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    Abraham

    Uploaded by

    Felipe Alves

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 27
    THE COLLAPSE OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC Political Economy and Crisis Second Edition David Abraham VE Holmes & Meier New York * London For my parents— Contents List of Figures iat of ables Price to the Second Eton Initaducton to he Second Eton DPrefaet tothe Fit Elton (198) Initdcton tothe Fis Bion Chapter One {THE STATE AND CLASSES: THEORY AND THE WEIMAR CASE 2 Stated Socery x Webnar 3 Stabliy ie Weimar: Bloc 3.and Labor's Support 4. Ghai and he End of Stabilty CONFLICTS WITHIN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 1, The Moder of Agricalaral Production 2. Entte-Owner Domination andthe Basr of Raral Unity ‘0 104 3.1985 tothe Cris: The Absence of Alternatives and Inmancnce of Confit 4, The Agricul Crs, ts Resolution and Contribution tothe General rls CONFLICTS WITHIN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR 1. From Prenar ConflictoPas-tnflaion Bauru 2 Insrl Poin he Perla of Stobilty 3 Indu Production 4. Inerindustril Confers and Mechanisms: AVI Tri ‘and Reparations sui 106 a it 5S. Polical Responses to the Crt: Bargerblock, ‘raningblock, and “National Opposition 6 Nowe on Indus and "Work Craton’ Caper Four CONFLICTS BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY Dominant and Dependent Sectors L 2 ‘Sintec for Sectoral Interaction after 1925 3. The Btonomtc Interaction ofthe To Sectors & SirtegesT and 2 Exports versus Protection, 1925-1931 5S. ‘Sieategy 3: Modernisation, Conliaion ond Reform {6 “After Export and Reform: Hoard a Ne National Sammlung Bloc . Swrategies 4 and: Catelicnion and Imperiaim Chapter Five THE REEMERGENCE OF THE LABORICAPITAL, CONFLICT 1 Socal Compromise: ts Results and Its Lines 2. The Plier of Scilpotit 3. Implementing Industry Program Chapter six IN'SEARCH OF 4 VIABLE BLOC 1. Organized Captliom, Fragmented Bowzeis Pats, Collapse athe Grand Coalition: End witht a The Falla of Brings Crisis Statesy The Break between Representatives and Represented Toward the Exresystomc Station From New Base to New Coal Biography m 303 List of Figures 4. Libr Roupeot Ble, Neve fms te goa oie List of Tables Units of German Agricul, Livestock per 100 Ha. by Siz of Ua (rusia oy) ‘eta hat, nd Mes a MY 1: Alen his nr ype tng 1 =) Se nga Pen = ‘Hourly Inome Gn PC); Anal Earsings Gin RM) and Tei Index (perce Key Infos 1927 Eines lone Ran Poe Rate, 527 nyo Soar ey Ite: Vales a mon of RM, Expt ices 1913 100 Volume (193 = 10) 198-1952 and oi Se percent 928, Repcentive Anal nets Ras or kvenet 1925-1952 ‘ra gies Aree ons inca eset a ions of BM. 192.1988 aes 915 tn and rodocsn Vales a an € RA, [Exchange of Asisturl snd Isustrial Production in biions of tant perce, The Sump Year ‘aco Expr an port y Category inilos of RM. "906-198 ln Share oF re (929), ‘Egprts to ekteg Coons 199-191 (millon of RSD) Darna Income fo Esrepents nd Ente (Cesc Agrecmsatn Fre on ary 1. Slee Yur feces of wry and Weehy Wage, D152 (18 10) Employes and Uncrate 93-882 (alos nd rao . Abbrevianas Ht Hk x ‘Working Assocation of trop Processing Fdusties {afresh en ene ne ‘Chsian Napa Pesan and ral Peoples Paty (Crticbe (Congress af Gorm Inds and Commerce Desche ‘Geman Nato Popes Fury (Deseo Vtlnat) ‘Sima Rog Py anh et {canal on Commi teraione ‘Pry tinaetice Dice Ae Arts Lene, pos-WW1 (Reka) 2 ‘Aswohton of German on a Stel nds (Verein Instant Working Cromer {Cot Se Archive Dion slam Bas enmany Preface to the Second Edition The Hest edition of The Colepse of the Weimar Republic: Folica Econom ond Criss sparked a wide-ranging and sometimes acerbic onaoers. The vous sues ha came to be nvlved hae recited {imple teatment elsewhere and this ot te ple to rehearse them ‘once again” Sue i Io shit while T contin to elev that Substantive diflerences ever German history aod histories mth tere at the core ofthe debate from tbe outset, 1 cera elped precplte and conte to though eeor othe oral eon 1 fave thoroaghly rechecked al the sources in dispute and large umber af other achal and secondary sources germane tothe as tens of the Book. Tieton incorporates the cameron flere Indicated by my cies an foundby myself. Asie fom these emenda tas the et tat lows nearly iene tht ofthe st eiion? ‘Neeless oa, Lregret these eros, bt 1am aie that none af she correction ter he fndmentl argument or thess oy book, ‘This, rater than convenience explains wh Thave decided teat he Sowa ichagese (Me) 90 8-27 an TN faa hese anon ots ech meh Set Rint aS Rea Meese re ie Fr Chapter One THE STATE AND CLASSES: THEORY AND THE