQ` M/ ?b 2t2`+Bb2 HBKBiiBQMb- rBM/mT +M bBKBH`Hv Q++m`X
X `;? S;2 RN8

A7 i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i BM/p2ì2MiHv Q` /2HB#2ì2Hv +?QQb2b MQi iQ 7QHHQr i?2

+QMi`QHH2` +QKKM/b- H`;2 i`+FBM; 2``Q` rBHH #2 ;2M2ì2/- M/ i?2 +QMi`QHH2`
rBHH `2[mB`2 ?m;2 2zQì iQ +QKT2Mbi2 7Q` i?2 #b2Mi 2zQìX h?Bb Kv `2bmHi BM
H`;2 ~m+imiBQM BM i?2 >_ Q7 i?2 bm#D2+ib B7 i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i `2bTQM/b iQ i?2
#BQ722/#+F bB;MHX A7 i?2 >_ T`Q}H2 Ubm+? b r`K mT bHQT2 ౝৗ BM URyXRV M/ i`;2i
>_ Uযহ৆ VV Bb MQi /2i2`KBM2/ ++mì2Hv 7Q` 2+? bm#D2+i- +QMbB/2`BM; i?2 KtB@
KmK rQ`F@ì2 i?i i?2 bm#D2+i +M /Q r?BHbi T2/HBM; +QMiBMmQmbHv- +QHHTb2 BM
i?2 +HQb2/@HQQT K2+?MBbK +M Q++m`X 1p2M B7 i?2 i`;2i >_ M/ r`K mT bHQT2 `2
b2i TT`QT`Bi2Hv ++Q`/BM; iQ 2+? bm#D2+iǶb +QM/BiBQM- i?2 bm#D2+i Kv /2HB#2ì2Hv
+?QQb2 iQ biQT i?2 2t2`+Bb2 7Q` b?Qì T2`BQ/X
AM +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH i?2Q`v- iQ /2H rBi? i?Bb T`Q#H2K- MmK#2` Q7 MiB@
rBM/mT b+?2K2b ?p2 #22M /2p2HQT2/- r?B+? M22/ iQ FMQr M/ mb2 i?2 +imiQ`
HBKBiiBQMbX >2`2- ?Qr2p2`- i?2 bm#D2+ibǶ 2t2`+Bb2 HBKBiiBQMb `2 MQi 2bBHv Q#iBM2/X
6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi Bb MQi Hrvb TQbbB#H2 iQ /2i2`KBM2 i?i i?2 bm#D2+iǶb mM`2bTQMbBp2@
M2bb Bb BM/p2ì2Mi Q` /2HB#2ì2X AM Q`/2` iQ //`2bb i?2 T`Q#H2K- i?2 >_ T`Q}H2
M22/b iQ #2 KQ`2 /vMKB+X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- r?2`2 H`;2 i`+FBM; 2``Q`b `2 MQi2/
UH`;2` i?M bT2+B}+ i?`2b?QH/V- i?2 >_ T`Q}H2 +M #2 i2KTQ``BHv ?2H/ +QMbiMi
iQ T`2p2Mi H`;2 2zQìb #2BM; `2[mB`2/ Q7 i?2 bm#D2+ibX q2 i?mb `2pBb2 i?2 >_ T`Q}H2
b 7QHHQrb,
যহ৆ ѿযহৎ
֦
֩ jg ৆)ো* ӑ ౙ-
ౝৗ > ֧ ঻ৗ
URyXR3V
֩
֨ 1 jg ৆)ো* ? ౙ-
r?2`2 ౙ ? 1 /2MQi2b +2ìBM i?`2b?QH/X LQiB+2 i?i i?2 r`K mT /mìBQM rBHH
Ȣ > ঻ৗ , ঻ূ BM r?B+? ঻ূ Bb i?2 bmKKiBQM Q7 HH iBK2 T2`BQ/b i?i
i?2M BM+`2b2 iQ ঻ৗ
৆)৔* ? ౙ M/ ౝৗ > 1X h?Bb +M pQB/ Mv H`;2 ~m+imiBQM BM i?2 >_ Q7 i?2 bm#D2+iX
6B;X RyXe KMB72bib i?2 +QM+2Ti Q7 /vMKB+ T`Q}H2 /m`BM; i`BH 2t2`+Bb2X >2`2
i?2 i`+FBM; 2``Q` i?`2b?QH/ Bb bbmK2/ iQ #2 ౙ > 21X
PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- bBM+2 i?2 /2bB;M2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K +QMiBMb M m/BiQ`v
+QMp2ì2` U#BQ722/#+F ;2M2ìQ`V Bi Bb HbQ TQbbB#H2 i?i #Qi? +QMp2ì2`b Um/BQ
7`2[m2M+v M/ iBK2 /mìBQMV Kv `2+? i?2B` HBKBiiBQMb- 2p2M rBi? i?2 ++mì2
/2}MBiBQM Q7 i?2 i`MbHiBM; 7mM+iBQMb ৔৅ M/ েৃ BM URyXReV M/ URyXRdV- `2bT2+iBp2HvX
h?Bb +M HbQ `2bmHi BM rBM/mT T?2MQK2MX LQi2 i?i i?2 p2HQ+Biv 7Q`K SA. +QMi`QH
biì2;v }`bi +QKTmi2b ɶ৕)ো*- b22 URyXjV- r?B+? Bb i?2M BMi2;ì2/ pB M BMi2;ìQ`X
X `;? S;2 RNe

150
140
130
120
HR (bpm)
HR profile
Actual HR
110
100
90
80
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
time (second)
6B;m`2 RyXe, .vMKB+ T`Q}H2 K2+?MBbK mb2/ b MiB@rBM/mT
h?Bb TQbbB#H2 rBM/mT T`Q#H2K +M `2/BHv #2 //`2bb2/ #v bbmKBM; ɶ৕)ো* > 1 /m`BM;
i?2 bimìBQMX h?mb- r2 /2}M2
֦ ֦
֩ ౠ2 = ৈ)৕)ো** = ౠ3 '
֩ ৕)ো* > ৕)ো ѿ 2* , ɶ৕)ো*- jg ֧
֩
URyXRNV
֧ ֨ ౘ2 = υ)৕)ো** = ౘ3
֩
֩
֩
֨ ৕)ো* > ৕)ো ѿ 2*- puifsxjtf/
6mì?2`KQ`2- r2 //`2bb i?2 TQbbB#H2 rBM/mT #v brBi+?BM; Qz i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2

BMi2;ìQ` BM i?2 /2bB;M2/ AaJ*- r?BH2 i?2 +QMp2ì2`b T2`7Q`K i i?2B` HBKBib BM/2@
T2M/2MiHv Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MHb +H+mHi2/X h?Bb +M #2 b?QrM b,
֦
֩ ৕ূৗ )ো* > ৕ূৗ )ো ѿ 2*- B7 +QMp2ì2`b T2`7Q`K i i?2B` HBKBib
֧ URyXkyV
֨ ৕ূৗ )ো* > ৕)ো*-
֩ Qi?2`rBb2-
r?2`2 ৕ূৗ /2MQi2b i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MH r?B+? Bb ;Bp2M iQ i?2 m/BiQ`v +QMp2ì2` TìX
_2Hv +QMi`QHH2` biì2;v
LQr r2 2tTHBM i?2 /2iBHb Q7 BKTH2K2MiiBQM Q7 i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2` /2bB;M2/ 7Q`
i`+FBM; i?2 >_ T`Q}H2 /m`BM; +v+HBM;X h?Bb +QMi`QHH2` ;2M2ì2b b2[m2M+2 Q7
+QKKM/b #v b?QrBM; MmK#2` Q7 T?`b2b QM i?2 +QKTmi2` biiBQMX 1p2`v T?`b2
bm;;2bib i?2 /2bB`2/ +iBQM `2[mB`2/ #v i?2 bm#D2+i iQ +?B2p2 i?2 /2bB`2/ >_X h?2
+QKKM/b `2 /2i2`KBM2/ #b2/ QM i?2 2``Q` /2}M2/ BM URyX8VX h?2 brBi+?BM; Q7
X `;? S;2 RNd

