JOHN RALPH P.

SINOY BSMARE- 1 ALPHA

ATTENTION STUDENTS:

MIDTERM: RESEARCH WORK ACTIVITY#1:

ICHEM

Instruction. Write or print the following terminologies and its importance in a long
bond paper, search in at google internet, modules will be sent later through
Subject google GC, deadline for said activities will be on October 25, 2021

1. Compressibility of gases

Compressibility is the measure of how much a given volume of matter decreases when
placed under pressure. If we put pressure on a solid or a liquid, there is essentially no
change in volume. The atoms, ions, or molecules that make up the solid or liquid are
very close together. There is no space between the individual particles, so they cannot
pack together.

2. Real gases

Real gases are non-ideal gases whose molecules occupy space and have interactions;
consequently, they do not adhere to the ideal gas law. To understand the behaviour of
real gases, the following must be taken into account:

 compressibility effects;

 variable specific heat capacity;

 van der Waals forces;

 non-equilibrium thermodynamic effects;

 issues with molecular dissociation and elementary reactions with variable

composition

For most applications, such a detailed analysis is unnecessary, and the ideal gas
approximation can be used with reasonable accuracy. On the other hand, real-gas
models have to be used near the condensation point of gases, near critical points, at
very high pressures, to explain the Joule–Thomson effect and in other less usual cases.
The deviation from ideality can be described by the compressibility factor Z.

3. Dalton's law of partial pressure

According to Dalton's law of partial pressures, the total pressure by a mixture of gases
is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of each of the constituent gases. The partial
pressure is defined as the pressure each gas would exert if it alone occupied the
volume of the mixture at the same temperature.

4. Vander Waals equation

In chemistry and thermodynamics, the Van der Waals equation is an equation of state
that generalizes the ideal gas law based on plausible reasons that real gases do not act
ideally.
5. Ideal gas law

The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a
hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under
many conditions, although it has several limitations.

6. Atmospheric pressure

Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the
pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a
unit of pressure defined as 101,325 Pa (1,013.25 hPa; 1,013.25 mbar), which is
equivalent to 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inches Hg, or 14.696 psi.

7. Kinetic energy of gases

The temperature of a gas is a measure of the mean kinetic energy of the gas. The
molecules are in constant random motion, and there is an energy (mass x square of the
velocity) associated with that motion. The higher the temperature, the greater the
motion.

8. Barometric pressure

Barometric pressure, also called atmospheric pressure or air pressure, is the force or
weight of the air surrounding us. Barometric pressure is measured by an instrument
called the barometer. One of the commonest types of barometers is a mercury
barometer in which the height of a column of mercury that exactly balances the weight
of the column of atmosphere over the barometer represents the barometric pressure at
that point.

9. Manometer

A Manometer is a device to measure pressures. A common simple manometer consists

of a U shaped tube of glass filled with some liquid.

10. Pressure-volume relationship

Boyle's Law states that the volume of a given amount of gas held at constant
temperature varies inversely with the applied pressure when the temperature and mass
are constant.

11.Temperature- volume relationship

Charles' Law gives the relationship between volume and temperature if the pressure
and the amount of gas are held constant:

1) If the Kelvin temperature of a gas is increased, the volume of the gas increases. (P, n
Constant)

2) If the Kelvin temperature of a gas is decreased, the volume of the gas decreases. (P,
n Constant)

This means that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature.
Think of it this way, if you increase the volume of a gas and must keep the pressure
constant the only way to achieve this is for the temperature of the gas to increase as
well.
12. Quantity- volume relationship

The difference between quantity and volume is that quantity is a fundamental, generic
term used when referring to the measurement (count, amount) of a scalar, vector,
number of items or to some other way of denominating the value of a collection or group
of items while volume is a unit of three-dimensional measure of space that comprises a
length, a width and a height it is measured in units of cubic centimeters in metric, cubic
inches or cubic.

13. Isotopes

Isotopes are members of a family of an element that all have the same number of
protons but different numbers of neutrons. The number of protons in a nucleus
determines the element's atomic number on the Periodic Table.

14. Steam pressure

Steam pressure is a very important property of steam when learning about steam
turbine generators and gas laws.

Water in a gaseous state (steam) consist of water molecules that are more spread out
and moving much more rapidly than the molecules of liquid water or ice.

