Signals and Systems Lecture No.38 2Z-Transform Contd ... Engr. Muhammad Waseem Zeeshan AshrafiQ7: Determine the z-transform of the signal, x{n] = a" -uf-n—1] Sol: i At m=O, X(z) We Have: co = x | wz eters: Sl oD > aay Adding «1, and making limits starting from 0. xX@) = > X() =41 > (a-t-z)™ “a Now, it is an infinite geometric series. Meee x “2 Therefore, a X(z) =+1- Changing the variable, (m+ —n) 1 x@)=- Ya oz” mae Interchanging the upper and lower limits x@= 2 (atm 4 a =ROC: |z| < lal Rules for ROC: 1. The ROC of X(z) consists of a circle in the z-plane centered about the origin. 2. The ROC does not contain any pole. 3. Ifx{ni] is of finite duration, then ROC is the entire z-plane, except possibly 2=0 and /or © 4. Ifx[n] is a right-sided sequence, and if the circle \z\ = tp is in the ROC, then all finite values of z for which |z| > ty will also be in the ROC. (Exterior of circle) 5. Ifx{n] is a left-sided sequence, and if the circle |z| = ry is in the ROC, then all finite values ofz for which |z| (1/2) It contains one zero, atz=0 Bone pole,at z= 2 Graphically, It is a right-sided sequence, See rule # 4 for ROC. 4. Ifx[n] isa right-sided sequence, and ifthe circle |z| = 15 is in the ROC, then all finite values of z forwhich |z| > r will also be in the ROC. | Exterior of circle)Similarly, In Q7 (Today’sLecture), x[n]=-a"-ul—n +1] 9 X@)= T= ROC: Ia < al It contains one zero, at z= 0 &one pole,at z=a Im@) Graphically, It is a left-sided sequence, See rule #5 for ROC. Rez) 5. Ifx[n] isa left-sided sequence, and if the circle |z| = % is in the ROC, thenall finite values of z for which |2| < 1% will also be in the ROC. (Int of circle)Infinite-Duration Signals Y Causal Anticausal stl Two-sided et]Stability |h{n}| < 00 4 ROC of H(z) includes the unit circle |z = 1 LTI System Stable <> S7° —o9 => Frequency Response H(e) (DTFT of A[n]) exists. A causal LTI system with rational system function is stable <= all poles are inside the unit circle, i.e. have magnitudes < 1Q8: Find X(2}, for the signal x[n] and draw the ROC. x(n] = (2) ulol + (5) uln] Sol: We Have: w ZGelnl} = X@) = YD xfn)-2* r= Som) Using sum of geometric series, 1 It has two poles, atz = 4 and atz=-1/3 X(2)=—-— Therefore, from the rules of ROC, 1_i “2 1 ROC: |z| >> Draw ROC!Q9: Find X(2), for the signal x[n] and draw the ROC. x[n] = (Sy um = () wn -1) Do yourself