i?2 +QKKM/b `2 b 7QHHQrb,
৕)ো , 2* >
֦ Bqqmz ijhi joufotjuz fggpsu ৆)ো* ? ౚ৕

֩
֩ Bqqmz npeftu joufotjuz fggpsu ౚৌ = ৆)ো* ӑ ౚ৕
֩
֧ Nbjoubjo dvssfou mfwfm pg fggpsu ѿ ౚৌ ӑ ৆)ো* ӑ ౚৌ URyXkRV
֩
֩ Sfevdf joufotjuz pg fggpsu ѿ ౚ৕ ӑ ৆)ো* = ѿౚৌ
֩
֨ Njojnj{f joufotjuz pg fggpsu ৆)ো* = ѿౚ৕
r?2`2 ౚৌ ? 1 M/ ౚ৕ ? 1 `2 i?2 ;Bp2M pHm2bX aBKBH` iQ i?2 SA. +QMi`QH Tì- ;BM-
i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2` +QKKM/b `2 bvM+?`QMBx2/ iQ i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 i?2 T2/Hb r?B+?
`2 b2Mb2/ pB i?2 `22/ b2MbQ`bX AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2 /2bB;M2/ `2Hv +QMi`QHH2` Bb HbQ
+imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2MX
RyXkX8 hmMBM; i?2 SA. +QMi`QHH2` ;BMb
h?Bb bm#b2+iBQM /2b+`B#2b i?2 bvbi2K B/2MiB}+iBQM K2i?Q/ i?i r2 mb2/ iQ KF2
KQ/2H /2b+`B#BM; bvbi2K 7`QK i?2 K2bm`2/ BMTmi@QmiTmi i2bi /iX 1B;?i
TìB+BTMib BM :`QmT R Ub22 h#H2 RyXRV r2`2 `2[m2bi2/ iQ +QKTH2i2 irQ 2t2`+Bb2
b2bbBQMb BM b2Tì2 Q++bBQMbX AM 2+? b2bbBQM- i?2 bm#D2+i rb `2[m2bi2/ iQ +QKTH2i2
M 2t2`+Bb2 QM i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2` rBi? i?2 7QHHQrBM; b2imTX AM Q`/2` iQ 2t+Bi2 i?2
bvbi2K /vMKB+b- r2 b2Mi KBMBKmK TQbbB#H2 #BQ722/#+F 7Q` Ry b2+QM/b Uѿ2 BM
6B;X RyXd r?B+? Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ m/BiQ`v +QKKM/b rBi? ৔৅ > 611 ্৓ M/ েৃ >
511 য৚V iQ i?2 bm#D2+ibX .m`BM; i?Bb T2`BQ/ i?2 bm#D2+ib M22/2/ iQ 2t2`+Bb2 rBi? i?2
KBMBKmK TQbbB#H2 ì2X h?2M r2 +?M;2/ i?2 m/BiQ`v +QKKM/b iQ i?2 KtBKmK
+b2 U,2 BM 6B;X RyXd r?B+? Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ m/BiQ`v +QKKM/b rBi? ৔৅ > 71 ্৓ M/
েৃ > 3111 য৚VX h?2 `2+Q`/2/ QmiTmib +M #2 b22M BM 6B;X RyXd 7Q` i?2 2B;?i bm#D2+ibX
lbBM; i?2 JiH# B/2MiB}+iBQM iQQH#Qt- i?2 bQ@+HH2/ p2`;2 i`Mb72` 7mM+iBQM +QmH/
#2 Q#iBM2/X "b2/ QM i?2 +?B2p2/ p2`;2 i`Mb72` 7mM+iBQM- r2 QTiBKBx2/ SA.
;BMb iQ ?p2 +QM+m``2Mi 7bi M/ bi#H2 `2bTQMb2 mbBM; i?2 JiH# SA. imM2`
iQQH#QtX h?Bb b+?2K2 BKT`Qp2/ i?2 `Q#mbiM2bb Q7 i?2 SA. +QMi`QHH2` ;BMbi i?2
BMi2`@BM/BpB/mH /Bz2`2M+2b Q7 i?2 >_ /vMKB+bX LQiB+2 i?i i`/BiBQMHHv SA. ;BMb
+M #2 imM2/ mbBM; i?2 r2HH@FMQrM wB;H2`@LB+?QHb b+?2K2X >Qr2p2`- i?Bb imMBM;
X `;? S;2 RN3

Output
150
HR(bpm)
100
50
50 100 150 200 250 300
time (sec)
Input
Control effort
0.5
0
50 100 150 200 250 300
time (sec)
6B;m`2 RyXd, AMTmi@QmiTmi i2bi /i
K2i?Q/ ;Bp2b /Bz2`2Mi pHm2b 7Q` /Bz2`2Mi bm#D2+ibX
RyXj _2bmHib
AM Q`/2` iQ pHB/i2 i?2 T`QTQb2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K- ir2Hp2 ?2Hi?v KH2 bm#D2+ib
U:`QmT k BM h#H2 RyXRV r2`2 bF2/ iQ 2t2`+Bb2 QM i?2 +v+H2@2`;QK2i2`X h?2 SA.
+QMi`QHH2` T`K2i2`b r2`2 imM2/ iQ ল৐ > 3/56- ল৉ > 1/13 M/ ল৅ > 1/17- r?B+? r2`2
Q#iBM2/ i?`Qm;? i?2 p2`;2 i`Mb72` 7mM+iBQM Q7 i?2 >_ `2bTQMb2 Ub22 am#b2+@
iBQM RyXkX8V M/ `2 `2HiBp2Hv `Q#mbi ;BMbi i?2 BMi2`@BM/BpB/mH /Bz2`2M+2b BM i?2
/vMKB+ >_ `2bTQMb2 iQ rQ`F ì2X rB/2 `M;2 Q7 2tT2`BK2Mib r2`2 +``B2/ Qmi QM
i?2 ir2Hp2 bm#D2+ib /m`BM; i?2 +v+HBM; 2t2`+Bb2 iQ pHB/i2 i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2KX LQi2
i?i r?BH2 H#QìQ`v +QM/BiBQMb r2`2 KBMiBM2/ +QMbiMi 7Q` HH TìB+BTMib- bQK2
mM+QMi`QHH#H2 7+iQ`b- bm+? b ?2i HQbb- /2?v/ìBQM M/ ?mKB/Biv- +QmH/ biBHH BM~m@
2M+2 i?2 `2bmHibX >2M+2- i?2 T`QTQb2/ 2t2`+Bb2 K2i?Q/ rb `2T2i2/ irB+2 7Q` 2+?
bm#D2+iX h?2 >_ T`Q}H2 rb /2}M2/ BM j bi;2bc r`K mT- 2`Q#B+ i`BMBM; M/ +QQH
/QrM- r?2`2 i?2 2`Q#B+ i`BMBM; bi;2 Hbi2/ 8- 8 M/ d KBMmi2b 7Q` 2+? bm#D2+i
`2bT2+iBp2HvX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 `272`2M+2 pHm2 Q7 236 ৃ৐্ rb Qm` /2bB`2/ 2`Q#B+ i`BM@
BM; >_ 7Q` HH bm#D2+ib /m`BM; i?2 2t2`+Bb2 bi;2X h?2 i`+FBM; T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?Bb
+QMi`QHH2` 7Q` irQ bm#D2+ib Bb /2KQMbiì2/ BM 6B;bX RyX3X Ai +M #2 +QM+Hm/2/ 7`QK
i?2b2 `2bmHib i?i i?2 /2bB;M2/ SA. +QMi`QHH2` +M 2{+B2MiHv M/ `Q#mbiHv /`Bp2 i?2
bm#D2+i iQ i`+F i?2 /2bB`2/ >_ T`Q}H2X 6Q` +QKT`BbQM- ir2Hp2 ?2Hi?v TìB+BTMib
r2`2 bF2/ iQ 2t2`+Bb2 ;BM- mbBM; +QMp2MiBQMH SA. +QMi`QHH2` rBi? i?2 bK2
X `;? S;2 RNN

140 140
135
130
130
120
125
HR(bpm)
120 110
HR(bpm)
115
100
110
105 90
100
80
95
70
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
timeVHF time (sec)
6B;m`2 RyX3, >_ T`Q}H2 i`+FBM; /m`BM; +v+HBM; mbBM; 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2`X
140
130
120
HR(bpm)
110
100
90
80
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
time (sec)
6B;m`2 RyXN, >_ T`Q}H2 i`+FBM; /m`BM; +v+HBM; mbBM; +QMp2MiBQMH SA. +QMi`QHH2`
M/ }t2/@ì2 #BQ722/#+F
;BMb ;Bp2M #Qp2- M/ 7mì?2`- mbBM; }t2/@ì2 #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK Ubm#D2+ib
r2`2 T`QpB/2/ rBi? M m/BiQ`v biBKmHmb 2p2`v R ৓ mbBM; i?2 Hbi mT/i2/ +QMi`QH
bB;MHc b22 (Ry)VX 1t+2Ti i?2 +QMi`QHH2` M/ #BQ@722/#+F ì2- i?2 2tT2`BK2Mib r2`2
BKTH2K2Mi2/ rBi? i?2 bK2 b2imT Q7 i?2 T`2pBQmb 2tT2`BK2MibX h?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7
i?2 +QMi`QHH2` 7Q` bm#D2+i +M #2 b22M BM 6B;bX RyXNX AM //BiBQM- b MQi?2` bBKTH2
+QMi`QH biì2;v- r2 ?p2 mb2/ i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2` b 2tTHBM2/ BM a2+iBQM dXk- rBi?
i?2 7QHHQrBM; imM2/ T`K2i2`b,
ౚৌ > 4- ౚ৕ > 21/
X `;? S;2 kyy

