12> + stion and the First Law of 3; dynamics 4100 Acertain fi 410 bar is contained being 005: — Zalculate the work do: stunder behind a piston, the inital volume by the fuid when i expands reversibly: {i} at cor re to a final volume of 0.2 m*. (ii) accor lincarlaw toa final volume of 0.2 mand a final pressure of 2 bar; (ii) acco: toa law p= constant 19 a final volume of 0.1 m?: i toa las pe? = constant tea fina! volume of 0.06 nr toa law. pe (4 b21-18 F), 10 2 fina: volume of 0.1 m? and a final of i bar. where ol ang B are cc Sketch: agesses on af Selution 1 work input = 10<109x(0.05 - 0.2) = > 150 020 4 m Work output = + 150 000 N m ti) Work input = 10%{(2x0.15) + = - 90 000Nm e Work output = + 99 000 Nm Siii) Work input = 10%710x0.0Sx1n(0.05/0.1) = - 34 700 Nm ie Work output = + 34 700 Nm Work input = 1LoxoSx(9.05)x( 2 _ - 4) 2 0.06 0.057 = - 7640 Nm44 Hence? ‘ A 20.04, an. 290.3 Therefore, | p= 9,94 oS ie v Work input: 9 x0. 4( J+ 4) Q i 505.) Gat $x0. 3x1n(0.05/0.1) = 1 0.04n-08 + 0.0208x106 #19 200 Nm je Work output : + 19 2008 m ware Velen ete 1.2 1 kg of a fluid is compressed reversibly accor + to 2 law pr = 0.25, where p i bar and ¢ isin m* ky. The final volume is } of . iritial volume. Caleulate the work done on the fluid and sketch the provéss on ap stiugram, Solution + Work input = 1x0.25x10%xIn( + = 34 660 NmIntroduction and the first law of thermodynamics* 43° 0.05 m? of a gas at 6.9 bar expands reversibly in a cylinder behind a piston according to the law pr! ? = constant, unt'l the volume is 0.08 m3, Calculate the work done by the gas and sketeh the process on a p-¥ diagram. P Solution Final pressure = 6.9x(0.05/0.08)1-? > 3.926 bar Work input = a4 2 15 480 Nm. je Work output = + 15 80 Nm : : ! 3 5 i 2 i : é | ' 1 i | | | I ae 360 Vetamefin’s woah sis and 02m, The essed re pe = constant bach to the ieitial condition- uf and (0nd m', Caieuhite the ‘sork done in each proves and the aet ware of the ejele, Sherch the eyele on a pr agra Va = 4,240.004/1.4 = 0.012 mi/ha For process 1 to 2: Work inout = -10%(: 40. > 9.004) + 9.510.02 - G.004)(4.2 - + 44804 1.4))1.10 2 v2 = 0.06x(55/1.4)171-5 = 0.693 a3 /kg Then, Work input = 105x((1.4x0.693).- (55x0,06)) 1S a > 466 000 N m/kg = = 466 kI/ko Therefore, : © + Ws 230 - B00 = - 570 hI/ko @ = - 570 ~ (-460) = - 104 kI/ho ie Heat rejected = 104 43/k9 ‘1.17 A sicam turbine receives a steam flow of 1.35 kg’s and the power output is S00 kW. ‘The heat loss from the casing is negligible. Calculate: (4) the change of specific enthalpy across the turbine when tke velocities at entrance and exit and the difference in elevation are negligibic: (0) the change of specific enthalpy: across the turbine when th: velocity at entrance is 50m_s. the velocity at exit is 360:m/s, and the inlet pipe {3 m above the exhaust Pipe. Solution (i) W = 1.35(h2 - m1) = - 500 KW ie hy ~ he = 500/1.35 = 370 kI/kg 41D W271 55((na > bi) > (622-c12) 4202s = 2,79) = = 500 kW Therefore, Mi ~ hz = 300 4 (560? = 402) 4 (-3x91807). 