8 - ARC3031 - Cable Systems - Pneumatics - Case Studies

24.11.
2017
ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER
CABLE SYSTEMS - PNEUMATICS

CASE STUDIES
November 28 – 29 - 30, 2017
Braga Stadium
Architects: Eduardo Souto de Moura

Location: Braga, Portugal
Project Year: 2003
Stadium capacity: 30.000 seat
Structure: stadium with only two stands.
One was carved in the rock as in a Greek
Theatre; the other one standed up from
the ground.
2011 Pritzker Prize
Sketches
Braga Stadium
The site is a hill with a very good granite quarry on its top.
The rock excavation and the roof were the big challenges for the team. The
roof should go along with the
idea of integrating the Stadium in the environment. It should be as light
and clean as possible.
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Braga Stadium - A suspended roof
The most noticeable element of the stadium is without doubt its roof, which is
made up of pairs of full locked coil cables, spaced 3.75m apart from each other,
supporting two concrete slabs that cover the two stands of the stadium. Its
span (202m), and the fact that the cables are free in the central zone were its main
challenges. The roof is supported on two large beams at the top of both stands –
east and west, where the cables are anchored.
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The concept was to build a set of suspension cables suspended from the
beams at the top of the rib walls, supporting the two independent
concrete slabs that covered each stand.
Braga Stadium - suspended roof
Roof cables
Braga Stadium - suspended roof
Roof detail
Roof during construction
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Braga Stadium - Drainage of rainwater
The rainwater is drained off the roof in

the south-east embankment direction.
Two large spouts in stainless steel,
suspended from the concrete slabs
channel the water to the “aqueducts”,
made of stainless steel, which lead to
the rainwater network and the
watercourse existing at the stadium site.
The aqueducts, approximately 40 m
long, of which 27 m is overhanging, are
supported on the ledges of the
embankment on columns with
different lengths. The dimensions of
these two devices were established
through a study of the water flow, taking
into account the height of the fall,
limited by the foreseeable movement of
the roof due to the wind action.
Steinless steel aqueduct
Braga Stadium
Cable Structures
Haj Terminal, King Abdul Aziz Airport
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Cable Structures
Cable Structures
Cable Structures
Riyadh Stadium
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Cable Structures
Riyadh Stadium
Cable Structures
Mounds Stands, Lord’s cricket field
Cable Structures
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Cable Structures
Cable Structures
Folklore Pavilion, 1976 – Philadelphia, USA

Horizontal - Parallel cable tensile membrane
Cable Structures
Folklore Pavilion, 1976 – Philadelphia, USA

Horizontal - Parallel cable tensile membrane
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Cable Structures
Autoshow, Jp Okinawa gate, Expo 70
Cable Structures
Tajimi Skate Center, Jp Young Land, Jp
Performance places, USA
Cable Structures
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Cable Structures
Cable Structures
Cable Structures
Nemu no Sato, Jp
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Cable Structures
Sydney Olympic hall - amphitheater, 1999
Cable Structures
Nara Silk Road, 1988, Jp
Cable Structures
Para Disso Amusement Park, 1990, Osaka, Jp
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Cable Structures
Şükrü Saracoğlu stadium, İstanbul
Cable Structures
Sport Center
Cable Structures
Expo 85, Jp
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Cable Structures
San Diego Convention Center
Cable Structures
Montreal Olimpik Stadyum
Cable Structures
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Cable Structures
Sport center, Japan
Cable Structures
Tokyo Olympic pool, 1964
Cable Structures
Tokyo Olympic pool, 1964
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Cable Structures
Venezuela Pavilion, 2000, Hannover
PNEUMATICS
Pneumatic Structures – Case studies
The Minneapolis Metrodome, 1982
Some operational problems led do deflation in the Minnesota Metrodome, due to

excessive accumulation of snow.
It can be appointed as a paradox, that the main factor driving to construction of

closed environments – harsh winter– is also the foulest enemy of the large
pneumatic roofs.
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Pneumatic Structures – Case studies
Pontiac Silverdome – Michigan, 1975
Pneumatic Structures
A Energia de um Sonho Pavilion (2003)
Temporary amphitheater for Petrobras (2003)
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Aomori Exhibition Center, 1988, Japan
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Expo 85, Montreal
Designed and built by Kajima Corporation (1990) avoided problems with snow
using larger internal pressures, smaller distance between cables and higher
profiles.
Tokyo “Big-Egg” Dome, 1988
Eden Project, Cornwall, Inglaterra, Grimshaw
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Eden Project, Cornwall, Inglaterra, Grimshaw
Edifício do National Space Center, Leicester, Grimshaw
Parasite - Michael Rakowitz (USA)
Rakowitz succeeds very well in combining a sustainable design