WEIMAR CASE |. State and Economy in Weimar “The funtions ofthe sate vary frm weit to society, bt every state xcept one on the brink of collapse, performs one nstion above all ‘therein a sense comprehending ll oes ax wel anders ad bintsins the pencpal soil snd economierelatonshpe ofthat so ‘esl captain and intra society sch as Weimar Germany, he Sate factions us the factor of coesion fr exonome, policy and situa presses nd reatons. Yet. cpl ceonomie ess Iesy-dependent as political ones, een in county ith ist state radon like PrssirGerman. Production, a cap ‘comparison to feta, fr example, Goes not rely on Imcchunims a ofdr to beset mon, Tis, pola ‘ations ean develop independently of economic rations, and the Stale tn eaptlistsoiety may both appear and actually be relatively tutonomeus! Inthe patamentary democratic frm of tte, frnaly aul campeion increanes his tonoms: Within mis determined Dy the specie status or conjnctures othe economic Seco and pois! reins, sate policy vipa product of rsognae ral ound, insttionalized bargaining where the outcome in any sea ‘ne cannot be determined beforehand” How sate revenue 10 BE Aistributed, for example. is such x policy question of indeterminate futcome Indeed at we shall ober, tis policy question Was 30 ferely contested in Weimar Geemany that confit over resid in ‘or polcal and social stele. This happened ecaise the par {eur situation in Germany afer 128 converted depts at the ‘isination of public revenue imo coats over the possibilty ot producing private sulin, and thi, ay the very esonse ef apt Production, could aot be calle int question At mini, the sie {na capitalist svity mun prantc tat capitalist poaction ca take ace and thatthe soil relations ofthat poston ae reece “he tat the eglating mechanism fo the eulrom a he etre | society Unity tis through the agency of the sate thatthe Som tnt social classes ae organized ete fom the eel he “selfs,” indivi interests fo that 0 thir aleve, clans interest Alone, ihe pete and compative nar of the approprition ef sar ‘lus would fend to foster systema disunity among caps, cven in lancconony where monopoice and cartels were promi Sih i {strough the state tha the dominated socal asses se isonpanized, Es top rom the fest ofthe clas infrests and Rep athe lee | ‘hei nterests as advil izes and members ofthe ation, The ‘der Marxist expectation thatthe ncteasigl) sot ature po Suction in india caption would by sel” engender ofr ‘working cass uty has no, on Ie whole, proven core. To onetize the terest ofthe capi les anit ais succesful are these int “national ites,” the stat apd its leaders mst san 3 ‘tance fom inl eapalists the mist wo alow themselves to become the creatures of specie apt! class members ov inet ‘Th eis ofthe last your ofthe Weinar Repub stemmed n rae part trom the inability of the ste to organize the irate othe members ofthe dominant Classes inst sutonomous fashion, £0108 1 beyond pata intrest The Republi was ute saepsad existing social reasons, not becatse of any revolstonary thet. but rather ‘because ofthe ofits and cotraditons within the los of dominant sisi! ehcp non a ert my en, sg ea p's on om” mae Fr ctsve tonsa with he ests ofthe poy indi othe Serco ° rear Supe tase te “Keynesian Rion he seer schists tte an coney hs colar cl ssc ad at eS re sae bth efoc anasuow ving sal ashi laos The pone bmn mo sponse em seie dicen, und con of tenets undone cr ont an ches neede an mach evn or re ‘poi the cert nt rome conic oth, ee eres prbemant nr rue rns cree f6ohe a. Aiogh tis we mt et the enon tn Wet fon and Seman rts Te ae of te Prowse sae etcet-cntry German fdnstatation, epesedote ste ec vc he ounvor or er ares trac tere $2: Rothe cunt ee were eran’ stems intrene {Stato the ccomm csr 1B andthe Mem a sick eres wre crocy terest mony he popultan Coen cc erited oe ena enn Thee we eed SSC he paca wan ec a on pus abe he sit Scaled upon to reine connie ren: Bi ih chimp temic tren fad wot mami a Fpenand Schein ane mere a tube ‘lating thr poli! etic tah ms lay prt Be iow tnt conor atreon tas wom Toe rt of ‘frp werent primary du o ay irent ck of windom Ine some oth Pen and Seer otes wre te og ti wee set rt te ae he Nalgene Te fini od wet nr nd ekres none he Soman hs ‘eat wr aetna eters ferent fois non se ase tre alved us acorn Sa pe fowsie'So ong ose scommicly domi’ sses sted st tamale 5, gro Ci te, 9 ml Sei Net td and Mondor Kofi matcher set? ti BN ape >a Whe ‘That Germany was furthest down the oad af organized capitalism 4d otter the need for leersip vith any bloc of dona ‘asses The development of the Bt consttutve element of tht System ony increased the sliency of stt‘economy