See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/334778903

Concept of Smart Postal Mailbox

Article  in  Transportation Research Procedia · January 2019

DOI: 10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.167

CITATIONS READS

2 1,985

2 authors:

Stanislava Turská Lucia Madleňáková

University of Žilina University of Žilina
10 PUBLICATIONS   10 CITATIONS    40 PUBLICATIONS   153 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Stanislava Turská on 28 November 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Transportation
Available onlineResearch Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000
at www.sciencedirect.com
Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ScienceDirect www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and Safe Transport

13th International 2019),
(TRANSCOM Scientific
HighConference on Sustainable,
Tatras, Novy Smokovec –Modern and Safe
Grand Hotel Transport
Bellevue,
(TRANSCOM 2019),Slovak High Tatras, Novy
Republic, Smokovec
May – Grand Hotel Bellevue,
29-31, 2019
Slovak Republic, May 29-31, 2019
Concept of Smart Postal Mailbox
Concept of Smart Postal Mailbox
Stanislava Turskáaa*, Lucia Madleňákováaa
Stanislava Turská *, Lucia Madleňáková
a
Department of Communications, University of Žilina, Žilina, 010 26,Slovakia
a
Department of Communications, University of Žilina, Žilina, 010 26,Slovakia

Abstract
Abstract
This paper is devoted to the issue of smart postal mailboxes that are used for delivery of postal items without a personal presence
This paper is devoted
of addressees. to the
The main issue of of
objective smart postal
paper is tomailboxes
introducethat
an are used for of
application delivery of postal
the smart postalitems without
mailbox. a personal
Basic presence
function of the
application
of is toThe
addressees. detect
maina objective
presence of of consignment in the mailbox.
paper is to introduce Solutionofofthe
an application smart postal
smart mailbox
postal consists
mailbox. Basicoffunction
hardware
of and
the
application is Hardware
software part. to detect apart
presence of consignment
of the application in the
includes mailbox.
design Solution
of postal of and
mailbox smart
thepostal
choicemailbox consists
of relevant of hardware
components and
providing
software
particularpart.
smartHardware part Software
functions. of the application
part of includes
the smartdesign
postalof mailbox
postal mailbox
ensuresand the choice
correct of relevant
operations components
of hardware providing
components.
Applicationsmart
particular is created in integrated
functions. Softwaredevelopment
part of theenvironment Arduino.
smart postal mailbox ensures correct operations of hardware components.
Application is created in integrated development environment Arduino.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
© 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
©
Peer-review
Peer-review
under responsibility
2019 The Authors. Published byof
under responsibility
the scientific
Elsevier
of
committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Su stainable,
B.V. committee
the scientific of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable,
Modern and Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019). committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Su stainable,
Peer-review
Modern and under
Safe responsibility
Transport of
(TRANSCOM the scientific
2019).
Modern and Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
Keywords: Smart postal mailbox; Internet of Things; Hardware; Software; Arduino.
Keywords: Smart postal mailbox; Internet of Things; Hardware; Software; Arduino.

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
The increase of popularity of e-commerce results in a steadily increasing number of packages sent. This fact
The increase
represents a huge of popularity
potential of sector
for the e-commerce results
of logistics andin a steadily
postal increasing
services. number
Currently, of packages
the postal sector facessent.
theThis fact
problem
represents a hugedo
where recipients potential
not have fortime
the sector
to takeofdelivery
logisticsbyand postalor
courier services.
postman,Currently, the postalremain
so consignments sector faces
storedtheat problem
the post
where recipients
office or do notdelivery
other contact have time to take
points. delivery2015;
(Madlenak, by courier or postman,
Bachanova, so consignments
Corejova, remain
Rostasova, 2009) In stored at thethere
this context post
office or other
have been contact
launched lotsdelivery points.focusing
of initiatives (Madlenak,
on the2015; Bachanova,
efficiency of the Corejova,
delivery ofRostasova, 2009)
postal items. TheIn this context
issues there
of enhancing
have been launchedoflots
of a deliverability of initiativeshave
consignments focusing
become on athe efficiency
main topic ofofthe
thewide
delivery of postal
discussion items.national
among The issues
and of enhancing
international
of a deliverability
organizations of consignments
involved have become
in last mile logistics. Manya main topic of the
organizations wide discussion
of international among national
importance such as and international
Universal Postal
organizations involved in last mile logistics. Many organizations of international importance such as Universal Postal

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +421 41 513 31 44.

