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    2 5204316742779666873

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    ACI318.1-89 ACI318.1R-89 Building Code Requirements for Structural Plain Concrete (ACI 318.1-89) and Commentary—ACI 318.1R-89 american concrete institute BOX 19150, REDFORD STATION DETROIT, MICHIGAN 48219 ACI Manual of Concrete Practice Most ACI Standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised ACI Manual of Concrete Practice. The several volumes are arranged to group related material together and may be purchased individually or insets ACI Committees prepare standards and reports in the general areas of materials and properites of concrete, construction practices and inspection, pavements and slabs, struc- tural design and analysis, structural specifica tions, and special products and processes. A complete catalog of all ACI publications is available without charge. American Concrete Institute Box 19150, Redford Station Detroit, Mich. 48219-0150 ACI Certification Programs The final quality of a concrete structure depends on qualified people to construct it. ACI certification pro- grams identify craftsmen, technicians and inspectors who have demonstrated their qualifications. The follow- ing programs are administered by ACI to fulfil the grow- ing demand in the industry for certified workers: Concrete Flatwork Finisher Concrete Field Testing Technician—Grade | Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade | Concrete Laboratory Testing Technician—Grade I! Concrete Construction Inspector-In-Training Concrete Construction Inspector—Level I! This document may already contain reference to these ACI certification programs, which can be incorporated into project specifications or quality control procedures. Itnot, suggested guide specifications are available on request from the ACI Certification Department ‘ACI ENGINEERING LIBRARY APR ~~ 2004 Enhancement of ACI Documents The technical committees responsible for ACI commit- tee reports and standards strive to avoid ambiguities, omissions, and errors in these documents. In spite of these efforts, the users of ACI documents occasionally find information or requirements that may be subject to more than one interpretation or may be incomplete or incorrect To assist in the effort for accuracy and clarity, the Technical Activities Committee solicits the help of indi- viduals using ACI reports and standards in identifying and eliminating problems that may be associated with their use. Users who have suggestions for the improvement of ACI documents are requested to contact the ACI Engineering Department in writing, with the following information: 1. Title and number of the document containing the problem and specific section in the document; 2. Concise description of the problem 3. If possible, suggested revisions for mitigating the problem The Institute's Engineering Staff will review and take appropriate action on all comments and suggestions re- ceived. Members as well as nonmembers of the institute ‘are encouraged to assist in enhancing the accuracy and usefulness of ACI documents. Building Code Requirements For Structural Plain Concrete (ACI 318.1-89)* and Commentary—ACI 318.1R-89+ Reported By ACI Committee 318 John E. Breen Basile G. Rabbat Chairman ‘Secretary Claude V. Baker Luis E. Garcia Richard. Holguin James G. MacGregor Paul F. Rice William C. Black Richard 0. Gaynor David A. Hunter, Jr. Robert F. Mast Jack E. Rosentund Eugene H. Boeke, Jt, John H. Grant Francis J. Jacques Alan H. Mattock Charles G. Salmon James Ri. Cagley' Jacob S. Grossman Daniel P. Jenny Walter P. Moore, Jt. Chester P. Seiss Gregory P.Chacos John M.Hanson James O. Jirsa Clarkson W. Pinkham Robert J. Smith W. Gene Corley C. Raymond Hays James Lefter Stanley Prill Mete A. Sozen Ciiford L. Freyermuth Edward S. Hoffman H.S. Lew Richard A. Ramsey Loring A. Wyllie, J. Voting Subcommitise Members dames A. Clon Wiliam L. Gamble David P Gustafson Cary Kopczynski Sidney S. Simmonds Michaot PColins Potor Gergely Harold. Jobse Michael E. Krogor Irwin Speyer Cai E. Ekberg, Jt Roger Green David G. Ktridge ‘Anhur H. Nilson Donald R. Sivand Fichard W. Furiong hip G. Gita Paul Kieger Ramakrishnan Consulting Members 7.2.Chastain Edward Cohen Noo! J Everard Eugone P. Holland Witiam V. Wagner J [Ualson Members Shangxiang Bai D.Maninisaac Jacques Levy Horacio Ramiraz de Alba Henry P. Thonier “ilo Cosar Caballo Harold. Isaacs Hajime Okamura Yves Salard Habib M. Zein A-Abidion ‘Augusto Carlos de Vasconcelos Peter Lenksi ‘Tomas Pauly ‘ACI318,1-89 nas adopted