iteration. Pable enumerates shove elements wich developed even before Wo War i the increased taxing prtoeatives of the state, the growth of public ‘works an services and nmuranee, the horearatizton aa organ “ational tendcacies of large inst, especialy the new siaeic frovth instes(lsto technical, chemical, olor snd engineer fig) and the workers movemeat »- Turther that of pole and Dwblc-oviented pressure props which vontaibuted devise to anging the realionshipBetwcensovermen.parlsent sad pu Hc thereby astinlyaftring bth plical landveape and soe ad bing the sectors ofthe pre economy topthe wth ea oho fad wit the agents ofthe state traugh ther intervention in see toa in the pss in partment and its commits and throagh the ‘cides of thlferesntatives in regional government an peer Sonal orzanizatons™ An indicator ofthe advanced ole ofthe stati he percentage ofthe GNP devoted to public sate expenditures. Ths, ia the USA the Figures for 100 and 1929 were percent and 10 percent respectively in Germany they were skeady I percent and 30.6 parson Buy the incrmsed interpenetration of state und economy did ot “fee” site ‘ivi rom napoli conta, and idl ot relieve the dom ‘int social cles ofthe need fo necomplsh tn lateral deng ‘owned by @ hegemonic facuon The patarchal seal commitment ‘the German bureaucracy aupeated he sate’ autonomy ha i nt Aletrmine the aalre a outcome of poitel practice o he fre Society (ermanized pecaptalm, organized capa, osnnized #0 liom Care must be taken ia any polical anal to oid reyng the concepts of autonomy and mass lj. While there were momen in Ibe Weimar Gemany when te sate seme o be functioning he invirument of capital ea whos, even aust ane sector of there were other times sen the nse seamed "mercy" tobe sanetioning fn protecting the rules ad social eaionships of the capitals onde In these later instances, the state was probably fnetoning more independently Ye it exceedingly effeat to delineate the sal celia le atte Aebreenen ehncen In arcana that account fr one typeof functioning o another. The fisher of contcts helcen indus leers an members of the met orth bureaucracy. for example di ty real dea {inmges wer Doth constant and instonalizd; tere no evence Tamecatcs “holding the rile bl over the hea of he capital fae Deseribing this atonomy ts “relative” therefore ot enh {n't follwing chaplers we sil ste to amaze very cart he igs poc) formulations, ups and outcomes in nde to eae fhe concept of sstonomy tothe conics among the dominant las Frcions. Sir withthe concept of mass fv equal votes need pot be ofequl significance. The percentage ofthe German eer ‘ted forthe Nar party nthe autumn of 19323 percend was mot {Giwntialy prever tan that which voted SPD in 138 GO percent Blu these were voters casting their allots in iferent context. and Gholtatey dierent sass ly emerged to replace the rather ew Sou vat enjoyed by the Republic "The onomf the sate condoned hy the ways in which he [ovo reaim has some to be dependent on sat ctv realy enelved, ne canlocite Hive ues of sch tate sti (Guarantee fe oreaniatonal od lea prinsiples of the capitals Systems sh fates a nvolabiity of contacts, icedom a bor, ee @) Esta snnt and constriction of sme mater prsonitons for prod: on (nastrcture and other external economies such rou sd tlccommonictions), which are forthe benefit of ll sonomic ators Tet teyond the rath f any one of them. Athoush this an od area of Sun, the increased dependence of industal production on teh teloial advance has enlarged the scope of hese activites and further foczed the cost of progocion " (3) Bath oceanomal and regular partpation abd intervention inthe couse of economic activity and fovth, to secure govt and trod and remedy cscs (goverment Eentractsespecily mitary—fscal and monetary poles, tas) Grong concentration and infest (eres. monopolies) render femmes production and exchange increasing) incapable of ela ing themselves () Regulation of confit between capital and abo 30 1 to ion constant social crises (meiton and even compulsory ibiation have stoly been seeped by capa). Genvaly. capil Share an interest in Keeping these conics within Tmits so as t fiat the fia area of state activity (5). Maintenance ofthe lest Imacy of nd nase ajay the socal sytem a whole tbe and soci nella measures foreign ccesesk Wheteas act inthe fiat two arcu undertaken with the fll cooperation of represeata tives a capa, activity ithe lst thee areas is undertaken asia the ‘il of some, pebaps even a majrty ofthe representatives apa ‘The growth ofthe sas le pre of athe sage histone develop men egunzation ofthe market (monepaics.slsinancing to reve the presse of empelition