Relative clauses give us more information about the subject or the object of a sentence. They are introduced with relative pronouns. aE Re Be ae a ae for people That’ the man whois my father's business paren. Iie er thnereag acinus | he aundry which sin the basket has to go into the ashing machine i‘ es hha “Tor people animals and things in defining | The woman tha met nas Pobes orandmather 7 reatve dawses only Phoebe’ grandmother thet lives with her fahvoys erticiangrher The keys that lost were not mine! ‘Your keys; that yot-fest-were-in-the hall. X * after superiative forms Vasso is the most horrible person that J'e ever met! * after words such as something, anything, Is there anything that you need? none, all, etc whom for people #5 the object of a verb (formal) The woman whom you saw is my aunt + after prepositions The man to whom you spoke is the manager. whose to show possession That's the boy whose mother gossips about everybody. be for places This is the church where my parents got married. for reasons Joe's bad temper is the reason why he fell out with his best friend, when for times 2012 was the year when they adopted Katie. * A defining relative clause gives us important information which we need in order to understand the meaning of the main Clause. We do not use commas to separate a defining relative clause from the main clause The person who | admire most is my grandmother, (The sentence would not make sense without who admire most.) In defining relative clauses, we often omit the relative pronoun when itis the object ofthe relative clause. Compare: The excuse was ridiculous, Glenda made the excuse. (In the Second sentence, the excuse is the object ) The excuse which/that Glenda made was ridiculous. The excuse Glenda made was ridiculous. A nondefining relative clause gives us extra information which we do not need in order to understand the meaning of the main clause. We must use commas to separate a non-defining relative clause from the main clause My brother, who grumbies a lot about doing his chores, is really lazy. We cannot use that in a non-defining relative clause and we cannet omit the relative pronoun. * Prepositions in relative clauses usually come at the end of the relative clause. They can also come before the relative Pronoun, but this makes the sentence sound very formal The song which | am listening to was a big hit last yeer. The song to which I am listening was a big hit last year. (very formal) * We cannot use a preposition before who or that. We can use one before whom, but only in formal sentences. When the Preposition is before the relative pronoun, we cannot omit the relative pronoun even ifit is the object of the relative clause. The woman whorthat 1 was introduced to was Jason's step-mother, The woman to whom | was introduced was Jason's step-mother. (very formal)ve ter. the et! 3in the Do the sentences include defining or non-defining relative clauses? Write D for defining and ND for non-defining, 1 My grandparents, who are 85, go walking every day. 2. Barty, who is a football coach, travels all over the country for his work. 3 I'm going to wear those jeans that | bought in the sales. The Harry Potter books, which were written by JK Rowling were a huge success. My cat, which has only three legs, can walk and run, The woman who called didn't leave her number The restaurant that she chose for the party was very expensive, The path which we took went in completely the wrong direction! Join the sentences. Use defining relative clauses. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 1A blended family isa family. It includes children from previous marriages. 2 What do you calla family? It has only one parent. 3. That's the woman. Her step-mother is called Megan. 4 He's the pupil. He runs errands for the head teacher. 5 That's the room, We do the laundry there 6 Who was the colleague? You went on a business trip with him. 7 | gave her some advice. She didn't follow it 8 That was the day. | fell out with my boyfriend. Cross out the relative pronoun where it is not necessary. These are the gloves which | use for washing the dishes. Is this the key that opens the back door? | talked to a woman who needed advice about her step:children. My brother, who got the best results in his school, went to university Where is the sports centre which you told me about? Jenny, who I don't like very much, is often in trouble, She did something which was really generous. {can't find the piece of paper where I wrote her number. eyoMnune UNIT1 94 Rewrite the sentences putting the preposition in the correct place. correct answer. 1 Is that the girl who you arrived? with 2 I's a group which many of my friends belong, to 3. She liked the women that she worked. with 5 It was the park which the children preferred to play. at 6 Doyou know who I'm talking? about Circle the correct words. The day which I spent / which 1 th you was the best day of my life 2. That's the place where / which | found the puppies. 3 The girl who / whose teacher shouted at her told her parents what had happened. 4 We're looking for a teacher s 6 7 aks French and German, Is this the hotel where / which you stayed at? My new laptop, that / which was very expensive, has stopped working already. The man who wrote / who he wrote the book is a child psychiatrist he ‘Sometimes there is more than onVocabulary Review Choose the correct answers. 1 [live in family ~ there's me, my mum, my step-dad and my stepsister. a an adoptive b ablended ¢ atraditional dan extended x ‘m___ and tired of your constant grumbling! sick i fed up 3 _Let's__ the problem and try to find a solution, accuse b advise argue discuss 4 — Myparents are angry because | got such bad marks ~ 1 feel so__! a miserable b cheerful proud respectful 5 What do you mean you haven't got time to revise for your history exam? —_ time! Take b- Make © Do d Give 6 | always ry bed before | go to school in the morning. 