4 1.35 2x103 103 = 370 + 65 - 0.029 = 433 k3/ka (Note that the energy decrease due to the change in height is negligible.)UO ker x superheat (kJ‘kg) (kJ/kg) 2361 20 2799 s 023565 Iss s 2400 x 09 2 81 oss nas? 3385 230 180i 382 os O43 ‘The completed table is given on p. $0 us Table 2.6, ‘Solution The completed table is given in the text-book as Table 2.6. tine 1: att = 90 °C . v = 2.361 m3/kg = ve. and hence the “steam 7 ‘dry saturated.Line 3: at p = 5 bar. v = 0.3565 m3/kg which is less than Ve. and hence the steam is wet with t = 151.8 % the dryness fraction, x = 0.3565/0.3748 = 0.951. then, ho = ht # xhrg = 640 + 0,951%2109 = 2046 kI/ko a =UUy 4 xury = 638° Oro @eenr 3059) = 2471 k3/ka Line 4: at t = 188 °C. u = 2400 KJ/kg which is less than vs = 2568 kJ/ko and hence the steam is wet with p = 1? Batre os u/ (us: a= encoy02sade. (97) = OF BPs and hence. v = 0.895x0:1632 = 0.1461 m>/ko. and h = 798 + 0.895x1986 = 2576 kI/ka. Line 5: oe ae, Gem nietist = 240-2 ce = ORO One ee as a hie 1042 4 0, 74176. = 2627 KI7 KS Big = sonar + 0.90 2603-~ 1088)9>, 2447 10/49, Line 6: eye steentiscpet ithm-c 0-5 bars .¥. 5 0.85x3.239 Sai gs ies/kcos b = 340 +0-85x2905 7-2 2500 k3/kg, and = 34074 0.85(2483 - 340) = 2165 kJ/ka- Line 7: the p =. 5 bar, t.F 200 “Cc which is greater than to = steam is superheated; from5 SRE te superheated at t = 250 “C; from superheat tables land u can be read cff. Line 9: gt = 150 barhe= S335 NI/ha which ts greater than he and hence the Steam is superheated with t Soc “c; from superheat tables v and v car be read off. 250 “C. v= ieeonms #senbich: is oreater than ve and hence the stesr is superheated at P 1. bar: from sunerheat tables h and U can be read off. Line 11: the steam is wet with » 9.9: at pt 38.2 bar Revues of ton ven tirante: and Us can o€ found ny interpolating between ihe values a2 st uar and 30 bar and the values of v, hand u found using the pag pece tueciacts for. ecaneles vg = 0.08246 ~ (38.2 — (40 38) (0.05246 - ©.04977) 0.05219 m3/kg ie v = 0.8x0,05219 =-0.04175 m?/ko Line 12: the steam is wet with x = = 0.95; as for line 11, the values can be found by interpolating, in this case 299.2 “C.OO i. 2.2 Solution 23 Solution between these values at t = 300 °C; for example, v= 1,316 - 0.3(1.316 - 0.8754) = 1.184 m3/kg Line 14: at p = 44 bar, t= 420 °C which js greater than ty and hence the steam is superheated; in superhsat x tables values are tabulated for pressures of 40 bar and 50 bar at temperatures of 400 °C and 450 “Cc therefore a double interpolation is required; for example, at p = 40 bar and t = 420 °C, v = 0.0733 + 20(0.08 - 0.0733) = 0.076 m3/kg 50 at p = SO bar and t = 420 °C, Vv = 0.0578 + 20(0.0632 - 0.0578) = 0.66 m3/kg i 50 “ ie v= 0.076 - 0.4(0.076 - 0.06) = 0.0696 m3/kg mass of steant in the vessel and the enthalpy uf this mass. At 17 bar, vg-= 0.1167 m3/kg, therefore, ey mass of steam = 0.03/0.1167 = 0.257 kg ~/ Also, hy = 2795 kJ/kg, therefore, H = mh = 0.257x2795 = 718 kJ Stewm at Thar and 250°C enters a pipeline and flows along it at constant pressure. If the steam rejects heat steadily to the surroundings, at what temperature will droplets ‘of water begin to form in thé vapour? Using the steady-flow energy equation, and neglecting changes in velocity of the steam, calculate the heat rejected per kilogram of steam flowing. Water droplets will begin to form at the saturation temperature corresponding to 7 bar.See EE SOT Te ee RD SRR eS : “From superheat tables, hi = 2955 kJ/kg, and for saturated steam at 7 bar, hz = 2764 kJ/kg, then, Q = 2764 - 2995 = - 191 kI/ky ie Heat rejected = 191 kJ/kg 2.4 0.05kg of steam at 15 bar is contained in a rigid vessel of volume 0.0076 m?, is the temperature of the steam? If the vessel is cooled. at what temperature w steam be just dry saturated? Cooling is continued until the pressure in the ve M1 bar: calculate the final dryness