fice by til capitals the Ini Tinalizaton of cchnoogical progress esearch and developmen ‘estment outs) to relieve the thet of ries ace by the econ as ‘Sno and state regulon ofthe entre system oreewe the peste ‘social politcal, and economic teasons = ‘What the sale needs to execute there activities its Both the possible range of tate action abl poly output The sate nec na ‘al resources, capacity for technological ana an led exis Ing lgtumacy or mash loa, and the oval of the owners of the ‘means of production. The Weimar Republic ater 1929 was pro {ressely deprived of these, anit ity to ct diminished commen Surat. The loa ofthe epesetatives a apa war eset fra umber of reawons As Mille, Brining, Papen, and Sohesber ll AUscovered. the ate ean only make firs set parameters In 4 process in which the owners ofthe mens of roduc dispose of ‘that theirs they set Too much sate (or rde-nion) peste Can precipitate investment and employers strikes. anda ow of oop in or "esis f confidence” thereby exacertating ers stead | Inlatng ita onder to beable to stabize the sconom the tke needs mas supper: thsi forheomig only when demensirate eco ‘omic accents se at hand, and obtain these, cooperation wih he Private sector ie essential. The ovnars ofthe means of prodction Sandoned the Weimar Republic nits attempt o sabi the econ ‘my partly because of he corti that had been placed vpon it by te results of pariamentry democracy, where all sizens were auido press equal clams. The capi for technological atonaity Stich th sate also requested bythe fc tat he private sector In equcnly the source from which both tained personne! and te omic dla ae drove!” The ancl needs of he xe A met TP Bee tt tht ii Ent ac ty eons hough ox eee, Along he ate may sta ates hat Berea ett te ices al ef soy erp ree bn Sin paral wane, the pow of th, acon 8 5 Sevens tc ase ony way oa bse aol econmle ecopnent ay dates increased und cating ste loi be econo: The se oy andere sno me ing 2 #1 tani, genet, epee, or compensa ft ur ewmomic prec. Carin bowscr th soe the tt food irene th econo the more pend becomes on fhe cosers othe mean of prdicion. Ths tw rpms Meta eed orn fr epi or npc i ned {eats pura fanctono dolopsens tn the economy Ts fie Garman cine wih te ome the Deron the Wem sie ream ictesingly dependent om de Wisc. The ideologies! hnimince ofthe propor mth range of pus ate pices tysuecrtly chirersng vom of them s-ropian “The pow in stpetton of mprovemests ete sandr of Evng sods Ge ste more depen onthe dna economic pve. This ome ance i gray Soil dereratc pats and poeramens wich encourage soc expesttont© Once sch expectations ae tot hy are nea ipsa to ees demersal dtr {Sas invrbly sem to gow dug bth normal snd sis pecs {Geriy uch wash cave n elon Garman, Fo he in othe {ec SPb.ed gemment unde Herman Mol onthe wat wou ct Inthe le an borden withthe respnay of como oon foes itcould nt posal neces snes econo dein eae the te reeves he nas her dey fred to coopera Hs int cone tae resto the Freepesson cof and decsos over he Sto tree Cae fo ten the very sity to pode an scat ap, Tepe he inton of consumption an oer foperne ke se imponsible to trans thes dn fsa oss compete aio the abulder of sage corners and erties Soong fee sous vealed damext. the ares of Sa ati) cane {Ro confit wth cach other an futher weakened the sate The functions of fucitating private accumulation and guaranteeing mass leptimacy oul! nat be ecanted.| 2, State and Society in Weimar ‘The erss of the Weimar state was not a sci crits of the soe saticipte by many Commas "mataration”f lass aspen, that coimeide wih the "eatatophie development” of the ean | conom," The Depression was ined a catastrophe, and chs stag Sims ofall sorts were le, bu the inpets fo the sare es coe {om he determination of capitalist groups to use the econo it tion to their politcal asntage, This fm torn. exacertated pla) insablity and ened the sbsadonmenc of tnd opposition opti imentaryoneren fer 195, both capital and parts obo, bat ‘xpecly the former, rented thi stages oar transforming the internal organization ofthe state: ther cis strugle became pial forthe ft time in early 8 desade. In the couse of thir pital Muggles the possby of tew tas bse and ferent form of tale {or German capitalism became apparent The divergent interes the ‘aris capitalist groups were oanized ane. andthe ne form ot fovernment could function asthe Re plaanior of eobewon fron hanged socal relations What were the wes ofthese various capitalist groups; how, and under whose leadership wee they foe ino and maintained the historical toe of ring ses"? It a anon of Marxist analy thatthe manner in which surplus vale extracted