The pressure of steam in a container is measured by how often and how many times
these molecules of steam collide with the outside of the container. A single steam
molecule will not exert very much force on a container, but the sum of the force of each
molecule can exert a strong and measurable force.

15. Arrhenius acid and base.

Swedish Svante Arrhenius, in 1884 proposed the concept of acid and base based on
the theory of ionization. According to Arrhenius, the acids are the hydrogen-containing
compounds which give H+ ions or protons on dissociation in water and bases are the
hydroxide compounds which give OH− ions on dissociation in water.

16. Gas mixture

In gas mixtures, each component in the gas phase can be treated separately. Each
component of the mixture shares the same temperature and volume. (Remember that
gases expand to fill the volume of their container; gases in a mixture do that as well.)
However, each gas has its own pressure.

17. Molecular diffusion

Molecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all particles at
temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of
temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size of the particles.

18. Effusion

Effusion is the movement of gas molecules from one container to another through a tiny
hole. Rates of effusion can be compared at the same temperature using Graham's law.
Diffusion is the movement of gas molecules through one or more other types of gas via
random molecular motion.

19. Mean free path.

In physics, mean free path is an average distance over which a moving particle (such as
an atom, a molecule, a photon) substantially changes its direction or energy (or, in a
specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive
collisions with other particles

20. Bond strength

A bond's strength describes how strongly each atom is joined to another atom, and
therefore how much energy is required to break the bond between the two atoms.

21. Nuclear charge

The nuclear charge is the total charge in the nucleus for all the protons. It has the same
value as the number of atoms. As we move through the periodic table by through the
atomic load. When you reach the end of a cycle and go to the start of the next period,
the number of atoms and the nuclear charge continues to rise.

22. Electron affinity

Electron affinity, in chemistry, the amount of energy liberated when an electron is added
to a neutral atom to form a negatively charged ion. The electron affinities of atoms are
difficult to measure, hence values are available for only a few chemical elements, chiefly
the halogens.

23. Gas pipelines

Natural gas pipelines transport natural gas from stationary facilities such as gas wells or
import/export facilities, and deliver to a variety of locations, such as homes or directly to
other export facilities.

24. Collecting gases over water

A gas produced in a chemical reaction can be collected by water displacement.

Because the gas is collected over water, it is not pure but is mixed with vapor from the
evaporation of the water. Dalton's law can be used to calculate the amount of the
desired gas by subtracting the contribution of the water vapor.

25. Mole fraction

The ratio of the number of moles of one component of a solution or other mixture to the
total number of moles representing all of the components.

26. Molarity

Molarity is the ratio of the moles of a solute to the total liters of a solution. The solution
includes both the solute and the solvent.

27. Molality

Molality, on the other hand, is the ratio of the moles of a solute to the kilograms of a
solvent. Note that the mass used in the denominator is that of only the solvent, not the
solute and the solvent.

28. Formal concentration

A formal concentration is when the concentration of a substance is measured as the
number of moles of the substance found in a liter of solution.

29. Normality

In chemistry, the equivalent concentration or normality of a solution is defined as the

molar concentration cᵢ divided by an equivalence factor feq: Normality = cᵢ/feq

30. Concentration of solution.

The concentration of a solution is a measure of the amount of solute that has been
dissolved in a given amount of solvent or solution. A concentrated solution is one that
has a relatively large amount of dissolved solute. A dilute solution is one that has a
relatively small amount of dissolved solute.

31. Graham's law of effusion and diffusion

Graham's law states that the rate of diffusion or of effusion of a gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its molecular weight. Thus, if the molecular weight of
one gas is four times that of another, it would diffuse through a porous plug or escape
through a small pinhole in a vessel at half the rate of the other (heavier gases diffuse
more slowly). A complete theoretical explanation of Graham's law was provided years
later by the kinetic theory of gases. Graham's law provides a basis for separating
isotopes by diffusion—a method that came to play a crucial role in the development of
the atomic bomb.

32. Gas constant

The molar gas constant is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar equivalent to
the Boltzmann constant, expressed in units of energy per temperature increment per
mole, i.e. the pressure–volume product, rather than energy per temperature increment
per particle.