E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding stanislava.turska@fpedas.uniza.sk
Tel.: +421 41 513 31 44.
E-mail address: stanislava.turska@fpedas.uniza.sk
2352-1465 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Peer-review©under
2352-1465 responsibility
2018 The of the scientific
Authors. Published committee
by Elsevier B.V. of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Moder n and
Safe Transport
Peer-review (TRANSCOM
under 2019).
responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Moder n and
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).

2352-1465  2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 13th International Scientific Conference on Sustainable, Modern and
Safe Transport (TRANSCOM 2019).
10.1016/j.trpro.2019.07.167
1200 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207
2 Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Union, European Commission, European Committee for Postal Regulations, European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administrations, national postal systems such as La Poste, USPS or Australia Post, large Internet
companies such as Amazon or Alibaba, and universities are interested in finding new innovative ways of delivery.
One of the most significant solutions of the last mile delivery is a concept of smart postal mailbox which could
constitute a key postal asset in a smart city environment. In the future the smart postal mailboxes of a certain area can
create a connected community. There is a pilot test in Canada, where Canada Post will transition 5 million Canadians
from door-to-door postal delivery to community mailboxes. Canada Post may choose not to maintain 6-digit postal
codes and transition to a unique community mailbox number instead.[1,2]

2. Theoretical framework

The concept of smart postal mailbox was first used in 1999 when James H. Baggarly patented an electronic mailbox
with a keypad alarm system. Since then, the concept of smart postal mailbox has been constantly evolving and it has
become increasingly useful in the field of postal services.
The smart postal mailbox means a system for determining the presence of contents in the mailbox from a remote
location regardless of distance, consisting of:

• a sensor for detecting the presence of content in a mailbox, evaluation of mailbox content, while the sensor is
being positioned in the mailbox;
• a control unit which communicates with mailbox sensor and is used for storing information of the status of the
mailbox, while the status is being used for observation of the presence of contents in the mailbox;
• remote access device to enable a user to contact mailbox control unit from a remote location in order to obtain the
status of the mailbox. (Orin Roberson, 2002)

Sunney Yang invented an iBOX device. The iBOX is an intelligent multifunction mailbox that combines several
technologies, such as video camera, remote programmable keypad, PN junction thermoelectric unit, powerline
communication, wire or wireless communication and Internet in order to provide a more secure and multifunctional
mailbox. (Yang, 2006)
Robert Lee Hanna presented a transmitting mechanism for indicating the deposit of mail into mailboxes with doors
that pivot around a horizontal hinge. Such mailboxes are normally identified as curb side, wall mounted, and slot type.
The transmitting mechanism is made of an adjustable button capable of positioning an adjoining tilt switch, so that
the mechanism can be set to send a signal at any opening of a mailbox. As the mailbox door is opened past a
predetermined angle, the tilt switch completes a circuit which emits a signal to a remote receiver which activates a
sound and visual alarm indicating that mail has been deposited in the mailbox. (Hanna, 2009)

Table 1. Comparison of Traditional and Smart Postal Mailbox

Feature Traditional Postal Mailbox Smart Postal Mailbox

Type of delivered consignments Letters Letters and parcels
Method of locking and unlocking Keys Automatic lock
Mail detection No Yes
Notification of the presence of the
No SMS message, email, notification in mobile application
consignment in the mailbox
Providing information about the time
No Yes
of delivery
Current temperature or humidity data No Yes
Damage of consignments due to
Threats Cybercrime, power cut, theft of shipments
weather, theft of shipments
Low theft resistance secured with Higher theft resistance secured by electronic lock,
Theft security
simple lock warning of unauthorized opening of the mailbox
Estimated price 30 € 350 €
 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207 1201
Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3

Replacing the traditional mailbox with a secured, connected and open platform would probably unlock the potential
of innovation for delivery services. The smart postal mailbox is electronically accessed and controlled by the recipient
for any usage they might consider (postal delivery, reverse logistics, delivery from local shops, etc.). While the
traditional mailbox is silent the smart postal mailbox communicates information to the recipients (SMS, emails,
notifications), provides electronic proof of delivery to posts, or receives information from different providers (e.g. pin
code associated with the right to open a specific parcel). (Xavie and Olaf, 2013)

3. Analysis of Current State

There are lots of solutions of smart postal mailbox on the foreign market, but Slovak market does not provide any
applications of smart postal mailbox. We can see that the big postal operators like USPS, Australia Post, La Poste
invest in research of smart postal mailboxes. The main priority of the research in this area is to increase the efficiency
of the delivery process. Example of such mailboxes is can be seen in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Solutions of Smart Postal Mailbox on the Foreign Market [7,8,9,10,11]