2 lay b take © set make 7 Tm-rying because |__ with my best friend and now she's not speaking to me. a. fell out b_ went out © broke out 4 came out 8 She lives with her adoptive family and doesn't know who her __ mother is. a. biological b_ biology © biologist 4. biologically 9 1m going out for a meal with my __ from work a. classmates colleagues © relatives strangers, 10 Who does the most household in your house? a jobs b chores © work d_ exercises u 2 13 14 15 16 v 18 20 ‘Art and theatre studies are __. You don't have to take those classes if you don't want to. a opt option © optional options Will you a hand with the cleaning? a take b lend © do d_ borrow How well do you with your step-mother? * get along b goout © dowith have fun Carol finds it difficult growing up in she misses her dad a lot. a. aremarried ba traditional © an adoptive da single-parent _ family because She was very __ when I spoke to her on the phone, so I think she regrets shouting at me. a apologise b apology ¢ apologetic d_ apologetically Mrs Smith __ the teacher for being too strict with the children, argued b praised © advised d criticised {believe that every member of the family should do their share of the housework. right b full ¢ total 4 fair We usually get together with all our at Christmas time. | especially love seeing my cousins. a relatives b peers classmates partners Dad's __ the washing-up. a. doing b cleaning making having | feel so because nobody will help me. a. cheerful b ashamed ¢ frustrated guilty UNITImmar Review ' Choose the correct answers, 1 What time __ dark in December? a isit getting b does it get c itgets doit get 2 The sports club is closed —_. but will re-open in two months. a these days b nowadays cat present d_ once a week 3 ‘Have you seen Tina and Chris recently? ‘Yes, and did you know they __ moving abroad?’ a think to bare thinking of © think dare thinking to 4 ‘How often does the baby wake up __ night? “Not very often! a at bin © on d for 5 The new house __ wants to buy is really expensive, a which she b where she © which that 6 You __ better marks in your tests this term — well done! a are getting b get © can get d doget 7 Sarah lovely in her new dress. looks is looking © is look looking 8 Is this the CD __ they were listening? a that to b to whom © which d_ to which 9 Sasha's family with relatives until their house is built, a are staying b have stayed © stay d. stayed 10 Schoo! starts at eight o'clock _ Monday morning. a at b in © on d the 12 13 4 15 16 "7 18 19 20 You _. Why can't you try and be more cheerful? a. always grumbling b are grumbling always © grumble always dare always grumbling At the beginning of the film, Mel Gibson's character — his wife and family, a leave b is teaving leaves will leave |__ to my ballet class tomorrow ~ it’s beén cancelled. a. don't go b_ amnot going © n0go don't going Leigh is a very early riser ~ she at five o'clock in the morning! often is getting up gets up often is often getting up often gets up aoge this programme or can | turn the TV off? Ifyou watch You watch Do you watch Are you watching any pets at home?’ ‘No, but my aunt has a dog’ a Do you have b Are you have You have Are you having “What at?" “Those birds flying across the lake a. you look bdo you looking © do you look dare you looking ‘The hotel __ they held their wedding had a beautiful garden. a atthere b which © at where dat which The restaurant __ met was fantastic a that we b we © which we where we The bus __ at nine o'clock every morning a leaves b leaving © does leave 4 isn't leavingalle. Use Your English 1 Read the text and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. ©o ology The colours that '__ us ~ in our homes, school or workplace ~ undoubtedly affect our mood and the way we feel. There is a cycle of changing colours, 2 __affects our mind and body through the different stages of life. This is reflected in our changing colour preferences as we? __ older. Bright, primary colours such as red and yellow can make babies and very young children feel restless and *__ and can even cause them to have difficulty sleeping. As children grow, their individual taste in colour will develop, Teenagers are at a crucial time of change in their tives and can use colour and style to {graphics means that their tastes > _ more and more sophisticated. Today's young people are more open to experimenting w previous generations * influences and choices were more limited. sert their individuality. Modern day teens’ exposure to computer colour than adolescents in Itis important that teens are given a choice as to how they decorate their room. They can become” parents insist on choosing a ‘conservative’ or boring colour scheme, Parents and teens should ° colours and styles and make their decisions together. ‘and miserable ifthe 1A surround B surrounds © surrounded Dare surrounding 2 A who B whose that D where 3 A are growing B togrow growing D grow 4 A miserable B cheerful © ashamed D proud 5 A become B became © don't become D are becoming 6 A who B_ whose © whom D_ to whom 7 A. respectful B frustrated apologetic D_ personal 8 A discuss B argue C criticise D grumble 2 Read the text and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE word in each gap. Living with anew stepfather or stepmather can be dificult and upseting at st 1 What should you call him/her? What about rules? + You really have to listen to your step-parent? After all — he or she 2 not your real mum or dad. The best thing is to a all these questions with your family, You might want to talk to your parent alone, or ask all the family for their opinion, What happens if you don’t get * with your step-parent? ASk yourself ~isit really him or her you do 5 __ like? Could it be that actually your step-mother is quite a nice person, but you hate the fact that she *_ taking away your dad's attention? You might want to Scream, | hate you’ or You” ruining my tfer but this Won't help to resolve the situation! If something is upsetting you, it's a good idea to have a family meeting to talk about the problem. But if this doesn't work either, you and your parents might want to go to a family therapist. Sometimes a person Useful advice is outside the family can see more clearly and offer 1314 3 Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. Doyouhave'_____clothes lying all over the floor? Are ‘SMELL there? cups and plates under your bed? Then it's FILTH time to clean up! In? _— families, Mum always washed TRADITION the dirty dishes, ironed everyone's clothes and cleaned the te furniture, but today things are different and bust teens are expected to tidy up their own mess! There is some good news, though. You will find that if your room is clean and tidy, you will feel much more §__ CHEER and energetic. Instead of wasting time worrying about the state of your room, you will be able to concentrate on your homework 5 oF your free time activities. And most importantly, you won't, feelf__________ whenever your mum walks past the cult door or? when your friends come round to visit! SHAME So... get cleaning and be® of your room! PRIDE 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words. 1 My brother never does anything to help around the house. FINGER My brother — to help around the house, 2. Caroline pians to visit her grandmother next weekend, Is Caroline —_______ her grandmother next weekend, 3. |Is this the photo they were talking about? WHICH 's this the photo it talking? 4 I'm fed up with your constant grumbling! sick tm — your constant grumbling! 5 Mrs Carter said that | had cheated in the test ACCUSED Mrs Carter __ in the test. 6 Your behaviour is really immature today. ARE You ___ really immature today.