philosophy with an aesthetic sensibility and a constructively critical
approach to the production of art.
Parasite is his interpretation of how to use citywide ventilation

outlets to provide comfortable housing for the homeless people.
While clearly not trying to be aesthetically pleasing it surely gives the

spectator something to think about beyond mere beauty.
The plastic structures are easily transportable when deflated. When

hooked to a building exhaust vent, the air inflates the double-
membrane structure into its habitable shape, while also heating the
inside.
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Parasite - Michael Rakowitz (USA)
Spacebuster - Raumlabor (Germany)

v A mobile inflatable structure
v A portable, expandable pavilion - that is designed to transform public spaces

of all kinds into points for community gathering.
v The main goal of the Spacebuster was to offer a venue for community events.
v The material is a translucent plastic that allows the events takin place inside
of the shelter to be entirely visible from the outside.
v The pavilion is comprised of an inflatable bubble- like dome that emerges

from a step van that also houses the compressor that keeps the Spacebuster
inflated.
v The dome expands and organically adjusts to its surroundings, be it in a field,

a wooded park, or below a highway overpass.
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Air Forest - Mass Studies (Japan)
Air Forest is a 56 .3 by 25 m structure, composed of 9 hexagonal canopy units, at 4 m
height.
The units are interconnected as one large piece of fabric, which are then inflated
from the 14 blowers that are located at the base inside its 35 columns.
The columns are 5m apart, and are weighed down by dirt and lighting elements,
which are also inside the columns, which light up at night and provide a public space
after dark as well.
Each 6 of these pneumatic columns form a unit as they are connected in a hexagonal
manner creating a circular opening from their inside perimeter.
Out of the 9 total hexagonal units formed, 3 of them are left open-air while the
remaining 6 have vortex- shaped meshes that hang from them, providing
shades for the public from any harsh sunlight.
The nylon fabric is coated with a gradient of silver dots, whose reflective surface
mimics the colors of its surrounding environment, as well as providing a playful
dotted shadow on the people under the structure.
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Inflatable Teahouse - Kengo Kuma (Japan)

Kengo Kuma presented an inflatable tea house at the Museum für Angewandte Kunst in
Frankfurt.
The temporary space was set up in the museum’s garden and once fully inflated, covered
approximately 20 m2.
The structure’s interior is illuminated using integrated LED technology and fits 9 tatami
mats, a stove for the water kettle, as well as a preparation room.
Moreover, the interior can be heated by way of the membrane .
The teahouse does not rise up from the ground as a fixed wooden construction, but
unfolds as an airborne form.
When a ventilation system is activated, the teahouse swells into shape like a white
high-tech textile blossom.
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Structural system
Yorkshire Pavilion - VA (Norway)
The project is an attraction in itself with a striking exterior in the form of
inflatable tubes (air-inflated) arranged in the atomic structure of diamonds.
The 20 x 26 x 10 m diamond grid volume is mined out to form a cavernous

interior space reminiscent of the coalmines of Yorkshire.
Light and airshafts pierce the structure providing natural light and ventilation.
At night the translucent shafts and outer skin radiate light in all colors and
directions like a diamond twinkling in the sunlight.
A focus on flexibility gives the pavilion multiple configurations that allow it to

be used for everything from small gatherings to large conferences or public
presentations.
The voluminous internal space will surprise and delight when installed in close
quartered public squares.
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24.11.

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

CABLE SYSTEMS - PNEUMATICS

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Architects: Eduardo Souto de Moura

2011 Pritzker Prize

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - A suspended roof

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - A suspended roof

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - A suspended roof

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - A suspended roof

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - suspended roof

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - suspended roof

Roof during construction

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Braga Stadium - Drainage of rainwater

The rainwater is drained off the roof in

Steinless steel aqueduct

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Haj Terminal, King Abdul Aziz Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Haj Terminal, King Abdul Aziz Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Haj Terminal, King Abdul Aziz Airport

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Mounds Stands, Lord’s cricket field

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Mounds Stands, Lord’s cricket field

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Mounds Stands, Lord’s cricket field

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Folklore Pavilion, 1976 – Philadelphia, USA

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Folklore Pavilion, 1976 – Philadelphia, USA

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Autoshow, Jp Okinawa gate, Expo 70

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Tajimi Skate Center, Jp Young Land, Jp

Performance places, USA

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Sydney Olympic hall - amphitheater, 1999

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Nara Silk Road, 1988, Jp

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Para Disso Amusement Park, 1990, Osaka, Jp

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

Şükrü Saracoğlu stadium, İstanbul

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER

ARC3031 CONTEMPORARY STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS BAU 2017 – 2018 FALL SEMESTER