PIC MIDTERM REVIEWER

1. Tinggulan – search
2. Isneg – search
3. Apayao – search
4. Kalinga
5. Ibaloi
6. Karao
7. Bontoc
8. Balangao
9. Itneg
 exonym “Tinguian”or “Tingguian”
 are an Austronesian ethnic group from the Philippines' upland province of Abra in
northwestern Luzon.
 They refer to themselves as Itneg, though the Spaniards called them Tingguian when
they came to the Philippines because they are mountain dwellers.
 Tingue = mountaineers
 Therefore, TINGGUIAN means “the people of the mountains”
 Itneg: Samtoy (Ilocano) name for tingguians
 The native Itneg language is a South-Central Cordilleran dialectnuum
 Appearance:
o The females dress in a wrap-around skirt (tapis) that reaches to the knees and
fastened by an elaborately decorated belt. They also wear short sleeved jacket
on special occasions.
o The men, on the other hand, wear a G-string (ba-al) made of woven cloth
(balibas).
o On special occasions, the men also wear a long-sleeved jacket (bado). They also
wear a belt where they fasten their knife and a bamboo hat with a low, dome-
shaped top. Beads are the primary adornment of the Tingguians and a sign of
wealth. Also, tattooing is commonly practiced.
 Subtribes and their Subsistence
o BANAOS: made their reputation in agriculture, deriving their livelihood from
what the soil yeilds. The Banaos are in municipalities of Daguioman and
Malibcong.
o MASADI-ITS: nomadic in existence; the kaingeros in the tribe. The Masadi-its are
found in Manabo, Bucloc, Sallapadan and Boliney.
o MAENGS: ranchers found in towns of Tubo, San Isidro, Villaviciosa, and
Malibcong.
o Mabacas: game hunters and fishermen. They are found in Lacub and Malibcong.
o Adasen: found in Dolores, Langilang, Sallapadan and Tineg
 o Balatocs: the Tingguian counterpart of the Tubo tribe of Mindanao wilds for
being the skilled craftsmen.
 Crafts include: carve mortars, grinding stones, cast bolos and similar
impalement.
o Binongans: summate romantics, they are carefree, they are more pre-occupied
with their guitars and musical instruments
 Other Subtribes:
o Adasen: found in Dolores, Langilang, Sallapadan aineg
o Gubangs: found in Malibcong and Tayum
o Danak: relatively a small group, they scattered throughout the province of Abra.
 General Supernatural Practices:
o Headhunting
o Costly sacrifices and offerings
o Largest religious community
o Political and religious differentiation
 Rites:
o Tooth pulling
o Scarification
o Piercing and tattooing
o Genital cutting
 Komunidad:
o The tinguian are aware of the igorot town, which is made up of numerous ATO,
but there is no evidence that they have ever had such an institution.
o Generally consists of 2-3 setements situated near each other and under the
authority of a LAKAY
o ATO - political units
 Lakay:
o Whose wealthy and superior knowledge
o Is chosen by theolder men of the village
o Head of the Village
o usually a man past middle age whose wealth and superior knowledge have
given him the confidence of his people
o is chosen by the older men of the village, and holds his position for life unless he
is removed for cause
o it is possible that, at his death, his son may succeed him, but this is by no means
certain because their communities are relatively small and easy to govern
 PANGLACAYEN (elders)
o They are peace-loving people.
o council of elders: wields their authority
o PANGLACAYEN: term used for elders
 Laws:
o Loose union - 2 - 3 villages occasionally unite
o Family of means attain a social standing above that their less fortunate
townsmen, but there is no sharp stratification of the community into noble and
serf.
o Law, government, and custom are synonymous. Whatever the ancestors did is
right, and hence has religious sanction. The lakay and his advisors will give their
decisions according to the decrees of the past, if that is possible, but when
precedent is lacking, they will deliberate and decide on a course. The following
may be taken as typical of the laws or customs which regulate the actions of the
people, within a group, toward one another.
o In former times two or three villages would occasionally unite to form a loose
union, the better to resist a powerful enemy.
o It is probable that the early Tingguian settlement consisted of one or more
closely related groups.
o Even today the family ties are so strong that it was found possible, in compiling
the genealogical tables, to trace back the family history five or six generations.
o Families of means attain a social standing above that of their less fortunate
townsmen, but there is no sharp stratification of the community into noble and
serf.
o Sometimes men act, dress and spend time with women. It is believed that it is
because during the spanish regime, they don’t like to do road works.