140
130
120
HR(bpm)
110
100
90
80
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
time (sec)
6B;m`2 RyXRy, >_ T`Q}H2 i`+FBM; /m`BM; +v+HBM; mbBM; i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2`
6B;m`2 RyXRR, >_ T`Q}H2 i`+FBM; /m`BM; +v+HBM; mbBM; 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M AaJ* M/
/KT2/ _Ga
;BM- ir2Hp2 bm#D2+ib- r?Q r2`2 BMpQHp2/ BM i?2 SA. +QMi`QH pHB/iBQM- r2`2 `2@
[m2bi2/ iQ T2`7Q`K i?2 +v+HBM; 2t2`+Bb2 mbBM; i?2 /2p2HQT2/ `2Hv +QMi`QHH2`X h?Bb
+QMi`QHH2` ;2M2ì2b b2[m2M+2 Q7 pBbmH +QKKM/b UT?`b2b QM i?2 +QKTmi2` bi@
iBQMVX h?2 pBbmH +QKKM/b bm;;2bi i?2 /2bB`2/ +iBQM `2[mB`2/ #v i?2 bm#D2+i iQ
+?B2p2 i?2 /2bB`2/ >_X h?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?Bb +QMi`QH biì2;v 7Q` QM2 bm#D2+i
Bb b?QrM BM 6B;X RyXRyX h?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2 AaJ* 7Q` bm#D2+i +M #2 b22M
BM 6B;bX RyXRRX h?2 `2bmHib BHHmbiì2 i?i i?2 MQp2H +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi /`Bp2M
AaJ*- /2bB;M2/ bT2+B}+HHv 7Q` +v+H2 2`;QK2i2` 2t2`+Bb2b- BKT`Qp2b i`+FBM; T2`7Q`@
KM+2 M/ `2/m+2b i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bm#D2+iǶb +Q;MBiBp2 /Bb2M;;2K2Mi 7`QK i?2
722/#+F +QMi`QHH2`X
X `;? S;2 kyR

RyX9 .Bb+mbbBQM
RyX9XR L2+2bbBiv Q7 i?2 T`QD2+i
miQKi2/ 2t2`+Bb2 i2biBM; bvbi2Kb ?p2 #2+QK2 KQ`2 M/ KQ`2 BKTQìMi BM b2p@
2`H `2b bm+? b bTQì i`BMBM;- K2/B+H /B;MQbBb- `2?#BHBiiBQM M/ MHvbBb Q7
+`/BQ`2bTBìQ`v FBM2iB+b (kk- RRd)X JQ`2Qp2`- +QMi`QHHBM; i?2 >_ /m`BM; 2t2`+Bb2 Bb
Q7 ;`2i BKTQìM+2 BM 2t2`+Bb2 T`QiQ+QHb /2bB;M2/ 7Q` TiB2Mib rBi? +`/BQpb+mH`
/Bb2b2b M/ i?Qb2 `2+Qp2`BM; 7`QK M BM7`+i Q` +`/B+ bm`;2`v (RN- 89)X
*v+H2@2`;QK2i2`b `2 Q7i2M +QMbB/2`2/ T`272`#H2 iQ i`2/KBHHb- BM i2`Kb Q7 +Qbi-
~QQ` bT+2 Q++mTB2/- H2p2H Q7 MQBb2 TQHHmiBQM M/ i?2 `BbF Q7 7HHBM; Q` BMDm`vX JQ`2@
Qp2`- i?2 mTT2` #Q/v KQiBQM Bb mbmHHv `2/m+2/ /m`BM; +v+H2@2`;QK2i2` 2t2`+Bb2b-
+QKT`2/ iQ i?2 i`2/KBHH 2t2`+Bb2b- M/ ?2M+2- K2bm`BM; i?2 ?2ì ì2 U>_V
Bb 2bB2` M/ KQ`2 `2HB#H2 (jy)X *v+H2@2`;QK2i2`b rBi? M 2ti2`MHHv +QMi`QHH#H2
miQKiB+ #`FBM; bvbi2K ?b #22M miBHBx2/ BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2 b M miQKi2/ 2t2`@
+Bb2 bvbi2K r?Qb2 K2+?MBbK rQ`Fb #b2/ QM /DmbiBM; i?2 `2bBbiM+2 Q7 i?2 #`F2
ì?2` i?M i?2 T2/HBM; ì2 iQ +?M;2 i?2 2t2`+Bb2 H2p2H (ey)X >Qr2p2`- i?2 +v+H2@
2`;QK2i2` rBi? #mBHi@BM #`FBM; bvbi2K Bb Q7i2M 2tT2MbBp2 M/ Kv MQi #2 bmBi#H2
7Q` mb2 i ?QK2 b `2?#BHBiiBQM /2pB+2X 6mì?2`KQ`2- Qm` 2tT2`B2M+2 Bb i?i T@
iB2Mib }M/ BM+`2bBM; i?2 rQ`FHQ/ #v BM+`2bBM; i?2 T2/HBM; ì2 KQ`2 ++2Ti#H2
i?M BM+`2bBM; i?2 rQ`FHQ/ i +QMbiMi T2/HBM; ì2 #v BM+`2bBM; i?2 #`FBM;
2z2+iX AM i?Bb T`QD2+i- r2 ?p2 Hi2`MiBp2Hv b2H2+i2/ pM2 #BF2 i?i Bb HQr +Qbi-
M/ p2`v bim`/vX h?2 /2bB;M Bb HbQ TìB+mH`Hv b72 M/ bmBi#H2 7Q` mb2 #v 7`BH
2H/2`Hv TiB2MibX JQ`2Qp2`- i?2 +QQHBM; 2z2+i Q7 i?2 B` pM2 #BF2 +M #2 `2;`/2/
b /BbiBM+i /pMi;2- b22 6B;X RyXRkX PM i?2 Qi?2` ?M/- BM bm+? +b2- i?2
+QMi`QHH2` bB;MH Kmbi #2 i`MbKBii2/ /B`2+iHv iQ i?2 bm#D2+i i?`Qm;? bQK2 bQì Q7
#BQ722/#+FX "BQ722/#+F ?b #22M mb2/ BM `2?#BHBiiBQM (jd) 7Q` KQ`2 i?M }7iv
v2`bX AM ;2M2`H- Bi b2`p2b iQ T`QpB/2 #BQHQ;B+H BM7Q`KiBQM 7Q` TiB2Mib BM `2H@iBK2
M/ iQ KQiBpi2 i?2K iQ BKTH2K2Mi /2bB`2/ ibFb (jd)X "BQ722/#+F mbmHHv `2[mB`2b
i?2 K2bm`2K2Mi Q7 bm#D2+iǶb #BQK2/B+H p`B#H2b M/ i`Mb72`2M+2 iQ i?2 bm#D2+i
i?`Qm;? 2Bi?2` /B`2+i 722/#+F ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 K2bm`2/ p`B#H2b- BX2X /BbTHvBM;
MmK2`B+H pHm2 QM r2`#H2 /2pB+2 U2X;X ri+?V- Q` +QMp2ì2/ 722/#+F- BX2X
K2+?MBbK /2bB;M2/ iQ ;2M2ì2 M m/BiQ`v bB;MH- pBbmH /BbTHv Q` i+iBH2 722/@
X `;? S;2 kyk

