Frames Series 1 @-ea Learning outcomes When you have completed this Programme you will be able to: Manipulate arithmetic and geometric series ‘Manipulate series of powers of the natural numbers Determine the limiting values of arithmetic and geometric series, Determine the limiting values of simple indeterminate forms Apply various convergence tests to infinite series Distinguish between absolute and conditional convergence 747748 Engineering Mathematics A sequence is a set of quantities, i, ts, us,... , stated in a definite order and. each term formed according to a fixed pattern, i.e. u, = f(r) e.g 1, 3, 5, 7,-.. 18.a sequence (the next term would be 9). 2, 6, 18, 54,... is a sequence (the next term would be 162) P, - 2,3, - is a sequence (the next term would be 3?) Also 1, ~ 5, 37, 6,... ia sequence, but its pattern is more involved and the next term cannot readily be anticipated. A finite sequence contains only a finite number of terms. ‘An infinite sequence is unending. So which of the following constitutes a finite sequence: (@) all the natural numbers, Le. 1, 2, 3,... etc. (b) the page numbers of a book (©) the telephone numbers in a telephone directory. ‘The page numbers of a book ‘The telephone numbers in a directory Clearly, the page numbers are in fixed order and terminate at the last page. The telephone numbers form a complicated sequence, ordered by the alphabetical letters of the surnames of the subscribers. The natural numbers form an infinite sequence, since they never come to an end, Series A series is formed by the sum of the terms of a sequence, eg. 1, 3, 5, 7,... 18 a sequence but 14+3+5+7+...isa series, We shalll indicate the terms of a series as follows: 1 will represent the first term, wp the second term, uy the third term that u, will represent the sth term and uy,1 the (r+ 1)th term, ete, Also, the sum of the first 5 terms will be indicated by Ss So the sum of the first 1 terms will be stated as etc, soSeries 7 749 You will already be familiar with two special kinds of series which have many applications. These are (a) arithmetic series and (b) geometric series. Just by way of revision, however, we will first review the important results relating to these two series, Arithmetic series (or arithmetic progression), denoted by AP An example of an AP is the series: 5 245484114144 You will note that each term can be written from the previous term by simply adding on a constant value 3. This regular increment is called the common difference and is found by selecting any term and subtracting from it the previous term eg. 11-8 =3) $-2=3; ete. Move on to the next frame ‘The general arithmetic series can therefore be written: a+(a+d) + (a+ 2d) + (a43d)+ @) where a = first term and d = common difference. You will remember that: (@) the nth term = a+ (n—1)d ) (b) the sum of the first m terms is given by Sy = 5 (2041) © 30244 ) © Make a note of these three items in your record book. By way of warming up, find the sum of the first 20 terms of the series: 10+6+2-2~6... etc Then move to Frame 7750 Engineering Mathematics W Sap = -560) Because for the series 10 +6 +2-2~6... ete. a=Wandd=2-6=-4 1 Sn = 5 (2a4m= 1) su = 220 19-4 = 102076) = 10-86) =-0 We know 7th term=22 °, a+6d=22|Sd=15 -, d=3 and 12th term = 37°, a+ 11d =37 a=4 So the series is 4474104134164... ete. Here is one for you to do: ‘The 6th term of an AP is ~5 and the 10th term Is 21. Find the sum of the first 30 terms. Si = =1290 Because 6thterm=-S -, a+Sd=-S ) 4d=-16 - d=-4 10th term =~-21 *, a+9d=~21 a= 18,d=~4, n= 30,8, = 5 (2a4n— Td) = 15(30 ~ 116) = 15(-86) = -1290 Arithmetic mean We are sometimes required to find the arithmetic mean of two numbers, P and Q. This means that we have to insert a number A between P and Q, so that P+ A+ Q forms an AP. A-P=dandQ-A=d aed mae ‘The arithmetic mean of two numbers, then, is simply their average. A-P=Q-A 24=P+Q A Therefore, the arithmetic mean of 23 and $8 isSeries 1 751 ‘The a ¢hmetic mean of 23 and $8 If we are required to insert 3 arithmetic means between two given numbers, P and Q, it means that we have to supply three numbers, A, B, C between P and Q, so that P+A+B+C+Q forms an AP. For example: Insert 3 arithmetic means between 8 and 18. Let the means be denoted by A, B, C. Then 8 +A +B4C +18 forms an AP. atad First term, a= 8; fifth term 4d d=25 . 