lrom the diet ricer determines the soca eations involved fn, pction and {mately the relationship he alr and the aed Those involved ‘in roucton ae the err ofthe socal relations engendered bythe fven mode of production The eps mae of redaction alls er {he separation a economic, policalandideolopcl rations cause ‘url is extracted tolly within the economic real, vitally un sisted by politcal or Moolgial mechanisms In capiaam, hes ee ‘Cem so especie oe rcs Sot meth Comin na ete ope epecia ter i ne bg Deena en a Srna oii eS Tae Kat Ma, Cat Yk, A SPM; Te Geman ers f social relations become cases through ther active;—trough ‘for pace in tbe politcal realm.” An abective relationship to the| SGronsof production, being caer of sera soil eaony. i ‘fice to consinte a ls in captain" As inated cathe | te when functioning coherently hele organs the owners of the fea of prscton int clas; tht sane faction is performed ot tage labor by plilal price and, somtimes, unions" Unless 50 rsnzed, wags laborers wll appear inthis dominant oll sphere Simply initiate chiens acing to achieve thei eh ites {Ste Conversely. the dominant clases wl appear as spokesmen the [tcrents of the nation ae whe a he stulieation of the nce thr he state wil emery be consented to and accepted a ei fone" This fs one meaning ofthe term hegemony Thus to ores the ease somevthat, sci tarons Become historical aethyto iodify Thompsons pase “clans happenings”—in thet pla ear fximents Bat oot all conflict kstmoen ramon elses cls fugue should distngvnhheeen “clases in stogele™ a eral Sass sts Inthe former place of insertion or tcaion inthe production process exer to any coutomtaton Tus the Geren Bitelstan’t the decade afer 1923, was involved insu with “ther lanes in the society bt ths wis nt cls state sense ‘nuhich Marxists ost eten ure that fr despite the fot thatthe Mitelsands demands were plik economic, and esta = "No soviet inlung Weimar Germanys characterized by ust one ‘mode of production with it tendon soil relations Although ind nal eaptaliom wey fr the ditt mode of prdction in Weimar sat Ere au Rtny Cp Lain 91 pS La es Pe Mar Se Yr, 0p FOC and nity Rat, Pt Pep 2, Fra icing ee Lat Th Sein f Mar NY "ST page he Ms et wr tt» doit sc os at tthe sa oom Ge German, other modes also existed the famiy-pesant, sl som- ‘modi, and even vestigial endl modes cooked ith indi cap ‘talsm, The econome, politcal. and weokogcal practices of al ofthese pray amalpamated “wbsocices” onsite the German soca formation A halfcentuy ear. Mark had remarked on the i ompltenes of canals development in Germans Eveh the Wet. ‘nar period remaied tue thal Germany sere, “not nl rom the evelopment of eapiaist production, bu so fom ts incompleteness ‘Alongside of moder vs whole series of inert cis Opes arising om the sural af antiquated modes of production We Suter noe only fom the fvng, Put fom the dead" These “ded” tee t play 4. cracal role inthe wesluon cont within the store boe of aig clases The Fast Fifi huners conte to occupy vital postions the rita, cv service and jada and remained an portant free ot ony mons ral poder ho hin the capa leas wel ‘Akhough total actual production contrite unde 18 percent to the GNP, andthe aercutral portion ofthe population had Slipped to 2S percent by 1925, the sacral ete contin to ey aly Aisroporonaeifuene” Up o 1918, indus development, despite Ais rapid taken place within sce negurent and the ‘inkers preerved s potical an! eclogial supremacy greater than ‘that of any otber landed group in idustnl Europe” The contined ssaclasen charg of mich of he state appa ad ang lass inthe Empire. Gramsc harseterzed them ‘he rational inet of the Germs industriists who retained ‘special privileges ala sroneconscousnese of being indepen ent social group based om the ict that they eld considerable ‘sonomic power over the land... The lunkers resemble a fricty-miary cast, wth vital monopoly of dccive organza tional factions in poiicl society but possessing the sme time Sneconomie base of ts ura 0 not exclusively dependent om the Ieraly af the dominant somone woup -- the unkers cm sted the ofc clas of & age standing sm which sve them 2% Rect Gmina se ce moi gy, td rr or eel ‘het ic Beano owen offre Gan Cami 0 wo soli organizational cadres fxourng the preservation ofan esprit de Soms and oftheir pail monopols™ ‘Ofcourse, the Weimar period their political monopay was broken and, oe shall gue in chapcr 4, tho big arias did become Insesingly dependent onthe ibealiy of indus and the state But pos, the dominant economic group the hourgcoiie, had ever ‘ect ruled in Germany The crc peltcal and cultural monopoly ihe nobility mpeded the