6B;m`2 RyXRk, *v+H2@2`;QK2i2` 2t2`+BbBM; bvbi2K
X `;? S;2 kyj

#+F #b2/ QM i?2 bm#D2+iǶb K2bm`2/ #BQK2/B+H p`B#H2b (jd- Ne- 38)X
1tBbiBM; m/BiQ`v UQ` pBbmHV #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbKb- 2X;X BM (Ry)- `2 MQi TT`Q@
T`Bi2 7Q` i?Bb T`QD2+i- b i?2v Kv H2/ iQ +Q;MBiBp2 /Bb2M;;2K2Mi Q7 i?2 bm#D2+i
7`QK i?2 722/#+F +QMi`QHH2` M/ TQbbB#H2 #`mTi +?M;2b BM i?2 bm#D2+iǶb >_ `27@
2`2M+2X q2 ?p2 /2p2HQT2/ /Bz2`2Mi K2+?MBbK 7Q` ;2M2ìBM; M/ i`MbKBiiBM;
#BQ722/#+F i?i M22/b MQp2H +QMi`QH bvbi2K biì2;v- r?B+? +M bKQQi? Qmi i?2
#`mTi +?M;2b BM i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MHb T`2p2MiBM; Qp2`b?QQiBM; BM i?2 >_ `2bTQMb2b-
M/ HHQrBM; >_ iQ p`v BM KQ`2 ;`/mH M/ bKQQi?2` KMM2`X h?Bb bKQQi?
p`BiBQM Q7 >_ `2bTQMb2 Bb p2`v BKTQìMi T`K2i2` BM i?2 miQKi2/ 2t2`+Bb2
i2biBM; bvbi2Kb /2p2HQT2/ 7Q` i?2 +`/B+ `2?#BHBiiBQM T`Q;`KbX h?2 T`QTQb2/
+QMi`QH bvbi2K Bb /Bb+mbb2/ BM i?2 7QHHQrBM; bm#b2+iBQMX
RyX9Xk .Bb+mbbBQM QM i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K
JQbi +QKKQMHv- +QMi`QH i?2Q`v M/ 2M;BM22`BM; +QMbB/2` +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb iQ #2 iBK2@
/`Bp2M r?2`2 +QMiBMmQmb@iBK2 bB;MHb `2 2tT`2bb2/ #v i?2B` bKTH2/ pHm2b i }t2/
bKTH2 7`2[m2M+vX h?Bb K2Mb i?i i?2 bKTHBM; BMi2`pHb `2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 }t2/-
?2M+2- i?2 MHvbBb T`Q#H2Kb +M #2 BKTH2K2Mi2/ #v miBHBbBM; i?2 2tBbiBM; HBi2ìm`2
QM i?2 bKTH2/ /i bvbi2KbX h?2 +QMi`QH +iBQMb `2 HbQ bbmK2/ iQ #2 ;2M2ì2/
i 7`2[m2M+v 2[mH iQ i?2 bKTHBM; 7`2[m2M+v- r?B+? Bb `272``2/ iQ b bvM+?`QMQmb
BM iBK2- Q` iBK2@/`Bp2M +QMi`QHX
>Qr2p2`- bQK2 TTHB+iBQMb M22/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QHH2`b (9e)X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- i?2
+QMi`QHH2` +iBQMb `2 MQi bvM+?`QMQmb rBi? i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 bvbi2K bKTHBM; 7`2@
[m2M+v (9e)X 6Q` 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QHH2`b- i?2 Q++m``2M+2 Q7 +2ìBM 2p2Mi i`B;;2`b
i?2 +QMi`QHH2`b +iBQMbX b M BHHmbiìBQM- +QMbB/2` KQiBQM +QMi`QH bvbi2K BM+Hm/@
BM; KQiQ` M/ M 2M+Q/2`X h?2 2M+Q/2` TmHb2b ?TT2M i `2;mH` M;mH` TQbBiBQM
T2`BQ/b (9e)X lTQM BM+`2bBM; i?2 bT22/ Q7 i?2 KQiQ`- i?2 +QMi`QHH2` `2+2Bp2b TmHb2b
7`QK i?2 2M+Q/2` i ?B;?2` ì2- r?B+? BM im`M- H2/b iQ ?B;?2` +QMi`QHH2` `mM ì2X
>Qr2p2`- 7Q` HQr p2HQ+BiB2b- i?2 [mMiBxiBQM 2``Q`b +MMQi #2 B;MQ`2/X PM2 TQbbB#H2
K2i?Q/ iQ bQHp2 i?Bb FBM/ Q7 T`Q#H2K Bb iQ mb2 ?B;?@`2bQHmiBQM b2MbQ` U2M+Q/2`V
r?B+? BM+`2b2b i?2 Qp2`HH bvbi2K +QbiX h?2 Qi?2` Hi2`MiBp2 K2i?Q/- +QMbB/2`2/
BM i?2 HBi2ìm`2- Bb iQ BKTH2K2Mi `2pBbBQM iQ +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH H;Q`Bi?Kb BM
Q`/2` iQ biBHH 2KTHQv i?2 HQr@`2bQHmiBQM b2MbQ`bX hrQ /Bz2`2Mi K2i?Q/b ?p2 #22M
X `;? S;2 ky9

Tsys
Controller signals
Output signals
Tsi
6B;m`2 RyXRj, J2+?MBbK Q7 b2MbQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi /`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K mbBM; bii2
Q#b2`p2`X ঻৓৉ Bb i?2 p`vBM; QmiTmi bKTHBM; ì2 M/ ঻৓৙৓ Bb i?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7
i?2 bvbi2KX
Controller signals
Output signals
Tsi
6B;m`2 RyXR9, J2+?MBbK Q7 b2MbQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi /`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K mbBM; bTiBH
/QKBM BMbi2/ Q7 iBK2 /QKBMX ঻৓৉ Bb i?2 p`vBM; QmiTmi bKTHBM; ì2 M/ +QMi`QH
bB;MH mT/i2 ì2X
bm;;2bi2/ BM i2`Kb Q7 mbBM; HQr@`2bQHmiBQM b2MbQ` /i (9e)X
RV liBHBbBM; M Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ 7`K2rQ`F iQ 2biBKi2 i?2 /i i bvM+?`QMQmb

+QMi`QHH2` bKTH2 BMbiMib- mbBM; bvM+?`QMQmb K2bm`2K2Mi BMbiMibX H@
i?Qm;? i?2b2 Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ K2i?Q/b `2T`2b2Mi #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 +QKT`2/
iQ +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH b+?2K2b- i?2v ?p2 KDQ` /`r#+F- r?B+? Bb i?2
BMi2MbBp2 +QKTmiiBQMH #m`/2M QM i?2 T`Q+2bbQ`- b i?2v M22/ iQ /2H rBi?
iBK2@p`vBM; Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2K (9e)- b22 6B;X RyXRjX
kV .2}MBM; i?2 KQ/2Hb Q7 i?2 THMi M/ i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM i?2 bTiBH /QKBM
BMbi2/ Q7 i?2 iBK2 /QKBMX h?2M i?2 +QMi`QHH2` /2bB;M +M #2 T2`7Q`K2/
mbBM; +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH i?2Q`v- b22 6B;X RyXR9X
X `;? S;2 ky8

Tci
Event occurrences
Output signals
Ts
6B;m`2 RyXR8, J2+?MBbK Q7 M +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi /`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2KX ঻৓ Bb i?2

+QMbiMi QmiTmi bKTHBM; ì2 M/ ঻ৄ৉ Bb i?2 p`vBM; 2p2Mi Q++m``2M+2 ì2 UT2/HBM;
ì2VX
h?2 bKTHBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 >_ i`MbKBii2/ iQ i?2 T`Q;`K #v M 1*: Q` TmHb2
QtBK2i2` i`Mb/m+2` Bb ivTB+HHv +QMbiMi UR bKTH2 T2` b2+QM/V- ?Qr2p2`- i?2 ì2
Q7 b2M/BM; i?2 +QKKM/b iQ i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i p`B2b ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 T2/HBM;
ì2- b22 6B;X RyXR8X h?Bb 7Q`K Q7 +QMi`QH bvbi2K- +HH2/ ?2`2 M +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@
/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K- Bb Q#pBQmbHv /Bz2`2Mi 7`QK i?2 irQ 2tBbiBM; +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb
BM (9e)X SQbbB#Hv- Bi +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/ iQ bQK2 /2;`22 b KmHiB@ì2 bvbi2K- b i?2
ì2b Q7 QmiTmi bKTHBM; M/ +QMi`QH BMTmi mT/iBM; `2 /Bz2`2Mi- ?Qr2p2`- bBM+2
i?2 mT/iBM; ì2 Q7 i?2 +QMi`QH BMTmi p`B2b ++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 T2/HBM; ì2 Q7 i?2
2t2`+Bb2`- Bi +M HbQ #2 bbmK2/ iQ #2 M 2p2Mi@#b2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2KX L2p2ì?2H2bb-
Qm` T`QTQb2/ bvbi2K Bb MQi b2MbQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2MX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 i?2 BK Q7
i?Bb +QMi`QH bvbi2K Bb iQ +QMi`QH i?2 2t2`+Bb2 ì2 i?`Qm;? i?2 ?2ì ì2 M/ MQi
iQ +QMi`QH i?2 p2HQ+Biv Q` i?2 TQbBiBQM Q7 `Qi`v bvbi2K U.* KQiQ` BM i?2 7Q`2@
K2MiBQM2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2Kb M/ i?2 T2/HBM; bvbi2K ?2`2V M/ i?2 >_ b2MbQ` bB;MH-
bKTH2/ rBi? +QMbiMi ì2 BM/2T2M/2Mi 7`QK i?2 T2/HBM; ì2- rBHH MQi i`B;;2`
i?2 +QMi`QH +iBQMbX 6B;X RyXRe ;Bp2b ;2M2`H pB2r Q7 i?2 bvM+?`QMQmb bB;MHb BM
i?2 /2bB;M2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2KX
h?2 b2+QM/ K2i?Q/ 2tTHBM2/ #Qp2 7Q` i?2 b2MbQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QH
bvbi2Kb- r?B+? mb2b i?2 bTiBH /QKBM Q7 i?2 bvbi2K KQ/2H- +MMQi #2 /Ti2/
iQ Qm` rQ`FX h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 i?Bb b+?2K2 `2[mB`2b i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MHb M/ b2MbQ`
U2M+Q/2`V bB;MHb iQ #2 bvM+?`QMQmbX 6mì?2`KQ`2- #Qi? K2i?Q/b M22/ i?2 ++mì2
KQ/2H Q7 i?2 bvbi2KX aBM+2 i?Bb rQ`F Bb BK2/ i /2p2HQTBM; MQM@KQ/2H@#b2/ SA.
X `;? S;2 kye

