ability of a materiol +o withstond lood Without failure — deols wl elostic behavior of loaded moter als 1. Tensile Stress = F+4 > F 2. Compressive Stress + —>—F 3. Shearing ot fp | = we \ Sy -D-Torsional Stress. ( dete twisting)“ | nw ts. m 267 id_civalar chal (Cee TE FER atitcvoer od where = 40TO lr 4) Chelle circular shot 2 Toma) > moduiic a as Z = by iret, S=€& = @lL)e where ac~ Fe 2 Actval Legh = L tal For Sheor Stress * $3 =G(e? Ail Sins Brera (0) = €neigy stored in loaded member is eqval fo Fhe work veavired +o deform the member UrgFlau)= 4 eo 40, Shear Modulus / Modulus of Elasticity in Shear] E G > zany STUFFNEES — amount of force veqvind ty Cause a unit deforma keto = & = spring constant ne 12. COMBINED AXIAL, BENDING, | . TOR sion a! STRESSES Senor= [6 «(BY = 2S Ieee Soman = Se +c} hl | Semax = CS.) + (48) 4 DP s, may = TBS = [EAT] Snmox = & +1E%y GP sellers) ar] meltiply (Ed) Wy Bm ~ - Tea | Yi k= dlq for se tf Buckling Factor Where as ‘ofiun + AL = CL (at) a ; A cao erdbcane Ve @ V C44) s ee Aeave te See Sas =~ Ex = — tater stein | Smt (Sma Swin) Tong tudinal shi Foy mos} Moteials! [O= 028 40 0.35 j An sin Sq = $ (Smax > Sain) eee. < Scanned with CamScanner! ro Sm = 4 (Smoc ~Sin) Smon min ‘gre, copper, Ausminom, Tron, Unc, Thy Lead | Design Stius (Sy) = SE ‘cost ten, Glass, concrete, Sm =¢ (Sma + Sis) > mean stress Se = (Smog = Smin) > attersony s4K-s} Variabic component stigss - @ horizontal sttucivral member Weed 49 suppers applied loads Types: fi £4. Simply Supparted Beam suit Coneeatvated Loade A singly s.500 ith Dita 4. re wl hed Beam ed Loa goo] a —" FF cxmais team, + Qvermorging Beam L4: casiverer eam Fe LE. Geom Freed of onevond © singly sported atne other ead FT PA fines Beon F Sample A te | 7 ft wp cl shear j k ZN Moment a aay a! 4. SIMPLE BEAM rt ©. SIMPLE BEAM yi Two Loods 6 =~ Pab (4+ B)/cer Oy =~ Pab (1 4-2) é Sing = = Swit mee Se4eET Ost wie EL (CTrianguar Lood) z Mang, = WE OS u Gaetan ~0-c0es2-H= = -2we & Seer B= sw .* ‘ier % | Me= Fal wa, mes = =P HEL & = 4 Rocary) 2eT = tb-x) : Gu'a~40°) yy ee we Laz ET nw W a) Nowe GE the ends) ie | veut ote Bey ET \ Scanned with CamScanneree Kk Coahlver Beam vi End Moment ver | a, aateapsinn re =) ie AF De Circle (1-8 ° ws Axi" * fo ee = F860 kg lin? = rANDAEDS: (Cored 67 xh psi = VF x10" [te Vis 0.34 a £ = 10 xo psi | Box 10" psi =207GP. Yo Gla x10" psi = 83 GPa or 80 GPa 4 65x er = 0.284 Ibm] int 2 1G XI psi = 110 GPA 46 GPa ENGINEERING MATERIALS ba METALS + Ferrous + Non Ferrous, @ toy mess + Thermoplasties + Thermosets: CERAMICS — Cmufol + non-metal) Pr LOMPOSITES (2 eoure metal) SOMPOSITE S CLASSIFICATION OF METALS tale with iron, include steels, cost ito, olloys efi rar i Trixtue oF 40 oF mot substonces least one is a metal, ety brittie bet goed For Costing comix shepe joes nok wst cosily T cee Fodueed by cepeatedly heating strips 1 disperses coten 7 sidiln fo pur fore ~ alloy of ion R ofner elements = do net contain appreciable amount ef iron, ~ ber Binge Cropper zinc ee, (copper t Tin) CLASSIFICATION OF COMMERCIAL STEELS ea as then q Classi fic otons: ovbon + traces of My,S,Si,P Vild/secl —>amuonicoromsteel ( < 0.5% ¢) “for wie, tWEMO Shapes , screw machine. part! eh (0-30— 0.45% ©) ed fr oxtes, gears, & Slo C) = 984d for driles cutting toote, Emive-s (0.45 - 5% 6) = sed fu Nord sted progucts = metal cating tools A hivee spiiac s NOTE 8 “Tncteosing % of carbon content: + increases hardaces and tensile shypth + deertoses deeniity mts + Moreasts difficulty in machinin Suis“ r ntain test than 8 ‘Jo total alloying elemantt ~ Carbon conkat is below p, este 2 | Types: 4. Stwetwal steel 2 High~ shrength Steel 3+ Ultra High =Strengin Steel ~ Scanned with CamScanner= contain mort thas 8'/e total alloying elements = Consists of atleast 2 chemical elements a Prpecties depend en the percenragl oF elmer = Thighty corre . Nigh’ renability CLASSIFICATIONS: rm resistant ~ formed ‘SautesssSeehy = resistant 49 stains, corrosion , op thon ordinary steel kL Sytem’ AUS1 series 12xx gees —[ee-Ni-Mn Austenitic 63 ‘addition of chro mim (mint 40%, sindicote method of anv facturing = filloy, basic open hearty. — Carbon , acid (Bessemer — (Garbon, if Open hearth Carbon, acid) open heor th - [Blectric Furnace mMmOODp Yepresente class of Steel ——_ om s} oF ree Cuttin a YSXX Sees ~ Ler-Ni Austenitic. sx] o Mongonese Hoe V ARK Series — Lor Mactensitic or gee cier Fewitic ssJ @> BXRR VSKK Seties — @> |Nickel Chromiem — be ; [low cy Mortensitic steel] Heat and conosion res. —— 303XX Classificatins! ARXX a) Staintess Steels Meant —_ eee = pth 12-28% chromium 1" awogemm — cr FEXX = Sf =cr- Ni GPx, ) Tu TURBINE BLADES i. Menuaenom = Gro N Gx ». Stoiniess Steels r SXRY, = heat tealeble, No ny ot Elan > higher carbon contents ee ~ fur Suegical Tnshvments ‘Chromium —Vanadiwn GXxXx © Stainuss Steele G2? | Ni- or- Molybdenum —_ 8XXx 7 gorteins 4-22), Nickel ~ fer General ¢ Ive purposes - Weldotic, (om Innate high carbon? Alloy S+eels Thigh hardness , strength and wear resistonce 7 24% ~4-5'Jo Carbon ~wsed psothee metals SAIS! ond SAE one Lette System bination yi wmber Tool steel water hordenes © Mold Toot Stee) Plain Cartoon Steel! 