105 13} Required arithmetic means are 10:5, 13, 15:5 185 Now you find five arithmetic means between 12 and 21:6. Then move to ame 10 The, 152,168 184,20 Go) Here is the working: Let the 5 arithmetic means be A, B, C, D, E. Then 124A +B+C+D+E +216 forms an AP. a+6d 6d = 96 ‘Then A=1241 B So that is it! Once you have done one, the others are just like it. ‘Now we will see how much you remember about geometric series. So, on to Frame 11752 Engineering Mathematics Geometric series (geometric progression), denoted by GP w An example of a GP is the series: 143494274814... ete. Here you can see that any term can be written from the previous term by multiplying it by a constant factor 3. This constant factor is called the common ratio and is found by selecting any term and dividing it by the previous one: eg. 2749=3) 943=3ete, A GP therefore has the form: atartar 4ar +... etc. where a = first term, r= common ratio, So in the geometric series $~ 10 +20~ 40+... ete. the common ratio, r, ‘The general geometric series is therefore: a+ar+ar +ar + ete. (d) and you will remember that (1) the nth term = ar? © (2) the sum of the fist m terms is given bj a(t") =r Make a note of these items in your record book. Sn 6 So, now you can do this one: a +...ete., find the sum of the first 8 terms. For the series 84442414 For the series 8 4.44 24145 Then on to Frame 13Series 1 753 S6= 1555 Because for the series 8, 4, 2, 1,... etc. ai=r") 5-5 255 _285_ |. 15 236 16 16 Now here is another example. If the Sth term of a GP is 162 and the 8th term is 4374, find the series. Wehave Sthterm=162 , ar = 162 8th term = 4374, ar” = 4374 ar? _ 4374 art” T62 (a) ar’ = 162; ar’ = 4374 and s 1682 a3 = 162 ie 2 ‘The series is: 2+6+18 +544... ete. Of course, now that we know the values of a and r, we could calculate the value of any term or the sum of a given number of terms. For this same series, find (a) the 10th term (b) the sum of the first 10 terms. When you have finished, move to Frame 15754 Engineering Mathematics Us) 39366, 59048, Because a = (@) 10th term (19 683) = 39366 ar) 20-3") ©) Sw = =a Geometric mean (GM) ‘The geometric mean of two given numbers P and Q is a number A such that P+A+Q forma GP. A Q Aarand =r AQ pl eG g-2 #a7Q a=ViQ So the geomectric mean of 2 numbers is the square root of their product. Therefore, the geometric mean of 4 and 25 Is Us) A=V4x25 = V100 = 10 To insert 3 GMs between two given numbers, P and Q, means to insert 3 numbers, A, B, C, such that P-+A +B+C-+Q form a GP. For example, insert 4 geometric means between § and 1215. Let the means be A, B, C, D. Then $ +A +B +C+D+1215 forma GP. ie. a=Sand arS = 1215 BaP ag 2 a3 A=5x3 =15 B=Sx9 =45 The required geometric means are: 15, 45, 135, 405 C=5%27=135 D=5x81=405 Now here is one for you to do: Insert two geometric means between 5 and 8.64. Then on to Frame 17Series 1 755 a a Required geometric means are 6: Because Let the means be A and B. Then § +A +B+8-64 form a GP. a=5; 2. a= 864; 2 B= 1728; or A=$x12=60 B=Sx144=72 2 } sequined nan ae 0 and 72 Arithmetic and geometric series are, of course, special kinds of series. There are other special series that are worth knowing. These consist of the series of the powers of the natural numbers. So let us look at these in the next frame. Series of powers of the natural numbers This series, you will see, is an example of an AP, where a= 1 and d= 1 ‘The sum of the first 1 terms is given by: =142434445=..40 = Seatiatg Mt = 00 sta) = in) z So, the sum of the first 100 natural numbers is, Then on to Frame 19 Ta) Because 100101) 50(101) = $050756 — Engineering Mathematics 2 ‘That was easy enough. Now let us look at this one: To establish the result for the sum of n terms of the series 1? +2?+3?44? +5? 4...# 72, we make use of the identity: ney (n+ Replacing 7 by n~ 1, we get wf — (n= 1) = 300-1)? +3(0-1) +1 and again (n 1)? ~ (n— 2) = 3(~2)? + 301-2) +1 and (n~ 2) ~ (n~3)$ =3(1~ 3) + 3(9~3) 43m? 4 3n+1 ‘We write this as: = 3 +3nt1 1 Continuing like this, we should eventually arrive at: BaD =3x 243x241 2-1 =3x1 438x141 If we now add all these results together, we find on the left-hand side that all the terms disappear except the first and the last. (n+1)- B= 3{i? + na)? + (n= 2) +earh +3{n inns (n=2) 4.0.42} 4m) = apps atren Sprain ages mee), “4 3n® 42n= 39° + Zn 4m) a w43n? 4341-1 2h + 6n? + 4n = SP + Bn + an n+ 3+ 2 5 _ (n+ 1)(2n+1) ye anes So, the sum of the first 12 terms of the series 17+2?