 Pota
o concubines
o deprive of certain rights.
o a man may have one wife, but he may keep concubines.
o NAGKAKALONAN - if the wife’s relative suspect that a mistress is causing the
husband’s affections to wane.
o A man who has a child by an unmarried woman must support the infant.
o Incest is prohibited.
o Widow may remarry
o The concubines, known as pota, are deprived of certain rights, and they are held
somewhat in contempt by the other women, but they are in no sense slaves.
They may possess property, and their children may become leaders in Tingguian
society.
o If the wife's relatives suspect that a mistress is causing the husband's affections
to wane, they may hold the NAGKAKALONAN or “trial of affection”, and if their
charges are sustained, the husband must pay them a considerable amount, and,
in addition, stand all the expenses of the gathering. If it is shown that they are
not justified in their suspicions, the expense falls on the accusers.
 o A man who has a child by an unmarried woman, not a pota, must give the girl's
people about one hundred pesos, and must support the infant. Later the child
comes into his keeping, and is recognized as an heir to his estate.
o Incest is prohibited. It is said that offenders would be cut off from the village; no
one would associate with them, and their children would be disinherited.
o A widow may remarry after the Layog ceremony, but all the property of her first
husband goes to his children.
 Culture and Tradition
o Teeth of both sexes are blackened
o īming: a bamboo device used to pluck facial and body hairs consists of a section
of bamboo split into several strips at one end. A hair is placed in one end of the
slits, and the bamboo is bent into a half circle, causing it to take a firm hold,
when it is jerked outwards.
o paliget: prized necklace made of small strands of twisted silver wire placed on
the neck of a corpse, and on some occasions are worn by the living.
 Music
o Gansas and Drum
 Dances
o Da-eng: the ceremonial dance, takes place at night, and is carried on to the
accompaniment of a song.
 the steps of the dance, at first slow, becomes faster and faster till the
dancers have reached the limit of their vocal and physical powers.
  sacred in character
  however, it sometimes happens, when the basi has been flowing freely,
that the participants become so boisterous and the pace so fast that
spectators are run down or the dancers are piled in a heap, from which
they emerge laughing and shouting
o Tadek: the common dance, is a part of nearly all gatherings of a social and
religous nature.
 The music for this dance usually is made with three gansas and a drum.
The gansas are pressed against the thighs of the players who kneel on
the ground. Two of the coppers are beaten with a stick and the palm of
the hand, while the third is played by the hands alone
 Burial
o AKOSAN
 A prized shell
 It's slipped over a belt-like material with the top and bottom cut off.A
set of wooden rings and a wooden shell impersonation may be found
above it.
  This, when hung beside the dead, is both pleasing to the spirit of the
deceased, and a protection to the corpse against evil beings.
 Marriage
o BODA
 traditionally called
 Dowry is an inevitable feature, and weddings are often characterized by
lengthy and prolonged celebrations.
 The longer the more prestigious.
 Cows, carabaos, goats, dogs, deer, wild boar, and chickens are
slaughtered for feasting of the entire populace.
  Basi, local wine made from sugar cane, is also given for special
occasions.
 Religion
o Revolves around beliefs pertaining to creations and superstitions centering on
anito
o Anito
 Anito: an omnipotent being which exercises absolute control over
human kind.
o Bagatulalyan
 Bagatulalyan: regarded by Tingguians as their supreme god who has:
 absolute control over the behavior of his subjects and power to
punish anyone who disregards his laws and commands.
o Kadaklan
 second to Bagatulalyan who enforces decrees of Bagatulalyan 
o Kabonian
 third-ranked Tinnguian deity, who is the benevolent one.
 Great ceremonies
o can only be given by those who have the hereditary right, or who have gained
the privilege by a certain definite procedure
o In general these ceremonies are restricted to the villages in or close to the valley
of the Abra, the lower reaches of the Tineg, Malanas, and Sinalong rivers.
o Sayang: the greatest social and religious event in Tinguian life extends over
seventeen days and nights, occurring after the time of harvest
 This supreme event can only be celebrated by a few families, but all the
townsmen are welcome guests, and all, regardless of age and sex, may
witness or take part in the proceedings.
 In most cases the right is hereditary, but, as already indicated, a person
may gain the privilege by giving, in order, and through a term of years,
all the minor ceremonies.