8 ~ aa hordening cold work atioy steel | D ~ Diffusea® a S = Shoee resistance tow carbon tol site] JT High Speed tungsten tool steel | M = high speed Molybdenum tool sieel) H = hot work toor steer i P - Plesk I | Society of Automonve Engineers Amaicen [ron and steel Institve, o" ax — Molyedenvm ——9 XXX | ~APPREK: So oF principal alloying elements — Hime the approx- ‘Io Carbon — OX "fe Carbon, se, | indicates modific ation of Steel Plain Carbon (Non Modified )) Resulfwized \ resvifized 2 cephosphorised Non ~ resslfuised , Mn overto.o O 1 2 g = 0.xx% Carbon, [sa 5430 8.20% © le 0. 30'l non ~ modifi 1'b Cheomivay Cotoun steel Produced in, Chromiva Alloy skee| Acid Bessemer Scanned with CamScannereartite and cementite, consists of = hard, brite, FoF weldobie When annealed —> becomes molteobie cost son, B) Gryrcaserionel = cOst irons ak slow cool > Consists of ferrite & Tcastivn ve sis soft ~ arity mochined & welded c), = ptoduced by ») L grey castivons + modified by ma efore cadtin ~ consists of lephemrtaedar Porticls iy Fenite or pear — Dvetile and Malleable, Taphite particle J 9cSivm, 40 the melt a phiv Whe mahix resses * ate hardness so — heating So sume loo'F, PRge Ml Bub Requentcouliag? 7 to below that range—ta 5 om Fa T Preduce unitorm.stweture. of meta © Gold kpiftttanal strains cavsed by cold workin: eS = reduces i 1 1400—1 that Fer al = Feheoting 10 @ 4emp. [below] the transform Popered_geephit floser cMaleanenss heat treatment ot Whi {Can be welded; mochined, fer ~ 900d Strength © shock resistance Hing Gove) transformation 4emperahyd ens oil) to fegaeaed if Goo trenstimatin, mp. for a sui table tin Tensile Mrongik > SHIN (SIS), psi — = Load , ta: BHN Tee v +R —radivs of steel ball = radius of indentation, Additiond / Nokes PRESSURE VESSELS * THI ALLED ressure Vessel: i Ga a. vane) PRLLS> 2) THIN = WALLED eyinders Plas 1) Axial/ Longitudinal! Girth stmes Pe Se = Gis poy 2) Tenste/ circomsesental tang ential, Hoop Shes Sie Pedi ope d ee Y — radius of outside ov inside 4 range | followed by any ired-ratem | 8 o£ cooling *S[ataln eeareg ee desired proper hee ft: OF metas nia — — reduce brittleness 6 Case. Hardsning ~ Process ofhardeninethe surfoce ov c. — Provide @ hard, war while retaining, Acughness: in the corey. sEsdiewe inemol sh resistant surfqcr lid) Stress iu Compressive Stress in radial direction, =fidtedt © dita? R=8,) Tid Pade © a ae ae dng | w_ Maxi mus stress 4 faa’ Based on inner avefow? Fedile 7 TO * Bosed on outer surfow? r= dz 7 1=0 Scanned with CamScanneral BR Hc [> Sttteath oF Longindinal Teint [% zr 2S. = P (dL) @sueridit ° va Gy > stunt ot ctl FeO SO) = PFO) Bin LAME's Eqvatia) a + Ductile eos Rae) ost Tron’ 2 LR +] steel i) AMoys) CEL ee ot Moximum Shear stress, Clnner Suesace) in “oad wail > ‘max = Pi de ditional Notes UY fir thin walled coe ce tinne C Gy Ty neag 1G wn guaers "OVS 0 roteting member tronsmitting power “DXLE, 6 staasory member comin +“ SEINDLE aShort shaft or axle on mackings = 0 short which is an integral part of the mochine, onenife power Bel- source R mochine Obsehigg OWE og TOboing whucls, pol Materials for Transyission Shoft + cold-rolled, hoF-rolled , forged carbon steel BOwER er rodivs 08 pulley whee) se, s TH UFi-F2) 0 Cfogbelt drive) T= (Fear (fargear drive) pitch radivs of gcor z ( OFe Tt ( for solid cir evlor shes), = Ae TD Cor hollow civevlor shaft) Wot a Se = Me = -Z2H (tw cotid civ shott) = S2MD_ (for hollow cirevier abot) Tot-a) Ga" One BSMECODE ” A Main Power Transmitting Shotts (SS'OO0pH, Fs =15) D=In- p- ON Neteeiebaste, B.Lineshafts corying Pulltys, (\S=Goeipsiy/FS~10) = DN u in shot dD tnotent sie ROTN by the prime mover Sy = 4( i) a © countershott, jackshatt jpeads hati beth transmission shoft imterme diate between Tineshort ond driven machinw. Josie do 4 in. +Ailq to @ It. Standard stock Lengths by tI increments by ‘4 increments 4o, 20, 24 Fr. Cr aT - et y? = b cinds a ace Actens of Pulleys % DY = se Scanned with CamScannerrit A gle attoch Wee FE = GR |; Marie Where K = spring constant m= oes 9 = qrovisensnal constort AL - Stotic deflectoa, | aba wee), inf loenee eve thus, B- No mess involved zi w= (2 [wee FR GEL a sion a der tection C- Rayleigh rite Egvotion (chert of negisibu wore | vl several masses) D. Dunkerey Eavetion (alse for multimers system) Kn ~ combieed shoot £ fotigve faclr fy, Kq_ ~ combined shoot 9 fang Focter for far B witow), tats F4cerPa) +(b ree Cae & (ou EX GCE) + Coy Whey — difd, 24 = Colume Focte OC =4.0 P sre 38 Snduness tad) 21) a £ T= 0.004 (He) Eoler's Gan. —> rele > acl © Ghinged ends) ie 2.205 F416 Cficed ends) asin bearings Sy — compression yield stress Ko] F Craais of gyration) Conds with portly restiaal, Addi tinal Noyes fr Cnuchatinn, Yigg = 6.04 in/tt Length ‘employed ot the interface of a poir tO prevent ‘ongsior’ motion between these. 