Table 2. Comparison of Smart Postal Mailbox Solutions [7,8,9,10,11]

Existence of Delivery Temperature

Solution Power supply Other features
mobile application notification data
SMS, email,
Possibility of connection mailbox to home
Twitter
Battery, solar automation and security systems, mailbox can
GATE No message, No
panel create a distributed network with other Gate
Apple Watch
mailboxes in the area
Notification
Web
The owner can use a keychain with an NFC chip
PARCER No application No Battery
to open the box
notification
Automatic synchronization with uCella cloud to
mobile
setup reception and return passcodes, notification
UCELLA Yes application No Battery
about usage, battery status, water, dust and UV
notification
resistant solution
Rechargeable
mobile Scheduling service, possibility to open mailbox
battery, USB
BOXILLION Yes application over Bluetooth, sleeping mode, business
Yes port, 12V
notification application, toolkit for online stores
power supply
mobile
Possibility of remote access, battery monitor,
RECEVA Yes application Yes Battery
detailed history of all courier deliveries
notification

All solutions of smart postal mailboxes stated in Figure 1 share multiple common features. The main feature of
these solutions is to detect the presence of the consignment in the mailbox. Other common feature is internet access
which can be provided by the technologies, such as Wi-Fi, GSM or Sigfox. Another common function of such mailbox
1202 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207
4 Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

is that, the postal couriers can deliver consignments to the mailbox based on unique access code. Comparison of smart
postal mailboxes which we can be found on the foreign market is included in Table 2.

4. Methodology

The aim of the paper is to introduce a concept of the smart postal mailbox whose primary function is to detect the
presence of a mail in the mailbox. The logical design of the smart postal mailbox includes a software solution which
was designed in Arduino integrated development environment and a database where the data captured by sensors are
stored.
The realization of the logical and physical design of the smart postal mailbox was preceded by the secondary and
primary research. Among basic methods of the secondary research belonged: method of collecting and processing
data, analysis and synthesis of knowledge, methods using the principles of logic and logical thinking and the
comparison method. The main sources of the secondary research were information materials of foreign authors (Tew,
J.R, Ray, L., 2016, Angelopoulou, A., Mykoniatis, K., Carlson, K., Kim, S.-J. 2014, Ze-Hong, S., Guang-Yuan, Z.
2015, Xavie A., Olaf K. 2013) dealing with the issue of the smart postal mailbox. The main part of the primary research
was the experiment where we realized hardware and software solution of the smart postal mailbox. The function of
the experiment was to verify the prototype. The application has been tested in the laboratory of Automatic
Identification and Data Collecting which is situated on the academic ground of the University of Žilina. In 2018 the
team of testers consisted of Tengler, J., Kolarovszki, P. and Turská, S.

5. Results

This section is devoted to the application design of smart postal mailbox that is dedicated to delivery of letters and
small parcels. The main purpose of the application is to propose a low-cost solution that can be upgraded in the future.
The solution is divided into two parts. The first – hardware part represents the physical design of the mailbox itself
and the selection of appropriate components that will provide smart functions. The second – software part of the
application is made up of logical proposal of the concept of smart postal mailbox.
The first step in the process of designing smart postal mailbox was the identification of basic features that
application must provide. The basic features of the solution are:

• detecting the presence of a consignment in the mailbox,

• collecting time data about deliveries,
• collecting time and humidity data,
• storing data in database,
• ensuring communication between database and Arduino,
• displaying data through an appropriate user interface.

All features are based on the theoretical framework of the issue and the needs of postal operators who require
accurate delivery time information as well as whether the mail is delivered to the correct address.

5.1. Hardware Design

Nowadays, the number of letters is constantly decreasing and traditional postal mailboxes do not fulfil their primary
function. Based on a trend of still increasing parcels it is very appropriate to design postal mailbox which has larger
size. When designing the dimensions of the postal mailbox we proceeded from General Regulations of Universal
Postal Union for parcel services. Within General Regulations the providers of universal postal service should offer
standardized boxes for parcels, prepaid envelopes or satchels. Slovak provider of universal postal service has various
parcel boxes in the product portfolio. The sizes of parcel boxes are from 250x175x100 mm (width, height, depth) up
to 500x300x200 mm. Based on the standardized parcels boxes of the Slovak provider of universal postal service we
have decided that the postal mailbox would be 300 mm wide, 300 mm long and 400 mm high. The mailbox also
includes two inputs, one input is situated on the top of mailbox and the other input is on the front part. The top input
 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207 1203
Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 5

is set to postal couriers who are authorized to deliver consignment into the mailbox. The front input represents service
entry which is suitable for manipulation of smart components or picking a consignment from the mailbox by an
authorized person. The postal mailbox is made by steel plate which is characterized by very good quality.
To ensure smart functions of the mailbox we decided to choose microcontroller board Arduino Uno as the basic
component. The most important criteria were price affordability and quality. At present, this type of microcontroller
board belongs among the most popular boards. Arduino Uno board is based on chip ATMega 328P by Atmel
Corporation. We have expanded Arduino Uno by additional modules, specifically Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor,
Temperature and Humidity sensor AM2320 and a button. The PIR sensor is used to detect movement of consignment
in the mailbox. If the consignment is inserted into the mailbox, the PIR sensor detects the movement and the
subsequent output of the sensor is evaluated as “received mail”. In order to distinguish when a mail is delivered to the
mailbox and when the mail is picked up from the mailbox, we had to use button. When we push the button the PIR
sensor detects the movement of the mail, this state is classified as “picking up mails from the mailbox”. The process
of picking up the consignments from the mailbox must be terminated repeatedly by pushing the button.
Then we created integrated circuit in which we connected selected components using universal Printed Circuit
Board (PCB). Figure 2 illustrates selected components which ensure the smart functions, the integrated circuit and
hardware design of the smart postal mailbox.

Fig. 2. Hardware Design of the Smart Postal Mailbox

Every component includes multiple pins through which we can interconnect individual components. There is pin
connection of the selected components in Table 3. According to pin connection we realized integrated circuit through
soldering method.

Table 3. Pin Connection of the Selected Components

ARDUINO UNO PIR SENSOR ARDUINO UNO AM2320 SENSOR ARDUINO UNO BUTTON
5V VCC 5V VDD 5V VCC
Digital 7 OUT Analog 4 SDA GND GND
GND GND GND GND Digital 2 OUT
Analog 5 SCL

In the process of designing of the hardware, we have tried to choose an appropriate form of power supply for
microcontroller board and additional components. Due to the possibility of placing the mailbox near to the door of the
home or in entrance halls of residential or business complexes, we have chosen 5 V power adapter which is more
reliable than battery. In the future, the prototype of smart postal mailbox can include multiple options of power supply.
There can be alternative power supply in the form of battery or solar panel.
1204 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207
6 Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

5.2. Software Design

The software design of the smart postal mailbox consists of the program in Arduino environment, database and
graphic user interface. The program in Arduino ensures correct running of the components. The database provides the
central storage for collected data. Subsequently, these data are processed into relevant information which is displayed
on the graphical user interface.

5.2.1. Arduino program

The first step to achieve the main goal was to create a program in the Arduino environment. In this program, we
focused on the process of delivering mails to the mailbox. If a mail is delivered to the mailbox and the PIR sensor
detects a motion then this signal is evaluated as “received mail”. In the process of delivering mails we had to
distinguish when the mail is delivered to the mailbox by postman and when the mail is picked up from the mailbox.

Fig. 3. Concept of Application of Smart Postal Mailbox

Figure 3 illustrates process of evaluation of current state of the mailbox. We had to extend the basic concept to
button for this purpose. If the mailbox contains delivered mail and the user presses the button and the PIR sensor
detects a movement then this signal is evaluated as “picking up mail from the mailbox”. The process of picking up
the mails must to be finished by repeated pressing of the button, so the time of picking up mails is not terminable. On
the contrary, the process of delivering mail is set to 30 seconds. When the user presses the button and PIR sensor does
not detect a movement or the mailbox does not consist a mail then this signal is not evaluated as “picking up mail
from the mailbox”. The program has been created based on hardware circuit. In the first part we defined variables and
libraries for digital temperature and humidity sensor. Communication between Arduino board and sensor is running
on the basis of master slave technology. The board represents mater device and sensor represents slave device. In the
void setup function we initiated communication via a command Serial.begin where we set data rate on 9600 baud.
Then we set inputs, outputs and calibration of the sensor. In void loop function we set logical conditions that allow
correct operation of the components and evaluation of signals.
 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207 1205
Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 7

5.2.2. Database

Another important issue that we had to resolve was a way of storing collected data from sensors. We decided to
create database on server MySQL which consists of interface phpMyAdmin. We established database “arduino” with
character set utf8_general_ci. The database is made out of two tables. The first table “attempt” is used for storing data
relating to delivery and picking up mails from the mailbox. The table consists of 4 columns – time, humidity, and
temperature and mailbox status. Time column uses data type timestamp with attribute on update
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP. It means that Arduino sends data to the database which are stored in rows of the table of
database. Within the row, the database automatically assigns current time and date to the column of time. The format
of timestamp is YYYY-MM-dd HH:mm:SS. Each row in the column is unique and it represents natural primary key,
so there is no need to create an artificial primary key. Second column and third column store values of the digital
humidity and temperature sensor. These values are in the format of decimal numbers and therefore we have defined
the float data type. The last column is titled “mailbox status” and it contains data from the PIR sensor. The column
has defined varchar data type and the maximal length of the column is limited to 20 characters. If a mail is delivered
to the mailbox, then it appears text string “received mail”. On the other hand, if the user is picking up received mails
from the mailbox, then it appears text string “picking up mails”. The second table called “status” is focused on storing
humidity and temperature data. These data are updated every 10 minutes. Tracking of humidity and temperature can
be used in delivering temperature or humidity sensitive items (foods, pharmaceutical products, laboratory speciments,
etc.).

5.2.3. Communication between Arduino and Database

In order to ensure communication between Arduino and database we had to solve the issue of connecting Arduino
circuit to the Internet. There are various ways of internet communication, e.g. Ethernet shield, Wi-Fi, GSM or Sigfox
module. We were deciding between Wi-Fi and Ethernet connection. We have chosen Ethernet shield due to higher
speed and reliability. The usage of Wi-Fi module requires to apply of level converter and lots of connecting cables.
In the solution of smart postal mailbox, we have chosen Ethernet shield HanRun HR911105A 14/23 which is based
on the W5100 chip and it includes internal memory. We joined Ethernet shield to the circuit and internet router.
Subsequently, we generated IP address of the shield through DHCP Address Printer program. To verify if the IP
address is active, we have entered the ping command with the shield IP address in the CMD application. The software
part of the Arduino environment was extended to IP address of the shield, mac address and the IP address of the server
where the database is stored. The code was also extended to SPI.h and Ethernet.h librabies. The SPI library allows
communication between Arduino and devices with a serial peripheral interface. The Ethernet library allows Arduino
to connect to the Internet and also manages the W5100 chip. In voip setup function we initialized Ethernet
communication which includes information about connection status. In voip loop part we defined various functions
which are necessary for ensuring correct communication between Arduino and the database. The method of sending
data from sensors to the database is realized through scripting language PHP, specifically by the means of GET
method.

5.2.4. Graphical User Interface

Based on the experience from the university we have decided to make a web application. The web application
retrieves data from the database and these data are processed into relevant information. There are information about
current, maximal and minimal values of humidity and temperature (Figure 4.).
The web application also includes graphical evaluation of temperature and humidity over a certain time period.
The data on the web are automatically updated through Ajax technology which allows to change content of the website
without the necessity of manually refreshing the page.
1206 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207
8 Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 4. Graphical Processing of Humidity and Temperature Data

6. Conclusion

The paper has been focused on the creation of the concept of smart postal mailbox application. We have tried to
introduce the low-cost prototype of smart postal mailbox which is designed for delivering letters and standardized
parcels. The solution provides a possibility to get accurate data about time of delivery and it brings additional value in
the form of tracking of temperature and humidity data and their subsequent graphical processing. The concept of smart
postal mailbox has lots of benefits and drawbacks. From the perspective of the customer the most important benefits
of the solution are current overview of received mails, information about the time of deliveries, the possibility to
monitor humidity and temperature data and the increased comfort when a consignment is being delivered. The main
drawbacks of the concept are bigger price and missing information about senders and types of consignments. From
the perspective of the postal operators the smart postal mailbox brings multiple benefits, for example simplifying the
work of postal couriers, the ability to obtain feedback about deliveries, centralization of data in one place – it can be a
basis for further analysis which would be aimed to increase efficiency of delivery of postal items. Thanks to the
monitoring of temperature and humidity data, the postal operators can extend their product portfolio to possibility of
delivering temperature sensitive products, such as foods, pharmaceutical products or laboratory specimens. It is
necessary to emphasize that all postal operators can deliver mails into the smart mailbox and they can get access to
the information about their deliveries. Finally, we would like to say that new ideas should be tested locally and initiated
by a group of postal executives, inspired by universities and realized by specialists in a particular field.

Acknowledgements
This paper was developed under the support of project: VEGA 1/0721/18 The research of economic impacts of
visual smog on transport using methods of neuroscience.

References

[1] Canada Post. Canada Post’s transition to community mailbox delivery will begin in fall 2014 in 11 communities across Canada. 2014.
Available at: https://www.canadapost.ca/cpo/mc/aboutus/news/pr/2014/2014_cmb.jsf.
[2] Fuller D., Shareck M. Canada Post community mailboxes: Implications for health research. 2014. In CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC
HEALTH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE SANTE PUBLIQUE. ISSN 0008-4263. Available at:
https://apps.webofknowledge.com/full_record.do?product=WOS&search_mode=GeneralSearch&qid=1&SID=D3Hz9XkCHpFkHRG4Her
&page=1&doc=1.
[3] Roberson Orin A. 2002. Mail check method and system. In Google Patents. [Cit. 2018-12-02]. Pub. No.: US 2002/0024438A1. Available
at: https://patents.google.com/patent/US20020024438A1/en.
[4] Yang S. 2006. iBOX with home delivery auto-receipt system. In Google Patents. Patent No.: US 6,987,452 B2. [Cit. 2018-12-03]. Online
Available: https://patents.google.com/patent/US6987452B2/en.
[5] Hanna Robert L. 2009. Mail delivery notification device. In Google Patents. Patent No.: US 7,506.796 B1. [Cit. 2018-12-03]. Available at:
 Stanislava Turská et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 40 (2019) 1199–1207 1207
Turska, Madlenakova / Transportation Research Procedia 00 (2019) 000–000 9

[6] https://patents.google.com/patent/US7506796B1/en.
[7] Xavie A., Olaf K. 2013. A smart mailbox at the heart of postal transformation. In Reinventing the Post. ISBN 9781 907471 98 8. pp. 63.
[8] Szondy David. 2015. Gate smart mailbox combines snail mail and the Internet of Things. In New Atlas. Available at:
https://newatlas.com/gate-smart-mailbox/37408/.
[9] Sigfox. Dutch smart mailbox, Parcer, chooses Aerea SIGFOX-network. Available at: https://www.sigfox.com/en/news/dutch-smart-
mailbox-parcer-chooses-aerea-sigfox-network.
[10] Ucella Inc. Ucella Mailbox. Available at: http://www.ucella.com.
[11] Cocks Jeremy. 2015. Boxillion: The smartest way to receive deliveries. In Kickstarter. Available at:
[12] https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/boxillion/boxillion-the-smartest-way-to-receive-deliveries/description.
[13] Australia Post. Receva. Available at: https://receva.com.au/.
[14] Tew, J.R, Ray, L. 2016. ADDSMART: Address digitization and smart mailbox with RFID technology. In 7th IEEE Annual Ubiquitous
Computing, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference, UEMCON 2016. ISBN 978-150901496-5. Available at:
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7777879/metrics#metrics.
[15] Angelopoulou, A., Mykoniatis, K., Carlson, K., Kim, S.-J. 2014. UCF Smart Mailbox: Reinforcing Communications in the Neighborhoods.
In Communications in Computer and Information Science 434 PART I, pp. 393-398. Available at:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266852595_UCF_Smart_Mailbox_Reinforcing_Communications_in_the_Neighborhoods.
[16] Ze-Hong, S., Guang-Yuan, Z. 2015. In International Conference on Computer and Computational Sciences, ICCCS 2015. ISBN 978-
147991819-5. pp. 207-210. Available at: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7361351.
[17] Turská Stanislava. 2018. Inteligentná poštová schránka. Diploma thesis. 98 pages. Available at:
//opac.crzp.sk/?fn=detailBiblioForm&sid=ABCEC5876A40CFC0D891DB344C66.
[18] Madlenak, R., Madlenakova, L., Stefunko, J. 2015. The variant approach to the optimization of the postal transportation network in the
conditions of the Slovak republic. Transport and Telecommunication Journal, 16(3), 237-245.
[19] Bachanova, P. H., Corejova, T., Rostasova, M. (2009) The Green Issues of Postal Industry in Europe. In: 3rd CERS 2009, Int. Conf.
Proceedings – young scientists articles. Kosice, Slovakia, Oct 07-09, 2009, , P. 901-905
[20] Drozdziel, P., Winska, M., Madlenak, R., Szumski, P., 2017. Optimization of the post logistics network and location of the local distribution
center in selected area of the Lublin province. Procedia Engineering, Vol. 192, 130-135

View publication stats