+QMi`QHH2`- M ++mì2 KQ/2H Q7 i?2 bvbi2K Bb MQi pBH#H2X

Ai b?QmH/ #2 MQi2/ i?i MQi?2` FBM/ Q7 2p2Mi@i`B;;2`BM; K2+?MBbK rBi? i?2
Tm`TQb2 Q7 `2/m+BM; i?2 `2bQm`+2 miBHBxiBQM Q7 Bib BKTH2K2MiiBQM ?b #22M +QMbB/@
2`2/ (9e)X h?Bb K2+?MBbK mT/i2b i?2 +QMi`QH 2zQì QMHv r?2M i?2 2``Q` Bb H`;2`
i?M bT2+B}+ i?`2b?QH/ M/ ?QH/b i?2 +QMi`QH 2zQì r?BH2 i?2 2``Q` Bb bKHHX hQ
BHHmbiì2 i?Bb- H2i mb +QMbB/2` i?2 7QHHQrBM; SA. +QMi`QHH2`,
৔
৕)৔* > ল৐ ৆)৔* , ল৉ ৆)౩*৅౩ , ল৅ ৆)৔*/
ȥ URyXkkV
฀1
lbBM; i?2 #+Fr`/ /Bz2`2MiBiBQM K2i?Q/ r2 ?p2-
৕)ো* ѿ ৕)ো ѿ 2* ৆)ো* ѿ ৆)ো ѿ 2*

>ল৐ , ল৉ ৆)ো*
঻৓ো ঻৓ো
৆)ো*ѿ৆)োѿ2*
঻৓ো
ѿ ৆)োѿ2*ѿ৆)োѿ3*
঻৓োѿ2
, ল৅ - URyXkjV
঻৓ো
r?2`2 ঻৓ো /2MQi2b i?2 p`vBM; bKTH2 iBK2X h?2M Bi 7QHHQrb-
৕)ো* >৕)ো ѿ 2* , ল৐ \৆)ো* ѿ ৆)ো ѿ 2*^ , ল৉ ঻৓ো ৆)ো* URyXk9V

ল৅
, \঻ )৆)ো* ѿ ৆)ো ѿ 2** ѿ ঻৓ো )৆)ো ѿ 2* ѿ ৆)ো ѿ 3**^/
঻৓ো ঻৓োѿ2 ৓োѿ2
h?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM URyXk9V Bb bmBi#H2 b p2HQ+Biv 7Q`K 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2`X

LQi2 i?i r2 B;MQ`2 i?2 mb2 Q7 HQr@Tbb }Hi2` iQ /2H rBi? i?2 ?B;? 7`2[m2M+v
K2bm`2K2Mi MQBb2 ?2`2X h?2 2p2Mi@i`B;;2`BM; K2+?MBbK i?2M TTHB2b #b2/ QM i?2
i`+FBM; 2``Q` b
౩ো,2 > jog|৔ Ӓ ঻৓্ , ౩ো - jg }৆)৔*} Ӓ ౘ~- URyXk8V
r?2`2 ౩ো Bb i?2 iBK2 BMbiMi i?i i?2 ো@i? +QMi`QHH2` mT/i2 Bb ;2M2ì2/X HbQ-
঻৓্ ? 1 M/ ౘ ? 1 /2MQi2 i?2 KBMBKmK bKTHBM; iBK2 Q7 i?2 bvbi2K M/ i?2 i?`2b?@
QH/ pHm2- `2bT2+iBp2HvX q?BH2 ৆)৔* = ౘ i?2 +QMi`QH 2zQì Bb ?2H/ +QMbiMi M/ i?2
bKTH2 iBK2 ঻৓ো p`B2bX ;BM- MQi2 i?i i?Bb MQM@mMB7Q`K mT/iBM; K2+?MBbK
`2[mB`2b i?i MQ HBKBiiBQM Bb BKTQb2/ QM i?2 iBK2 BMbiMi i?i i?2 +QMi`QH 2zQìb
TTHvX >Qr2p2`- BM Qm` +b2- i?2 2p2Mi i`B;;2`BM; K2+?MBbK QMHv p`B2b i?2 #BQ722/@
#+F iBK2 BMbiMibX PM2 Hi2`MiBp2 Bb iQ M2;H2+i i?2 i`B;;2`BM; +`Bi2`B BM URyXk8V
X `;? S;2 kyd

M/ iQ mb2 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` BM URyXk9V- r?B+? HbQ BKTQb2b //BiBQMH QMHBM2 +H+mH@
iBQMb QM i?2 T`Q+2bbQ`X >Qr2p2`- Bi Bb +H2` i?i /m2 iQ i?2 }t2/ bKTHBM; ì2 Q7
i?2 >_ b2MbQ`- BM +b2b r?2`2 KQ`2 i?M QM2 mT/i2 Bb `2[mB`2/ /m`BM; 2+? bKTH2
T2`BQ/- MQ M2r >_ pHm2- M/ ?2M+2- i`+FBM; 2``Q` Bb pBH#H2 7Q` i?2 b2+QM/ M/
Hi2` mT/i2bX LQr i?`22 TQbbB#H2 K2i?Q/b +M #2 +QMbB/2`2/- r?B+? `2 b 7QHHQrb,
RV lT/iBM; i?2 +QMi`QH bB;MH 7Q` 2+? 2p2Mi mbBM; i?2 Hi2bi pBH#H2 BM7Q`KiBQMX
>Qr2p2`- QrBM; iQ i?2 2tBbi2M+2 Q7 i?2 BMi2;`H +iBQM BM i?2 +QMi`QH Hr- i?Bb +QM@
i`QH biì2;v Kv #2 KQ`2 HBF2Hv iQ bmz2` 7`QK rBM/mT T?2MQK2M BM i?2 bvbi2K
T2`7Q`KM+2X
kV .2bB;MBM; +QMi`QH bvbi2K r?B+? miBHBx2b M Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ 7`K2rQ`F iQ 2biB@
Ki2 }`biHv i?2 M2ti +imiQ` 2p2Mi BMbiMi Ui?2 BMbiMi i?i i?2 H27i Q` `B;?i T2/H
Tbb2b i?2 `22/ b2MbQ`V M/- b2+QM/Hv- i?2 >_ pHm2 i bvM+?`QMQmb +QMi`QHH2`
2p2Mi BMbiMib- mbBM; bvM+?`QMQmb K2bm`2K2Mi BMbiMibX Hi?Qm;? i?Bb Q#b2`p2`@
#b2/ K2i?Q/ Kv ?p2 #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2 +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 +QMp2MiBQMH +QMi`QH
b+?2K2b- Bi ?b KDQ` /`r#+F- r?B+? Bb i?2 BMi2MbBp2 +QKTmiiBQMH #m`/2M QM
i?2 T`Q+2bbQ`- b Bi M22/b iQ /2H rBi? iBK2@p`vBM; Q#b2`p2`@#b2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2KX
jV liBHBbBM; iBK2@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2` BM i?2 p2HQ+Biv 7Q`K bm+? b i?2 QM2 2t@
THBM2/ BM a2+iBQM RyXkX9X
M BKK2/Bi2 /pMi;2 Q7 i?2 Hbi K2i?Q/ Bb i?i Bi +M bbBbi BM T`2p2MiBM; i?2
+QMp2ì2/ +QMi`QH +QKKM/b Um/BiQ`v biBKmHmbV 7`QK `2+?BM; i?2B` HBKBiiBQMb Ub22
am#b2+iBQMb RyXkX9 M/ RyXkX9V M/ i?2 bvbi2K rQ`FBM; mM/2` bimìBQM bBimiBQMX
Ai Bb HbQ r2HH FMQrM i?i i?2 ?2ì ì2 `2bTQMb2 iQ 2t2`+Bb2 +M #2 TT`QtBKi2/
b }`bi Q`/2` bvbi2K- r?2`2 i?2 iBK2 +QMbiMi Bb `2HiBp2Hv bHQr (98)X h?mb- i?2
p`BiBQM Q7 i?2 ?mKM >_ Bb mbmHHv HBKBi2/ BM bKTHBM; T2`BQ/ Ubv 2 b2+QM/VX
aQ- 2p2M B7 i?2 +QMi`QHH2` mb2b i?2 Hi2bi pBH#H2 b2MbQ`Ƕb BM7Q`KiBQM- ì?2` i?M
i?2 +imH QM2- i?2 Q#iBM2/ +QMi`QH bB;MH rBHH #2 +HQb2 iQ i?2 /2bB`2/ QM2X JQ`2@
Qp2`- i?2 MmK#2` Q7 //BiBQMH 2p2Mib BM i?2 bKTHBM; T2`BQ/ Q7 i?2 >_ b2MbQ` Bb
MQi #B;X qBi? i?Bb bT2+B}+ #B+v+H2- r2 7QmM/ i?i i?2 T2/HBM; ì2 p`B2b BM i?2
`M;2 31 ҩ 231 ৒৐্- r?B+? K2Mb i?i i KQbi- k Q` j 2p2Mib Kv Q++m` BM i?2
}t2/ bKTHBM; T2`BQ/X "bB+HHv- i?2 //BiBQMH m/BiQ`v bB;MHb `2 mb2/ ?2`2 iQ BM@
bi`m+i i?2 bm#D2+i iQ `2iBM i?2 T`QT2` 2t2`+Bb2 ì2X Hi?Qm;? i?2 T`QTQb2/ +QMi`QH
b+?2K2 ?2`2 Bb p2`v bBKTH2- Qm` 2tT2`BK2MiH bim/B2b U;Bp2M BM i?Bb +?Ti2`V T`Qp2
X `;? S;2 ky3