0 groove in the shatt ond mating member +0 we ne key fits LINES mnonent Keys mode integral v] tne shaft (wan D4) a3 square cosa eecbiN half ef 113. depth sunk in the shaft LAT KE: xa cw Dla) EY onguot craco~ tection «Ri AL onety ve Cuomo oe with Fwo boHow comers >) utiles eesti aye) as consists 2 of @ circular disk =" veotonpsler Feywoy (£emale member) _ Semimeivevlor Keyway € mole member) © giecheso mest key 0 ol =a Flat Key wl special gib-heod to Facitote Boxy dering Btemoval OF ke ¥gn00 a oat used Gost Sha wep ) bk Am Keune ey 8 <7 “Eapered squore ‘ays wl diagonal Gimension in a ci Com ftrenkal destin A ome wie hos atighitit into one member \unse stiding fit in the other : ~ allows the hvb to move dlong shart but Prevents revotion on ine short Scanned with CamScanner wCSheoring stress orf Key) For Flange coupling? Se = Tt Ce es) %) (Be bes. the Flange ond bo) +s) ( sheasing.of the bolts) = 218) (onesie saasatve) |S 7-2E mee -Somecessive Stress of Key) Gy yn, OL once. bolt circles’ = vovolly see Of four, six, eight or ten, A ‘ 2UTN Belotensbipg 7 es 1 Ga sie sci > E, yl Sop 7 hear hres * Gk ¥ pret spins FN pe ca Nienetltes Cima ts, ten BAC 4) Shaating- # Spl ine ag? 2) es 2 6 (hujas 3) Totqe Capacity of oa Spline Ter Be 4h oy) ee diamete) diameter) = mechonicel device used to connect lengths of ShaFting Permonenty ' Types 4 do ne} alow anguor; axial ov rotatiundl lexibill = 40 callincor chats a » OPLING, ~ Consists of Fwo halves of flanges conaeck: toy bolts CouPLING = cylindrical collar pressed over the ente! oF two collimol ehoF hr = cop OF shot: ‘le allow ongularity 4» rote core =a = hear whee eetnertia, masse ia securing Uniform motion OF mochi ner ~ alse used in punch pressed Uoaied oy gan |ELYWHEE Sry | od 2 sheats Me = Me Fim, Fy PVe Levy steel, See 0.284 eet Loo © foment of inerti aye TOaN W = 2TN ce ia EVID 5 \ — ralvnet gyration % Do rd Nu; Hoop Stress = (5 Drisalignnent Scanned with CamScanner¥) Bass Fsosdtb LEnencivevter wie j_ d = 4 (Perimeter) dditinol Notes = threaded fasteners vsed to hold tugethir parks Unified Natienel couse) © = Fer gnerol use & UN i Tr ised in aotenobrt compe, pumps gilctas} wo Mine fine, adjeohinen® fi fequire sional Exo Eine) nie ralaeconatea eainest = wwhsieey ey JeaseaiReEenT © required ‘ = in Bolts meriean_and 15000 (brnze ste) =tS000 Calloy steel) [A Bogue = sh Be Ie | £59, coe ie ‘Nominal Size, G pet Cright hond) ‘inact 1-SD Ccastirun) 1250 (steel) UH (leet hand) Pilon Crer) © = 5,000 Cearbor steel) ified National Theod Seri D Corel £ weughr whe ina) A externa svead) 0 =nominat diamtter ancy (intemal thread) t UNEF 1 (widest tolerance) T=O.2FD TSCFD E (nama 6) Tine whee! 3 (closest Fit) " 2. Metric Theod Series 0.2 (as received) [7 moarituse of toler = 0.15 (lvoricated’ nce Bac ieat Metric. Thread Ts 9 externa thee | = (Lead)¢ no. of tums) pe ice cintinal) "| Working Shrengthiet Balt ¢ fun Machines Heedbvt) Nominal size (mm / thread) Cm) Scanned with CamScannerused to move weights & mockine parks YES cquare, ACME DF butlese taneds Nomencta tv a e a cover’ CE cour foe, 1B a "Pitch ( inches /thiead) sLead distance in ont tun) = bend 2 WP fo BET] Where Where X= lead angle Denil 21h iN ~ motto creeds pm, nccally. > gshisaly. Tefal exguired i fc on 1 | 7 Hl set screw Z Leising the Lead Gers pase Tra fates] on) n=l / Dea = mean diamekr o¢ thnads =D, Power inpub of cre TToraet to Overcome “Therad Friction. 42 Overcome Collas Prichiow coesficient at frickin OF cellar past Jemn( ts b+ Franx Gee = (ACME) AGG ( Trapezoidal Metric) GG American std. / couse) Gata) é | esqvare) an s) Detlectiu ‘Power Oviprs of Screw) __tanx * Fonte) + tebe —It_—_ Tht TH | abserb energy or shock loods. = maintain contoct bet: machine members 7 ACH as source of cneray = Serve as measunng device © [freehand RSE | h med 8 ndy np ain (ne) Cdw) - hp tldy weed | neo | onre) (dw) | np + Ody preven [ava | owe) Gy] np ¥ 3d N= effective no- oF ceils P — pitch dw ~ diameter of tht wire eit conemharite Cornet kw Re Ss east] ky = $S2b 1 OG uonttc Fact) est Spriay Ks= 4 ¢ t Cconcsatratun Fact) X= Acta 85 GSE Suphrasentacio’)— 2) 20 (8) - (Fe) (2) 05(50") g= groin ge — aa | Mg Scanned with CamScanner46 Gear? + ri te (HB) J sree? hicknss "oF Leagues L~ length, +20) Fi gph graduated if |s ESL ithou) Extra ul : GEG LWithoet Extra Full Length Leas) = 5StP_(yith Extra fu Length Leaf) Zs 22H EE a ies! |! 5 ne. aF Orton Ba lesph toes total 0. of leaves Fo tesa toad bet when 19 aped ah each en we (¢0) v= (09) (7 DCL) L=TOmW Addition Notes: -vsed wi Flat pulleys = Forlong_distance between shafts = BELT = used with gtoore pulleys or sheaves = Stronger grip. short distance between shafts 3 WED BELT = pair w ed pulleys = vsed a3 timing belt 2 d catia i ca tical!) pra otsi 4 Oak ~tapned Leathée (std: mateia) for Fat velis) +b Chrome Leather (used where very pliable, ‘material is desived) © Lubber Belt (used when ex “Ue Ra cde, dni 4: Fabric and Canves Belts wsed 40 moisture, alkalines) (for Light power transniim) Or Solid castmion puleys wou Fp (Senn see “For Steel pulleys (6,000 fpm) + For othe (40,000 Spm) Laze+¥ corny + aor If © ie notatven; C= MED, oy CHD, ey * Whichever {6 larger |! N= tn! (4000-400 spn (278 Dim = Demy Litrpproximate) (Dit2e) Mn = Coy +24) hy _CExact @ tur tavger thea (driven) fu smater cheore ( driver) D+ Cpe oy” © = 420? + 2 sin" ( Parr <3 Cleatr of Cathian, +S Clear on Paper ) BN! here © = in radians Scanned with CamScannery" Y= RDN Ut cs Y= WouNe (44 *hS) sev ga = both pulleys ore sheoves awe 2) Yetint dive leat driving pulley: sheave ; driven pulley: plant, tonderé Si boxe tA section (2" « 1S/ie") 1B Section (si/53" « isis4") Sen secton (9e8 « lays 1D Secton (1q" ae Ses seetion C1 5 tate?) |, Bait tension ratio Epsfe a ot | 2. Eficetive Beit pull = gg ete _, reer 3 Raves Horsepower 0.04 $ Rated He-|@ i) - 2 He- Oe) ~ mo, Where! O.c,€ > power corctons D, > diameter OF small pulley K{ > smal diameter factor for _B- section: Qe 4787 ce 13.462 e= 0.0034 4. Ads usted cated HP hay. fated He = Ke KU (Rated HP) S- Design ue (Design Hr = Neg (transmitted HP) Number of Belts No. of Belts = 6 Design HP Adjusted rates HP at ob =A (cheor ove) 7 ¥S! relative steagth of joint Wed (cementing) “1 =0.88 (by wire lacing ul machin) *W=0.35 (vy metal nooks) “Linlinn dC (ther Factors) | Beith Thickness & wid : Ala te Lins ine by ‘le rt ba ince by Ag 6 | te TIN ine by Ua 27 to 42in ine bY 4 és) ss Woxiwm pelt width (b 4 17 teeth 3 (go $0) pire =! + Minimum No- of Terk, + Maximum Speed Ratio + Center Distance + Ate of Contac on Smaller : . Sprocket = piinimom 1 20° | Mosiqun Ne of Teeth = 420 tech Pitch _shovld bean even nember! EEE Fer racine 4. Type — (plain plate) ducers? 2 Tye B Cheb on om side) T= ZF Hath oN OTAND on bert sides) 4. Type D — Cdatachable hob) “Type ey Lubacatim) n pe CU Dip Luvrication ye ak ze Type Bathor Disc Leori eaten) y DIN Steam Lubsicaton) Pe ShE 20 ShE ZO spe 40 SAE 50 20° -40'F 40 — lor [lo — \40° (20 — 440° F Scanned with CamScannerCenter distance in pitches Length in pitcus i WeewWh Used”) Les. 7 p= piteh oF sprocee} appoinatly? Ar = O.4 De", in” Pepsin = Papresnere Cor mesting) ® wire diome sor D,=0.60P + D eos( LE) | Ajditnd Notes! [c= % + D4) No. oftheands = DESDE HPI stiand Max. choix Vitek inProction goo] 75 Tmo s | javineye shiaw diamekr for 6x7, O14 , Gx TF Additional ples’: x10 psi BE De® Fy eSy hn = E(4¢) A levator, Hoists, conveyors, cables, oF b2Sty= E(GE) An (ee =—— elumen}s that transmi motion by means, | 9, rope diameter o's Reguiar Lay (opposite directions) t (7b Laagloy, (some direction) OF svecessively engaging reesh For Wire Popes Plow steel (Ps) 1 Mild Plow Steel (MPS) + Spw Gear 2 Gqetsid 3. Improved Plow Steel (Tes) ecatemel rolls clog « shsighh-bine 4. Wrvght Tow Vatwistec Eaicised gis B+ Cost steel + Hering bone, Gear oli lang fermen si de/ +h. Blloy Steel : + Rack A Pinion | Be onother ciecley 7. Stointess Stee + Pin Gearing apse & Copper, “alen) pid 4 Bane (Ws Tntuseeting Aris Sa st; ; ) + Bevel Gear Traotien Steel (TS), Extra Tmproeed Plow skel |CELPS, + Plain CLEOHI Tana, Extra Improved Flew Steel (EE IPS eSyiral | Narieos size 8 thir Appiicatoas “Bedi sinking Non—pecae) etooividel 7 OXF — hovlage,tramwoys Cory wires> eu ad © KAQ_— Gencral_prepese F2Pe, hoists, craney + Screw gears G x37 —Digh spord elevatwis, crores, hoist es oieten rere apy ects SR Bx 49 — Qabiantleaie et eg mre or 4. Spur Geor (zen | 2. Helical Gear a z. Worm Geor roninel diamehe 4, Bell Geer witt per strond fa-08 shards: Scanned with CamScannerFormulas” hewng strgull ieih end peal fox of the sha! mg N fe sWysatd = We tO (whole Dep) 7 Wy = 2a = Wao (working Deptt) 7 Chee fo beosed en Weer Titans ou enone ted felon ey Dedendom (A) F46Tfyg 28 Led ae Wheledegth (ie) 2AST[Rd Eas PL __|. ea ARET RAINS a task die Working D. (WO 2 (Pd ey A ah % N J zs a toto TH. Te. Te 2 Na learance <9 0-6tfeg | 8/4 Me arty Te Weinstuck deh ath Tricknass(T)] 28%°8/pg | S780 | ame hath: i 1 N = No = rato of Vength of line oF octiea bo lace pitch o {| cr. = Sen tele tile eele = csine | Mushie | rae a Design Catertahuas* Additional tleles! ‘Ao |y- Lewis form Factor 5 FasFaese iG y= segs cee] S © Fre= fr sine | SANS Cnwonithed) FR Whee 4 Ceontinuos)) Fe transmitted load enderance Sttss | ¥n = Normal Load n= Sb Cwaoree) A Fy = Separating Load gy (Faies) Di=Dp cusp = 259 BHN. (fer Steel) Scanned with CamScanner= gears orronged that they tie at anangit wl sh Chor Wigh opeed) siya haieal g tars. in opposite: honds rio eatence® axial thevse oa [s ip am Z2Pa =e Pe TG dow santen.tato} Ls GD = nPo Ean no. oF helices: Fe came ascpe; Te = Fneos$ Fre fy sind 0.05Vm(Fy_ + b Goo Need) Addiviuaal_Noter Fg tanx) . lw ~ used when high speed ratios (40 +4 R above) ~4dranami} power bet non-intercecting” Shaft 1 neary a Qo” always se cosy = Pen = Tv Wied (eed one, tonx = Egod = ha Po Ton Da + Tocque, “ean smitted by_worrk pariw Q)* Fu tw tangential force on the worm = sings ¥5 = 'ylardaasx tome ‘{STanglentil Fort Oa He Wor) 7 eS isbn sing +f cos; i ale #4 COSK ~F sin cos dy ~ $409 A) : tons | +f “2 b= D9; Dy worm gear diameter dy = <2 yy = COE 5 iF given: canter distance Fe tgeaa = Pacwon Fe = Sey dead = #609052) re Dynanie tied Fie Eas] Te OH) (cfeemhemaoseecty Qe (4-0) Pin. Ginettisieng TE shat isan, in G0" dyes” AH Xy HH A win = 4S RY Scanned with CamScanner[te png = YF OL vsed 40 connect inletsecting shafts. Saat ae = not necessarily 40° . 