METHODOLOGY

By:
Jalal Poorolajal, MD, MPH, PhD
Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health

25-Apr-21 poorolajal@umsha.ac.ir 1
 Proposal Components
Statement of Problem
Problem identification
Prioritizing problems
Analysis
Formulation and justification
Literature Review
Literature and other available information
References
Objectives
Methodology
Types of study
Variables
Sampling methods and sample size calculation
Data collection techniques and tools
Statistical methods of analysis
Ethical considerations
Pre-test and pilot study
Budget and work plan
Gant chart, materials, equipment, money
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 Classification of Epidemiologic Studies
Case report

Descriptive Case series

Cross-sectional
Case base
Observational Ecological
Case-crossover
Case-control
Nested
Analytical
Case-cohort

Prospective
Community Trial Cohort
Retrospective
Study Filed Trial Parallel

Interventional RCT Crossover

Laboratory study Factorial

Animal study

Narative
Review
Systematic Meta-analysis

RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial

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 Cross-Sectional Study

Participants

Exposed Unexposed
Exposed Unexposed
without without
with disease with disease
disease disease

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 Cross-Sectional Study
The association between obesity and diabetes
Diabetics Non-diabetics Total
Obese 123 197 320
Non-obese 162 518 680
Total 285 715 1000

123 × 518
Odds Ratio = = 1.99
197 × 162
Interpretation
 OR < 1.00: protective factor
 OR = 1.00: ineffective
 OR > 1.00: risk factor
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 Case-Control Study

Cases Controls

Exposed Unexposed Exposed Unexposed

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 Case-Control Study
The association between smoking and gingivitis
Gingivitis Non-gingivitis
Smokers 92 42
Nonsmokers 58 108
Total 150 150

92 × 108
Odds Ratio = = 4.07
42 × 58
Interpretation
 OR < 1.00: protective factor
 OR = 1.00: ineffective
 OR > 1.00: risk factor
25-Apr-21 poorolajal@umsha.ac.ir 7
 Cohort Study

Exposed Unexposed

Disease No Disease Disease No Disease

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 Cohort Study
The association between RA and dental caries
Dental caries No dental caries Total
With RA 42 58 100
Without RA 21 79 100

42 ÷ 100
Risk Ratio = = 2.00
21 ÷ 100
Interpretation
 RR < 1.00: protective factor
 RR = 1.00: ineffective
 RR > 1.00: risk factor
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 Randomized Controlled Trials

Volunteers

Intervention Control

Not Not
Improved Improved
improved improved

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 Randomized Controlled Trials
The effect of mint extract on dysmenorrhea
Improved Not-improved Total
Mint extract 42 23 65
Placebo 18 47 65

42 ÷ 65
Risk Ratio = = 2.33
18 ÷ 65
Interpretation
 RR < 1.00: intervention is worse than placebo
 RR = 1.00: ineffective
 RR > 1.00: intervention is better than placebo
25-Apr-21 poorolajal@umsha.ac.ir 11
 Comparison of Epidemiological Studies
Feasibility and cost-saving

Cross- Case- Clinical Systematic

Case series Cohort
sectional control trial review

Strength of association

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 THANK YOU

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