fraction of the steam. and the heat rejected the initial and the final states. Solution Vv = 0.0076/0.05 = 0.152-m3/kg Hence the steam is superheated since v > vy ; fri superheat tables at p = 15 bar and v = 0.152 m3/| teiesoc.. When cooling takes place at constant volume the steam is dry saturated when v = vy = 0.:5? m3/ko. Hence interpolating, fable t= 191.6 - O.1Si700191 6 -1B8) 112) eulpiza tC At Ubar and v = 0.152 m3/by the steam is wet wi a dryness fraction of, » (98) aorta uz = 780 + 0.857(2586 - 780) = 2327.4 bI/ka 0.452/9.177 Initially at p = 15 bar and v = 0.152 m3/kg. from superheat tables, ui = 2697 kJ/kg Q = 2327.4 - 2697 = ~ 569.6 kI/kg ie Heat rejected = 369.6x0.05 = 18.5 KImodynamice 25 Using the tables for ammonia given in tel, 2.1, calculate: (3) the specific enthalpy and specific vohume of ammonia at 0.7177 bar. dryness fraction 09; . (i) the specific enthalpy and spevitc volume of ammonia at 13°C saturated: (ii) the specific enthalpy of ammonia at 7.529 har. 30°C. Solution ) h = 0 + 0.9x1390 = 1251 kJ/kg V = 0.9x1.952 = 1.397 m3/ko Gi) = Interpolating between 12 °C and 14 °C, = 1457 kI/ka, and v = 0.1866 m3/ko Gi) The vapour is superheatec hence interpolating, b 1459.5 + (30 = 16)(1591.7 - 1459.5) 50 1496.5 KI/kg = es 2.6 Using the property values for refrigerant HEA 134y given in Table 2.5, calculate: Ai) the specific enthalpy and specif: volume of HFA 13a at ~8°C. dryness frgction 085: {iid the specific enthalpy of HEA 1342 at §.702. Se ata for SEN Salues degree of supetheat Saturation values 2K te Pe % he a k VC) (bar) tm8ykey (KS gy (hd key =10 20051 0.098 8698 28886 uses <5 24371 0081 946 2177 31205 20 5.7024 0.036 1692 3062243893, ee Solution G@ Interpolating, — ne osSate ere 26 at -3 "S iy 288.404 O.BS(21- 77 — 78eae) 2362.02 Therefore at -8 °C, h = 258.58 4 0.4(262.02 - 258-58) = 259.96 KI/K9 at -10 °C Vv = ©.8540.098 ee ads Vv = 0.85x0.081 = 0.06885 m3/k9 Therefore at -8 “C. v = 0.0833 - 0.4(0.0833 - 0.06885) = 0.0775 mi/ba Gi) Interpoleting, hn = 306.22 + 20)(328.93 - 306.22) Oe ee jive motecular mass of carbon dioxide. CO,. is 44. In an experiment the ‘¥ for CO. was found to be 1.2 Asseming that CO, is a perfect gas, calculate the specific gas constant. R. and the 5 = constant volume. ¢, and c,. ic heat capacities at constant pressure and Solution R= 8.3143/44 = 0.189 kd/k9 K = Cp - cv Also, Cefce = 1.3 Ts refore 1.3ey - cy = 0.189Ke une <8 Coculare she titer energy and entheipy of 1 ke of air eccupying 0.05 m? at 20 bar, MW the internal energy is increased by 120kJ as the compressed 10 50 bar, calculate the new volume occupied by 1 ke of the air. ¥ Solution Po PERG Moene ony idae7 ys Sag Therefore. WS OME 07348 5 f 350.1 ti/ug +P 5 Col = 1.005"348.3 = 350.1 KI/ko ee feo0e tet Ini 2 37011 ae AS elev 870.170 71g fa sje Therefore, M2 © stA287-1x515.15/s0x105' = 08095 ‘ni ee 29 Oxegen, O.., at 200 bar is to be stored in a sicel veel at 20°C. The capacity of the Te oe O04 mi. Assuming: that! O, is a’ pertect'zan talculai€ ihe mass. of oxygen that can be stored in the vessel. The vessel is protected against excessive pressure by 8 fusible plug which will melt if the temperature rises too high. 8t what temperature must the plug melt to limit the pressure in the resse! to 240 bar? The molar mass of vasgen is 32 kg kmol, Solution + R = B.3143/32 5 0.26 +3/kg x Mass ef oxygen = 200>:05¥0.0/0. 