+3?+ isSeries 1 757 n(n +1)(Qn+1) 6 = 26(25) 12(13)(25) 6 2 The sum of the cubes of the natural numbers is found in much the same way. This time, we use the identity: (n+ 1) = at +40? + 6m? +4n +1 We rewrite it as before: (nt 1) = nt = 40? 4 6? an 41 If we now do the same trick as before and replace n by (1 ~ 1) over and over again, and finally total up the results we get the result: Sr feepay see posing = {SE} Let us collect together these last three results. Here they are: 21 ® 2 Soe _ meet en + 1) my {4 uy 0 ‘These are handy results, so copy them into your record book. Now move on to Frame 22 and we can see an example of the use of these results Find the sum of the series (3 +2n) 3 : 8 = Sm 4-2) = 7130+ 2n2) = S03 + Don? = 390 292 5.6 5.6.11 - 3.5842.5611 4541100 155 It is just a question of using the established results. Here is one for you to do in the same manner. Find the sum of the series }“(2n +1) ant Working in Frame 23758 Engineering Mathematics & 7 Because Sy =) (2m +n) oo =25004+ oP -245. (85)" aa =20 +100 = 120 Remember Sum ofthe itn natral mambers = 21 Sum of squares of the fist natural numbers = 2+ Hn 1) a(n $1)\? Sum of eae of he st nats amber = (28D) Infinite series ster weave been concerned witha nite numberof terms ofa given sere. When we are dealing with the sum of an infinite number of terms ofa series, wwe must be careful about the steps we take. : Lays Tor eample cone the inti sees ELL This we recognize as GP in which a= 1 and r=, the sum of he fst n terms is therefore given by: Ss ED -2(1-4) Sow ifn ery ge, 2 wl Bevery gad heeore wl be very sal tna as 2-2 2-0, The sum fa the tems ins nine sees therefore given by S,. = the limiting value of S, asm —> ise. Suc = Lim Sy = 2(1 0) = 2 ‘This result means that we can make the sum of the series as near to the value 2 as we please by taking a sufficiently large number of terms. Next frameSeries 1 759 This is not always possible with an infinite series, for in the case of an AP (25) things are very different. Consider the infinite series 1.434547 + This is an AP in which a=1 and d=2. Then Sy = 3 2a-+W—T) = 3 (2401.2) =32+2n-2) Sy =P Of course, in this case, if mis large then the value of S, is very large. In fact, if noo, then Sy — oo, which is not a definite numerical value and therefore of little use to us. This always happens with an AP: if we try to find the ‘sum to infinity’, we always obtain +20 or —co as the result, depending on the actual series. Move on now to Frame 26 In the previous two frames, we made two important points: 26 (a) We cannot evaluate the sum of an infinite number of terms of an AP because the result is always infinite. (b) We can sometimes evaluate the sum of an infinite number of terms of a GP a= 7") since, for such a series, 5 and provided |r| <1, then as 1-00, FO, In that case 5. So, find the ‘sum to infinity’ of the series 20+4 +08 +0-16 +0032 + Ea 2044 08+ 0-16 + 0032+ _ 08 Because, for a=20; 6760 Engineering Mathematics Limiting values Bw In this Programme, we have already seen that we have sometimes to determine the limiting value of S, as 1 ~> co. Before we leave this topic, let us look a little further into the process of finding limiting values. A few examples will suffice. So move on to Frame 29 G3) Bampiet Torn the tntng vate of 2°81 ve canot jst subsite n= nthe expression an simpy theses, Shee lta ona umes and doesnot obey teal as Soe conn wa: Come peeenary a aseaye 7} bin Sena mae S043 _ jy, 543/n_ 540 wt2-7/n 2-0 1m ~ 00, each of these tends to zero, which is a precise value, Let us try another example. Wecan always deal with factions of theform , 50, , ete, because when On to the next frame then Example 2 2n To find the limiting value of > an-3 Fas 1m 00 First of all, we divide top and bottom by the highest power of m which is involved, in this case 1” 2n? + 4n—3_2+4/n—3/n* Sn? Gn 1 5—O/ny 1jnt n+ 4n 3 + 4/n—3/n Lim22£4N=3 5, 244 /n— 3/00 Sn? Ons 1 jee —6/m4 1] 240-0 2 “5-040 5 Example 3 To find Lim z ned pan 4 In this case, the first thing is to Move on to Frame 31Series 1 761 Divide top and bottom by