9 G- de a. Miter Gears. se ton $9 = sin CZ) Shafts ak ac? ; 45° eoch gear pilshogiu, Pp/og + cos(Z) be Co, ken By = sin CZ) = Ge? pitch ongle Delo, + ese) : ea Eee win = pith ongls > 90" z 4 vene Stoaight 2 S: Extesmal pertl gtor = Pitch anglt, < 20° TER REMNIERE ng, 1m) = teeth ore straight bur with tapered sides = Feeth ove —_ = cu = “Contact vegins gradually end contives smoot = vith spiral angley ~ for higher speeds (0 spiral ang) =" rerembies spiral, but sh 4 = pitch surdeas are hyporbuleid of cevoluwi auwes imilar 40 Hypoid , with locger offse: “S : oe Da ahah bu angie 13404, tent (BD cata -(58) |" Se ce 4 to ¥9 Rg ‘Fuem Foctor Nep = Dy Pd but came direction as Sig ; ea be So AZ Chichen ts synalir ) J eteommended “For Zero) bs 6.295 oe + use Whe! VE Cvelocity Factor) fear chuaiyh! z ~ 50+ Va 5s 50 V difienal Noles” Fp ut Dare INS SI Fa= Fy tong sing NI Fre Fy tonh sy Aldean d= bon (a ji oes) nha j Ragen Dp B Se (#) Dave = Dp — bsin’& sibel Vangie, Gack com rads, Scanned with CamScanner= vsed to connect Shafts onddisconect at will f) Taw Cloteh qj avs_oF ieeth in two element interlock A) Eiighion cluteh 7 ving fuce transmitted by friction 4) wich, 4 a fens i Electomagnese clutch ~ transmitied by means of a magnetc-field PeeTTN T= nifolm mean Friction radius axial force, wod pelts sud 5 New clurek) The = 2 (881) 2 ap adnd? ny 3 (aaa 9) Santi WHEELER (01d carck) v4 (% mn) (Bi) Aso; fue PA ~ Pi ata] = POH dir onium weer Taman = Fa (S00 t fas) =e For04 cn) Where’ Fa = E85 Fn (fusse ~sin6) Faw = Additions stare: device used toreqlote of Stop the motion of a boyy Types: gu chanical brakes (band, block, chot, discR syoh) 1. Hydrodynomic brokas vblize flid Friction. 3- Electrical eave, = UnUZE shength oF clechomagnetic: fidds . @: | P27 TN | a i CFF) Sea ee) ATR loco (Ey P= He) = Pr BORED (wey * ‘| a = Fila) ~#,(8) E | P is Zerw or negate, | we Selt — Locking | Scanned with CamScanner. lid: fh7b ik r, a) 4 self —lockir @} ? } ales ee oe ine P= En(bsth) a re foaee resid! As exw? een . Gratttona van] weigh lowered thunz : He meCe (a8) = member whe supports, guides and control the motion of the others Coleuteting? Py = eT TN = WV TsT(z) PEs aaa ex. conioed hres A, = (4) for Ball Bearings Les (EJP fee Baler Bearing Psi Hertion adod Stnss 5 Us = GE (S) fu pat roomy wy wi Lie= ee (4 Fur Satur Besting Where® C~ specific dynamic capocitys Ib P= eqvivatud Toad Ib Fee) ‘a ove Ceatben steel all) EiStco theedenee aly See oa) Fs lo D = ball diemerer Cin.) | Fray = 43% (Fe) w \s G pial radial wad he. oF balls — rr ' Ose diame deaiing diameter Méifins! Notes wie? Hm in eye p=c) = jourel radive © Pot L. = Grid length of heain f= 20 TN 1 Ny — journal speed, in "18 | | Ge Yatial torenty Scanned with CamScannerProdsce permanent joint S = made oF wrought 104) ¢of4 steel, copper, oem holes befure deiviipeasier, same size ees: 4 Le Tink | EES 2. Bil dint ea ~ Sih ressut yess 4 wapensee Se BE Gre vessel) ente aatet wae! pm pater ta (in | mn) dy = rivet diometee = BEE viol BED 15 vorweon metal surfaces browght about by Tocattzed aprlicaien e# heat \ = Pecess of joining metal by heating the metal fo a etoile of fsion permitting ito flovl Angerner into a solid joint =e creel jie coststeel tused into the ports welsed- ~ vfilizes heal of the Slane the Commetion of 2 gas — upped by continous ate drawn, Det ween two elechndar prodices by 2. Seam Welding J+ Lesyeation weldin 4. Flash wetdiy S Upser welding’ 4. Groove Z Shr 3. Filler 4 a 1. Be Jom¥ 2 Lap Teint Tee svat 4. Comme Joint S tige Toiak acter oS. OSS pe Flare Sere Maximum Tensile, Sires Semae 2018 Se Additional Notes Lenath of Cut Tine = Netocity oF cating [ fixed coat per ore C doltars) hy = hotding cost or inventay storage cost C Hem wittieu) Scanned with CamScanner7 2 (oy) (h0) | “| Gta | t fur trong . $O)= 8 bart 384 xg abi FR) a 4% | ] b= rats sheorth ky Ce 0) is c } re dishana frum 1 1 fn earth, con)! =3 (4 SEN Aid angle in cleodians GF + Hex sa) «ees x 6 aS 2 | ‘gy! 2 “4 3 posittezens] or 1 2 negate zevas] or 0 | Deteeninabt (s always equal tol. ~Regerdless of arden \= man Sane ter: ru Ta hee dha + Length ‘cor trae | val bel > hesunning $4 7 “leche ray ate) thay 6 BBL aon gle» A]. ete L Mahe bmw) hens cai tom Hoh» £ hy cing)” wells [| 7] 4 al e-di heel sles Des. [al = y n-4) 2 rey ill whe gils mutt nuk sib together, c al ff Cin @ rind table) . ee M2 G-ANd-2) = be =0 No- of Araagements. » Godley!) a fa, ce yan re Th ABSA Satetc sie Sey earl, 1g Scanned with CamScannerRodius = (medion) Actual Mech. Adu. Cama) = peed rr fork Fir a Syeten: INA >4 $+ tenes of te cite rum = An’ + yh Dx ty Bye Sakti, cm: con Ea : vy CAMA F AMA 2 O6(4) 5 2.04 \ Mae; ton) Keay bay ‘@xaay rere rece (Act tytn)” (one = Dilation — | — G=-t 2(44A) mm ON — Monutt, Slope , deflections = 10+ OF exponent = ho. oF derms [HAM + Seni Vatis totn » SE 2 aE ~ TEpsitin atten OE ‘sibility 15 10 hoppyi Scanned with CamScanner+ Findiag th goulecoty, at neath Howosewenus” Vs NoN=NoMOGENECUS DE. Fre1(4) Whe! UTo= face me = Zar i ~Invalve only devotes of y ands lerms invosing— + Yagcins) = 3 for’) | ued eae, too- ine = = Yayre ¥ Gsine 7™ | “egy ty O = Zgsine | dovst | ass 7 | “RINGO engameece hycas have ss fr aE] aa isting oan Cand oahonel | Qarmenuscrmaigare aly Ly ye Bel YSE Y= x83 “all derivatives 'm a DE. has a degree d | “(en i). 