 A person who does not have the hereditary right to the ceremonies may
gain the liberty if he be warned in a dream or be notified by the spirits
that it is their wish.
  Alalot: Two arches of bamboo, which support a grass roof. A small jar of
basi stands in this structure for the use of visiting spirits. Is generally
constructed during the Sayang ceremony 
o Pala-an: held when some member of the family is ill, or when the structure of
that name needs repair. 
 Many spirits visit the people during this rite, but the one chiefly
interested is Īdadaya, the spirit of the east. He and his ten grandchildren
wear in their hair the notched tail-feathers of a rooster, which are
known as īgam. From time to time these lose their luster, and they can
only be refreshed by having some mortal celebrate Pala-an.
 When it appears that these ornaments need attention, the Īdadaya will
notify some family, either through a medium or by sending illness to
them.
 Pala-an: Four long poles, usually three of bamboo, and one of a resinous
tree known as anteng are set in a square and support, near the top, a
platform of bamboo. Offerings are made both on and below the Pala-an
during the ceremony of that name, and in the more important rites.
o Tangpap: only a part of Sayang, but in Manabo, Lagangilang, and nearby
settlements it is recognized as one of the ceremonies must be celebrated before
a family acquires the right to Sayang. In these villages it follows Pala-an after a
lapse of two or three years.
 A Manabo woman, the wife of Sagasag, was seized with an illness which
deprived her of the use of her limbs, and when other means of relief
failed, was told by the spirits to give the Tangpap ceremony, to which
she already had a hereditary right.
 A medium was summoned, and she, with two assistants, began to
prepare many presents for the spirits who were expected to attend the
ceremony. From previous experience it was known the sort of gift each
would appreciate.
 As a rule, three spirits named Mabᴇyan attended this ceremony.
o Kalangan: a period of about seven years elapses between the building of
tangpap and the celebration of Kalangan, but in most of the valley towns the
latter ceremony follows Pala-an after two or three years
 The ceremony is so similar to the Tangpap
 The chief difference in the two is the type of structure built for the
spirits. Kalangan has four supporting timbers to which the flooring is
lashed, and from which kingposts go to ridge poles. A bamboo frame
rests on this and, in turn, supports an overhanging grass roof.
 Kalangan is much more widespread than either Tangpap or the Sayang
ceremony, and this spirit structure is often found in villages, where the
other great ceremonies are lacking.
  Special Ceremonies
o Pinasal: This rather elaborate rite seems to be confined to San Juan and nearby
settlements. The right to it is not hereditary, and any one who can afford the
expense involved may celebrate it.
 The house is decorated as in Tangpap and Sayang; a bound pig is placed
beside the door and over it the mediums recite a dīam and later
summon several spirits. Liquor is served to the guests, who dance tadek
or sing songs in praise of the family.
 The pig is killed and, after its intestines have been removed, it is covered
with a colored blanket, and is carried into the dwelling. Here it is met by
the mediums who wave rain coats above the animal, and then wail over
the carcass.
 “The pig and its covering are in part payment for the life of the sick
person. They cry for the pig, so they will not need to cry for the patient.”
Later the pig is cut up and prepared as food, only the head and feet
being left for the spirits.
o Binikwau: This ceremony, like the one just described, seems to be limited to the
San Juan region, and is given under similar circumstances
 The room is decorated as usual, and a bound pig is laid in the center.
This is known as “the exchange,” since it is given in place of the patient's
life. Two mediums place betel-nut on the animal, then stroke it with oil,
saying, “You make the liver favorable,” i.e., give a good omen.
 The pig is killed early next morning, and its liver is eagerly examined to
learn whether or not the patient is destined to recover. A part of the
flesh is placed on the house rafters, for the use of the spirits, while the
balance is cooked and served.
 The final act is to scrape up a little of the liver with a small head-axe,
and to place this, mixed with oil, on the sick person.

