April 1916?

a) Annie Basant

Chandra
Pal

EXERCISE b) Bipin
c)Lala LajpatRai
I Choose the correct 2KAXZZ

answer
)Tilak

the attention to
of the British o the
was launched Who drew ivation throuoe
through
. W h i c h one of the following 8.
of Indigo
cultivation

1818 in East Bengal? suffering

by Haji Shariatullah in play Nil darpan?
a) Wahhabi Rebellion D i n a BandhuMitra
Farazi Movement Chandra Dut
Romesh
c) Tribal uprising b)
c)Dadabhai Naoroji
d) Kol Revolt
d) Birsa Munda
2.
2. Who declared that "Land belongs to God"
and collecting rent or tax on it was against
divine law?
II Fill in the blanks AebelliOn
Tha Wahhawas an anti-imperial
a) Titu Mir b) Sidhu and anti-landlord movement which
Dudu Mian d) Shariatullah originated in and around 1827.
3. Who were driven out of their homeland 2. The major tribal revolt which took place,
during the process of creation of Zamins in Chotanagpur region was Kol KevodE
under Permanent Settlement? 3 The Act, restricted the
3 Santhals b) Titu Mir entry of non-tribal people into the tribal
land.Chetoa Nagpu Tenany
c)Munda d) Kol
4. Find out the militant nationalist from the
4. Chota Nagpur Act was passed in the year
1908
following 5. W.C. Bannerjee was elected the
president
a) Dadabhai Naoroji of Indian National
Congress the year
in
b) Justice Govind Ranade 1886
Bipin Chandra pal III Choose the correct statement
1. (i) The Company received 22.5 million
d) Romesh Chandra
from Mir Jafar and
5. When did the Partition of Bengal come
invested it to propel
the industrial
into effect? revolution in Britain.
(ii) Kols organized an
'a) 19 June 1905 insurrection in
1831-1832, which directed against
was
b) 18 July 1906 government officers and
c) 19 August 1907 (ii) In 1855, two moneylenders.
Santhal brothers, Sidhu
and Kanu, led
a) 16 October 1905 the Santhal
(iv) In 1879, an Act was Rebellion.
6. What was the context in which the the territories passed to regulate
Chotanagpur Tenancy Act was passed?
a) i), i) andoccupied by the Santhals.
(ii) are correct
a) Kol Revolt b) Indigo Revolt b) (ii) and (ii) are
Deccan Riots
c) (ii) and (iv) are correct
c ) Munda Rebellion d) d) (i) and (iv) are
correct
Anti-Colonial Movements and the Birth of Nationalism
86
correct
 of the early Indian Nationalists was the
formulation of an economic critique of 1. Wahhabi Rebellion Lucknow3

colonialism. 2.
Peshwa Baji
Munda Rebellion
Rao II 5
(i) The early Congress leaders stated that
Titu Mir |
the religious exploitation in India was 3. Begum Hazarat Mahal
Ranchi 2
the primary reason tor the growing 4. Kunwar Singh
poverty. 5. Nana Sahib Bihar
(ii) One of the goals of the moderate
V Answer the following questions briefly
Congress leaders was to achieve Swaraj
or self-rule. 1. How are the peasant uprisings in British
India classified? Pq 75 76
(iv) The objective of Partition of Bengal
was to curtail the 2 by the
Name the territories annexed
Bengali influence and British under the Doctrine of Lapse. 78
weaken the nationalist movement.
a) () and (ii) are correct
3. What do you mean by drain of wealth? Pa8 2
4. Highlight the objeçtives of Home Rule
(1), ii), and (iv) are correct
Movement. Pg B4
c)(i) and (ii) are correct 5. Summarise the es[ence of Lucknow Pact. Pa 3s
d) (ii) and (iv) are correct
VI Answer in detail
3 Assersion (A): Under colonial rule, for the
first time in Indian history, 1. Discuss the causes of the Revolt of 1857?
claimed a direct proprietary
government
right over 2. How did the people of Bengal respond to
forests. the Partition of Bengal (1905)?
Reason (R): Planters used intimidation and
VII Activity
violence to compel farmers to grow indigo.
aBoth (A) and (R) are correct, but R is 1.
Identify the Acts passed in British India
not the correct from 1858 to 1919, with brief note
explanation ofA a on
each.
b) Both (A) and (R) are wrong
2. Mark the
c)Both (A) and (R) are correct and R is important centres of 1857
Revolt on an outline
the correct
explanation of A map.
3.
d (A) is wrong and (R) is correct Prepare analbum with
pictures of
frontline leaders of all the
Assersion (A): The Revolt of 1857 was anti-colonial
struggles launched against the British.
brutally suppressed by the British army.
Reason (R): The failure of the rebellion was
due to the absence of
Central authority.
REFERENCE BOOKS
1.
a) Both (A) and (R) are Bipan Chandra, India's
wrong Independence (New Struggle for
b) (A) is wrong and (R) is Delhi: Penguin, 2000)
correct 2. Sekhar
PartitionBandyopadhyay,
Both (A) and (R) From
the correct
are correct and Ris and After Plassey to
explanation of A (New Delhi: Orient
d) Both (A) and Longman, 2004)
(R) are correct, but R is
not the correct 3. Sumit
explanation of A Sarkar, Modern India
(New Delhi: Pearson, (1885-1947)
87 2014).
Anti-Colonial Movements and the Rirth nf
on
ne Nawab of In this lesson the story of resistance anda

ated by the EastBengal

India
varied range of response against the British rule
the Indian subcontinent from the early and
lassey. The battle was in

