Professional Documents
Culture Documents
EISENHOWER LIBRARY
ABILENE, KANSAS
The papers of Gerard C. Smith were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by his son John
Thomas Smith II in 1995 and 1996.
An instrument of gift for these papers was signed by John Thomas Smith II in December 1996.
Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Gerard C. Smith in this collection and in all other
collections of papers received by the United States are retained by John Thomas Smith II until
his death, and thereafter pass to the public. Under terms of the instrument of gift the following
classes of documents are withheld from research use:
2. Papers which are required to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or
foreign policy and are properly classified.
SERIES DESCRIPTION
Gerard Smith’s routine social correspondence with his family, friends and the
general public. Arranged in two subseries, one chronological and one
alphabetical.
Incoming and outgoing social correspondence for the period 1951-65 and 1967-
Feb. 1968. Electrostatic copies of outgoing letters for the period 1985-87 and
1989-90.
Correspondence and reports on organizations and subjects with which Smith was
involved. Also includes condolence letters received by Smith’s family after his
death. Most of the material is dated 1981-93.
Gerard Coad Smith, diplomat and expert on atomic energy, disarmament and non-proliferation
matters, was born in 1914 in New York City. His father, John Thomas Smith, was a lawyer who
served as general counsel of General Motors Corporation for many years. Gerard Smith attended
Yale Law School and became a practicing attorney in New York City. During World War II he
served as a procurement officer for the Department of the Navy in Washington, DC. In 1950 he
returned to government service as a special assistant to Thomas E. Murray, a member of the
Atomic Energy Commission. Smith became an expert in the international aspects of the use of
nuclear energy and helped brief the members of the AEC on President Eisenhower’s Atoms for
Peace proposal in 1953.
In 1954 Smith transferred to the Department of State and became a special assistant for atomic
energy matters to Secretary of State John Foster Dulles. He continued to work on the
international aspects of atomic energy and followed the disarmament negotiations between the
U.S. and the Soviet Union which were being handled by Harold Stassen.
In 1957 Smith was promoted to Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning, and became
director of the policy planning staff. In this position he was responsible for developing policy on
a wide range of international matters, much of which related to sensitive areas of east-west
relations such as Berlin.
Smith returned to private life in 1961. He served as a consultant to a number of organizations and
started his own magazine, Interplay, which promoted an internationalist viewpoint. During the
Kennedy and Johnson administrations he also served as a special consultant to the Department of
State on the Multilateral Force (MLF), an unsuccessful proposal to develop a military force in
Western Europe.
At the start of the Nixon administration Smith was appointed director of the Arms Control and
Disarmament Agency (ACDA). He led the U.S. negotiating team during the Strategic Arms
Limitation Talks (SALT) with the Soviet Union which resulted in the Antiballistic Missile
(ABM) Treaty of 1972.
In 1973, following completion of the treaty, Smith again resigned from the government. David
Rockefeller recruited him to help develop the Trilateral Commission, an organization which
encouraged Japanese businessmen to become more active in American and European affairs.
Smith served as chairman of the North American delegation to the Commission. In this position
he became acquainted with Jimmy Carter, the governor of Georgia, who was also active in the
Commission.
In 1977, after Carter became president, he invited Smith to serve as a special presidential
representative for non-proliferation matters. Smith traveled to a number of underdeveloped
countries, including India, Pakistan, Brazil and South Africa, in an effort to discourage the
countries from developing nuclear weapons. He also worked with the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) to insure that spent nuclear fuel was not diverted to weapons.
Smith resigned from the government for the last time in 1980. He organized a private consulting
firm, the Consultants International Group, which specialized in advising companies on
international investments. He also retained an interest in disarmament and was active in
educational and lobbying organizations such as the Arms Control Association and the
Washington Council on Non-Proliferation. He strongly opposed President Reagan’s proposed
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI; popularly known as “Star Wars”) which he felt violated the
1972 ABM Treaty.
Starting in 1991 Smith began to compile his memoirs. He dictated anecdotes covering various
aspects of his government career, and obtained declassified documents from a number of
archives. He was assisted by two historians, Allen Greb and Robert Wampler, who were
specialists in international nuclear studies. Smith died in 1994 before completing his memoirs.