as a standard the American Conroe ns. in ‘August, 1969 to superade ACI 3181-69 (Revised 1887) ccordance wi he ‘rast slardartzabon procedure, Rovisod bythe Expodiod Standardization Produ afectve Sapir 1989. ‘eral ineain to margins neato to 189 changes. “Acomplolo matric companion t ACI318.1/316.1R has been developed ‘18,1M318.1RM: teers no mac quaint are incededin Wis document "ACI Commitee Rapons, Guides, Standard Practoos, and Commentaries aro Intandadto guldance Indesign, panning, executing orinpecting const fen. andinproparing specitcalona,Relerance to these documents eal tbe ‘made into Projet Documents, tars oundinthase documents ae dass ‘be part ofthe Project Documents thay shouldbe phrased in mandsioy lan _Gutg ad incorporated int ho Projoct Documents. Copyright © 1889 Amercan Conerte natu. “Alrghts reserved Indung nights of opradcton and use in ay om or by ‘any maar necting te malig of copie by ny phat process, ob ay lo trond or mechanical evn, rnd of wrton oF eal, oF rcoeing fo sound ‘eal reproduction or fr uso In any knowledge oF rtiovaleystem of dave, {ries parmision in ting la obalnad rom ho copyright propitrs. 918.1/318.1R-1 918.1/318.1R-2 ACISTANDARD/COMMITTEE REPORT ‘The 1989 AC! Building Code for Plain Concrete and Commentary are presented in a side-by-side column format, with code text placed in the left column and the corresponding commentary text aligned in the right column, To further distinguish the Code from the Commentary, the Code has been printed in Helvetica, the same type face in which this paragraph is set. Vertical ines in the margins indicate changes from 318.1-83 (Revised 1987). This paragraph is set in Times Roman, all portions of the text exclusive to the Commentary are printed in this type face. ‘Commentary section numbers are preceded by an “R” to further distinguish them from Code section numbers. CONTENTS This code covers the proper design and construction of suctyal members o plain conerte ana is wnitan in such ter 1 5. 318.1-3 thatitmay be adopted by reference ina general building Gueert—Coneatequirmene..218 atadie acer eemeceta hay 1/2—Limitations Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete.” 13—Permits and Drawings ‘Among the subjects covered are: permits and drawings; in- 1.4—Inspection e spection: materials; concrete quality formwork; controljonts; ; analysis and design (permissible stresses); and structural members (wails, footing, and pedestals). Keywords: building codes; compressive strength; control joints; flexural strength; footings; inspection; plain concrete; recast concrete; shear strength; specifications; stresses; structural design; walls Chapter 2—Definitions .. Chapter 3—Materials... 3.1—Materials for Concrete 3.2—Metal Reinforcement 3.3—Tests of Materials 3.4—Storage of Materials Chapter 4—Concrete quality .. 4.0—Notation 4.1—General 4.2—Minimum Strength 4.3—Selection of Concrete Proportions: 4.4—Mixing and Placing Concrete 45—Evaluation and Acceptance of Concrete + 318.1-6 Chapter 5—Formwork and joints . .318.1-7 5.1—Formwork 5.2—doints Chapter 6—Analysis and design . .318.1-8 6.0—Notation 6.1—Design Method 6.2—Permissible Stresses. 6.3—Design Chapter 7— Plain concrete members... Notation |—Walls Precast Members PLAIN CONCRETE CODE AND COMMENTARY 918.1/318.18-3 CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS CODE 1.1—Scope 1.1.1—This code provides minimum requirements for design and construction of structural plain concrete members (cast-in-place or precast) of any structure erected under requirements of the legally adopted gen- eral building code of which this code forms a part. In areas without a legally adopted building code, this code defines minimum acceptable standards of design and construction practice. 1.1.2—This code supplements the general building code and “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Conerete (ACI 318-89)" and shall govern in all matters Pertaining to structural plain concrete design and con- struction except wherever this code is in conflict with re- {Quirements of the legally adopted general building code. Requirements of ACI318.1-89 should govern when in conflict with requirements of ACI 318-89. 1.1.3—All applicable provisions of ACI 318 notin conflict, with provisions of this code shall apply to plain concrete. 1.1.4—This code shall govern in all matters pertaining to design, construction, and material properties wherever this code is in conflict with requirements contained in | other standards referenced in this code or recom- mended practices referenced in this code. 1.1.5—For special structures, such as arches, under- ground utility structures, gravity walls, and shielding walls, provisions of this code shall govern where applicable. 