Clive, commander-in- mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth

mpany, who managed century are outlined.
pport from Mir Jafar,
ah and the chief of the 7.1 Peasant and Tribal
s helped by the Jagat Resistance
m
Bengal) who were
While the urban elite of India was busy
ulah's policy. Between
responding to the western ideas and rationality
pany received F 22.5
who became the new Dy engaging in various socio-religious reform
movements, a far more aggressive response
-ame money was later
to the British rule emerged in rural India. The
ndustrial revolution in
traditional elite and peasantry along with the
nechanised the British
tribals revolted. They were not necessarily
other hand, India was
-industrialisation and seeking the removal of British but rather the
restoration of the pre-colonial order.
rket for the products
The plunder of India V There were nearly a hundred peasant
mpany continued for uprisings during British rule.. They can be
classified into the following categories:
75
 7.2 The Similarly, in 1824, the sepoys at Barra
Great Rebellion
of 1857 near Calcutta refused to go to Burmana byckpur
P sea
since crossing thee sea meant the loss
In1857, British rule
loss of their
challenge to its
witnessed the biggest caste.

a existence. Initially, it began as epoys were also upset

mutiny of Bengal presidency The
expanded to the other
a
large number of
sepoys but later
parts India involving
of
discrimination in salary and
were paid much less than their
omotion.Indwith
The events of civilians, especially peasants.
1857-58
sepoys
counterparts. They European
felt humiliated and
following reasons: are
significant for the abused by their seniors.
racially
I. This was the
first major revolt of (b) The Revolt
forces armed
2. accompanied
The revolt by civilian rebellion. The precursor to the
witnesseed unprecedented revolt was the circulation of
violence, perpetrated both rumors about the cartridges
3. The revolt ended by sides.
the role of the East of the new Enfield rifle. There
India
ompany and the governance of the Indian was strong suspicion that
subcontinent was taken the new cartridges had been 9DE7DXx
Crown.
over by the British
greased with cow and pig fat. The cartridge had
(a) Causes to be bitten off before loading (pork is forbidden
to the Muslims and the cow is sacred to a
1. Annexation Policy largge
of British section of Hindus).
India
On 29 March a
sepoy named
In the 1840s and
1850s,
Mangal
more territories Pandey assaulted his European officer. His
were annexed
through two major policies: fellow soldiers refused to arrest him when
The Doctrine of ordered to do so. Mangal Pandey
Paramountcy. British along withh
claimed themselves as others were court-martialed and
hanged. This
paramount, exercising
supreme authority. New territories were only fuelled the anger and in the following days
annexed the there were increasing incidents of
on grounds that the native rulers disobedience.
were inept. Burning and arson were reported from the
army cantonments in Ambala, Lucknow, and
The Doctrine of Lapse. Ifa native ruler did
not have male heir to the throne, the
territory Meerut.0 Para
was to lapse' into British India upon the death Bahadúr Shah Proclaimed as
Emperor of Hindustan
( of the ruler{ Satara, Sambalpur, parts of the On 11 may 1857 a
Punjab, Jhansi-and Nagpur were annexed by
the British through the Doctrine of band of sepoys from Meerut
Lapse. ) marched to the Red Fort
2. Insensitivity to Indian Cultural in Delhi. The sepoys were
Sentimnents followed by an
equally
Vellore mutinied exuberant crowd
who
In 18066 the sepoys at
dress code, which prohibited gathered to ask the Mughal Bahadur Shah II
against the new

78
Anti-Colonial
Movements and the Birth of Nationalism
 India Association (1866), Madras
go") by Dina
Sabha (1884), Poona Sarvajanik Sabha ( hajana.
attention in
The Bombay Presidency Association
1870),
of the indigo
and many others.
(1885)
(b) Economic Critique of Colonialism
3 O n e of the significant contributions
most
was the formulation
agriculture. of early Indian nationalists
of colonialism.
first recordedi of a n e c o n o m i c critique
Naoroji, Justice Ranade,
moneylenders and
Dadabhai
in Supa a played a significant
5, Romesh Chandra Dutt,
about colonial
o f riots were criticiSm
this
role in making understood that the
ges in Poonaa clearly
economy. They economic and
was directed
of the British lay in the concluded
prosperity
They
nders. Under subjugation of India. o b s t a c l e to the
political main
o pay revenu1e
colonialism was the

,
under a newv
that
I n d i a n s economic
development. 7, 3
Methods
to attach the and
Objectives
s and auction (c)
formation
of the
o f l a n d s from The
Indian National Congress
ating classes.
intended