26+203 10:5 xg AL constant volume, Tz = Tipz/pi = 293%220/209 = 351.6 K° ie" limiting tesperature = 351.6 - 273 = 78.6 “C eee iain pecfct gas is heated at constant pressure from 15 C to 95°C. the heat ra Vine ey pein ecaee 2 is heated at constant volume between the sume temperatures the heat required is SO8KI ky. Calculate 65,0257 8 end ake molar mass of the gas. At constant pressure,2.10 Solution Solution Then, *MBentropic, index = cost) = 1423/1001 = 1.405 R fe > Gy Fda. 2'= 90) loan kay Rook molar mass = 8.3143/4.1 = 2 028 ha/kmol 5 In am aie compressor the pressures at inlet and outlet are | bar ‘The temperature of the air at inte is 18 C and the volume -ginni soipression is three times that at the end of compression. Calculate the tempera of the alr at outlet and the increase of internal enerey por ke of air. Bie UM epeiva = 2epicull = -4nork = 67 <¢ Br 27 ans Wao Ue ceWle= Ts) =40.718(480 - saa) 138 kJ/kg ae a Sy geamty of & ctrisin perfect gas & compressed from an initial state of 0.085 m?. Ae to a Hoel Selo Onn 89ibars Thecapseine lsat Gi cee th OF24K) ke K. and the specif heat a IE constani press, temperature rise is 136K. Caleulace the present, and the inerewse volume is stcis 1020kJ ke K. The obser Specific gus constant. R. the mass of g: of internal cnergy of the gas, e102 - 0.124 = 6 20k nano 6 te prs Tie en ws Also, Sar oetiae tiae ¢: Therefore, 1st = y= 146 146/0.56 = 261. : Reversible and Irreversible Processes 3.1” 1 ky of air enclosed in a rigid container is initially at 48 bur and 180°C. The container is heated until the temperature is 200°C. Calculate the pressure of the air finally and the heat supplied during the provess. Solution At constant volume, 2 = 4.84473/423 = 9.37 bar Q = ev(Tz - T1) = 0.718(200 -150) 35.9 kI/ko 3.2 A rigid vessel of volume Im? contains steam at 20bar and 400°C. The vessel is cooled until the steam is just dry saturated. Calculate the mass of steam in the vessel, the final pressure of the steam, and the heat rejected during the process. Solution From superheat tables at 20 bar and 400 *c, vi = 0.1511 m3/kg Therefore. fines Of Steam = 1/0.1S11-= 6262 ko At Ve = 0.1511 m3/kg, interpolating, p2 = 13 + (1/104) = 13.01 bar , From superheat tables, ur = 2946 kJ/kg uz = Us at 13.01 bar = 2590 + (3/104) I = 2590.03 k3/kg © = m(uz - ur) = 6.62(2590.03 - 2946) = - 2355 k3 : 1 je Heat rejected = 2355 kJ covinp tages ag peste is Paeok ae33 Oxygen (inolar mass Tmiol expands eve! = at s constant peessure of 3 har, The votame initially és OOF m? at the rnitial temperature is 17 C. Calculate the work input and the the expansion. Assume oxygen to be a perfect pas ‘and take ¢, = 0917 LiKE K Solution vc came Salo nCOsOF = oreo) Sh000 Nace = OB At constant pressure. : Tepe $9920..03/0 7014-81028 Also, As B24. s/sc.- 299-82 ache 2 108x0-01/259 .82%290 mass of oxygen = 0.0398 ko Therefore, HecHE =F oon SSrOSPIT ABTS = 290) 0 2 21.18 ko Ge ee ee 3.4 Steam ot 7 bat, dryness fraction 0:9, expands reversibly 3! constant pressure until the Fomperatent wo 200 C Colendu tbe woth inp and Het supphed per unit mass of during the process. steat Solution vi = 0.9x0.2728 + 0.2455 m/ko Pe 7 bar and.2000°c the steaw 16 supethested and from superheat tables, v2 = 0.3001 m3/kg Therefore, a Work input = 7x10%x(0.2455-= 0.3003) = - 38.2 kJ/kg hy = 697 + 0.9x2067 = 2557.3 k3/kg From superheat tables, he = 2846 ki/kg Then, Neat supplied = 2846 - 2557.3 =3.5 0.05im* of a” perfect gas at 6.3 bar un TE0es a reversible isothermal process