1.2—Limitations. 1.2.1—Provisions of this code shall apply for design of plain concrete members, defined as either unreinforced or containing less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified in ACI 318 for reinforced concrete. See section 2.1 1.2.2—Use of plain concrete shall be limited to mem- bers that are continuously supported by soil or sup- ported by other structural members capable of providing continuous vertical support, or where arch action as- sures compression under all conditions of loading. “Publanad by Amorcan Conerole nse, Dota, Michigan. Hereator omdtons ACIS COMMENTARY R1.1—Scope ‘The American Concrete Institute “Building Code Require- ‘ments for Structural Plain Concrete (ACI 318.1)” provides ‘minimum requirements for any structural plain concrete de~ sign and construction that is regulated by a legally adopted general building code of which it forms a part. ACI 318.1 is intended as a supplement to the general building code and the ACI 318 code for reinforced concrete, and is intended to ‘govern for plain concrete when in conflict with the require- ‘ments in those codes. Earlier editions of ACI 318 included design provisions for some uses of plain concrete, such as plain concrete footings: those provisions have been deleted from ACI 318 and are now contained exclusively in ACI 318.1 The design provisions of ACI 318.1 are empirical, based on present practice and successful experience in the use of plain concrete and unreinforced masonry for residemtial and light commercial buildings. Three types of plain concrete struc- tural members are specifically included in Chapter 7: walls (Section 7.1), footings (Section 7.2), and pedestals (Section 73). RI.1.2—The American Concrete Institute recommends that the code be adopted in its entirety; however, it is recognized that when this code is made a part of a legally adopted general building code that general building code may modify some provisions of this code. R1.2—Limitations R12.1—By code defini forced of contains less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified for reinforced concrete is classified as plain concrete for design considerations. See definition of rein- forced concrete in Section 2.1 of ACI 318. 12.2 and R1.2.3—Since the structural integrity of plain concrete members depends solely on the properties of the concrete, use of plain concrete structural members should be limited to: members that are primarily in a stae of compres- sion; members that can tolerate random cracks without detri- 918.1/318.1R-4 CODE 1.2.3—Plain concrete shall not be used for structural members where special design considerations are re- Quired for earthquake or blast, unless expiictly permit- | ted by the legally adopted general building code. 1.2.4—Plain concrete for compression members, other than arches or walls, shall be limited to pedestals. See Section 7.3. 1.3—Permits and drawings 1.3.1—Copies of design drawings, typical details, and ‘specifications for all structural plain concrete construc- tion shall bear the seal of a registered engineer or archi- | tect. These drawings, details, and specifications shall show: | (@) Name and date of issue of code and supplement to which design conforms (b) Live load and other loads used in design (C) Specified strength of concrete at stated ages or ‘stages of construction (4) Size and location of all structural members and any reinforcement (@) Details and location of all control joints 1.3,.2—Calculations pertinent to design shall be filed with the drawings when required by the Building Official. ‘When computer programs are used, design assump- tions and identified input and output data may be sub- mmitted in tieu of calculations. Model analysis shall be Permitted to supplement calculations. 