2y =X logy x Khe 2TRh— (drua of ez) ? Aeomg(t-%) Filoys sign con venta: vpwaed dovnvar v = O| Rema TEBE (set anors) Ce ie Gemxcenmge * nvr? REGIS) Widde: NaRERBEIRCER Resse) | Bote NETRA ERE “WUC VERIRTEr ookict practice sf ME profecsion ‘ebangagg x comnins MES | | j Scanned with CamScanner* PLASTICITY )(t0 be detormed consi derabl i x withoot rupture) + STRENGTH (withstand toad wlevt breaking) tool rotates ; feed is stationary) o cel tecipreatas, feed is stationery) total resistance amoteriol erfers) Old working by compression) bility °F metal to streteh, bend or AWist wloet breaking’ or erochingy/zrece * FOr high speed application , No. of teethinsmoller sprocket (IBIFHZHIRERH) + Fer modevote speed of . ‘Ideal ratio of contact Movimun size of filet weld in cine, pase CNR) (KORZIMERA came with bros a balls fer ball bearings ary many fochwed by Contimeny bearing Leed or Gama to ERTL! oat HOPI) Sipetcondechas) cist at sony. below 1 Bras cot epee AOI used For repairing mould in fvndry) Gor Smoethering & cleaning ovt de pression” ‘tn mould) 4 pean) ing copnerkd beam) sHaRe she epecimen. 200 +0 Bos #4-16) Most corbos combiead w/ ina) Creseniting mild steel) Occurs wiih gv adjaces) fo @ ech w/ onothe plea DF sam. or difl. nakial testing very thin tel or gr tau royee) fois OF organic coutas) develop on a highly Vecalized areas on metal) “Split Pulley Hox. Speed = (SEGRE) Sona Polly Hosp WMEEESEEE ¢ very much associokd with sili) alioy) (Mp ABBE) Fue gears “Cash irve Flywheel ‘Fock 8* Satety CHOI! 2 fie erotin) janine Formula ie valid up4o cle oderaees Reto 5 aes 7 Process of ati the cold pressed seeks’ (e¢ncient * Delta ton, a Wer metatlrgy) highest specitic. grovi ) 1 Fondry ewcible is made of ‘ Dilatemeter vsed to find oot : Nickel and Motyedenum (steel with 0-66 , 10 peariite)) * Paromagnetic Alpha tron chon, eo 1 ang hhangeo +o gamma iron, "Com TP ReagSion members tend +0 Bedke in the direction * Kinem i Chain * PANTOGE APH (10Ilower vectpevcates inte Pasa! ets aciahe Same. + Cola Working C increases Fatigue strength f hardness, TREBEW takes decreases dvesity) a sles place tn steven eicel * Recommended best cutting anc I for wor OW stecl or cast tron ike! dee tori * COFPE (Nous Matera for casting Fenous. Motels) * Clearance the clutch: *ysval helix angie igs: pfeltose wearing & release taller in, ‘ CHormation of oxi + RouICaIN Colones veciprecates ine nine Perpendieviar £0 aris of yotatin) (e007 S GOP + Single Ply Leather Belt Y “Ferromagnetic Alpha \ron ((ibelSWi7Z3"%@)) “ielocateg ( Inger feete inte eye stuche) mel + Spot weld “Syeloneee ds generally taken Fay ort wheel 7 “CHAIN fr Crone Migcaties ,° (BESSY ides on molten mtal Seton) # Ordinary begins te lose shengts Celastte Ye 9 Cast sted (Nomal Stier Buliesing ‘Temp. Sash stsd ( " A Rubeer Belts ( nitid Tension” x, Sprckats Max. Sak Center Distona ie Sheel* “ Ingots red hardnuss|(GBRIDE 455 Tepring. Strength at High tem oan Brittlenese at very’ low Temp - *Funace used for Mel tin Escmus Metal + Fumace wsed for melting ral ) ee aan Senne: Ceomaiy vee hae Eilean (used a epings 4 Diceet Orie a Spruchet nus 1 Forklgh speed, smal epoenet minim no. of “Teoh HOTIPEWESEIC 40 resist de fomatio undue tess) “Flat Lear Betting CZI@GOIF fA) “Firg Tule olre C Age Lint: Boyeaay “Flywheel (cashina cso 59m , 224 Ste1%2,200 Fyn)» In drilling ¥ ord moscnall 20) for soft mate + Line shatt «Machinery Shar, ls 1 Present vere! (usual FS. <5) ‘es infemel Prest mgs PECEupLIRG BOTAN bots thats Fini shad all over & tsually hare coarse theads WHCRTBREBOIEL as tng. shed tae 4 short Dottion oF Hu ‘Shank Paduuth He ad thetaded on both ends) Cheap variety of Bolt imod in cmall sires Coldname for an unfinished thayh bolt comes with quer.) Scanned with CamScannerCor Spindes) + Foe longer life oF sprocket Chai * Kennedy. key Cer Tangential Key) *Sprecke+ «Giaerereei)i * Recommended Coe fficient of Flvcwation (Ol66S=0M) - sash (CRBS ENSURNLOBAEREYI : cries Beariny (same motes, es_all over) 2 Sones. Beanng fone meleral pzectes, elt Density Cwhite metal) Second lightest metal vied in indy) : Galng cloned “ar Borchers op Meebo) ro) Coeds iat) ng (Most Zeonomica)) + ith iron when pore + rote when mined) Tekin increase doe toe tdage ED) SaNaprertene en nn eee S Beenigpnay TO ceetigel force atv, above | -atimramine «Eee Temptite. °F Fenic oxide) + For | Yellow Brown sh powder . Ei SS ‘SHBEIVEMC por in iro enka, conte many imi) aces! a conterts pig iron into steel by i Zonben * Bett Speed i aiiningalt the srpios slow speed Gad using Oxygen by throwing vow + Moderate speea iron eee inty"the Hurnacd “High Speed pis Tar meta Spl 0900 east dif hacae one is the method F7 Mano the cherged” oad ie i a anes ey Pits teed fredrns val ted bee. merding i= conbled Incl spaced iy i i 1 coe 7 Cirregriies gf 9 vlacites) Strats cod drome COUPLE GLEABHAWn is vemelied to mak inte cost ion - direc! OF deportur 2 from nna suttcs) He" OF predominey! Furman js chat ur ged WN Layers OF coke 1 pig iron “(CORIRG gman» itface pattem) Vserop inn)? . 0 Thuagg: SMe te ates increose op loading) C generat vse) | SBERzeMERC consists 0F Howing a chram of aie though a malten mass oF 1h FF Btomoine & dircrart-) 2eronavticel ey + Design Fac _ imereare shragth wlovd clicr ofy Teighnect # Booth Load COhighe prarmepipt Hees, advent 8 3 Mier shece Ueeaing CNN Nat hdc) NIGER, psu. grates hardnig ef ket te Severe Shock Loach zz. Cater) “sin ati highyed § oes AMGRGARR produce Fine geain Stwchwt » greater ed Belt Poll Cecbber Belty 2 B75 WWlply perm or uid Ries testy ’ SS! (Regular mates SHICHTORINMIN “ igh = caro ) extremuly hard and wear resistomt 3 (general purpose raped a Work mating iF battle) mages eet tithoed cron hls] SAMMI (Lor pal euting toate, og héed Chaslage, rigging 1 guard vals) Very wear re telonty Tad excess Wear rate Ctor Gxia rp), © HEBERIE'C tor ved havduss) HONE pressuy” ws Castinas: Cost Steet Satins oe, ini * Nonganese Coa} 2 aD TEBSHIIMG bY mm fing pig lon Fe crap iron im a ' Coyle Ane ; gray in color) CII doses wall von vn{) | MOORE hare inte coe, "DinkernitR Ved ¢ consichs ores lengths) (duct) “ANIC abaresenegy by ashore ve 3 fc + C Eon stand mort, shock: ond blows a than regular cast ins) Cemming excess meiel from edge of a chip) _ Ce¥irg Tipe thnads ((qysseeeene)> AGOYIRFENC orn NE CON Serotchs oF tool marks) —_¥ Cleaning YOIe vr aie bipe norte, | etrilatgg ee, 627 anda hemp cor) + whan pricing to ree i okie large lathe for turning & tevin, * neasoring esl sive i “FIRE Leste Beit, ing © beving cannons) We Ht) of dal is stamped) ot comment oid fe 7 2000 Fee) ip octane of ocatt (TES Made of thin Coatin Chores as! a. Heras mebeenig "oO eRe. (0.001" ucsrane fon ( special beacing , o8ed with high deflection? Cosh inddiameler ot pint) Clow toad Leer expenve beer? * NUT corp C high oad) ‘ 4 =: Seedin mating wood rater in Aur) | am Vie" varger in diomater peer Siamutr ally i, browse. casi co ited) oF ofladaer SG Cooating in ate nosies Scanned with CamScannerchecking cxional piye Hocods) ae intemal pipe treads) Soldering Crotating parts in a “ciecinplaiag, asi bath oxidatya prowt) “strove cca Sheeligcand, sted gat er “iotwing two metals by 0 third soft metal Steel shot agains) weeps) *Sottsolder elks ab 350 offtivting? "TF nothing i€ avoilobe ; UPIREHE ENA ney be ved. "RESIN ¢ Mosh common tluy) "SHIRE for adjnating wear = angle at wic, rhe Workpiece ny eloran ie 3 SWeronas) Stim uf sake, clearonce, B wedgeangiee = AB") > 3H daly; ¢ 11F ong Jee thon 52") differen) Cvtlecity oF the Chip)rel ating “16s ant Nea oF he BD notice wer), AF coh dithereat nics ee (arse ov 4700 CRoo02F).. id stocks alvminum, cast ‘irox) mm aluminum oxides fares SFPer sheet mgtal Over Legag)| Fem expected life as Cawide tools ‘con be placed FSET ¢ atte FE FEEN orc toned elighlly 164 ond yh) f : C enyctough acinding) ; (BA. nol tubing) 7 Grinding in wle very file matcéol ir seLtttid (Bae onnbay ty spare ‘crv 18d for Finishing pee of sin Sas” £ finishing with a faish) T= 08 ism conta, Coma gee of tween Hg fel,” "eSheted to vee Helou C946 86E) BSED ¢ Ve cape fae ‘SSineeoride (EE fincas Fos) as HSS Tle) (etstseerate on tori £55 Fide rave * *) Mild Steet (Light Stav—coloed sparks) with bigh.Nickeloce, “Ze sil Gath Shots pm “ie ‘onthe ents) \ Cost tmn ¢ dull yelow parks) | meee aSeRRES) cen ng. 1 Line dust at hig! tap) C Abraaien of parts! agains) when $ yi lishing compemnds a . CFkct OF olying zinc tocepacr eae “. “Sete meet: 1s dipped in dilvte.ocid solssees) ‘and releart cella, in te el Opecatin oF fin. te steed | iO patlen: hon eration, 40 obtai mess fae = me : a Perera He ccuaaigacrent, | | oer TEAC OA wala, oF foe lakes (erme thick) covering “F surtous of dakewine fn ; gesictie) + * Satprepacatia.for weld Faget 2p tea grinding operation ving for. nication) missin °F high poner ikon an: ( ereatin 64.4 ord metalevetoce) | CUBtaneaNeRemes fteettNely tale fe desl) S " nace nS OF, tw0 cones orev sed Ik od € ctinccooting)— Tere REN vclocty rani arte lecto-de position o¢ 0 coating) Tere Whey sv actatn, diffusing 0} vo steel Saabs Cee N eI nillng Goth) fine coat a eee ‘eee fi pepente pepe ty wang See” ROGER (4: rassom mae Scanned with CamScannerones _ Larinvn.Brasontools For LinheBelk. eI inch pins CSOD” +Expensive, tes states f f 22 0 beaing. CLORICareensteel) 1 geners 4orm, for hinoaage mets) "athe machine teat, mech oni) Rossen tan, # dincaagennsts “Rin Thiceness R depot bead advaras through.seriessl. pperahin) produce vsable pieces , 2 emoving scrap ; lece. a2. Cteme shciow sales Leties fold forming process ; fat blonkc ~>hallow ; sel) ‘licen —-Mangonese).