to a Pressure of 1.05 bar. Calculate the heat supplied, Solution Heat supplied = 6.3x10$x0.05x1n(6.3/1.05) S6.4 ky See Eee 36 Dey saturated steam at 7 bar expands revesiibly ina cylinder behind a piston unit the pressure is C.1 bat. If heat is supplied continuously: during the process in order to Keep the temperature constant, calculate the change of internal energy per unit mase of steam, Solution the temperature of dry saturated steam at 7 bar is Ui = Up at 7 bar = 2573 kJ/kg At tz = ti = 165 °c, and pz = 0.1 bar the steam is Superheated and interpolating from tables, 4sx(2662 - 2588) = 2610.2 43/Kg So ur = 2se8 + ie Increase in internal energy = 2610.2°- 2573 '= 37-2 k3/ho air is compressed isothermally and reversibly from 1 bar and 30°C to S bar. the work input and the heat supplied Solution Work input = 0.287x303x1n(5) = 140 kJ/ka O + We ur urs colts - 11) = 0 Heat supplied = - 140 ka/kg ibly and adiabatically to a pressure sed rever : 1 kg of air at I bar, 15°C is compress t : of S bur. Calculate the final temperature and the work input 47a x: 15s“ Tz = 288x(4)0-473 4 Solution ev(Tz > 11) and a: 0 Oru: ie Work input: + 0.718%(428 - 288) = 100.5 KI/ko ie +a9 Solution 3.10 Solution ant Solution Nitrogen (molar mass 28kg kmol) expands reversibly in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder from 3.5 bar, 200°C to a volume ‘ef 0.09 m4, If the initial volume cccupied was 003 m1 calculate the work input, Assuine nitrogen to be a perfect gas fund take ¢, = 0.741 ki/ke K. : R = 8.5143/28 = 0.297 kJ/kg K The isentropic index is given by, 14 Ryey = 1 + (0.297/0,741)°= 1 Then. : b2 = 5.5x(0.03/0,09)!-40! = 0.752 ban Work input"= 105x((0.09x0. 752) $0.03) 1.401 = i = > 9.31 KI A certain perfect gas is compressed reversibly from I bar. 17'C to a pressure of S bar ure being 77°C. The in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder, the finat tens work done on the gas during the compression is 43kJ ke. Calculate = c,. R, and the molar mass of the gas. Te apa: Mh tp) fe ¥- 1 = In(3s0/290) = 8.217 x int 5) work imut + ev(T2 - 14) : 45 ¥a/by (given) ie cv = 45/(380 - 290) = 0.75 Karey Kk Then, ® = 0.7913.122 - 1) = 0.099 vorKg x Polsr pass = 6.3143/9.999 > aa ku/knol Vig of ir at 1.02 bar, 20°C is compresied reversibly according to a law pe! = constant, tw a pressure of $.S bar. Calculate the the heat supplied during the compression work done on the air and Wa = 293505.9/1.02)9-371.3 5 a30.5 x Work input = 0.287x(432.5 - pay Tee 5 133.46 kI/kg 100.16 ka /kg i 23ne Then, ie. Heat supplied 100.10 - 133.46 + 33.3 KI/ko 3.42 Orygen (molar mass 32 ke kmoll is compressed reversibly and polstropically inder from 1.05 bar. 18 C to 4.2 bar in stich a way that one-third of the work input is rejected as heat to the eylinder walls. Calculate the final temperature of the ‘oxygen. Assume oxygen to be a perfect gas and take ¢, = Q619K) ky K. Solution R = 8.3143/32 = 0.26 kJ/kg K Q+utu-uy and -0 = W/S fe QW/3 = ev(T2 - 11) also, We RC2 - T1)/(n - 1) fe 2R(T2 - 11)/3(n - 1) = ev(T2 - TH) (in = 1) = 2R/3cy = 2x0.26/3K0.649 = 0.267 fe. ns) 1sz67 Ta 2BBx(4.2/1.05)°-267/1/267 = 3e6 K 113 °c ee re 313A mass of 0.05 kg of carbon dioxide (mola: mass 4 kg/kmol), occupying a volume of 0.03 m? at 1.025 bar, is compressed reversibly until the pressure is 6.15 bar. Calculate the final temperature, the work done on the CO, and the heat supplied: ” (i) when the process is according to a law pe = constant; (ii) when the process is Cilia when the process takes place in a perfectly thermally insulated cylinder. Assume carbon dioxide to be a perfect gas, and take 7 = 1.3. Solution a V2 = 0.05x(1.025/6.15)1/1.4 = 0.00834 m3 Also, R = B314.5/44 = 188.966 J/kg K be 3a P2V2/MR = 6.15%105x0,00854/0.95x188..966 e-Bay hee a20-"¢3.13 Then, Gi ie For a ic aid Work input = 10%%((o.15x0,00834) - {1,.025%0.03)) 1 = S135 Nm = 5.155 kd Huh = mc claims 11). whl aga Seyi anus 21). 