n? GU Right. So we get: m2 1-2/9 Bee 3n—4 24 3p — a Lim rin 2 ESM Finish it off. Then move on to Frame 32 Next frame Convergent and divergent series A series in which the sum (S,) of n terms of the series tends to a definite value, a8 1 — 00, Is called a convergent series. If Sy does not tend to a definite value as 1 — oo, the series is said to be divergent. Leia For example, consider the GP: 144+ 3797277 81 ‘ co) 2 3 1 Asn 00, 3-0 2 LimS, ‘he sum ofm teams ofthis srs ent the definite vale of a5 1-1 cones762 Engineering Mathematics If, tends to a definite value as ~ oo, the series is convergent. If Sy does not tend to a definite value asm —+ oo, the series is divergent. Here is another series. Let us investigate this one. 143494274814 This is also a GP with a= 1 and r=3. art) 11-3") _1-3" I-r cr Of course, when 1 00, 3" — 00 also. Lim S, = 0 (which is not a definite numerical value) So in this case, the series is divergent We can make use of infinite series only when they are convergent and it is necessary, therefore, to have some means of testing whether or not a given series is, in fact, convergent. Of course, we could determine the limiting value of Sy as moo, as we did in the examples a moment ago, and this would tell us directly whether the series In question tended to a definite value (Le. was convergent) or not. ‘That is the fundamental test, but unfortunately, itis not always easy to find a formula for S, and we have therefore to find a test for convergence which uses the terms themselves. Remember the notation for series in general. We shall denote the terms by ty + a +s Fa + So now move on to Frame 36 Test for convergence (BE) test 1. A series cannot be convergent unles its terms ultimately tend to unless Lim u, If Lim uy #0, the series is divergent. ‘This is almost just common sense, for if the sum is to approach some definite value as the value of n increases, the numerical value of the individual terms must diminish,Series 1 763 For example, we have already seen that: 11,14 3*9*27* er while (b) the series 143 +9+27481 +... diverges. (@) the series 1+ converges So what would you say about the series rai, ZesiatSaG Just by looking at it, do you think this series converges or diverges? 1 Most likely you said that the series converges since it was clear that the numerical value of the terms decreases as n increases. If so, | am afraid you ‘were wrong, for we shall show later that, in fact, the series eee eres diverges. 2rgra's 1k was rather a trick question, but be very clear about what the rule states. It “A series cannot be convergent unless its terms ultimately tend to zero, i.e. Lim wy = 0. It does not say that if the terms tend to zero, then the series is convergent. In fact, it is quite possible for the terms to tend to zero without the series converging as in the example stated. In practice, then, we use the rule in the following form: If Limu, = 0, the series may converge or diverge and we must test further. If Limu, #0, we can be sure that the series diverges. Make a note of these two statements Before we leave the series (38) retatylytyl 1 2*3tats here is the proof that, although Lim uy = 0, the s We can, of cours, if we wish, group the terms as follows: Lat stat stetrts }efea}-a Hy 1144 So that Sy >1+3+5+5+35+ does, in fact, diverge. numerical value, so the series is764 Engineering Mathematics ‘The best we can get from Test 1 is that a series may converge. We must therefore apply a further test. Test 2. The comparison test A series of positive terms is convergent if its terms are less than the corresponding terms of a positive series which is known to be convergent. Similarly, the series is divergent if its terms are greater than the corresponding terms of a series which is known to be divergent. ‘A couple of examples will show how we apply this particular test. So move on to the next frame lagtgtdtastys Bip te se wwe can compare it with the series l+gtatate + mia t ates which is known to converge. If we compare corresponding terms after the first two terms, we see that eee BSB RS two terms, the terms of the frst series are each less than the corresponding terms of the series known to converge. 