Signals and Systems Lecture No.01 Course Introduction & Basic Definitions Engr. Muhammad Waseem Zeeshan AshrafiWhy this course? This course deals with the fundamental principles of signals and systems theory. Aim of this course is to equip the students with the concepts and techniques of performing time-domain and frequency-domain analysis of signals and systems, laying the foundation for courses like “Communication Systems’, ‘Linear Control Systems” and ‘Digital Signal Processing’. Course Objectives: The course objectives are to: a) Equip the students with a thorough understanding of the types and fundamental principles of signals and systems. b) Develop students’ mathematical and analytical skills required to analyze continuous-time (CT) signals and systems in both time- and frequency-domains. ©) Introduce students to analysis of discrete-time (D1) signals and systemsCourse Learning Outcomes (CLOs): By the end of this course, student should be able to demonstrate the following: 1. Perform CT/ DT Signal Transformations like time-shifting, time-reversal, signal compression; solve CT/ DI Convolution and Correlation; Calculate z-Transform and inverse z-Transform for DT functions. 2. Perform modelling of CT / DT Linear Time Invariant (LTD systems using impulse response function and differential / difference equation. 3. Analyze the transformation of a CT signal through CT LTI system using frequency domain methods; apply filtering, 4, Simulations of different signals and their transforms with application using modern platform and softvare tools.Textbooks: 1. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky and S. H. Nawab, "Signals and Systems" (Latest Edition). 2. M. J. Roberts, "Fundamentals of Signals and Systems", McGraw-Hill, 2007 3. P, Lathi, "Linear Systems and Signals", 2nd Edition, Oxford, 2004Introduction and scope of the course and objectives Applications + Communications— AM, FM, FSK, PSK, communication channels. + Radio-astronomy, geophysics. + Physical systems modeling and control, Seismology, Mechanics, Chemical process control, Aerospace, Motor control, Thermodynamics, Fluid dynamics. * Optics and acoustics. + Biomedical engineering. + Electronics, circuit design. + Neural networks, adaptive systems, + Computer vision, graphics, image and speech processing. + Time series analysis, economic forecasting, stock trends.Tentative Lecture Breakup Lecture No. Week No Topics 01-to-09 01-03 Tnvodicion, Signal Gasafeations, Conimnous-time (CE) Disxele-tme (DT) /Analog 7 Digital Signals; Sional Enersy, Power; Simal transformations, time-shifting, time-reversa, sigral compression, expansion, CT/ DT exponential siguls; CT/ DT simsoids, Singularity fictions, DT! CT unt impotse and step sequence fanctions 10-to- 24 CE DT systems, Diiventiat EDaibrence eqn modal: System properties memory Inverbility, Causality; Tine Invasiance, BIBO Staiity, Linearity, LTT systems, Impulse ‘response, DT Coavoltion Sum; soltion methods, CT Coavohtion Tategal; ITI system propatis, Impuse Response vi-a-viz causality, stability, DT / CT Comelaion, Cross d Auto- Correlation, calulation, properties 25-to-35 09-12 Frequency domain smabsi of CT/ DI sale and systens: Higea facto ad vali of LTT systems; CT Fourier Series (FS), Analysis and Smthesis, Freq spectra of periodic impulse & pulse tains, Convergence of FS, Drichlet conditions, Gbb's phenomenon, FS & LTI systems, (CT Fourier Teansform (CTT), its Sake wth Laplace Teansform and CTFS, Calcuistion of CTRT and inverse CTT, Foutier Propzties, System's fiequency response, DT Fourier ‘Transform (DTET) and Series (DTFS) 36-to-39 12-13 (CTte DT conversion, Sampling, Sanplag Theorem, Alasag 40-to- 44 14-15 eiew dv Traniorm, is ink wih Fowie, Laplace. plane and splnc. Calcdation f= Transform, ROC properies: Imerse Transform: Application for DT sigals and systems alysis 45 -to-47 15-16 ‘aslog | CT Fikes; Types of ier response (P/HP/ BP /BStop), Meal vs practical Stes, Bondwisth, Fist and Seccnd order systems | tes, Bode plot; antve, passe fiter cite, Types of FreqResponse- Butterworth, Chebychew, Bip 48 ReviewDefinition and classification of signals Grom sisDefinition and classification of signals Signal: “A function representing a detectable physical quantity or variable by means of which information or message can be transmitted is known as signal.” OR A signal is an abstraction of any measureable quantity. Examples of signals: Electrical signals Voltages and currents in a circuit Acoustic signals “Acoustic pressure (sound) over time Mechanical signals Velocity of a car over time Video signals ~intensity level of a pixel (camera, video) over timeClassification of Signals: Definition and classification of signals (1) Continuous /Discrete time Signals: Continuous-Time Signals: A signal is a continuous signal, if the independentvariable ‘t’ is continuous over total interval. A continuous signal may be denoted by x(t). y(t). m(t). w,(t), w2(t), ete x(t) = cos(t) xt aS x = 5 Sin)Definition and classification of signals (1) Continuous /Discrete time Signals: Continuous-Time Signal. + Examples: Signals in cars and circuits, e.g. velocity, voltage, current, pressure, temperature et. + Signals described by differential equations, e-g., dy/dt = ay(t) + bi) + Signal itself could have jumps (discontinuities) in magnitude y(t) “aDefinition and classification of signals Discrete-Time Signal. A signal is a discrete signal if the independentvariable ‘n’ is unconnected over total interval. A discrete signal is denoted by x[n] or {X,}. where n is an integer. 1 » fit 0123456789 SPST Tee: Examples of DT signals: x(n] Le ov Daily closing index of stock market Daily number of accidents on a highway Temperature of a patient after each hour Average height of students in each section of 4" semester in UIT Etc.Definition and classification of signals + To distinguish between continuous-time and discrete-time signals, we will use the symbol ¢ to denote the continuous-time independent variable and to denote the discrete time independent variable. * In addition, for continuous-time signals we will enclose the independent variable in parentheses (_), whereas for discrete-time signals we will use brackets [ ] to enclose the independent variable. * We will also have frequent occasions when it will be useful to represent signals graphically, x 2 Graphical representations of (a) continuous-time and (b) discrete-time signals.Classification of Signals: Definition and classification of signals (2) Analog /Digital Signals: Analog Signals: Ifa signal x(t) can take-on any value in continuous interval (a,b) where ‘a’ may be —c infinity and b may be +0. Then, signal is called analogsignal. Analog Ampinide TimeDefinition and classification of signals Digital Signal: If a signal can take on only a finite number of different values, then signal is called digital signal 2) f HH ALP UL UL Digital signal t