105{ (6.1596. 90834) = 1.025x0.03))/0.3 = e837 Nom = ©.847 KI & QW Fur - Resi sipoiied 2 Gipsy = culo Uta iyo pimi/an = 1 pzex10=20=05/0-05x FE: 260 Ee seees Se Final temperature = ti = 52-5 7C work input = 0. 05s166.9664325.5x1n(6.15/1.025) + S510 Ne = $.51 kd constant temperature for a perfect gas, o+n=o 5 Heat supplied = - 5.51 kJ Ta, = 328.Sx(6.15/1.025)0-3/1-3 = 492.2 K 219 *c For an isentropic process for a perfect gas, @ = 0, and therefore, Woe mey(Tz - Tr) = wR(T2 - Tr)/(%- 1) 0.05x188.96x(492.2 - 325.5)/(1.3 - 1)3.14 A refrigerant is comprexeed reversibly in a cylinder according to a polytropic law | from 262 bar, dry’ saturated, to 8.20 bar when the temperature is then 40°C. Using the reftigerant properties given as Table 2.2, calculate: the polytropic index: ) the work input during the compression process; : i) the heat transferred to or from the cylinder walls during “process. “roperties of —" Superheat values at | + Saturation values X2 bar, 40°C : Oe, h, t h (m'ke) (kJ ke) (m?;kg) (kJ Ske) 007s? 2929 002615 3226 ‘ Solution . _ From the table given, vi = 0.0757 m3/kg and v2 = 0.026!5 m3/kg i: (9.07570)" (0.02615) : a= 1.073 : Gi) Work input 0.02615) - _(2.62x0,0757)) 1.073 = 1 = 108((8. ur = hy > pave = 292.9 ~ (2.62x10sx0.0757)/10 273.07 kI/kg Similarly, 322.6 - (8.2x105x0.02615)/103 3OL.16 kI/ko Then, * gewsue- 4 = -21.93 + (301.16 - 273.07) = 6.16 kI/ko i je Heat supplied from cylinder walls | = 6.16 kI/ko3.15 A refrigerant is dry saturated at 2bar and is compressed reversibly in a cylinder according to a law pr'= constant to a pressure of 10 bar. Using the properties of refrigerant given as Table 33, calculate: (4) the final specific volume and temperature of the refrigerant: {iy the final specific volume and temperature when the working substance is air, ‘compressed between the same pressures and froin the same initial temperature. ° Properties of fe Problem 3.15 ee tary tng) 2 0.120 10 aus Solution (i) Since py = constant, v2 = 2x0.12/10 = 0.024 m3/k9 Therefore the refrigerant is dry saturated at 10 bar and the corresponding saturation temperature is a4 sc. Gi) For air, when py = constant = RT, then the temperature is alse constant Fins! tespersture = - wi ERI /py + 2erxG 2 6.3589 at/kg ve = pivi/pz = 2x0.359/10 = 0.971 m/kg 3.18 A reftigerant leaves a conde is throtlled to a pressure of | of refrigerant given as Table apour entering the evaporator. er aS a saturated liquid a : uid at temperate of 28°C, and sat where itemters the evaporator. Using the properties 4. calculate the, dryness fraction of the teftigerant Table 34 Properties of refrigerant for Bei tees he pean 3 eC) thar) kg 3 GS O7 ST ie as a erermodynamics mi = hey =, 89.7 WOK Solution An a throttling process ‘the enthalpy remains constant therefore, he = 59.7 = hea ¢ x2hte? fe. oe So cageai= teas 0-286 197.7 - 22.5 3A7. The pressure ina steam main is 12bar. A sample of steam & drawn off and passed theovgh a throttling calorimeter, uhe