development of an extensive nd sdepen: ‘ext bouracls political personnal This had much to do withthe oninid parliamentary crises un fragmentation ofthe bral partes {Sturm the Catholic Zenteum and SPD were sided in their prewar igonth precisely by that Tgmentason «fragmentation which eon Fact thowghow! the Weimar period. Siresemsnas narrow cele con stated pothaps the only succesful, eepresetaively bourses pola froup ofthe eie cra. Most industrialists gros hit death ‘it sigh fri, ations they were to daha hi. Represent thes of the apiculate on the ther hand. despite being even ‘move unhappy with goverment pices. comtinied 1 il posts and fatten the sate apparatus atl ecls Joa tthe Wary end of fhe Republic and beyond Although i had partially merged toto the feton within the rliag bos dominated by inst. “This, vied strictly in terms of her percentage consbation othe GNP of portion a the population. rpresonttives a the gc {ecto ght to ave bee ite more than junior alles o supporters of {lng Hoe, Homever even aer Wold War the acuta ete {tate anes continued fo occupy Vial postions a both poisal and ‘St octyl reaches ofthe mia and cul servic, for exams oninsd to bear their marke An adionl ctor vas a lest equals Imporant in preserving the tats ofthe rr elit s members a the ‘acical composition the relationship a the peasaat majority tothe Inge landowners mas very iret fom that o the worker majority tiward the factory owners: Even when ofpiized ptsans,unlve Umionized workers, id ot generally adopt an adversary posure aa he Can Grey Chg ed, Oe atl ay SC eh Gran oa a RN ) ward thee parative betters. Peasants simply did not hate dhe bi estate came a the expense of domestic heat industry and especially a 1 ‘ker they workers ted the Heren ost. The esliton of Eft togstber withthe Sresenann foreign policy of iterational {he sconomie and politcal conflicts between pri-arowing estate ‘Roooiation and reintegration So longa these industes enjoyed ‘mers andthe body of dirs and ivesioce producing peasins eh [Serational preeminencs. Wage and socal costs inured tough a Sed Landwirtschaft 1 sppeat a 3 solid font and butressed the iio af clan cooperation and competition were, fr them 8 lax ot Peay signfesn. A gute diferent orientation characteied the Sher Rubrndustes atthe eat fhe domestic market rane. These | ited igh pies and low costs High costs snd overapacity ade rei exyutio cul and te 925, the quotas ote Germany Fy the interstiona rn crt TRG) proved ursatisfctor. Only a founded domestic market cull sso this sectors production st EBs prices Almost ll rodeton an ownership wits here wee re {ant indo and commercial groups ed unsoccenfly 1 expo od Carla andthe tren of mages constiuted uch ett Tor clewvages and break this srieuhural fom, which ven fhe Share of tll eosts The wowing and prosperous export indies, 13s operated to retard capitalist devctooment, sepedhih protect ars or domes mary inst. 0 one "The dominant clement within the unity ef dominant clases, what we te thoy receved vende from the primary producers cau 1 the ‘an cal he hopomori can or lacon, id ot fein he tne Sinerence between word and domestic prices fr those qunites rout the Weimar years Viewed pliant cuted an fpbsequey ipod A sees fabaky apeement. the AVE cords lomesticorieted he Industry ved foe hegemony ‘wth generally in the bas fora taseron of the dominance ofthe domestc= les carelized dynamic and export ind. These to aeons of frhetonened inden, bt severe confets perited. oust instil capital eateries bt Tr from etl intrest the Weimar years Their relations to ther comme, ania, and ctrl pares ‘Othe lesags involved capital composition and eon fctors to varied and shales Between and among thee fas ere tha ao conmbted 0 dvergcn ues lon labora toward shes presen cle. Within the League of German Industry (RDN, power was "Thanks othe cheap debtetemet bankruptcies, and lore eal Sree ser 1990 by theese yndusiry conserves trom the ewes resing fromthe inftion and Ru ocapatio, most of Get ‘En-eapor iberls who tad bell since about 1928. The processing fosion otc apakund ci bah vist indy ais {ere nthe al fo eth epi thes ot en be! muy wo Cabs pesn es fre Naseer oe Sint sgn shndonment se srehur ses coe meres Treen ofthe Rept, tcp ecm cent tn ponan tet hugh te “reenter mh tangs tng ain ry: Noon sal ts ne wma industry on thle wth th sssanes Hf mean alo td sail Sain indus then bce under the menacing ot Toh meri. and expand capt aucly afer 1925 An aeady ‘sy indy wet arte and poli samnsen ses he Catelleed nds eto came en the ont y Ba ‘yao of expr whee Bepning ine wom, ming ‘nonopots and cartels Both ie abr sms an te worker pres See