1 3H and so on for all the further terms, so that, after the fitst ‘The first series also, therefore, 41 converges ‘The difficulty with the comparison testis knowing which convergent series to use as a standard. A useful series for this purpose is this one: 14 = Qe gtyt It can be shown that: (a) If p > 1, the series converges (b) if p <1, the series diverges. So what about the series > Does it converge or diverge?Series 1 765 Because the series 7-4 is the series 37 with p > 1 Let us look at another example: Lijit Txataxatixa I we take our standard series 1 a ¥ a when p= 2, we get roajajaiaia watgtatatat: which we know to converge re Ee ren Ma SB Das TxaS HF Each term of the given series is less than the corresponding term in the series known to converge. Therefore ‘The given series converges @&) Itis not always easy to devise a suitable comparison series, so we look for yet another test to apply, and here it is: To test the series Bi ete, Test 3: D'Alembert's ratio test for positive terms Let ty + t+ ty 4 1t4 + --.tly +... be a series of positive terms. Find expressions for uy and u,1, ie. the nth term and the (m+ 1)th term, and form the ratio 4281 Determine the limiting value of this ratio as n ~ 20. if Li <1, de series converges 1 Lim > 1, de series diverges 1 Lim 1, the series may converge or diverge and the n "test gives us no definite information. Copy out D’Alembert’s ratio test into your record book. Then on to Frame 44766 Engineering Mathematics D’Alembert’s ratio test for positive terms: If Lim ME < 1, the series converges If Lim “# > 1, the series diverges If Lim! — 1, the result is inconclusive. aeahe see For example: To test the series b+ 3+ 5474 We first of all decide on the pattern of the terms and hence write down the nth term. In this case uy ‘The (+ 1)th term will then be the same with n replaced by (1 +1) 241 Le. tet tos _2n+1 21 1 N41 Uy 2 2n-1 2'2n-1 We now have to find the limiting value of this ratio as n— oo. From our prevous work on limiting values, we know that the next step, then, is to divide top and bottom by & Divide wp and boom bn sotin = Lin! 2041. ygg] 240M 1 240 1 ety we 2n= 1 gin 2—1]n 2 2+ 2 Because in this case, Lim“ Let us do another one in the same way: Apply D’Alembert’s ratio test to the series < 1, we know that the given series is convergent First of all, we must find an expression for ty, In this series, uySeries 1 767 a (9) mi ‘Then tig i found by simply replacing m by (n+ 1). nti ny n+l n¢1_n42n41 ty me on ON Your = So that" We now have to find Lim“ and in order to do that we must divide top and bottom, in this case, by Ine Afr DRL ppg Lt 2/1 es a a oe ‘s:1— 1, which is inconclusive and merely tells us that the series may be convergent or divergent. So where do we go from there? We have of course, forgotten about Test 1, which states that: (2) if Lim uy = 0, the series may be convergent () if Lim 4, the series is certainly divergent In our present series: ty Him ta = bien = Lim 7 ‘This is not zero. Therefore the series is divergent. Now you do this one entirely on your own: 1 ies 2 4 Test the series 5+ 5 When you have finished, check your result with that in Frame 48768 Engineering Mathematics (GB) eres the sotution in eta see if you agre with it 12,2 2 2 atehy eto ty = pes = "gen "Sen ar 44n ty Sen DE ‘The power 2”~' cancels with the power 2” to leave a single factor 2. im2G+) _ jy 2(4/n +1) _ 2(0 +1) ron StH nay Sati — OFT And since the limiting value Is >1, we know the series is Next frame Series in general convergence |. Absolute So far we have considered series with positive terms only. Some series consist of alternate positive and negative terms. jest 2 i a For example, the series 1-545 ~ 3+... is in fact convergent 11,1 " while the series 1+5-+3+3+... is divergent. If u, denotes the nth term of a series in general, it may well be positive or negative. But |u|, oF ‘mod uy’ denotes the numerical value of up, so that if uy +up +s +14-+... iS a series of mixed terms, Le. some positive, some negative, then the series |u| + || + us| + [us| +... Will be a series of positive terms.Series 1 769 Lil = 1434547494 @& Note: Ifa series > uy is convergent, then the series S> |u| may very well not be convergent, as in the example stated in the previous frame, But if > tl is found to be convergent, we can be sure that $1, is convergent. If F |u| converges, the series > is said to be