pressure and temperature at &AN from the aererneter being I bur and 140°C respectively. Calculate the dryness fraction of the Steam in the main, stating any assumptions made in the throtling process ing from superheat tables. Solution Interpolat fe = hy emete 4 (Q_4ton). = 2716-4RI/ 9 ie 2716.4 = 798 + 196% prynese fraction in main = 276.4 -799 1986 = 0.966 dine enrateling process is asculed to ba, Sdiccelse with no overall change in kinetic enersy~ pe ee si Air at 69 bar. 260°C is throuled to 3.5 bar before expanding through a nozzle to a pressure of 1.1 bar, Assuming that the air Sows reversibly in steady flow through the Pre, and that no heat is rejected, calculate the velocity of the air at exit from the nozzle when the inlet velocity is 100 m/s Solution redid petract one tin SerTthencenfer + thesis process. te = Th = S83 K Then, g53x(1-1/5-5)9-4/2-4 = 536-5 K for flow through the nozzle, i 4 cea)t/2 = ort + (os 7/2 me 336.5) + (100)? i. colz (os? = 2x1, 005x102 x( 533 = 4 seek oS3.19 Solution 3.20 Solution 32 Air at 40°C enters a raining chamber at a rate of 225 bg ’s where it mixes with a 15°C entering at a tate of $30 kg x. Calculate the temperatore of the ait Ieaving the 1. amber, aseuming steady-flow conditions. Assume that the hea loss is negligible. BiceTs + azceTz = (ar + wz)er Ts Het A Tees spas SSE 540 225 + 540 25 + Steam from a superhester at 7 tar. 200 is mixed in steady adiabatic flow with wet scum at 7 bar, drsnes Fraction 09, Calculate the, muss of wet $107) required per Kilogram of superhe lam to produce steam at 7 bar. dry saturated. faite + fieha = (im + mz )hs fee Sicerhesteddelesnsbevstrean:}vend the Se steam be m+ 2 + tip )ha Fron tables, h; + 2060 43/ks hp + 497 + 0.9x2067 = 2551.5 kI/kS and 2763 KI/k9 Therefore, 3060 + 2951.3 B2 = (1 + f2)276¢ oy a eee ees [A tigi cylinder contains helium (molar mass 4 kg/kmol) at a pressure of i 4 temperature of 15°C. The eylinder is now connected to a ee othe ft 10 bar and 15°C, and the valve connecting the cylinder is closed when the exlinger pressure has risen to Sbar. Calculate the final temperature of the helium in th ‘ejlinder assuming that the héat transfer during the process is negli J Ofer elim as 212KI/E3 K. ibly small, Take B.3143/4 = 2.079 kJ/kg K R 4 Gy = 2/079 + 3.12°= 5.199 kI/ko K .: whee ge tS 3.21 For an adiabatic filling process the ‘increase in ae ‘ internal energy of the contents is equal to the enthalpy of the mass entering the cylinder. tet the initial and final masses of helium in the bottle be m and m* ie SxLOSxV/2.079x103x288 = 0.835V kg m= 8x105XV/2.079x103xT = 38478V/T kg Then, enthalpy of the mass added, ? ((384.0/1 ) - 0.835}¥x5.199x288 and the increase of internal energy of the helium in the bottle, = 384.8VX3.12xT - 0.835Vx3.12%288 T : = 450.28v Then, 384.8/T = (450.28/5.199x288) + 0.835 "te T = 338.8 K = 65.8 °C CE 3.22 A well-tagged vessel of volume 1 m?, containing 1.25 kg of steam at a pressure of 2.2 bar, is connected via a valve to a large source of steam at 20bar. The valve is opened and the pressure in the vessel is allowed to rise until the steam in the vessel is just dry saturated at 4 bar and the valve is then closed. Calculate the dryness fraction of the steam supplied, Solution Initially in the vessel, 1/1.25 = 0.8 m3/kg at 2.2 bar 0.8/0.81 = 0.9877 518 + 0.9877(2533 - 518) = 2508 kJ/kg Finally in the vessel, viz vg at 4 bar = 0.4623 m3/kg Tharetere, io aes = 2s a :