10. Mansaka
 Introduction
o ”man” = “first” ; “saka” = “to ascend”
o the first people to ascend the mountains or go upstream
o they are located in Compostela Valley (now known as Davao de Oro) and in
Davao del Norte
o they are used to be a single tribe with Mandaya and Kalagan Tribes but:
o some went up to the mountains (Mansaka)
o some to the upper portion of the river (Mandaya)
o some stayed in the seashore or riverside (Kalagan)
 Mansaka Racial Development
o From 5000-300 BC:
  Indonesians + Native Woman = Manobo
o From 300-200 BC:
 Malays + Manobo = Mandaya-Mansaka
o 13th Century
 Chinese + Mandaya-Mansaka
 Language: under the Manuvu linguistic (Tagacaolo, Davaoeño, Isamal dialects)
 Economy
o Farming
 rice & corn
 sweet potatoes & tubers
 coffee & hemp (cash crops)
o Weaving
 dagmay (abaca cloth w/ designs)
 woven w/ 3 types of fibers (bintok, sikarig, kanarum)
o Fishing
o Hunting
o Metalcraft
 fine silver & brass ornaments
 presence of pandayan (blacksmith’s shop)
o Basketry
o Pottery
o Wood Carving
o Mining
 Compostela Valley has been regarded as Mindanao’s “golden province”
due to its vibrant mining industry and the rich gold mineral deposits
that can be found at the bosom of its mountains.
 Gold mining has emerged as an increasingly important livelihood
throughout the province, including other indigenous groups.
 Society and Customs
o Families are patriarchal.
o Men and women have different roles.
o Farm Management:
 Men:
 farm-related jobs
 hunting fishing
 Women:
 help in planting, weeding and harvesting
 cultivate crops as commercial products to sell/barter
 produce clothing and weave mats
o Planting Season:
 Men:
  till the soil using the tutudaka (wooden pole)
 Women:
 sow the seeds
 Children:
 use wawaris (bamboo brooms) to cover the seeds with soil
 Traditions:
o Pyagsawitan Festival
 November 25th every year
 thanksgiving for the abundant harvest of the people
 guests bring food and wine as their contribution and leave with
something from the farm produce
 tribal dances are performed; along with singing and indigenous
instruments
 Clothing
o Women
 adorn their bodies with sampad, platena (silver breastplates), and
balyog (large earplugs)
 wear decorative combs of colorful beads and beaded hair pins;
bracelets
 may have bangs or tie their long hair at the back
 the blouse of a daughter of nobility is full of design motifs
 clothes are made from abaca and saragboy (soft cotton-like cloth from a
native shrub)
o Men
 wear short pants (Syrawtanan) also made from abaca and woven by
women of the tribe
 adorn themselves with glass beads that symbolize power and wealth
 Marriage
o arranged marriage
o women usually marries at 15 y/o
o the woman’s parents set the amount of dowry for their daughter
 Dowry - in terms of al-langs (slaves) and agongs and patakia (container
for betel nut chew)
 Religious Practices:
o Mansaka believes in a supreme being whom they call Magbabaya/Yumanum
o they identify themselves as utaw (people created by Magbabaya)
o Christianity has been introduced and accepted by many but has not totally
eradicated the old religion
o Balian (shaman)
 usually a female “healer” who officiates in rituals involving sickness,
death, planting, and harvest
  Health Beliefs
o Mansakas believe that diseases are caused by displeased super beings
o they offer food, wine and mama (betel nut), areca leaves and lime to appease
the evil spirits
11. Kabihug
 Kabihug (Also known as: Abian, Aeta, Agiyan, Agta, Bihug, Bikol, Camarines Norte Agta,
Manide, Negrito, Negritoes, Negritos)
 One of the oldest surviving groups of indigenous people in the Philippines is Bicol
Province's highlands, the Kabihug, which means friendly
 Lifestyle: Semi-nomadic
 Location: Philippines, Southern Luzon, Bicol Region, Southern Camarines Norte
 Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Philippine, Northern Luzon,
Northern
 The Kabihug People
o Features: Dark skin, thick and kinky hair, and short stature physically distinguish
them
o Alternate names: Manide, Agiyan
o Language: Manide
 Ways of Living
o The Kabihug are nomadic who move from one place to another and depend on
root crops, rice, and vegetables they grow
o Pangungupra (coconut cropping), pagkakabud (traditional small scale mining),
pakikigapas (cutting grass), pangangalimango (crab hunting), paguuling
(charcoal making), weaving baskets among kabihug women, raising hogs, and
sometimes kaingin are considered as other sources of livelihood.
 Religion: Christianity is the predominant religion of the tribe, the Roman Catholic and
Born Again Christians. Missionaries are also rendering their service through Bible Study.
 Culture:
o Understanding other cultures is crucial as it develops knowledge of cultural
differences, which helps build empathy and encourages an appreciation for
diversity.
o UNESCO categorized cultural heritage into the tangible cultural heritage and
intangible cultural heritage. "The tangible cultural heritage refers to physical
artifacts produced, maintained, and transmitted intergenerationally in society,
while the intangible cultural heritage refers to the practices, representations,
expressions, knowledge, and skills."
 3 Main Themes of the tangible materials used by the Kabihug:
o Dwelling Place
 Batukan – are built mainly on higher grounds, and they choose the
location of their house based on a plant called Tagbak. The Kabihug
 believes that if the plant produces shoot, it will bring good luck and
cheer and avoid misfortune on the occupants.
 Pasingolan – wooden seat
 Tug-onan – shows the cooking area of the Kabihug house called Tug-
onan that is level with the ground.
 Tinahaw – the Tinahaw, which serves as their bed, is where clothes are
stored or hanged together with the fishing paraphernalia and weapons.
o Tools
 Badi or Bolo – to clear pieces of land in the mountainside to plant root
crops like sweet potatoes and cassava. They also use Badi to craft their
essential hunting tools like pole sticks sharpened to catch fish and other
wild animals.
o Clothing
 Gumihan – According to Vela (1992) the native clothes are made of a
tree bark locally called gumihan. For Tapis or skirt of women, a bark one
and a half yard long and a foot wide is taken from the trunk. For the
bahag or breechcloth, a bark three feet long and a foot wide is used.
 Intangible Culture: Marriage, Child Bearing, and Healthcare
o The Kabihug are believed to be of pre-historic origin, who have preserved their
culture by not marrying lowlanders.
o The Kabihug tribe has local practices when it comes to courtship and marriage.
A lad would usually convey his interest in marrying a lady by rendering his
services to the family of the woman.
o When it comes to childbearing, pregnant women then, are very dependent to
the so called hilot.
o The hilot uses a sharp stripped bamboo in cutting the umbilical cord of the baby
after the delivery and covers it with clean cloth.
o The placenta or inulnan as they call it, is buried on the ground inside the house
and is immediately covered with soil.
o On top of that soil, wood will be burned and small pieces of flat clean stones will
be heated enough to be endured by the mother for these will be put on top of
her stomach. According to them, this will help remove the unwanted blood
inside the mother’s womb.
o At present, the barangay health unit is encouraging all pregnant women in the
tribe to have consultations at the health center. They are also encouraged to
practice the family planning method. For this reason, their local practices are
slowly vanishing by embracing the ways introduced by the local government.

12. Mamanua
13. Mandaya
  About
o Both non-christian and non-islamic
o Their name means “the first people upstream, ” derived from man (“first”) and
daya (“upstream or upper portion of a river”)
o POPULATION: 274,000
o ALTERNATE Names: Cataelano; Davaweno; Karaga; Sangab
 Geographic location
o Mandaya are scattered in some parts of Davao Del Norte, Compostela Valley
and Surigao Del Sur.
o The concentration of their settlement which still exists today, is at the heart of
the of Davao Oriental particularly Baganga, Caraga and Cateel.
 Subgroups
o Beside the true Mandaya, other groups exist within this cluster of
ethnolinguistic groups.
 Mansaka
 Kalagan
 Dibabawon
 Kamayo and
 Davawenyo
 Unan yang awon na wa kasaydi; Unan yang kasaydan na wa kasulti; Unan yang yasulti na
wa kasabti? = What is there but not known; What is known but not spoken;What is
spoken but not understood? — Cynthia B. Rodriguez
 Mandaya is known for:
o Masterfuul Ikat
 The native Mandaya skirt is made from an intricately woven abaca
fabric called dagmay. Jewelry adorn Mandaya costume without
overwhelming the overall attire, but rather complementing the clothes.