- C cold Flowing 1 seystoh “ace ot inyse) * Rperiene meshes: ould bod cl RHRIESI de Prodecton oF cine’ FO nub Fignicning, = repeated hammcriny. st 2 workpiece 7 & Petoleum by produ ct vetd on, es on elect even) Rua ead atc see “hermee Wetec tamed Icke = Chee niu, — on) weg blows are repeated at_300 timee.o.niinukt “Ironia subehiy e BR Obese ering. Y slow saveezing react “Sdgias orton a Shee : ‘Wobiy scons (CASTS h RGM GeRicalnsvefaceat th Sttul., Moduivs of €1 i ins; Se. ‘fom beth sides Hfing end | reties on imprssin.divs| opyteabo ef-s 10° tal) | BEBE vin prjccorn a. nae £kcess-metol) £: slding & & plying pres ‘ened EREENOMRING Cong Boning prare to cate blancs Gtins.of Flask) Predced by pokingncead-pastern) ) | Oheptea Yd 40 Fil fhe mol | BINA.uGo? contd shook and folie Sete BS) SAtoble for creaig ayA1,epibs tals) "Bove! eae (5-1sin) chevld not be lift or depres® wow | 7 USS _Za.oloye “p0008 es sien) ‘eManashat bangle” fur a single Hooke's Couping CIEE | Cenivancs_to the covity) * Ook-TLomed. Belting (GBE@ ES) Ce eeeee) * For wrought steel \ removal f parien 4 fea molten mekal) rebar GRE C ote meet sacmouat mais nt) 5 = ellows Fleeibit 7a de oF atemnate bolus rit» Nor tne Fatstey ploshe mens ii “Helix angle fr anidtstace helical gears imum ele om infereren ee ESQ 7 anosimom ingerferenuy cute - Cigtrencenati 0 Ceavd qvetes fi stellCOSV RIOR) 1 Gd meres a linived ano 8 matnot Be oa ‘ + 61 Bima in beaing “ wiloxidizes mow rapidly above ‘Fue tosh healing ) speed at mesucie * Wiphspeed ceattegel bowel Chae ' Netmmetalic gaskets con pression » Clase 40, | Conge bet. dic oh thas mmeosvred in on oxial plant) tional eneray stored in bra Gespyy ‘RUBIES t.8 scented -sisie aise Pei ltieas enn stre | A chaped m ne) “Hii. Bomercon be menane by Cera * Bagehducenvocnced 0 conte the metal dndowis | atteeon StrsseeC PME cede) ettectve face with JA Yi) or font Deere de cea) Gon eee haa RO ang Telotie Strengtn Fundy Moulding Operek. P TT Foot Send” UY Moulding Operation, Sr Bentonite — Flow! paste woter (uses jah energy olectical dicthage) eat by, i 4nted cirtsit booed vend dy ety etd cit baer, ; Cased 49 shape ord brittit. ma ials) Couse to et oF bit Very Small ee pect). Scanned with CamScannerius OF Samy makrial, | Separofing ei fS: si mL material ) \ c Ghapterts bone “ ae inte a voriety + Alloy with high Nickel 4 Guockee Cerise. woe Pay enching process ; ke dransitiony. (400-500 BN; * Cold Drown Carton Stee] i haat) (tage, nerdy, mare baME vai Cld Raled conten ste SO ga wt acted ti cari * Plane Perpendievon 40 Artal Mane GTORSVEISEIPIAYy CREED | SEARED nar, of torsional strtcs) oe Metical For wrought steel ; Aves Sedusene ot ED chetringbonen idea i 5 Angle of actint / pitch angle, gle by hele oF He Head with @ planer Petpenthcclor fo the onic) | pea . sized groups) ed. av amvind of makral is ageted peices icy ir | ir shraigh) wv” tapered with head ¢ * Sauna pearing design ceasona.rate C6616) ‘8 drive RD) sey paited.into.dhelt, in radial dincetien) 4 26% Cr Frevinbs rabafion) é Sen ‘tert kay THER EErV als ¢ room tempe, “Fela Metal"? Gttom temperate) . heel tim of © lore =| u etut’ on) Fe uytis can eran a - oo © lei itn ~, 1 ° | _ Motules of seme compoat ert Were ~S aayRi eta in atioor | mms” Bisztbsssns or 445 r * Modulsor elas | eee ar mn Btn Oe le a att $r24N, high carbon sted) Lo csc heir ian) ean s macy « Chscembies ie | + Chow Load “Placement oF inner ving | ay cet) Miling Atoka © C method te measureyield. pein} of some bali wel cease afllie sx4 fwivdluee if ZSERSATGIAP Cered.beainy of igh dereatady | ‘lowering tne bsom in rons eh) a 1 29% Gv, sb At = 45% es 1 B35 40 2.70% less ieeoae | + Branching hay 1 * gue sem : i Been force) (1 AIC Eeteain nent it raise or lower an oct) |, dceomcnne Ge Sefestracviows tose A4dllty 10 yl0ld oF obser WghWy localied shrened ood ab rie sana tail) — "In reinforced cancrete ctrvctin, Conereke tencila/, ) ebcengthis, rormally (NEGUECTED! “e diff. bel. colid 8 working étii , Lafreavency oF vibrotion) "For vopee 2 choine at gt” contact ; Cincteosing a cpring's tatigne life) t seb apeing 9) stile Frachre, Scanned with CamScanner+ Permeability coker thos Polyviaylcntorde Ceve), and polyvinyl acotai® Sligetly greater tho Coatoreois oe ME ator oxes ery lah. esa tetra ttvoroethylene (Teton) and other FIVOrSCOTEME An Ae cencee hordnss 4tah ‘siete tasty Pe (pemeRETMNREETSeY— -Coninthn et Klose =pected dvtcvm; (arama “B.A. Screw thread A 4 Cormd by inkrscetin of Slant ‘Thaginary formed " AMUBMNTOAN rnin 4 1 4 21h slag) (Aetna Fehon Beit reduce Torrents) ‘Ellipticaltrammel ( onlar n ROWER | Foy + mony Soreetipeeey Tens Suen canting: Heke pid, make “D.8%b Annioled main compunah® Pearl) cbebcemee matedel) | 05. ‘Hardaad (man compar’ Hortenate) ch ferromaguuhie: materials by wheide forces “Ractive tna = Ve gh in vecun Veta atiacanne DIREC FERN sissy pov hy Mh a melial Son Wine ee edit Cay) temp. ah hich toyghouss #F 4 a materd Seops YIN yon pymer bonding FogeHur cheins oF cele ne ean af Mer chain oun} i a eg : ie oT . sending acta ae | orm dorcing ing Continuous shapes by forcing o tolten poly mer through ie C ability to yesisk~ ° senecatt ee mea) tendency - Pe ira R molecular materiale to | fetm on ordived, spatial, Shrtt=dindnctonet) ween nae sedi! ae ‘stress, wi ation 4 rum acceptably Strcne ta seme ees te ocho WWBSHRIEGHEY Cs pecitied duvietion Sum ER Cy , prpatindty nceeED IC fnjederentent ‘permanent strain Stnss) Scanned with CamScanner