Bib 2z2+iBp2M2bbX b QTTQb2/ iQ i?Bb- i?2 H+F Q7 m/BiQ`v +QKKM/b 7Q` //BiBQMH
2p2Mib Q++m``BM; /m`BM; i?2 >_ bKTHBM; iBK2- KF2 7Q` M mM+QK7Qì#H2 2t2`+Bb@
BM; 2tT2`B2M+2 7Q` i?2 bm#D2+iX 6B;X RyXRe /2b+`B#2b b+?2KiB+HHv i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K
/2bB;M2/ 7Q` i?2 ibFX
Event occurrences
Control updates
Output signals
Auditory commands
fb=400~2000 Hz, td=60~500 ms
Pedaling rate 20~120 rpm
6B;m`2 RyXRe, J2+?MBbK Q7 i?2 T`QTQb2/ +QMi`QH bvbi2KX
RyX9Xj .Bb+mbbBQM QM i?2 `2bmHib
AM Q`/2` iQ +QKT`2 i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 /Bz2`2Mi +QMi`QHH2`b [mMiBiiBp2Hv- r2 mb2

i?2 /Bb+`2i2@iBK2 +mKmHiBp2 `QQi K2M b[m`2 U_JaV pHm2 Q7 i?2 i`+FBM; 2``Q`-
b
໾
໽ ঵
໽2 3
৆৒্৓ Ӊ
঵ า }৆)৉*} -
ֶ ৉>2
r?2`2 ঵ /2MQi2b i?2 MmK#2` Q7 bKTH2bX AM/22/- i?2 _Ja pHm2 ;Bp2b K2bm`2 Q7
i?2 p2`;2 2M2`;v BM i?2 2``Q` bB;MHX h?2 p2`;2 [mMiBiiBp2 `2bmHib 7Q` /Bz2`@
2Mi +QMi`QHH2`b- 2tTHQBi2/ BM i?Bb T`QD2+i- +M #2 b22M BM h#H2 RyXkX h?2 `2bmHib
BM h#H2 RyXk- M/ 7mì?2`- 6B; RyX3@RyXRy BHHmbiì2 i?i Hi?Qm;? i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QH
K2i?Q/ +M ?2HT i?2 mb2` iQ i`+F i?2 /2bB`2/ >_ T`Q}H2- i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?2
AaJ*fSA. +QMi`QH M/ i?2 m/BiQ`v +QMp2ì2` Bb bmT2`BQ` +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 `2Hv
X `;? S;2 kyN

+QMi`QHH2`X AM/22/- +QKT`2/ iQ i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2`- i?2 T`QTQb2/ +imiQ`@#b2/

2p2Mi@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHH2` T`2p2Mib KDQ` Qp2`b?QQiBM; BM i?2 >_ `2bTQMb2bX h?Bb
Kv #2 BKTQìMi- BX2X BM +`/B+ `2?#BHBiiBQMX
LQiB+2 i?i i?2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2` Bb /Bb+QMiBMmQmb +QMi`QHH2` r?B+? rQ`Fb #b2/
QM brBi+?BM; 7mM+iBQMbX HbQ- i?2 T`K2i2`b ౚৌ M/ ౚ৕ BM URyXkRV THv M BKTQ`@
iMi `QH2 BM i?2 T2`7Q`KM+2 Q7 i?Bb +QMi`QHH2`X aKHH2` pHm2b Q7 i?2b2 T`K2i2`b
Kv H2/ iQ #2ii2` T2`7Q`KM+2X i i?2 bK2 iBK2- Bi +M HbQ H2/ iQ KQ`2 pBbmH
+QKKM/b UT?`b2b QM i?2 +QKTmi2` biiBQMV r?B+? M22/ iQ #2 `2/ M/ BMi2`T`2i2/
+QMiBMmQmbHv #v i?2 bm#D2+iX 6Q` bQK2 bm#D2+ib- i?Bb Kv +QMi`B#mi2 iQ +Q;MBiBp2
Qp2`HQ/ M/ /Bb2M;;2K2MiX
a2i ;BMbi i?Bb- i?2 MQp2H +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi /`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2K- /2bB;M2/
bT2+B}+HHv 7Q` +v+H2 2`;QK2i2` 2t2`+Bb2b- BKT`Qp2b i`+FBM; T2`7Q`KM+2 M/ `2/m+2b
i?2 TQbbB#BHBiv Q7 i?2 bm#D2+iǶb +Q;MBiBp2 /Bb2M;;2K2Mi 7`QK i?2 722/#+F +QMi`QHH2`X
6mì?2`KQ`2- b +M #2 b22M BM 6B;X RyX3- i?Bb +QMi`QH K2+?MBbK bKQQi?2b Qmi i?2
#`mTi p`BiBQMb BM i?2 >_ T`Q}H2 T`2p2MiBM; Qp2`b?QQiBM; BM i?2 >_ `2bTQMb2b-
M/ HHQrb i?2 >_ iQ +?M;2 BM KQ`2 ;`/mH KMM2`X
6mì?2`KQ`2- Bi Bb 7QmM/ i?i i?2 }t2/@ì2 #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK U2X;X BM (Ry)V
Bb MQi p2`v bm++2bb7mH QM2 iQ BMbi`m+i i?2 bm#D2+ib iQ +?M;2 i?2B` 2t2`+Bb2 ì2
++Q`/BM; iQ i?2 +QMi`QHH2` bB;MH- b i?2 ì2 Q7 #BQ722/#+F Bb MQi bvM+?`QMQmb rBi?
i?2 ì2 Q7 2t2`+Bb2 ì2 UT2/HBM; ì2 BM i?Bb +b2VX _272``BM; iQ i?2 2tT2`B2M+2b
`2TQì2/ #v i?2 2t2`+Bb2 TìB+BTMib- i?Bb K2i?Q/ Kv HbQ H2/ iQ +Q;MBiBp2 /Bb@
2M;;2K2Mi Q7 i?2 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+i 7`QK i?2 +QMi`QHH2` bB;MHb M/- +QMb2[m2MiHv-
H`;2` Qp2`b?QQiBM; BM i?2 >_ `2bTQMb2bX h?Bb +M #2 KDQ` /`r#+F Q7 i?2 +QM@
i`QH bvbi2K- 2bT2+BHHv BM +`/B+ `2?#BHBiiBQM T`Q;`KbX aT2+B}+HHv- /m`BM; i?2
r`K mT M/ +QQHBM; /QrM T2`BQ/b Ui?2 }`bi M/ i?B`/ bi;2b Q7 i?2 >_ T`Q}H2V- b
i?2 T2/HBM; ì2 p`B2b `2T2i2/Hv- Bi Bb ?`/ 7Q` i?2 2t2`+Bb2` iQ 7QHHQr i?2 }t2/@ì2
#BQ722/#+F bB;MH M/ +QM7mbBQM Kv Q++m`X
q2 +QM+Hm/2 i?i i?2 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QHH2` T`2b2Mi2/ BM i?Bb +?Ti2` KF2b Bi
TQbbB#H2 iQ T`2+Bb2Hv `2;mHi2 >_ iQ T`2/2i2`KBM2/ >_ T`Q}H2X
Ai b?QmH/ HbQ #2 TQBMi2/ Qmi i?i i?2 bm#D2+ibǶ >_ /B/ MQi +QKTH2i2Hv 7QHHQr i?2
>_ T`Q}H2 /m`BM; i?2 +QQHBM; /QrM T2`BQ/X h?Bb Bb #2+mb2 i?2 `2+Qp2`v >_ Q7 i?2
bm#D2+ib +QmH/ MQi #2 7mì?2` `2/m+2/ bBM+2 i?2 bm#D2+ib ?/ H`2/v biQTT2/ i?2B`
X `;? S;2 kRy