33. Avogadro's Law

Avogadro's law, a statement that under the same conditions of temperature and
pressure, equal volumes of different gases contain an equal number of molecules. This
empirical relation can be derived from the kinetic theory of gases under the assumption
of a perfect (ideal) gas.

34. Oxidizers

Oxidizers are solids, liquids, or gases that react readily with most organic material or
reducing agents with no energy input. Oxidizers are a severe fire hazard. They are not
necessarily combustible, but they can intensify combustion and increase the flammable
range for chemicals so they ignite more readily.

35. Hydraulic press

A hydraulic press is a machine press using a hydraulic cylinder to generate a

compressive force. It uses the hydraulic equivalent of a mechanical lever, and was also
known as a Bramah press after the inventor, Joseph Bramah, of England. He invented
and was issued a patent on this press in 1795.

36. Gas oxidizers

Oxidizer gases are those that, in the presence of an ignition source and a fuel, support
and may vigorously accelerate combustion (e.g., oxygen, nitrous oxide).

37. Gas irritants

Irritant gases are those which, when inhaled, dissolve in the water of the respiratory
tract mucosa and cause an inflammatory response, usually due to the release of acidic
or alkaline radicals. Irritant gas exposures predominantly affect the airways, causing
tracheitis, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis.

38. Flammable gases

Acetylene, hydrogen, propane, propylene and methane are all flammable gases
referred to as 'fuel gases'. When these gases are mixed with an oxidant and provided
with an ignition source, they will burn.

39. Gases

Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume. Gases have lower
density than other states of matter, such as solids and liquids.

40. Pyrophorics

A substance is pyrophoric if it ignites spontaneously in air at or below 54 °C or within 5

minutes after coming into contact with air. Examples are iron sulfide and many reactive
metals including plutonium and uranium, when powdered or thinly sliced.

41. Corrosive

Corrosives are materials that can attack and chemically destroy exposed body tissues.
Corrosives can also damage or even destroy metal. They begin to cause damage as
soon as they touch the skin, eyes, respiratory tract, digestive tract, or the metal. They
might be hazardous in other ways too, depending on the particular corrosive material.

42. Aspiration Hazards

An aspiration hazard refers to a substance that has the potential to enter the trachea
and lower respiratory system via the oral or nasal cavity through the process of
aspiration, the introduction of a substance into the respiratory system through the
course of a single inspiration (inhaled breath).

43. Self reactives

Self-reactive substances or mixtures are thermally unstable liquid or solid substances or

mixtures liable to undergo a strongly exothermic decomposition even without
participation of oxygen (air). This definition excludes substances and mixtures classified
under the GHS as explosives, organic peroxides or as oxidizing.

44. Gas explosives

An explosive substance is a solid or liquid substance (or mixture of substances) which is

in itself capable by chemical reaction of producing gas at such a temperature and
pressure and at such a speed as to cause damage to the surroundings. Pyrotechnic
substances are included even when they do not evolve gases.

45. Propane gas canisters

Propane is a three-carbon alkane gas (C3H8). It is stored under pressure inside a tank
as a colorless, odorless liquid. As pressure is released, the liquid propane vaporizes
and turns into gas that is used in combustion. An odorant, ethyl mercaptan, is added for
leak detection.

46. Poisonous gases

any of various toxic gases, especially those used in chemical warfare to kill or
incapacitate on inhalation or contact, as phosgene, chlorine, etc.

47. Noble gases

The noble gases make up a class of chemical elements with similar properties; under
standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low
chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium, neon, argon,
krypton, xenon, and the radioactive radon.

48. Atmospheric gases

An atmosphere is a blanket of gases that surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of
the planet by Earth’s gravitational attraction. Carbon, oxygen and nitrogen from the
three main constitutions of the atmosphere. The atmosphere is made of gases that are
essential for photosynthesis and respiration, among other life activities.

The gases in Earth's atmosphere include:

Nitrogen — 78 percent

Oxygen — 21 percent

Argon — 0.93 percent

Carbon dioxide — 0.04 percent

Trace amounts of neon, helium, methane, krypton and hydrogen, as well as water vapor

49. Hydrogen gas

Hydrogen gas is an efficient energy carrier, which can be produced through biological
pathways as an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels.

50. Gas sensitizers

A sensitizer is a substance that can cause exposed people to develop an allergic

reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the substance. A chemical that
causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic
reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical.