1.

Sumeria- Third millenium BC

Babylon, Egypt, Hittite- Second millenium BC
Assyria, Persia, China, İndia- First millenium BC

Sumer was one of the early civilizations of the Ancient Near East, located in the
southern part of Mesopotamia (southeastern Iraq) from the time of the earliest
records in the Third millennium B.C until the rise of Babylonia in the late third
millennium B.C.
Babylon is the most famous city from ancient Mesopotamia whose ruins lie in
modern-day Iraq 94 kilometres southwest of Baghdad. The name is thought to
derive from bav-il or bav-ilim which, in the Akkadian language of the time,
meant 'Gate of God' or 'Gate of the Gods' and 'Babylon' coming from Greek.
Hammurabi who came from Amorite dynasts (1792–50 BCE), conquered the
surrounding city-states and raised Babylon to the capital of a kingdom
comprising all of southern Mesopotamia and part of Assyria (northern Iraq).
The civilization of Ancient Egypt was one of the oldest and longest lasting
human civilizations
Hittites occupied the ancient region of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor,
modern-day Turkey) prior to 1700 BCE, developed a culture apparently from
the indigenous Hatti (and possibly the Hurrian) people, and expanded their
territories into an empire which rivaled, and threatened, the established nation
of Egypt.
Assyria was the region located in the ancient Near East which, under the Neo-
Assyrian Empire, reached from Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) through Asia
Minor (modern Turkey) and down through Egypt.
Ancient China produced what has become the oldest extant culture in the
world. The name 'China' comes from the Sanskrit Cina (derived from the name
of the Chinese Qin Dynasty, pronounced 'Chin') which was translated as 'Cin' by
the Persians and seems to have become popularized through trade along
the Silk Road.
Persia (roughly modern-day Iran) is among the oldest inhabited regions in the
world. Archaeological sites in the country have established human habitation
dating back 100,000 years to the Paleolithic  Age with semi-permanent
settlements (most likely for hunting parties) established before 10,000 BCE.

2.
Many Diplomatic Civilization developments happened in the Fertile
Crescent. Fertile Crescent is the space between upper Egypt and Mesopotamıya.
İn that space between 4000 years and 1000 years ago most of the first
civilizations have developed. Between 4000 and 3000 years before christ
development of the civilization in Mesopotamia or Babylon mainly we call them
Sumeria civilization around the small city states Developing in this plane around
two rivers and also creating the Dynamics interplay over Decentralized system.
Babylonian became the first diplomatic language serving as some sort of a
Lingua Franca international tongue of the middle east until it was replaced long
after by arabic language. Diplomatic Correspondence existed from 14th centrury
in Akkadian the language of neither. As we had a French during the 20th
century Lıngua Francha and nowadays English latin in the middle age Akkadian
was some sort of Lingua Francha of that period.

Writing system developed first in Mesopotamiya, work uniform was used

between 3400 and 3300 BC and shortly afterwards in Egypt around 3200 and by
1300 BC evidence of a fully operational writing system in late shang dynasty in
China.

Mesopotamian diplomacy
 System of Messengers
 Akkadian(Babylonian)– First diplomatic language
 Mar Shipri- Akkadian term meaning; Messenger, envoy , ambassador, or
diplomat.
 Mari archihes( tablets)

Messenge had to be memorize by courier and it was hoped that courier will go
between two sides and deliver message. One of the first recollection of the
writing is Sumerian language poem.
3.
Amarna diplomacy is one of the developed diplomacies in the period of Tell
Amarna. named after Egyptian of Tell el-Amarna. İt located between upper and
lower Egypt where archaelogists discovered the first diplomatic archive.
Archive and Amarna diplomacy was established by akhenaten or amenhotep
fort. The short-lived capital of ancient Egypt during the reign of Amenhotep IV /
Akhenaten (ca. 1353–1336 B.C.) 
Amarna diplomacy
 The most developed diplomatic system in the ancient World
 The first diplomatic archive (Amarna letters)
 Kadesh treaty-the first peace treaty( between Ramses II ( Egyption
Pharo and Hattusili III( King of Hittites), 1259 BC) after battle of
Kadesh
Amarna Letters
 The first diplomatic archive, found in Tell el-Amarna, Egypt.
 382 tablets, with diplomatic correspondence with neighboring countries.
 Written in Akkadian language, which helped faciliate foreign
correspondence, by filtering out the inappropriate language.

Amarna letters- contain exchanges between the rulers of the ancient Eastern
Egypt. Akkadian language was particularly useful filter shouvenistik Domestic
ideology and harsh language. İt allowed some sort of diplomacy to flourish and
it was an important linguistical contribution towards achieving peace at that
time.
4.
Assyrian Diplomacy
Assyrian state tried to extend its control over the dept from Egypt till to
Western İran. They were particularly interested in gaining control over the key
trade routes. This importance of trade routes which will be in the core diplomacy
later on with the phoenicians , Romans up to the British Empire and up to the
very Daisy’s countries like Singapure,Switzerland who tried to play important
role around trade, around economic exchanges.
The main Assyrian source is the Sargonide library. We can find a lot of
interesting resources of Diplomacy.

Persian diplomacy
 King Cyrus established a highly developed road/communication system,
with messengers on horses.
 Stops at regular intervals, with fresh horses
 Night-messengers
 A system of fire beacon signaling stations
 Darius III offered peace to Alexander of Macedonia (offer was refused)

One of the main legacies of the Persian era was a highly developed
communication system. We can call it ancient era internet.

China diplomacy
 Leagues, missions, and an organized system of polite discourse between
their many ‘warring states’
 The tradition that emphasized the practical virtues of ethical behaviour in
realtions between states
 Under the Han, China emerged as the largest, technologically most-
advanced, and best-governed society in the World.
 Zhuangzi, Chinese philosopher – advices to diplomats
 Chinese philosopher Mencius – the best way for a state to exercise
influence abroad was to develop a moral society worthly of emulation by
admiring foreigners and to wait confidently for them to come to China to
learn.

İndian diplomacy
 Diplomatic tradition systematized and described in the Artha-shastra by
Kautilya (one of the oldest boks in Sanskrit literature)
 Emphasized espionage, diplomatic maneuver
 Four expedients of statecraft ( conciliation, seduction, subversion, and
coercion) and six forms of state policy (peace, war, nonalignment,
alliances, shows of force, and double-dealing)
  Three categories of diplomats
(plenipotentiaries, envoys entrusted with a single issue or mission, and
royal messengers)
 Rules regulated diplomatic immunities and privileges
5.
Marriage alliances were a common feature of the premodern diplomatic
landscape. Dynasties used them for multiple purposes: to ensure successions, to
obtain properties, to expand their political influence, to heighten their
international prestige, to balance against a common threat or bandwagon with a
burgeoning power, and to make peace with a former enemy. Although marriage
alliances sometimes worked well, they were subject to accidents of death,
infertility, erotic caprice, shifts in the regional balance of power, and canonical
strong‐arming by powerful ecclesiastics. Dynasties continued to intermarry
through the twentieth century, but the political significance of their marriages
waned as power passed from monarchs to parliaments and elected ministers of
state.
Egyptian pharaohs were no strangers to marriage diplomacy, the prime example
being Amenhotep III’s several marriages to foreign women. Though Egypt was
not as susceptible to foreign attack as those of the Near East until the decline of
the New Kingdom, they did understand the importance of maintaining peaceful
ties with powerful neighboring empires. Indeed, according to Schulman,
Amenhotep III was “the best-attested practitioner of diplomatic marriage during
the Eighteenth Dynasty”.

6.
The earliest extant document in which details of a treaty are given is
probably the so-called Stele of Vultures, which records a treaty made between
Eannatum of Lagash and the nearby city state of Umma c. 2500 BC. In this
treaty certain conditions were imposed by Eannatum on a defeated Umma. Some
decades later a treaty of friendship was concluded between two independent
princes of the towns of Lagash and Uruk. A third treaty between Naram-Sin of
Agade (c. 2291-2255 BC) and the Elamite king of Awan, his vassal, though
badly preserved, contains a list of divine witnesses, a number of the treaty
obligations including the assertion ' Naram-Sin's enemy is my enemy; Naram-
Sin's friend is my friend ', and references to a religious ceremony associated
with the signing of a treaty.
 These three treaties from the latter half of the third millennium BC suggest
that among the Sumerian states of lower Mesopotamia there were, at an early
date, two kinds of treaty possible between states : (i) a kind of parity treaty
between states of more or less equal status, and (ii) a treaty imposed by a
victorious ruler on a defeated enemy, a kind of suzerainty treaty.
7.
The Amarna Letters provide critical insight into the diplomatic protocol of
the Great Powers . Almost invariably, the dominant diction in the Letters uses
analogies rooted in brotherhood and family. References to familial matters—
greetings, recollection of family history, inquiries after health and sickness,
respect for the dead, marriage, invitations to visit, gift-giving—comprise much
of the correspondence. Even the kings negotiated defensive alliances with the
frame of fraternal piety rather than national interest.x The Letters outline the
thought processes of the kings and provide insight into their lives unknown to
the public during the kings’ respective reigns. Over many years, this system of
communication developed its own rules and conventions, all of which relied
upon the familial bonds the Great Kings claimed to share. The Amarna system
developed out of the practical need for diplomacy and communication among
the Great Powers and of the similarities that family dynamics shared with
politics during this time.