2t2`+Bb2X AM Qi?2` rQ`/b- B7 bm#D2+i ?b ?B;? `2biBM; >_ r?B+? Bb ?B;?2` i?M
i?2 `272`2M+2 >_- MQi?BM; +QmH/ #2 /QM2 #v i?2 +QMi`QH bvbi2K iQ `2/m+2 i?2 bm#@
D2+iǶb `2biBM; >_X >Qr2p2`- BM bm+? +b2- i?2 +QQHBM; /QrM T2`BQ/ BKb iQ T`2p2Mi
TQbbB#H2 p2MQmb TQQHBM; M/ `2/m+2/ p2MQmb `2im`M iQ i?2 ?2ì 7`QK M 2t+2bbBp2Hv
#`mTi i2`KBMiBQM iQ i?2 2t2`+Bb2X
RyX8 *QM+HmbBQMb
AM i?Bb bim/v- M miQKi2/ bvbi2K ?b #22M /2bB;M2/ iQ ?2HT 2t2`+BbBM; bm#D2+ib
iQ i`+F T`2/2i2`KBM2/ >_ T`Q}H2X h?`22 FBM/ Q7 +QMi`QH K2i?Q/b UAaJ*- SA.
M/ `2Hv +QMi`QHH2`V- r?B+? `2 bBKTH2 iQ /2bB;M M/ BKTH2K2Mi- r2`2 /2THQv2/ M/
i2bi2/ BM i?Bb T`QD2+iX h?2 bB;MB}+M+2 Q7 i?Bb bim/v- +QKT`2/ iQ Qi?2` Tm#HBb?2/
/i- Bb i?2 7+i i?i i?2 #BQ722/#+F bB;MHb `2 bvM+?`QMBx2/ rBi? `2bT2+i iQ i?2
TQbBiBQMb Q7 i?2 T2/HbX hQ i?Bb 2M/- BM i?2 +b2 Q7 i?2 SA. Q` AaJ* +QMi`QHH2`- #v
/DmbiBM; i?2 iBK2 /mìBQM M/ i?2 7`2[m2M+v Q7 i?2 m/BiQ`v bB;MHb- i?2 >_ Q7 i?2
bm#D2+ib Bb 7Q`+2/ iQ i`+F i?2 T`Q}H2X hQ BKTH2K2Mi i?Bb B/2- M2r +QMi`QH bvbi2K
biì2;v ?b #22M /2bB;M2/- i2`K2/ M +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M +QMi`QH bvbi2KX AM
//BiBQM- 7Q` +QKT`BbQM- bBKTH2 `2Hv +QMi`QHH2` M/ +QMp2MiBQMH SA. +QMi`QHH2`
mbBM; }t2/@ì2 #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK ?p2 #22M mb2/ rBi? i?2B` T2`7Q`KM+2b
+QKT`2/ iQ i?2 +imiQ`@#b2/ 2p2Mi@/`Bp2M SA. +QMi`QHX 1tT2`BK2MiH `2bmHib
r?B+? r2`2 +``B2/ Qmi QM ir2Hp2 ?2Hi?v KH2 bm#D2+ib- pHB/i2 i?2 2z2+iBp2M2bb Q7
i?2 bvbi2KX
X `;? S;2 kRR

h#H2 RyXR, S?vbB+H +?`+i2`BbiB+b Q7 TìB+BTMib

am#D2+i ;2 Uv2`V >2B;?i U+KV q2B;?i UE;V "JA U লৈ
্3
V
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R j8 R39 N8 k3
k kj R3y dk kk
j k8 Rdj 83 RN
9 kk Rd8 8e R3
8 k3 ReN 88 RN
e k9 Rdd e9 ky
d jk Rd3 38 kd
3 je R3k 3N kd
J2M k3XRk RddXk8 dRXd8 kkX8
a. 8X89 9X3N ReXyy 9XRd
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N jR Rdk d3 ke
Ry kR RdN eR RN
RR kj Rdk ej kR
Rk kd Rde 3y k8
Rj ke Rdj d9 k8
R9 k9 Rdk e3 kj
R8 k8 Rej 8N kk
Re j9 Rdj ed kk
Rd 9d RdN 39 ke
R3 k3 R3e 3k k9
RN jk Rdd 39 kd
ky je Rd8 dd k8
J2M kNX8y Rd9Xd8 djXy3 kjXd8
a. dXR8 8X8j NXRk kXj3
hQiH
J2M k3XN8 Rd8Xd8 dkX88 kjXk8
hQiH
a. eX99 8Xjy RRXN8 jXR3
h#H2 RyXk, ZmMiBiiBp2 +QKT`BbQM Q7 +QMi`QHH2`b

*QMi`QHH2` p2`;2 ৆৒্৓
AaJ* +QMi`QHH2` rBi? Qm` T`QTQb2/ #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK jXNyk9
SA. +QMi`QHH2` rBi? Qm` T`QTQb2/ #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK 9Xkeej
_2Hv +QMi`QHH2` rBi? pBbmH #BQ722/#+F eX3NyN
SA. +QMi`QHH2` rBi? i?2 }t2/@ì2 #BQ722/#+F K2+?MBbK 8Xd3N8
X `;? S;2 kRk

TT2M/Bt
H;Q`Bi?K 7Q` bQHpBM; i?2 ঳স

biiB+ QmiTmi 722/#+F T`Q#H2K
*QMbB/2` i?2 bvbi2K BM UdXk8VX b K2MiBQM2/ i?2 Q#D2+iBp2 Bb iQ /2bB;M ঴ > /B; พ঴৉ ฟυ৉>2
bQ i?i i?2 ς3 MQ`K 7`QK ৗ)৔* iQ ৚)৔* Bb H2bb i?M ;Bp2M +QMbiMi ౙ r?BH2 i?2 bi@
#BHBiv Q7 i?2 +QKTQbBi2 bHB/BM; KQ/2 /vMKB+b Bb 2Mbm`2/X ++Q`/BM; iQ 2X;X (8e)-
i?Bb T`Q#H2K +M #2 +bi b }M/BM; irQ bvKK2i`B+ ষ ? 1 M/ ষ Ȣ bm+? i?i
ষ নৄৌ , ন঻ৄৌ ষ , পৄৌ

঻
পৄৌ = 1
UXRV
i`+2)ষ * = ౙ-
ষ Ȣ ন৒ৄৌ , ปন৒ৄৌ ผ঻ ষ Ȣ = 1- UXkV
BM r?B+? নৄৌ > নৄ , ঩঴প- ন৒ৄৌ > ন৒ৄ , ঩঴প ৒ M/ পৄৌ > প৚ , ফ৚ ঴প- M/ ন৒ৄ M/ প ৒
`2 /2}M2/ BM a2+iBQM dXjXkX hQ /2H rBi? i?Bb T`Q#H2K- (8e) T`QTQb2b i?2 bQ@+HH2/
Bi2ìBp2 b+H2/ KBM@Kt K2i?Q/X hQ 2tTHBM i?Bb K2i?Q/- r2 M22/ iQ BMi`Q/m+2
7Qm` b+H` p`B#H2b ౢ- ౗- ౭- ౵ M/ 7Qm` bvKK2i`B+ Ki`B+2b 1 = ি ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ - 1 = ী ѵ
ϓৎ·ৎ - 1 = িȢ ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ M/ 1 = ী Ȣ ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ X LQr i?2 b+H2/ KBM@Kt H;Q`Bi?K +M #2
bmKK`Bx2/ b 7QHHQrbX
H;Q`Bi?K XR Ȣ - ౗৓৏ৌ ? 1 M/ b2i ౰ ? 1 Ui2`KBMiBQM b+H`V-