 Jewelry
o Mostly made from glass or plastic beads, Mandaya jewelry features elaborate
geometric designs on intricate weave. Payatina, a breast disk made of beaten
silver, is unique to Mandaya culture. – Hans Christian Andersen
 Weapon
o Date: 19th century
o Medium: Steel wood, tortoiseshell, silver, brass wire, cane (rattan), leather
14. Maranao
 Means – people of the lake or the lake dwellers
o Lanao Lake in Lanao del Sur in Mindanao
 One of the ancient lakes in the world
 Deepest and 2nd largest in the Philippines
o Majority of them inhabit the area since 13 th century
 Lanao Tribe – situated in:
 o Lanao del Norte,
o Lanao del Sur,
o Marawi City, &
o Sabah, Malaysia
 Language
o Maranao – language in Lanao del Sur and Norte
o Kirim – Maranao literary texts
o Batang Arab – Arabic letters
o Malayo-Polynesian
o Before they used Batang Arab (Arabic Script/Letters)
o Currently, they use the Latin Alphabet
 Population
o Considered as one of the largest Muslim groups in the Philippines
 1,402,000
 Communities
o They live clustered around the Mosque (Islam Church) and Torogan
 Torogan
o Royal house / preeminent economic house / home of their leaders – sultan/datu
(and their family)
o Ancient house
 Kulintang Music: culture revolves around kulintang music, a specific type of gong music
o Meaning - ‘variety of musical instruments’
o Can also be found in Northern Borneo
o Row of small gongs, with drums and various large gongs
 Livelihood
o They are formed by several families within a household divided only by walls for
partition
o Moreover, they can be members of different communities at once, without
being outcasts as they are a community that accepts bilateral relationships
o Agriculture
 One of their primary livelihoods, harvesting crops such as:
 Rice
 Corn
 Sweet potatoes
 Coffee
 Cassava
 Peanuts
 Papayas
 Bananas
 Betel nuts
 o Lake Fishing
 Another one of their primary livelihoods
o Textiles, Metalwork, and Woodcraft
 This depicts their cultural heritage, and almost every family specializes
in one of these
 Garments/textiles: wearers flaunt their status through the type, design,
and color of clothing they wear
 Culture, Religion, and Tradition
o They are one of the tribes that strive to not conform to modern influences and
losing their ethnic identity, honouring their ancestors’ struggle to preserve their
5 thousand years of roots
o Ruling/Administration
 Local leaders are known as datus, while the land is owned by a clan
o Religion
 Those who became Muslims are called “Moro” and those who are of
different religions are called “Lumad”
 (As a tribe that’s widely known as Muslims) they are the last known
tribe to embrace Islam as their religion.
 Sharif Kabunsuan – was said to introduce Islam to the tribe’s region
o Marriage
 Islam beliefs
 Polygamy
 “Parental” Marriage – similar to ‘arranged marriages’ wherein the
parents will choose who will marry their children.
 The parents of both parties will meet and talk of the amount of
money would the husband’s parents give to the bride’s as
Dowry before marrying.
 Dowry
 “Kandialaga” – 1 week celebration before the official wedding
 “Kakawing” – the wedding ceremony
 Royal families/Big families
o Maranao Crafts
 They are more distinctive, which makes them easy to distinguish from
other Philippine cultures. An example is Okir or Okkil.
 Their way of beautifying artworks
 Can be found/applied to the following crafts:
o Awang – Dugout boat
o Torogan – houses of their leader/s
o Mamandyang – long strip of cloth attached around the
corner of the house.
o Landap/Malong – tube-like cloths or skirts
  Sarimanok
 “Sari” = garment ; “Manok” = chicken
 Originated from Tugaya, Lanao del Sur
 Made by “Ampuan Batua”
 Inspired from a totem bird named Itotoro
 Itotoro – a medium to the spirit world through its unseen twin,
“Inikadowa”
  Is a symbol of fortune & good wealth
 Awang
 Dugout boat
 Has Okkil/Okir symbols (as seen in the part of the Awang taken
on the photo)
o Darangen/Darangan
 A Maranao ancient epic song
 Singing
 Love story of Prince Bantogen and Princess Gandingan
 Tells of the knowledge and experience of the MAranao people
 One of the masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of
Humanity (UNESCO, 2005)
o Dances
 Various Dances:
 “Kasingkil” / “Singkil”
o A dance wherein the women step in & out of the
clipping/clashing bamboos.
o Somewhat similar to Tinikling
o Derived from the event in Darangen where the princess
was escaping the rolling stones and clipping bamboos
that tonongs (evil spirits) did to make fun of her.
 “Kasagyan”
o A ritual dance of men that showcases their preparation
for battle with their swords.
 “Kapagaper”
o A famous dance where Maranao women use their apir
in dancing.
o Apir = fan(s)
 “Kakini-kini”
o A dance showing Maranao women’s traditional way of
walking.
 “Kadsadoratan”
o A dance that shows graceful walking, turning, and
balancing covering their faces.
  “Kanggarotaya”
o A dance that uses a know to show the strength of men.
 “Kapmalo-malong” / “Kappa Malong-malong”
o A cultural dance, performed by both men and women,
showing how to use malong.

15. Waray
 The Waray/ Waray-Waray people
o samaran/ samareno
o are a subgroup of the larger ethnolingustic group Bisaya people,
o largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group
 Total population:
o 3,660,645 native speakers (3.97% of the Philippine population)
o 4.2 Million current waray population
 Religion
o Predominantly Christian (Catholic)
o Paganism
 Area
o Eastern Samar
o Northern Samar
o Leyte
o Southern Leyte
o Biliran
o Sorsogon
 Writing System:
o Baybayin
o Latin
 Appearance
o Male:
 has large earrings and bejeweled bracelets and necklaces
 has tattoos as symbols of bravery
 wears bahag
 has typically long hair
 gold bansil
o Females:
 wears skirts
 half exposed chest
 Language:
o Waray language (Lineyte-Samarnon)
 o Cebuano
o Filipino
o English
o Latin (after colonization)
o Baybayin (before colonization)

 History
o descendants of the Austronesian-speaking immigrants during the Iron Age.
o 1521 - very first Filipinos to be sighted by Europeans under the leadership of
Ferdinand Magellan.
o among the first Filipinos converted to Christianity and also among the last
Filipino ethnicities to retain traditional pagan practices alongside their practice
of Roman Catholicism.
o waray used to live in convenient areas for farming and fishing
 Indigenous Waray religion
o Immortals
 Makapatag-Malaon
 the supreme deity
 male aspect is Makapatag (fearful and destructive)
 female aspect is Malaon (ancient understanding goddess)
 Badadum: guide of the dead
 Hamorawan Lady: deity of the Hamorawan spring in Borongan
 Maka-andog:
 an epic giant-hero
  first inhabitant and ruler of Samar (lived for five centuries)
 immortalized as a deity of fishing
o Mortals
 Igsabod: one of the 10-11 giant siblings of Maka-andog
 Paula Tomaribo: giant wife & sibling of Maka-andog in another tale, she
was of Moro origin
 Banogbarigos: brother of Maka-andog (became the first aswang)
 Delbora: the one who kaingin farmers offer food; wife of Delalaman
 Sanghid: wove cloth on a gold loom with supernatural speed (has power
to move back the sun)
 Mother of Maka-andog: a gigantic being whose head alone is as large as
a hill (lived in Mt. Hurao)
 Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. Hurao more powerful than his sons,
including Maka-andog
 Tigalhong: brother of Maka-andog; first inhabitant of Leyte
 Delalaman: giant who defeated a priest in a challenge; remained faithful
to the old faith, and was never baptised
 Dawisan: one of 9-12 children of Maka-andog who inherited his father's
strength and magic
 Yugang: a wife of Maka-andog
 Traditions
o Kuratsa Dance / Kuratsa de Mayor
 used in social gatherings, especially weddings
 depicts a courtship dance which exemplifies the movements of the
rooster and the hen
 played together with a rondalla
 sarayaw
o Bikal and kigal
 Stereotypes
o The Waray-Waray are often stereotyped as brave warriors
o has a popular phrase “Basta ang Waray, hindi uurong sa away” or "Waray never
back down from a fight"
o sometimes depicted as violent and callous
o They are also known as contented people
o known for their love of music (particularly: the Kuratsa)
o Local artists often create Waray versions of popular songs, such as "An Bahal
nga Tuba" that was based on a Mexican song.

16. Tasaday
 One of the 110 Indigenous Tribe in the Philippines
 Related TERMS:
 o Primal clan
o Stone Age tribe
o Stone tools
o Orchids leaves clothing
o Hoax tribe
o Primitive tribe
 History
o Tasaday tribe were discovered living in isolation deep in the highland rainforest
of Mindanao, Philippines in 1971.
o Discovered as a Stone Age tribe with 27 people of six families living in caves
o Use stone tools and clothes made out of orchid leaves
o Featured in 32-page cover story by National Geographic
o Purportedly to have no human contact for 1000 years
o Discovered by Manuel Elizalde Jr.
o In 1972, ethnobotanist Douglas Yen and anthropologist Carol Maloney found
anomalies in the diet and language of the Tasaday
o Swiss journalist Oswald Iten revisited the Tasaday in 1986 and found the tribe
living in houses and wearing regular clothes.
 Characteristics
o Clothing: loincloth and skirts made of orchid leaves
o Location: highland rainforest in South Cotabato Mindanao, Philippines
o Foods: wild yam; other foods included tadpoles, frogs, small fish, crabs, grubs,
palm fruit, and wild bananas.
o Hunting and gathering
 Tools: used only crude stone tools and wooden utensils, and had no
weapons for hunting or war.