1.3.3—Building Official means the officer or other desig rated authority charged with the administration and en- forcement of this code, or his duly authorized representative. ACISTANDARD/COMMITTEE REPORT COMMENTARY ment to their structural integrity: and members where duct- itty isnot an essential feature of design. The tensile strength ‘of concrete can be utilized in design of members when the buildup of tense stresses due to restraint from shrinkage or temperature are considered and sufficiently reduced by con- struction techniques to avoid uncontrolled cracks or when un- controlled cracks due to such restraint effects can be antici- pated to occur in such a manner that will not induce structural failure or collapse. It should be noted, however, that itis not within the scope of this code to provide serviceability requirements for nonstruc- tural members of plain concrete such as soil-supported slabs (slabs on grade). RL2.4—Since plain concrete lacks the necessary ductility that columns should possess and because a random crack in ‘an unreinforced column will most likely endanger its struc- tural integrity, the code does not permit use of plain concrete for columns. It does allow, however, its use for pedestals lim ited toa ratio of unsupported height to least lateral dimension of 3 ot less (Section 7.3.2). Plain concrete walls are permitted (see Section 7.1) without an absolute maximum height limitation. However, for multi- story construction and other major structures, ACI Commit- tee 318 strongly encourages the use of walls designed as rein- forced concrete members in accordance with ACI 318. See Section R7.1 ‘This code does not govern the design and installation of con- crete piles and drilled piers fully embedded in ground. See also Code and Commentary Section 1.1.5 of ACI 318. R13—Permi RL3.1—The provision for preparation of design drawings, specifications, and issuance of permits are, in general, con- sistent with those of most general building codes and are intended as supplements thereto. and drawings The code lists some of the more important items of informa- tion that must be included in the design drawings, details, or specifications. The code does not imply an all-inclusive list, and additional items may be required by the Building Official. c PLAIN CONCRETE CODE AND COMMENTARY CODE 1.4—Inspection -1—As a minimum, concrete construction shall be in- spected as required by the legally adopted general building code. In the absence of such requirements, concrete construction shall be inspected throughout the various work stages by a competent engineer or archi- tect, or by a competent representative responsible to ‘that engineer or architect. 1.4.2—Inspector shall require compliance with design drawings and specifications. Unless specified otherwise in the legally adopted general building code, inspection records shail include: (2) Quality and proportions of concrete materials and strength of concrete (b) Construction and removal of forms and reshoring (©) Mixing, placing, and curing of concrete (2) Placing of any reinforcement {e) Any significant construction loadings on com- pleted members, of walls (f) Sequence of erection and connection of precast members (g) General progress of work 1.4.3—When the ambient temperature falls below 40 F rises above 95 F, a complete record shall be kept of concrete temperatures and of protection given tocon- crete during placement and curing. 1.4.4—Records of inspection required in Sections 1.4.2 and 1.4.3 shall be preserved by the inspecting agency, ngineer, oF architect for 2 years or longer after comple- tion of the project. COMMENTARY R1.4—Inspection See Section RI.3 of ACI 318 for detailed discussion of in- spection responsibility. CHAPTER 2—DEFINITIONS 2.1—The following terms are defined for general use in this code. For other terms used in this code, reference is made to ACI 318 where such terms have already been defined. Specialized definitions appear in individual chapters. Contra! joint—Construction joint or partial joint (mink ‘mum 25 percent reduction of member thickness) used for the purpose of reducing buildup of internal stresses caused by restraint to movements due to creep, shrinkage, or temperature effects. Plain concrete—Concrete thatis either unreinforced or contains less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified in ACI 318 for reinforced concrete. Precast concrete—Concrete member cast elsewhere than its final position in the structure. Structural plain concrete—Plain concrete used for structural purposes. R2.1—The definitions given are for use in application ofthis code only and do not always correspond to ordinary usage. By definition, plain concrete is concrete that contains less than the minimum reinforcement required by the ACI 318, code for reinforced concrete. ‘The definition of control joint in this code is meant to serve the purpose of plain concrete construction only. See Section 5.2 for detailed discussion of jointing and the importance of jointing in plain concrete construction, Soil-supported slabs, such as slabs on grade, are not con: ‘ered to be structural slabs within the context of the definition for “structural” plain concrete, unless they transmit vertical loads ffom other parts of structure to the soil. See commentary sections of ACI 318 for detailed discussion ‘of applicable material requirements ‘Quality control requirements for plain concrete are the same as for reinforced concrete; this code, however, imposes a minimum concrete strength for plain concrete construction (2500 psi) for reasons explained in Section R4.2. See ap- plicable commentary sections of ACI 318 for detailed discus- sion of concrete quality requirements. 