Language focus Linking devices Linkers are used in various ways to make links between sentences, or parts of a sentence, 1 Read about Rusty Schweickart, the astronaut who took Write the highlighted words and phrases in the table of li the famous photo of the Earth. inking devices below. Which linking devices in the table are usually found in more formal written English? Shots of Earth an thi Bed eee reece De eens aw the Earth hanging in spa struck {Bf he immediately captured it on camer, Pec Eee aos reer es imac ee ae Time Addition Contrast assoonas as wellas (even) though after/before _inaddlition to whereas untill furthermore while ‘once what's more nevertheless bythetime too despite/in spite of meanwhile (but)... yet inthe end allthe same while 2 Answer the questions 1 What does while mean in each of these sentences? Which use can be replaced with w/ a Jack likes to read the newspaper while practises the piano. Jack likes to read newspapers, while Elaine prefers Elaine »mplete each of the sentences. People who live in London often cycle to work, even though People who live in London often cycle to work, whereas 102. Unit 12 Turing points Reason Purpose Condition owing to Py sothat it because of therefore so unless 3 asaresult _soasto solaslong as — thus otherwise rovided that seeing as Ee supposing 3. In which three positions in the sentence can however be used? Where are commas necessary The airline refused to refund my fare. (1) they (2) have (3) offered (4) me (5) £100 (6 In which sentence can both However and Nevertheles be used? Which one can only be used in the other sentence? Why? Jason promised to be more punctual. hes arrived late twice this week. I really wanted to be at work early today. the bus was late and I didnt get here till 9.30. Which linker, in case or if, can complete the sentence? It’shot now, but Il put my heavy coat on it gets cold3 What happens when a social movement or trend reaches its 5 Link or rewrite the sentences in two or three tipping point? Quickly read the text about the book of that name. different ways, using the words in italis. Why are social trends similar to medical epidemics? 1 meanwhile while Sometimes one, two, oral We'd been waiting for Rob in room 4. He'd been sitting in a different room! Weld been waiting for Rob in room 4. 4. Choose the correct linkers in the text three of the options are possible. Malcolm Gladwell wrote the Tipping fet ‘Point 's0 as tofin order to/to explain held been sitting in a different room! the wy soa tens oon tak of *to.seluses/using Hush Puppies shoes 2 ‘having after as his first example. Before/As soon as/ 1 saw the film and enjoyed it, so I decided to ‘Until their comeback in the late 90s, Hush read the book. Pappiestad been a dying brand, ‘owing 3 [iterees homever though to/due to/since the fact that they were seen as old-fashioned. *While/As soon as/After ‘afew young ‘hipsters’ began wearing them ‘Tony's very fussy about hotels. I don't mind as long as the bed’ comfortable. aby in the cubs of Manhattan in 1995° though 4 Ent TipPING POINT | howeveriyet, the fashion began to spread. Celebrities often wear sunglasses in public. " Once/ By thetime/ When fashion designers They don't want people to recognize them ioe tonMpenes cox | started wearing them in addition/too/ 5 since seeingas cee We should go to that museum. Its free. Mancom ‘ofthe most popular fashion icons ofthe 6 Ei cticwee Grapwett decade. This rapid turnaround in fortunes Refunds will only be made on production of ‘occurred "even though/in spite of! while a receipt. the Hush Puppies company itselfhad 7 eventhough despite yet enn ae a ve been on a strict diet for three weeks. Gladwell compares such social trends to medical epidemics. 1 still haven't lost much weight. " Despite/Although/ Whereas they may begin with only a few people 8 incase as being infected, “provided that/ifso long as these individuals are Places should be booked eatly. The event may influential and well connected, the trend will slowly geow by the be very popular. ‘time/untijwhen the tipping point’is reached, at "that/what/which 9 (peetiaes SANIT isiaine aint the rate of spread accelerates enormously. ts a He was penniless and starving, but he shouldn't have stolen the food. 10 asaresult therefore ‘The motorway is closed. There has been an accident. ‘The Tipping Point made interesting reading for marketing executives, "since/seeing as/as it showed that '“however|whereas/while widespread publicity may be achieved by expensive advertising campaigns, similar levels of exposure can be gained for farless " because/due to/ ‘as a result of word-of-mouth marketing," What's more,/As well Furthermore, the advent of social ‘media has greatly increased the role of viral marketing in starting social trends. 6 Complete the sentences in your own words. 1 As well as studying English, I Once this course is over, Iknow you'r a good driver. All the same, Tm nervous about the exam, even though Seeing as there are lots of sales on, .. You can leave work early provided that. Larrived on time in spite of. By the time you wake up tomorrow, .. (GHB Listen and check/compare. (GEE Listen and check/compare. ‘Writing pt23 Connecting ideas ~ Writing a biography Unit 12+ Tuning points OX