; if the employment continues disappearing, there may (might, could) be an

important economic disaster.

• (May=might=could) + have + past participle. To say that it is possible that

something happened in the past

; Her parents may (might=could) have influenced her decision to resign.

• may not (= might not). To say it is possible that something is not true

; It's been nearly 20 years since last saw my mother. She may not (might not)
remember us.

• May or may not. Something is (or not) allowed in formal context

; Calculators may not be used in the examination

• → Must

• When we want to indicate that the speaker decides that something is necessary
(sometimes it doesn't matter which use must or have to)

; That's really a good news. I must tell Marco straight away.

• When we conclude that something (has) happened or that something is true.

; She was bruised quite badly in the accident. It must hurt a lot.

• → Have (got) to

• To suggest that someone else or some outside circumstances or authority

makes something necessary.

; 'Can we meet on Thursday morning?' ' Sorry, no. I have to go to the dentist at
eleven.'

• had to. To say that something was necessary in the past

; When my father went to school he had to learn Latin.

• don´t have to (=needn't= don't need to). When we say that is was not
necessary to do something in the past, and it wasn't done.

; I didn't have to (didn't need to) have an interview because I'd worked there
before.

• → Needn't (not need) have.

• To show that we think something that was done was not in fact necessary
 ; I needn't have cooked dinner. Just as it was ready, Daniela phoned to say that
she couldn't come to eat.

• → Should = Ought to

• Giving advice, making recommendations, or talking about a responsibility. ;

You'll catch cold if you go out like that. I think you should (ought to) take a
scarf.

• When we talk about the probability of something happening or being true. ; I

enjoyed her first novel, so the new one should (ought to) be good

• → (Be) suppossed to

• To express a less strong obligation than should. ; The work was supposed to
start (should have started= ought have started, strongest) last week.

• To report what many people think is true. ; Walking under a ladder is

supposed to be unlucky.

• PASSIVE

• to be (in different tenses) + Past Participle (+ by 'Agent')

• ACTIVE: (subject 'Agent' + verb 'action it did' + the object 'done to') **** ;
The storm damaged the roof

• PASSIVE: (subject 'done to' + verb 'what happened' + by 'Agent' ) **** ; The
roof was damaged by the storm

• → Passive and transitive|intransitive verbs.

• Transitive verb : verbs which needs and object upon which executes the
action. They can have passive form

; The building was destroyed by a fire

• Intransitive verb: verbs don´t need joined by object.

; The thief run away ; X The thief was run away

• Many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive verbs depending the use.

eg. met as transitive.

Active: ; Are they meeting him at the airport?

Passive: ; Is he being met at the airport? (by them)

met as intransitive:
 Active: ; When shall we meet?

Passive: ; X

• → get + past participle (In spoken language) ↔ Passive (to be + past

participle)

• Often in spoken language to talk about actions or events that we see as

negative

; I'm really disappointed. I didn't get picked (wasn't picked) for the team again.

• Less often to talk about positive actions and events

; Great news. I got picked (was picked) for the team again.

• Don't normally to describe states

; The house was owned by an elderly couple before I bought it.

• NOTES ABOUT QUESTIONS

• → 1 auxiliary verb

• Comes before the subject ; Where will you stay?

• → 2 auxiliary verb

• Only the first comes before the subject ; What should we have told Laura?

• → Do/ did (Present & Past .Simple)

; Where did you go on holiday?

• → To be (is/are; was/were)

; Where was Laura today?

• → Wh-word subject (What, which, who, whose)

• Use the same word order as in a statement. ( Don´t use do)

; What made that noise?

• → Wh-word subject (with auxiliar do)

• Sometimes when we want to add emphasis, or contrast with what has been said
or implied

; Come on, be honest - Who did tell you?

• → Wh-word object
 • Which. When we asking about an identified group or range of things or
people.

• What. When the possible range of reference is open.

; What/Which towns do we go through on the way?

• → Negative Questions

• Auxiliary verb (have, did, would...)+n't.

; Why didn't she pay for the meal?

; Who wouldn't like to own an expensive sport car?

• Using a negative statement and a positive 'tag' at the end.

; We don't have to leave just yet , do we?

• Giving a polite opinion

; Shouldn't we offer her a lift?

• VERB : What follows verbs

• → Transitive | Intransitive verbs

• Transitive verbs

Verbs followed by an object. ; She describe the attacker

Some verbs are commonly followed by two objects ; He gave me a biscuit

• Intransitive verbs

Verbs don´t followed (usually) by an object. No passive form. ; The ghost

appeared behind the closet.

• → Verb + to-infinitive; bare infinitive; -ing

• Other verbs are followed by another verb in the form of:

1. Verb + to -infinitive

• Agree aim ask decline demand fail hesitate hope hurry manage offer

plan prepare refuse want wish

(Manage an action)
; I want to create a big museum in NY.

2. Verb+-ing

• Admit avoid consider delay deny detest dread envisage feel like finish

imagine miss recall resent risk suggest

(deep meaning about the action)

; The cat avoids playing with fire.

3. Verb + to-infinitive ⌵ -ing → No difference in meaning ⌵ Difference in

meaning

• Cease continue start begin

(Decision about an action in one point of the time)

; Before we began to eat (eating) my dad thanked everyone for coming

• Go on mean regret remember stop try hurry up

(How continues with the action along the time)

; How did you come to buy the car? ; How did you come buying the car?

4. Verb+ (object)+ to- infinitive → there must be an object ⌵ there may be

an object

• Allow believe cause command consider enable encourage entitle

force invite order persuade show teach tell warn

(Act on someone)

; My parents wouldn't allow me to go to the party

• Hate help like love need prefer want wish

(Preferences about something or someone )

; I help (you) to repair the car

5. Verb + (object)+-ing → there must be an object ⌵ there may be an object

• Discover feel find hear leave notice observe overhear see spot catch

(Discover, see something that you follow)

; The police caught him driving without a license