After his death his son gathered together the files Smith had collected and donated them to the
Eisenhower Library.
Smith’s papers are very fragmentary and do not provide a complete account of his career. There
are no files from his early life or his service in World War II. Most of the material dates from the
1980s and pertains to his opposition to the policies of the Reagan administration. Smith appears
to have left all of his diplomatic files at the State Department. A list of his files at the State
Department is in box 30 under the heading “Smith Papers at State Department.” A few files
relating to his service as Assistant Secretary of State (1957-1961) are in the Gerard Smith Series
of the John Foster Dulles papers.
The collection has been divided into seven series. The first series consists of Smith’s general
correspondence files. The correspondence is largely social in nature and contains a number of
gaps. There is very little material from the 1950s and nothing from the 1970s and early 1980s.
The second series is a subject file containing information on various organizations and subjects
in which Smith was interested. Most of the material is from the 1980s and early 1990s. However,
there are a few significant files from earlier years. These include information on his work as
ACDA director, a file of important correspondence relating to the MLF proposal, and files on his
foreign trips during the Carter administration.
The third series consists of copies of Smith’s speeches, Congressional testimony and newspaper
and magazine articles, arranged in chronological order. The fourth series contains reference
material such as Congressional publications, newspaper clippings and magazine articles, which
Smith collected. Most of the material is from the 1980s and pertains to his opposition to the
Strategic Defense Initiative.
The fifth series contains material on Smith’s memoirs, published posthumously as Disarming
Diplomat: The Memoirs of Ambassador Gerard C. Smith, Arms Control Negotiator, including
drafts of portions of the book, copies of newspaper articles and declassified documents, and
dictated anecdotes by Smith regarding his government career.
The sixth series consists of a special file of memos Smith sent to his aides while serving as
President Carter’s special representative for non-proliferation matters. The memos cover a wide
range of nuclear-related foreign policy issues.
The seventh series consists of Smith’s personal diaries and loose-leaf notebooks. Smith kept
diaries for most of his career but very few bound diary volumes were found among his papers.
Most of the series consists of pages from a number of loose-leaf notebooks. Many of the pages
were arranged chronologically and were apparently used as a type of diary, in addition to the
bound volumes. The entries on the loose pages cover a wide range of subjects of interest to
Smith. He often used the notebooks to record ideas for articles and speeches on which he was
working. He frequently described his meetings, his social activities, his health problems, his
vacations, books he was reading, news articles he had seen in the newspapers, and the weather.
Many of the entries are very cryptic. Smith often referred to specific persons by their initials and
developed his own form of shorthand which makes many of the entries difficult to understand.
For example, the letters “CT” used in conjunction with a meal or a party usually means
“cocktails.” The Greek letter delta usually means “defense.” Most of the loose pages were found
to be in chronological order. A few notebooks pertaining to specific subjects were filed after the
chronological pages at the end of the series.