 Language
o Manobo languages of Kulaman valley as evidence found around 300 of
Belayem's forms by Prof. Lawrence A. Reid.

17. Karay-a
 Etymology
o The Karay-a tribe is an ethnolinguistic group located in the islands of Panay and
Palawan. The word Karay-a came from the word iraya that means “mountain
dwellers” and “upstream”. In Sanskrit, the word came from laya which means
“abode”
o Their language was considered as the oldest language in Panay. It is one of the
languages in the Visayan region along with the Aklanon, Capiznon and
Hiligaynon.
 Location
 o Island of Panay

o The province of Antique can be found in the southern part of the island, it is
narrow and is shaped like a seahorse. Antique is known as “the place where the
mountain and sea meet” because of its unique geography.
 Population
o Antique has the population of 582,012 people (Census of Population, 2015).
Antique’s highlands and high hills separates it from the other provinces, because
of this they have developed a new and unique language “Kinaray-a”.
o This dialect came from the Austronesian which is known for its usage of the
sound “r” and “schwa”.
 Culture
o The Karay-a people has 2 types of culture: material and non-material. Material
culture is tangible, it includes the traditional, created and is being used by the
group. Non-material culture is intangible but is seen by doing/ performing it.
 Non-material Culture
o Belief in Marriage
 Incest is common
 Courtship starts with pangagad in which the suitor gives service to the
woman’s family for a year. Then followed by patalanha or secret, in
which they will secretly tell the woman’s parents about their true
intentions.
 Dowry, is the payment for the woman’s family. Then the man will give
tuos or the token of agreement
 Hungaw – weddingPunsyon or feast. During the feast, they do the
pangasi or
 drinking of rice wine and ala-salud in which visitors places money on a
bamboo for the couple. Then they will do the traditional binanog dance
o Binukot
 Is the separation of a young child (3 or 4 yrs. old) from their parents.
This practice is believed to result in a much higher price for future
marriage (pangayu or price of the bride).
  The child will not work. She will have someone to assist her called the
apid
 The elderly provides entertainment to the child though traditional
dances and oral lore.
 She should not be seen by anyone other than their family and the apid.
o Belief in Death
 Ritual for the god Pandaque (diyos Pandaque)
 Bundok Madya-as- like heaven, this is where they believe the soul of the
dead go
 Without the ritual, the soul will go under the god Simuran and
Siginarugan
 Sidapa is the god who measures and decides how long a person should
live.
 Bangle is the one who accompanies the soul through the lake
o Belief in Calamities
 Dalagangan- the act of running on the roof of their house to have a
good weather.
 Buruhusan- a ritual done during kaingin
o Belief in Ghost
 Gumon (means tangle in Hiligaynon) - a type of aswang described as a
crawling mass of hair in which it uses to strangle and engulf people. Its
weakness is fire.
o Social Norms
 The parents teach respect to their children, this includes how you
properly address someone. It considered rude to address someone
using their name alone, the proper way of addressing someone is saying
their given nickname and name.
 For boys- toto, nonong, dodoy
 For girls- nene, neneng, isang, inday at acay.
 Example: Toto Miguel, Neneng Fiel
 Material Culture
o Cooking and Food
 Pancit Molo- Named after District Molo of Iloilo
 La Paz Batchoy ng Iloilo
 Chicken Binakol ng Aklan
o Livelihood
 Fishing- uses pamansi or bamboo spears, bubo or fish traps laid on sea
floor, and fishnets also called sahid or pukot.
 Farming, their products includes palay, coconut, tuba, asukal, root
crops, cacao
 Pasturage
 Weaving- Because of trading they have import products called the balas
de algodon “bales of cotton” and generos de algodon “cotton products”
 Weaving products: Bugasong is a barrel skirt or patadyong, Hablon a
handmade cloth, jusi or banana fiber, pina or hibla ng pinya at ang
maguey fiber. They have import of leather, seashells, rattan, nido
(pugad ng ibon)
 Patadyong a clorful cloth used in pre-colonial era and still being used by
elder Karay-a as skirt. Also used to carry a baby.
 Actual weaving of Hablon, from the word of Hiligaynon “Habol” that
means “maghabi”
 Patadyong cloth, product of Hablon, Women’s attire in the Island Panay,
Bukidnon