rgaiatostheatened to witha fom the RDI an em Mer demorlied ty ash f des ttocen ban 19 the tier ngs whore oes the ened ule conserva or {lection elt of 1924 embod the now “econo a ao twenty seve to export ad pramenary cons asta ‘ais What vos bance of Geran indy chose doo ‘Siento plan tr strategy th abandoned the pci marl ul do, ith tele pnts ws condo by a mune a atone ct norte an ese European nea in vor fe “inpera™ Coste atone ut ofthe ever rouston desis, od, ad Starke ccantern snd southern Europe. Te reiatvely in makes of poll ness ofthe vara france of Gorman inst The fist {be cost woe pseniedmutancoy sa inucomen To expo | fen elemage dra these ers es between expr and dome eels and a athe! o acre to teers hing op Pein J ante inasry The former Bou sing sng ther teary iar. The prospect of renewed pray mere Ian Ge castles cette eed esl a tent betes Aina tea fo Ching soi an pla stem a home ed erly meres now pies forbs instil ue Ene ‘per py in etal Earpe pened tary Eferinudes ike te Bosh cou see of 936, Gomanys ae Telaionstoween the reponse andagicae id sc ny wos tr ig ema es ough Insta cite wna poston hh toe an the gen or heavy industries were not subtatil exporters} Exporters fnaed 9 | “pci expansion thueh mostivorednation tra testis, which contains din xe perio i wanes fo make strife on ‘char rorl pn vet ove ah prec fg tr ccna poly, secs nov sen conchae Steen Wet and 19D Teper 83 maled he an ae ed Chancery tide tess wien apicle pong coe Stra ports, cv a era ese Soran en 9 test of he seul Seren, See the hoe markt ny sds eed ona Mt opm ‘Sha wor es tec fhe sean theo senor pronto soma onesie mare” sey Apicne Saar ind’ Sear tle “enya proton pa ‘Sty nes soi cle meat: boing sug ove soe oe eat hres orn cts svt ‘nen 280) hos bec spa an nalts rove As wine cine oe Word War aguante eeseg Sc indy owed toward he ples ase hy apa “ia nr joni nd sees ep idury atc nes ‘erwutre oe etme ecu and bp isl ace skins ere m mow Gran score occa swore the spkevnen he domo ses sh mace ‘Sin clones an hems, ‘Once he epesion eer emps sin ola the eds exhoth sence mex inoty ake dada mor aia Concent sag ean neon, Beem fa ay sng ‘itr sppr, an vn actona cotaton insta Eencaly apnsed het ae ae sew ete set ee ‘mon i Seergence tht pry were corgi ‘th of unranl ind in stick La ‘itch vig anal) sop he itr zn breacry wth eng Person tmik moe ing ‘xperimenton the samp that tad tao ern ay dear Somegicsr ose nsvenon ate scons. Wie Stnin fo prt fom mot such chen Desens dae Slo fhe sore econ te wr oth sec Sites cent coat SPD pws ocho ‘segs ingot monapotes infos mamanee me Sch root, oper wth agate seein cis eal fore Feluctncbvenion esd dary smn etre pr {cn ae the Duprey noseeonmned cooper btn cerca and indy semen tea down Oa he mcd {Siac of otter more fondaental mages tele smplee taps betwen ee nine ies an mes of Geman tonal igs “he cont course ofthe nog ands nd Sloee rights and Sovalpoitk (social egsaton and pote they found pi ae NSO ton Sor esis Monnet rae, nce eps Barc ce Wena? nly they fer mote fom he natin bt for them he ot ‘ouraeois clarion ih soi moet) wer et fet By 2 ‘edkeming best Intl hy hal wh che ob ut ome torment othe Nar pty toga Kec sampese® Lots {re nfaton and nate oposite the sym diy co Lorton te Mieltand sould ts moblzed yal ag Farther suppor rth ig Hoc mss pont te a ef th eset there supports stains te terial in xchange ee Their supporter falta propagate by surance ‘uy shored op thr support an ony ois shared ‘telus, and sal lear of ttpoper, urban Red Abogh peat spprt ean wii te ange ee urges pares antl 190. foo seemed fo dsapea overnight CGnone Presta, aay tl) a soon va Urcomprosng Sorte presented ast Once the Repub spp apne isa ote pena ony whe a calesin amouced oe the Repu withthe “Enger ‘Ter ar wo ys King colton pls, bat act and potent athe Nema pero ert insets asset {forces represented aes pit partes: the second nin ee ‘the pola! pares and leora casos themsevew We i rane it th tal an pte cs oy dhe he cel ‘esl Seer beso colons of clases were formed fr wee Tessie dag he Weimar pears These bes ete use a Shing In addon aif moments erent sony aa ee ‘ete poston lost the fone an agro ce osu le eononic ed poles ons ht kop He paras oe conomie and pola Confit Kew mrs Be posses fon | forming and toe others aur In concptsiing culos wr ber “Weare with dal wk one oe ham asa as less Teed fom “the btom up and muvee soy ition: eae Stotons, csi ad eomiotest th onthe het han ste ro fr Serge Toe oy note op ae Sema oes Raine th 1 The "arncene eat analysis of ore tangible power blocs 38 formed from “the top dot atoning of onpiived pial acti) and iaeventons, of par BE tiaces, pole formation, leadership erganizations. te. 1s es