CONTAINER LIST
1 Series I: Correspondence
Correspondence – Personal 1961 (1)-(5) [Rev. Alban Boultwood and St. Anselm’s
Abbey; New Hall at Cambridge University; Lord Edwin Plowden; educational radio
in Latin America; Berlin]
Correspondence – Personal 1962 (1)-(6) [to Joyce Reinert re work of policy planning
staff; Cong. Charles Mathias re State Dept personnel]
Chronological File 1985 (1)-(7) [SDI; Greenpeace; interpretation of IBM treaty; Sept
18 meeting with Arbatov of USSR re arms control; 1970 MIRV proposals]
Chronological File 1987 (1)-(4) [comments on John Barker article re SALT and ABM
treaty]
E – Miscellaneous
G – Miscellaneous
1986 Correspondence A [Gen. Royal Allison re ABM Treaty and SDI; to Les Aspen
re SDI and arms control]
1986 Correspondence C (1) (2) [Abram Chayes and John Rhinelander re ABM treaty;
Albert Christopher re humorous incidents at ACDA]
1986 Correspondence E
1986 Correspondence F
1986 Correspondence G (1)-(6) [Edward Greenberg manuscript re arms control;
Lisbeth Gronlund re boycott of SDI funds]
1986 Correspondence H
1986 Correspondence I, J
1986 Correspondence K
1986 Correspondence O
1986 Correspondence P, Q
G (1) (2)
I-J
K (1)-(4) [Spurgeon Keeny re IAEA work in Iraq; George Kennan; Max Kohnstamm
re Germany; Penne Korth re Mauritius]
14 L (1)-(3) [Admiral J.M. “Squidge” Lee re Paul Nitze and MLF; Sally Lilienthal of
Ploughshares Fund; interview with Joseph Lyou re SALT talks, Henry Kissinger]
M (1)-(6) [to Charles Mathias re British views on U.S. forces in Europe; Kinnaird
McKee re Canada; Priscilla McMillan re Thomas Murray; Robert McNamara]
N (1) (2) [Paul Nitze; Nuclear Control Institute re plutonium purification plant; Sam
Nunn]
P (1)
S (1)-(8) [J. Robert Schaetzel; Brent Scowcroft; Sargent Shriver; Smith family]
16 T (1) (2) [Senator Carl Levin re John Tower’s nomination as Secretary of Defense]
U, V
W (1)-(3)
X, Y, Z [Solly Zuckerman]
Series II: Subject File
ACDA – Miscellaneous Material (1)-(3) [1991 and 1993 studies re future of ACDA;
memorabilia; clippings]
18 Alfalfa Club
Barge Trip
Beyond War
Biographical Data
Books on Tape
Calendar 1970
Dictation 1986-87 (1)-(5) [arms control matters; SDI; fundraising for Dulles project;
anecdotes re John Foster Dulles; Israel; death of Bernice Smith]
Directors’ Forum
Dulles Oral History (1) (2) [1965 interview of Smith by Princeton University]
Dulles Project 1987 (1) (2) [fund raising for endowed program at Princeton]
26 General Advisory Committee Report (1) (2) [USSR compliance with arms control
commitments; anti-satellite arms control]
Interviews (1)-(4)
Kennedy Center
Knights of Malta
Limousine Service
Metropolitan Club
Miller, G. William
National Academy of Sciences [1988 meeting with Soviet scientists re arms control]
Pakistan
Photographs
30 SALT Agreements (1) (2) [clippings and congratulatory letters re ABM treaty, May
1972]
Smithsonian Institution
Sulgrave Club
Book Review, Interplay, May 1968 [comments on biography of John Foster Dulles]
Senate Governmental Affairs Cmte June 24, 1981 (1)-(4) [nuclear reactors; France;
Iran; Iraq]
House Interior and Insular Affairs Cmte 10/1/81 [plutonium from reactors]
35 NY Times 12/18/83
Senate Armed Services Cmte 4/24/84 (1) (2) [space-based missile defense]
Star Wars Article, Foreign Affairs Dec. 1984 (1)-(4) [anti-SDI article by Smith,
McGeorge Bundy, George Kennan and Robert McNamara]
NY Times 5/13/85
AAAS Speech, Los Angeles May 28, 1985
NY Times 10/10/85
NY Times 6/17/86
House Armed Services Cmte Defense Policy Panel 12/3/86 (1) (2) [Iceland summit
meeting]
House Foreign Affairs Committee 1/29/87 (1) (2) [Iceland summit meeting]
Philip Farley Day, Stanford University April 10, 1987 [Atoms for Peace; problem of
political involvement in technical negotiations]
Merchants of Death
Nitze Memoir