318. /318.1R-6 ACI STANDARD/COMMITTEE REPORT CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS CODE COMMENTARY ~ 3.1—Materials for concrete All materials for concrete (cement, aggregate, water, ‘and admixtures when used) shall conform to Chapter 3 of ACI318. 3.2—Metal reinforcement Reinforcement, if used, shall conform to Section 3.5 of ACI 318, 3.3—Tests of materials 3.3.1—Building Official shall have the right to order test- ing of any materials used in plain concrete construction to determine if materials are of quality specified. 3.3.2—Tests of materials and of concrete shall be made in accordance with standards of the American Society {or Testing and Materials, listed in Section 3.8 of ACI 318. 3.3.3—A complete record of tests of materials and of ‘concrete shall be made available for inspection during progress of work and for 2 years after completion of the project, and shall be preserved by inspecting engineer ‘or architect for that purpose. 3.4—Storage of materials 3.4.1—Cement and aggregates shall be stored in such manner as to prevent deterioration or contamination from foreign matter. 3.4.2—Any material that has deteriorated or has been ‘contaminated shall not be used for concrete. CHAPTER 4—CONCRETE QUALITY 4.0—Notation {{= specified compressive strength of concrete, psi 4.1—General 4.4.4—Concrete shall be proportioned to provide an average compressive strength as prescribed in Section [ 5.3.2 0f ACI318. Concrete shall be produced to mini- mize frequency of strengths below f; as prescribed in | Section 5.6.2.3 of ACI318. 4.1.2—Requirements for f; shall be based on tests of cylinders made and tested as prescribed in Section [46.201 Aci 318. 4.1.3—Unless otherwise specified, f shall be based on on) 28-day tests. Ifother than 28 days, test age for {shall be ! as indicated in design drawings or specifications. 4.1.4—Design drawings shall show specified com- pressive strength of concrete f:for which each plain con- ‘rete member is designed. PLAIN CONCRETE CODE AND COMMENTARY CODE 4.2—Minimum strength Specified compressive strength £’of plain concrete to be used for structural purposes shall be not less than 2500 4,3—Selection of concrete proportions ‘Selection of concrete proportions shall conform to Sec- | tion 5.2 of ACI 318. 4.4—Mixing and placing concrete Mixing and placing of concrete shall conform to Chapter, Sof ACI 318. 4.5—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete Evaluation and acceptance of concrete shall conform to | Section 5.6 of ACI 318. 318.1/318.1R-7 COMMENTARY R4.2 Minimum strength ‘A minimum strength requirement for plain concrete con- struction is considered necessary because safety is based solely on strength and quality of concrete treated as a homog- encous material. Lean concrete mixtures may not produce adequately homogeneous material or well formed surfaces. CHAPTER 5—FORMWORK AND JOINTS 5.1—Formwork Design of formwork and removal of forms and shores shall conform to Chapter 6 of ACI 318. 5.2—Joints 5.2.1—In plain concrete construction, control joints shall be provided to divide a structural member into flex- urally discontinuous elements. Size of each element shall be limited to control buildup of excessive intemal stresses within each element caused by restraint to movements from creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects. 5.2.2—In determining the number and location of con- trol joints, consideration shall be given to: influence of climatic conditions; selection and proportioning of mate- rials; mixing, placing, and curing of concrete; degree of restraint to movement; stresses due to loads to which an ‘element is subject; and construction techniques. 5.2.3—Locations of control joints shall be indicated on. the drawings or in the specifications. See Section 1.3.1. 5.2.4—Any reinforcement provided in a plain concrete member shall be terminated not less than 3 in. from a joint. 5.2.5—Interruptions of concrete placement shall be made only at joints. 5.2.6—Walls and similar members shall be keyed or

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