absolutely convergent. If S|uy| is not convergent, but uy does converge, then SD up is said to be conditionally convergent. aaa So, if Du = 1-545 F+ 2... converges feeeed and SO in| = 1454545 +5 +... dlverges then Jot is coo sesseeeeess Convergent (absolutely or conditionally) conditionally @ As an example, find the range of values of x for which the following series is absolutely convergent: x x xe at = DxS 3x ANS SxS OK Wal = 5 eet] = um (n+ 1)" me aS tle 2| Esti (n+1)s" ty | WEST an+1)_ x1 +1/m) Sn 2) ~ 5(1+2/n) elo as For absolute convergence Lim [M#*!) <1 Series convergent when wate | Hn | <1, ie. for |x| <5 You have now reached the end of this Programme, except for the Can You? checklist and the Test exercise which follow. Before you work through them, here is a summary of the topics we have covered. Read through it carefully: it will refresh your memory on what we have been doing. (On to Frame 53770 Engineering Mathematics 1. Arithmetic series: a-+ (a+ d) + (a+ 2d) + (a +3d) +.. ty=a4(n— 1d S,=3(2a+H—Ta) 2 Geometric series: a+ ar+ar® + ar¥ + a=?) ty = ar" $, If i <1, Se 3 Powers of natural numbers dian mee SrameeD Sp ame oD {ameny? 4 Infinite series: Sp = ty + ty + ty + ty +e + ty + If Lim Sy is a definite value, series is convergent If Lim, is not a definite value, serles is divergent. 5 Tests for convergence (1) If Limu, =0, the series may be convergent If Lim uy #0 the series is certainly divergent. (2) Comparison test — Useful standard series eee a tat yet wt te For p > 1, series converges: for p< (3) D'Alembert’s ratio test for positive terms series diverges. 1 Lim 2 1, sees converges ut Lim #2 1, sexes verges if Lim oe = 1, inconclusive, (4) For general series (@) If J hua| converges, J uy Is absolutely convergent. (b) If J ltl diverges, but > y converges, then Now you are ready for the Cam You? checklist and the Test exercise. isis conditionally convergent. So move on to Frame S4Series 1 77 % Can You? Checklist 13 54 Check this list before and after you try the end of Programme test. On a scale of 1 to 5 how confident are you that you can: Frames, ‘ Manipulate arithmetic and geometric series? @-a Yes o a ] Oo No # Manipulate series of powers of the natural numbers? aw Res ed el eal ee ol en ol esl IN) # Determine the limiting values of arithmetic and geometric series? @-e Yes [ No # Determine the limiting values of simple indeterminate forms? io) ese l=] eel eee] esl res ‘© Apply various convergence tests to infinite series? S-wa Ys O 0 1 O No « Distinguish between absolute and conditional convergence? (0) Yes Oo ] No & Test exercise 13 ‘Take your time and work carefully. 1 The 3rd term of an AP is 34 and the 17th term is 8. Find the sum of the 3 first 20 terms 2 Forthe series 1+ 12+ 1-44 +.. find the 6th term and the sum of the first 10 terms, 3 Evaluate772 Engineering Mathematics 4 Determine whether each of the following series is convergent: 2,2 ,2 2 © patna xs *3x6* Oe ale seo ae ) Btgt tat (© uy) = Le @ m=4 5 Find the range of values of x for which each of the following series is convergent or divergent: (@) 1+x4 oT 2t2x3 3x4 axs ey Feed, c & Further problems 13 (GE aw 1 ine the sum of terms of the series e KO} s,=12 +345? +... 20-1)? 2. Find the sum to 7 terms of ese pales i23*234 34856 Sum to 1 terms, the series 135424643574 4 Evaluate the following: Yrrs3) ob) Wersay? a a 5 Find the sum to infinity of the series WO 14446 +H aes find an expression for 5», the sum of the first n terms, Also if the series converges, find the sum to infinity.Series 7 BR’ 10 12 773 Find the limiting values of: x2 +5x-4 Sx? x47 w+ Sx—4 ©) pea aeeT Be Determine whether each of the following series converges or diverges: Son Sn @ ars © Dart el a 1 OV © Lar TH at fa) Find the range of values of x for which the series AP yy 27 128 (n+1)* is absolutely convergent. Show that the series x 8, # Mata taxa t is absolutely convergent when —1 Show that the following series is convergent: 2+ Prove that Is divergent and that Vij yet get get get -- Is convergent774 Engineering Mathematics 16 Determine whether each of the following series is convergent or divergent: een 1430? @ Lamy | © Lae son ee 3n-+1 © 2vmesT or @ ar =a Bi 17 Show that the series is convergent if -S (x-2)" 7 aetaespe <0 aimee 20. itu, =r(2r+1) +2, find the value of 1,