Kidder, Peabody
MIRV History
National Academy of Sciences May 1989 Meeting (1) (2) [meeting with Soviet
scientists re arms control]
Series V: Memoirs
Book Notes (1)-(5) [random comments on various aspects of Smith’s career; Carter
administration; IAEA; Brazil; South Africa; MLF; Paul Nitze and SDI; anecdotes re
work as S/AE, S/P and at ACDA]
50 Book Notes (6)-(13) [Admiral Rickover; SALT talks; work as S/P; Carter
administration; Trilateral Commission; news leaks; S/AE; Lewis Strauss-Thomas
Murray arguments; MLF; Cuban missile crisis; ACDA; John Foster Dulles; ABM
treaty reinterpretation; Henry Kissinger interference in SALT talks]
Book Notes – Vignettes [notes re John Foster Dulles; S/P work; SALT talks; Carter
administration; MLF; hot line; Admiral Rickover]
Computer Files (1)-(4) [printout of files found on computer disk in Smith papers;
these are drafts of material in the “Book Notes” and “Dictation” folders]
52 Miscellaneous Documents
New York Times Chronology 1957-68 [copies of articles which mention Smith]
Forward
Chapter 2 S/AE Notes (1) (2) [includes notes for proposed chapter 1 re Smith’s work
for AEC]
54 Chapter 3 Policy Planning Documents (1)-(3)
Diary 1953 [work for AEC; Harry Truman; DDE inauguration; Bernard Shanley; July
3 – Lewis Strauss as AEC chairman]
Diary 1955 [Feb 16-19 – trip to Venezuela; Aug 5-22 – atomic energy negotiations in
France; IAEA]
Diary 1960 [July 25 – DDE at NSC meeting; Sept 17-18 – Khrushchev at UN; Nov 8
– election of Kennedy; Nov 17 – DDE at NSC meeting; Dec 5 – Richard Nixon re
politics]
Loose Items from 1960 Diary [trips to Iran, Turkey, Greece; May - Paris summit]
57 Diary 1966
Diary 1985 [Jan. – lobbying against SDI; May 9 – President Carter’s 1977 offer to
appoint Smith ambassador to USSR]
1954
1962 [trips to Europe for NATO meetings; Aug – vacation in New England]
1963 (1) (2) [notes for book re non-proliferation; May – meetings in Canada re MLF]
1964 [Jan 14 – meeting with DDE in California; Mar – Caribbean cruise; Sept. 18 –
ride on nuclear sub]
1965 (1) (2) [lists of things done in 1965; notes for article re western alliance;
May 14 – meeting re France and NATO; notes re Atlantic community and non-
proliferation]
1971 [notes re Henry Kissinger and Richard Nixon; Apr 12 – visit to Cork, Ireland;
social life in Vienna]
1975
59 1977 [job offers by Jimmy Carter; non-proliferation work; INFCE; Canada; France;
Germany; Japan; Brazil; Argentina]
1980 (1) (2) [non-proliferation; Afghanistan; INFCE; Iran hostage crisis; Apr 27-29 –
Cyrus Vance resignation]
1981 (1) (2) [starting Consultants International Group; May 21-29 – trip to Red
China; Dec 29 – Trilateral Commission meeting re arms control]
1982 (1)-(4) [Trilateral Commission studies on arms control; notes for speeches re
non-proliferation, ratification of treaties]
60 1983 (1)-(4) [Jan - notes for speech re arms control negotiations; Feb - Trilateral
Commission meeting re no first use of nuclear weapons; May - Scowcroft report re
missiles, Catholic bishops letter re nuclear weapons; Dec - start of campaign to save
ABM treaty]
1984 (1)-(5) [Reagan SDI program; May 9 - talk by Soviet official at Brookings; Nov
21 - State Dept views on Star Wars; notes for speeches re arms control]
1986 (1)-(4) [SDI; Mrs. Smith’s cancer; Nov 4 – Paul Nitze re U.S.-USSR
negotiations; notes for speeches]
1987 (1)-(4) [Feb 6 – funeral of Mrs Smith; notes for speeches and articles re SDI]
1989 (1)-(3) [Jan – Pacific cruise; Feb 27-Mar 1 – meeting at Brookings re foreign
policy; April – trip to Europe for Trilateral Commission meeting]
1991 (1) (2) [health problems; Nov 9-10 – death of brother Geoffrey Smith]
1992-93
Material for Doubletalk (1) (2) [notes re SALT talks, 1969-72, collected by Smith in
late 1970s while writing book]
Notes re Reading