rly nt of theater that the coherence afte blocs Pimeeuned: During the Weimar Repu certain policy ses, EiSoeo and nondecistone were orcurly erin! and av oo et aSthus wll demonstrate bles formed and disolved wound sues of Sia alcy(Soctapoli trade policy (Handelspoli) reparations [Slim pley Reporatonspolrik boa conceived), dstibution Efe national wealth (and burden, democratization both he pubic nd pvate spheres), and the balance between private accumulation {iu Socal eptimation. Ths, goverment celtions.cooperason at enfiet among corporate terest organizations and unions ates af til trade and focal eiatio, the pices a state bureaucracies, the public agenda sv enunciated by various Keologial apparatuses, hfe arculstion ofthe tasks at had hy the spokesmen or cases, tons and patel help provie the bass fr partly inductive {rcrmiaton a the elas coalitions costing “Schemaial for Weimar Germany we can map vvera lacs com el or irl and urban, dominant abd domiated classes. Th {hose power blocs, the economic sphere, where individuals appear as the caries of steminse soil eatios, spo the plical spiee in which members ofall classes appear cs ean cizens with eal {hims Ita lrgely thr stat acti tha intae comfets were fredlted andthe meresty of blo sa whole pursued Ahouh some ihe respective Bocs hore are labelled with des, these des only ingests the ascendance, sometimes act or de fact of one a another {oalion, not necessary a formalized stuf The foal goa of the rursoie remained united fowrgeois ae and therm of state ihe epee on wha ype of mass bse wa sae or ha rl, In ures [Sete pit each clas Mocs Ineach schema the hegemonic cas tr fran, e+ the dominant element within the aif eases Is Ieprevened in capil letters, and tes represented by sas ines ae "Hongshan thor represented by dated nes In the Hoc formation figure Ty the estate owners and heavy industry together were egumonic Thr elton wos mediated on the trai ofthe tte ‘ith the estate owners proiding ears fr the Semautonomeus mal lary and reascraie el. Export Industry, consisting the more Syma, new processing indies, masa part ofthe Bo 8 Tinks ects to hey industry andy peasants oo were pa af this ‘rangement, kno they prota les fom thir membership. They ‘ere ink the esate cmmers Fil the polite bourgeoisie nas an Uy ohn How rng td fon the o's sociation GUE Saris Blo, pe1916 Bourget Ble. The “itoring lela sal lator and antisocial as, for example. the Rechsdeutacher Miuestandsver ‘hind signed. Other groups must be considered as having been in ppositon in the Bloc formation of figure 2, heavy industry wis hegemonic, Export indsry was aed to heavy industry i this Hoe aswel, bu st demurred fem some af he Hoe ectoocie poten Agin family ‘earants were inked via the estate bmers The petits bourgeise Mat lost tothe blo becune of the efecto the ation, an ther groups ‘wee in opposition. nthe Ble formation represented by figure 3. export industry was tegemonic Linked to tm the bloc were the orsniced praca Cinelading rural labor instr as was repeated by the SPD and afiited unions, and salaried employees An expansive economy, i> ‘ra sci leiltion, und a shared foreign policy permite ineelss oopettion Heat industry. hough stl win the ble, had nc in the el of seal and economic poly to be dais with, Ente ‘ners and family peasants were distinct loses ia this arrangement, ‘hile the petite borgeose became increasingly homeless. “bos formaton such sin pure 4 woul have remove the “per nicl” influence of oth the "Tend estate umes sd soit toring clas fled to emerge because the eral musts ould not spit the pesans from th estate ouners and overestimated the republican potential a he petite bourgeoisie The posessiv pects ofthe Moe mould bave linked salsred employees to export Industry, hile the conservative ones would hive haked the pete urge to hemes indi, The shored Ble formation shown in gure Sw ke the “Sam lung Boo” excep forthe mperant fat tha it acked any hase mass suppor Air aver decade of epabican goverment impos theta slaiize a government that enjoyed no mass support. Further. the [Spout elite was far more dependent on heavy industry han ad MES theprvar boc. Tables Fund 2 itradece the plied parts, ‘Setora sls and party coalitions of the Weimar fod ‘eudly speaking, we can say tha the partes dh ther primary dectoral support from the folosing major prous: KPD—working ‘ss and unemployed: SPD working cls, wan and ral ad some fudle cis: DDP—iiberal industry. urban commercial rps, ite {Eeuns and intl some fay peasant: Zaniram-—Cathais al CGhses, especially workers and peasants; DVF—urban mide css Swnite

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