2* AMBiBHBx2 ী৓৏ৌ - ী৓৏ৌ
ৌ > 2 UBi2ìBQM MmK#2`VX
3* aQHp2
kR8
SS1L.As X G:P_Ah>J 6P_ aPGoAL: h>1 ঳স ahhA* PlhSlh
611."*E S_P"G1J
njo ౭ৌ
Ȣ
ি-ি-౵
2 2
3 3
র ӑ ী৓৏ৌ িী৓৏ৌ ӑ ౭ৌ র
2 2
Ȣ 3 িȢ ী Ȣ 3 ӑ ౭ৌ র
র ӑ ী৓৏ৌ ৓৏ৌ
2 ӑ ౵౗৓৏ৌ ӑ ౭ৌ
۲ ۲঻
֠঩֣ ֠নৄ ি , িন঻ৄ িপ৚঻ ֣ ֠ ঩ ֣
֡ ֤ ֡ ֤֡ ֤ ӑ ѿর
֡ফ ֤ ֡ প ি ѿ౵র ֤ ֡ফ ֤
֢ ৚֥ ֢ ৚ ֥ ֢ ৚֥
঩ ۲ ๟ন৒ৄ িȢ , িȢ ปন৒ৄ ผ঻ ๠ ঩ ۲঻ ӑ ѿর-
iQ }M/ ি৓৏ৌ - িȢ৓৏ৌ M/ ౵৓৏ৌ X
4* qBi? ;Bp2M ি৓৏ৌ - িȢ৓৏ৌ M/ ౵৓৏ৌ bQHp2
nby ౢৌ
ী -ী Ȣ -౗
2 2
3 3
ౢৌ র ӑ ি৓৏ৌ ী ি৓৏ৌ ӑ র
2 2
ౢৌ র ӑ িȢ ৓৏ৌ
3
ী Ȣ িȢ ৓৏ৌ
3
ӑর
ౢৌ ӑ ౵৓৏ৌ ౗ ӑ 2
֠প ঻ ۲ )ী নৄ , ন঻ৄ ী , ౗প৚঻ প৚ *প ঻ ۲঻ ౗র ֣
֡ ֤ӑ1
֡ ౗র ѿর ֤֥
֢
֠i`+2)ী * ѿ ౙ౗ ౗ ֣
֡ ֤ӑ1
֡ ౗ ѿর ֤֥
֢
প ঻ ۲ ๟ী Ȣ ন৒ৄ , ปন৒ৄ ผ঻ ী Ȣ ๠ প ঻ ۲঻ ӑ 1-
iQ }M/ ী৓৏ৌ M/ ౗৓৏ৌ X
Ȣ * = ౚ Q` ౗৓৏ৌ = ౚ i?2M biQT- i?2 H;Q`Bi?K /Q2b MQi

5* A7 ౠnjo )ী৓৏ৌ * = ౚ Q` ౠnjo )ী৓৏ৌ
+QMp2`;2X
6* A7 ౭ৌ ѿ ౢৌ = ౚ- ;Q iQ ai2T e- Qi?2`rBb2 ৌ > ৌ , 2 M/ `2im`M iQ ai2T kX
7* _2im`M ষ > ౗ ѿ2 ী M/ ষ Ȣ > ౗ ѿ2 ী Ȣ X
X `;? S;2 kRe

SS1L.As X G:P_Ah>J 6P_ aPGoAL: h>1 ঳স ahhA* PlhSlh
611."*E S_P"G1J
A7 i?2 H;Q`Bi?K +QMp2`;2b iQ i?2 bQHmiBQM- i?2M ౭ৌ Ј 2- ౢৌ Ј 2- ি Ј ী ѿ2 - িȢ Ј ী Ȣ ѿ2

M/ ౗ Ј ౵ ѿ2 X h?2 `2[mB`2/ ঴ i?2M +M #2 Q#iBM2/ #v bQHpBM; UXRV M/ UXkV
rBi? ;Bp2M ষ M/ ষ Ȣ X
X `;? S;2 kRd

TT2M/Bt "
_2r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 KBMBKBxiBQM
K2i?Q/
lbBM; i?2 `2r2B;?i2/ ϊ2 MQ`K 7Q` T`QKQiBM; bT`bBiv ?b #22M +QMbB/2`2/ BM 2X;X
(kN- R8)X .2}M2 i?2 Ki`Bt ঵ > 1্·ৎ X Ai +M #2 b?QrM i?i U2X;X b22 (kN- R8)V i?2
QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K BM UdX9yV Bb 2[mBpH2Mi iQ
঻
JBMBKBx2 i`+2)ু৓ * , ౜i`+2)঵
Ȣ ম* U"XRV
bm#D2+i iQ
֠ নিৌ৑৒ , িৌ৑৒ ন঻ , ঩ঽৌ৑৒ , ঽৌ৑৒

঻ ঻
঩ Գ Գ ֣
֡ 2 ֤
֡ স 3 িৌ৑৒ ѿর Գ ֤ = 1-
֡ 2
֤
֡ হ ঽৌ৑৒
3 1 ѿর ֤֥
֢
֠ѿু৓ Գ ֣
֡ ֤ = 1-
֡ র ѿি ֤
֢ ৌ৑৒ ֥
ѿ ম ӑ া ҅ ঽৌ৑৒ ӑ ম-
r?2`2 1 = িৌ৑৒ ѵ ϓৎ·ৎ - ঽৌ৑৒ ѵ ϓ্·ৎ - ু৓ Bb bH+F p`B#H2- া /2MQi2b i?2 r2B;?iBM;
Ki`Bt M/ i?2 Hbi BM2[mHBiv Bb 2H2K2Mi@rBb2 rBi? ম ѵ ϓ্·ৎ r?Qb2 2Mi`B2b `2
MQMM2;iBp2X h?2M i?2 H;Q`Bi?K iQ bQHp2 i?2 #Qp2 QTiBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K Bb b i?2
7QHHQrBM;-
H;Q`Bi?K "XR 2* qBi? ;Bp2M ౰ ? 1- ౖ ? 1 M/ ౜ Ȣ ? 1- BMBiBHBx2 া > 1υ·υ - ৌ > 2

M/ ঽ ৌ > 1X
kRN
SS1L.As "X _1q1A:>h1. ϊ2 JALAJAwhAPL J1h>P.
ѿ2
Գ Գ Գ
3* aQHp2 i?2 KBMBKBxiBQM T`Q#H2K U"XRV iQ Q#iBM ভৌ৑৒ > ঽৌ৑৒ িৌ৑৒ X
2
4* lT/i2 া৉৊ > M/ 7Q`K া > \া৉৊ ^υ·υ X
ঽԳ ,౰
ມ๟ ৌ৑৒ ๠৉৊ ມভ
Գ Գ
6* A7 ๱ঽৌ৑৒ ѿ ঽ ৌ ๱ ӑ ౖ ;Q iQ ai2T e- 2Hb2 ঽ ৌ > ঽৌ৑৒ - ৌ > ৌ , 2 M/ `2im`M iQ ai2T kX
Գ
7* _2im`M ভৌ৑৒ X
aQHpBM; H;Q`Bi?K "XR ;Bp2b i?2 KQbi 2z2+iBp2 bT`b2 bi`m+im`2 Q7 ভৌ৑৒ X h?2M- #v
B;MQ`BM; i?2 mMM2+2bb`v 2Mi`B2b BM ভৌ৑৒ r2 }M/ i?2 bi`m+im`2 Ki`Bt ɵX 1p2MimHHv-
i?2 QTiBKH bi`m+im`2/ 722/#+F Ki`Bt Bb Q#iBM2/ #v bQHpBM; i?2 T`Q#H2K BM UdXj3V
M/ UdXjNVX h?Bb T`Q+2/m`2 Bb +QMbB/2`2/ BM 2X;X (kN)X
X `;? S;2 kky

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KQ/2 +QMi`QH iQ k. bvbi2KbX AM S`Q+X 8kM/ A111 *QM72`2M+2 QM .2+BbBQM M/
*QMi`QH- T;2b j839Ĝj83N- 6HQ`2M+2- AiHv- .2+X kyRjX
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i`QH 7Q` M2irQ`F2/ bvbi2Kb rBi? `M/QK +QKKmMB+iBQM /2HvbX AM K2`B+M
*QMi`QH *QM72`2M+2 U**V- kyR8- T;2b eyReĜeykRX A111- kyR8X
(d) qBH#2ì a `QMQrX 1t2`+Bb2 i?2`Tv 7Q` QH/2` T2`bQMb rBi? +`/BQpb+mH`
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kyRjX
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L* kddyN- kyyeX
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/TiBp2 যҋ +QMi`QH /2bB;M 7Q` 2t2`+Bb2@BM/2T2M/2Mi ?mKM ?2ì ì2 `2;mH@
iBQM bvbi2KX AM *QMi`QH M/ miQKiBQM UA**V- kyRR Ni? A111 AMi2`MiBQMH
*QM72`2M+2 QM- T;2b RyjjĜRyjeX A111- kyRRX
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(Rk) X "ìQbx2rB+xX .Bb+`2i2@iBK2 [mbB@bHB/BM;@KQ/2 +QMi`QH biì2;B2bX A111

h`Mb+iBQMb QM AM/mbi`BH 1H2+i`QMB+b- 98,ejjĜejd- RNN3X
(Rj) JX "BbB++QX PM i?2 bii2 `2+QMbi`m+iBQM Q7 k@. bvbi2KbX avbiX *QMi`QH G2iiX-
8U8V,j9dĜj8j- T`X RN38X
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S`2bb- kyy9X
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A111 h`Mb+iBQMb QM- 88URRV,k9NNĜk8y3- kyy3X
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Argha - 2016 - Advances in Discrete Time Sliding Mode Control

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