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Present-Participial Adjectives
"The present participle can be used as an adjective. Known as a participial
adjective, it replaces verb clauses:
Past-Participial Adjectives
"Participial adjectives end in -ed because they are derived from past participles of
verbs. . . . The meanings of participial adjectives depend on the participle they come from.
The -ing adjectives (boring, interesting, amazing, exciting, following) have a progressive
or active meaning. The -ed adjectives (advanced, alleged, bored, complicated, excited,
exhausted) have a completed or passive meaning."
Gradability of Participial Adjectives
"Participial adjectives are typically gradable, e.g.
very loving parents ( Compare: They are loving every minute of it; verb + object)
very exciting times
very alarming thoughts
However, the attributively used participles of some verbs are best analysed as being verbal.
For example, an escaped prisoner is 'a prisoner who has escaped,' a changing culture is 'a
culture that is changing,' and a knitted jumper is 'a jumper that has been knitted.' Such
participles cannot be modified by very:
*a very escaped prisoner
*a very changing culture
*a very knitted jumper
However, modification by an adverb is possible in many cases:
a recently escaped prisoner
a rapidly changing culture
a deftly knitted jumper
In some contexts the status of a participle-like form is ambiguous. Thus I was annoyed can
be interpreted verbally (eg. I was annoyed by their behavior) or as an adjective (eg. I was
very annoyed), or perhaps even as both (I was very annoyed by their behaviour)."