1885 was
b t and unable
in an
all India
I ndia
establish
e peasant was
to
t o was the
It
o r g a n i s a t i o n .

of attempts by
c u l m i n a t i o n

ated Indians
 extension of trial by ury
(b) Anti- Partition Movement
olding civil vices exams in India as well
With the failure to annul the
as in England. partition
moderate leaders were forced to rethink their
police reforms
strategy and look for new techniques of protest.
reconsideration of forest laws The boycott of British goods was one such
omotion of indian industries and an end method. However, the agenda of Swadeshi
to
unfair tarifts and excise duties. Movement was still restricted to secure an
annulment of partition and the moderates
d) Militant Nationalism were very much against utilising the campaign
The methods of moderate leaders failed to start a full-fledged passive resistance. The
to yield any substantive change in the British militant nationalists, on the other hand, were
attitude towards the moderate demands of early in favour of extending the movement beyond
Indian nationalists. They were criticised by a Bengal and to initiate a full-scale mass struggle.
group of leaders known as "extremists". Instead
The day Bengal was officially partitioned-
of prayers and petitions, these militants were
16Oct 1905- was declared as a day of mourning.
more focused on self-help.
Thousands of people took bath in the Ganga

7.5 Partition of Bengal and marched on the streets of Calcutta singing

Bande Mataram. yí 2 Paraa
Partition of Bengal in
1905 was the most unpopular (c) Boycott and Swadeshi
Movement in Bengal
Iof al./The partition led to
widespread protests all (1905-1911)
P a a

across India, starting a newv Boycot and swadeshi were always

phase of the Indian national interlinked to each other and part of the wider
movement. plan to make India self-sufficient. Four major
Lord Curzon trends can be discerned during the Swadeshi
The idea of partition
Movement in Bengal.
was devised to suppress the political activities
1. The Moderate Trend
against the British rule in Bengal by creating a
Hindu-Muslim divide. 2. Constructive Swadeshi
3. Militant Nationalism
(a) Hindu-Muslim Divide
4. Revolutionary terrorism
It was openly stated that the objective of
partition was to curtail Bengali influence and
weaken the nationalist movement. By placins
Bengal under two administrative units Curzon
reduced the Bengali - speaking people to a
inguistic minority in a divided Bengal. Curzon
assured Muslims that in the new province of

ast Bengal Muslims would enjoy a unity,

Which they never enjoyed since the days of the
Mughals.
Instead of dividing the Bengali people
the religious line partition united them. Swadeshi Movement
aOng
The
growth of regional language newspapers Constructive Swadeshi
played a role in building a sense of proud The constructive programmes
Bengali identity. stressed upon self-help. It focused on largely
building
 revived and 916-1918), led
(1916-1918
M o v e m e n t

nnie Besant
by
Home

Lokamanya
Rule
Tilak
and
Annie

participation
Besant.
. World
"Orl
in jt was the
Indian's
War I

background
and
for the
Home Rule League.
Kule League.

Germany in
Ge
When
1914,
war
against
declared
Britain
and
liberal leadership «extended
al leadership
was hon
It was
use. It
moderate

the
to the
British
cause.
ped
their support British government ould
return, the.
that, in the war. Indian
the war. ndian
after
World
s e l f - g o v e r n m e n t

give several
eatres of World
theatres
sent to
were
troops administration remained
British
War. But the What was
n seen

non-committal
goals.
to such
the Indian cause
cause of
of
British betrayal to
as a call for a mass
a fresh
led to
self-government
the British government
movement to pressurise
the Home Rule
Objectives of
(a) Movement
within the British
Toattain self-government
constitutional means.
Empire by using
dominion, a political
To obtain the status of
position accorded later to Australia,
New Zealand.
Canada, South Africa, and
methods
Touse non-violent constitutional
to achieve their goals.

(b) Lucknow Pact (1916)

The Home Rule Movement and the

subsequent reunion of moderate and the

Signatories of Lucknow Pact

84
 opened the the Bri
litant
nationalists
possibility, popularity,
isolate the le
fresh
talks with the Muslims./Under the ploy to
Congress and the activities.
ckenow Pact (1916), the
there should be In 1919 th
uslim League agreed that
soon as possible. announced the Mor
lf-government
in India as

leadership accepted the which promised g

return, the Congress
electorate for Muslims, JvS towards self-gover
oncept of separate disappointment to

c) British Response further blow the

raised was called the Ro
was
As the demand
for Swaraj for arbitrary arres
Annie Besant that gained
yy Tilak and
SUMMARY
British India was replete w

The latter half of nineteenth centuryeconomic domination.

tribals against
colonial political and
the culmination of various anti-E
The great rebellion
of 1857 was restore the Pre-
to
chieftains with an agenda
depossessed feudal
lacked vision and were guid
Even though the
leaders of the Revolt and challenge a
effort to resist
in terms of their
aprogressive act
opinion a
Movement, building public
The Indian National generation to
beco
the younger
OPpressive British rule, inspired
anti-colonial struggles.
enhance the participati
helped to
Movement
h e Swadeshi