You are on page 1of 251

!

" # $ % & '

PEMERIKSAAN PCR SARS-CoV-2


BAGI PETUGAS LABORATORIUM
P E D OM A N
ii P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
! " # $ % & '

PEMERIKSAAN PCR SARS-CoV-2


BAGI PETUGAS LABORATORIUM

!"#$%&'()*)'
!"#$%&'&'"$&(
!)&*+!),&-'$.-(+/#")-(-
0-).-'%1
2-'-+!3$-)&+4-5*$%)&
2-)%-'%&+0&-'+67-5-%&
2*)'-+2-)&-'8-
219.+!)&:+;&<151
6,-+=#$-'%&
6)*'*+>1)&',-+6',-9-1
?-@<-'"+=-)&-,8&
?-)%&7-+0*5&+4#$3-
?&',&+!,-@
?)&$'-+/#)+!',)&-'-+4-'"*$%&
A-$-"#$+B-&'#)&
A#)$&'-(
/*99.+4#$3-',-)&
/&+?*%#%+=#$&9-)&'&
/#)+67-+2-)&-$%#%&
C&)&'+C-@-,(-'.
=#<-'"7&%
=#"&-'%1

+%,-$"./0.1234
D*)&,-(+E)'-9-+F&'%&'"

565$"./0.1234
E$%*)

7,8$"./0.1234
/#)(-.-%&+2-@&@+?-5&
4#8&.-%&+2*)9&'-

PUSAT PENELITIAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN BIOMEDIS DAN TEKNOLOGI DASAR KESEHATAN


BADAN LITBANG KESEHATAN
KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN RI
!"#$%&'(!"%")*+,&&'(!-.((/&),0-$102(3&4*(!"564&,(7&8$)&5$)*6%
92:2:($;"<(=46,5*'*'4,*<>(#++

?&+(-*@5&(A&'4(#*;*'#64*(B'#&'406'#&'4(&#&(@&#&(@"'6;*,

?&+(!"'")8*5&'(&#&(@&#&(7"%8&4&(!"'")8*5((3&#&'(!"'";*5*&'(#&'(!"'4"%8&'4&'(C","<&5&'(D7!3E

F*;&)&'4(%"'465*@(#&'(%"%@")8&'A&+(,"8&4*&'(&5&6(,";6)6<(*,*(86+6(*'*(5&'@&(*G*'(

5")56;*,(#&)*(!"'")8*5

!"'4&)&<(H
C"@&;&(!6,&5(!"'";*5*&'(#&'(!"'4"%8&'4&'(3*$%"#*,(#&'(I"+'$;$4*(F&,&)(C","<&5&'

!"'&'446'4(J&K&8(H
#)L(FA&<(=)%*(.*&'&>(ML=L.L/L

F*5")8*5+&'($;"<(7"%8&4&(!"'")8*5(3&#&'(!"'";*5*&'(#&'(!"'4"%8&'4&'(C","<&5&'(D7!3E
='44$5&(NC=!N(O$L(PQRSFCNSTNS2:UV
J&;&'(!")W"5&+&'(O"4&)&(O$L(2V>(J&+&)5&(U:XQ:(
I";@L(D:2UE(P2QU:RR>("Y5L(222>(22VL(Z&+,L(D:2UE(P2PV[VV
\%&*;(H;@8;*58&'4+",94%&*;LW$%](K"8,*5"(H(KKKL;*58&'4L#"@+",L4$L*#

F*#*,5)*86,*+&'($;"<(
7"%8&4&(!"'")8*5(3&#&'(!"'";*5*&'(#&'(!"'4"%8&'4&'(C","<&5&'(D7!3E

C&5&;$4(F&;&%(I")8*5&'
^B(XX:LXL!Q
=46( ( =46,5*'*'4,*<(
(@( ( !"#$%&'(!"%")*+,&&'(!-.((/&),0-$102(3&4*(!"564&,(7&8$)&5$)*6%S
=46,5*'*'4,*<>(#++L
( ( ( J&+&)5&(H(7"%8&4&(!"'")8*5(3&#&'(!"'";*5*&'(#&'(!"'4"%8&'4&'(C","<&5&'>(2:2:L
( (
( ( (Y1*>(2VV@L(H(*;6,L](2U(W%L

( ( N/3O([_R0Q:20V_V0UQQ0P
( (
!"# JBFB7( ( NL((!`7aM\.=/\(-?=NO(.\=-IN`O
( ((((((((((((((((((((((( NNL(7=3`.=I`.N\/
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ( NNNL(-7NON-=7(7=3`.=I`.a(/\.bN-\/
6+9!+:$"*"

0!GD!C+6=6+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI
0!GD!C+F!AJ!C+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHI&&&
0!GD!C+D!JE>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHK&
0!GD!C+=6/F?!D!/+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHK&&
4C!?!D!+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHK&I
?!D!+4E/F!/D!CHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHKI

;+;$"$#+!&:"$6+*+:$<+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL
=&%#-$&+F91<-9+,-'+/-$&1'-9+$*)%-+?*<&8-7-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+
4*'"*',-9&-'++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHP
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHP
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHP
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHP
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR
41717+J-(-$-'+LH+=&%#-$&+F91<-9
,-'+/-$&1'-9+4-',*@&++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+4*,1@-'+6'%*)&@+;2T+%*)7-&%+>-<1)-%1)&#@++
M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLU
41717+J-(-$-'+PH+?*<&8-7-'+4*@*)&7$--'
>-<1)-%1)&#@++M1I&,N+LO++,&+6',1'*$&-+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSV
;+;$""$#+!&:"$6+*+:$=+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPW
4*'"*'-9-'+X&)#$+=!C=NM1I+S+,-'+A*%1,*+0*%*7$&+4MC+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPV
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPV
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPV
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPV
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPY
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPY
3RNRN%DKDVDQ.ODVLʈNDVL&RURQDYLUXV
,-'+$%)#7%#)+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPY

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
v
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+M-)-+4*'#9-)-'Z+F*8-9-+Q@#@Z+G-7%1)+C&$&71+
,-'+D*)-3&+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRS
41717+J-(-$-'+PH+A*%1,*+0*%*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRW
;+;$""">$#+!&:"$"'!"$<+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWL
!"#$%&'()+,-'+!"#$'*+,"()->-<1)-%1)&#@+%*)7-&%+M1I&,N+LO+O+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWP
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWP
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWP
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWR
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWR
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWW
41717+J-(-$-'+LH+4*'&9-&-'+C&$&71+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWW
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+4)-7%&7+>-<1)-%1)&#@+A19*7#9*)
.-'"+J-&7+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWY
41717+J-(-$-'+PH+!"#.#/"*%.-0%&'()-1%2"3'(+[J=M\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]P
41717+J-(-$-'+RH+!9-%+4*9&',#'"+0&)&+[!40\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHVY
41717+J-(-$-'+WH+4*'-'"-'-'+D#@3-(-'+,-'+?*^*9-7--'+?*)8-+Y]
41717+J-(-$-'+]H+4*'"*919--'+>&@<-(+JP+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOP
41717+J-(-$-'+VH+J&1)*31$&%1)&+=3*$&@*'++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHLUL
;+;$"?$#+!&:"$"'!"$=+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLUO
4*'-%-9-7$-'--'+=3*$&@*'+#'%#7+0*%*7$&+4MC++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLL
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLL
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLS
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLS
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLS
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLS
41717+J-(-$-'+LH+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLS
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+4*'"*@-$-'+,-'+4*'"&)&@-'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHLSW
41717+J-(-$-'+PH+4*'.&@3-'-'+=3*$&@*'+,&+>-<1)-%1)&#@+HHHHHHHHHLPL
;+;$?$#+!&:"$"'!"$@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPP
4)1$*,#)+4*@*)&7$--'+)CDN4MC++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPW
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPW
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPW
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPW

P E D OM A N
vi P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLP]
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLP]
41717+J-(-$-'+LH+4)&'$&3+0-$-)+CDN4MC
,-'+C*-9%&@*+CDN4MCHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLP]
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+E7$%)-7$&+C/!+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLWP
41717+J-(-$-'+PH+4)1$*$+4*@*)&7$--'+)CDN+4MC
X&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL]S
;+;$?">$#+!&:"$"'!"$A+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYP
4*'^-%-%-'+,-'+4*9-31)-'+4*@*)&7$--'+4MC++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYW
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYW
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYW
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYW
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLY]
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLY]
41717+J-(-$-'+LH+G1)@#9&)+4*'.*9&,&7-'+E3&,*@&191"&+HHHHHHHHHHHLY]
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+4*'^-%-%-'+,-'+4*9-31)-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+@*9-9#&+
!39&7-$&+4..,'*#,56(*78+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLOU
41717+J-(-$-'+PH+A1'&%1)&'"+4..,'*#,56(*78+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLOO
;+;$?"">$#+!&:"$"'!"$B+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSUP
?*',-9&+A#%#+4*@*)&7$--'+4MC+M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSUW
0*$7)&3$&+=&'"7-%+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSUW
D#8#-'+Q@#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSUW
D#8#-'+?(#$#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSU]
41717+J-(-$-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSU]
Q)-&-'+A-%*)&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSU]
41717+J-(-$-'+LH+=&$%*@+A-'-8*@*'+A#%#+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSU]
41717+J-(-$-'+SH+4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+6'%*)'-9+[4A6\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSLR
41717+J-(-$-'PH+4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9+[4AE\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHSLW
0!GD!C+4Q=D!?!+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSSP
>!A46C!/+6+ =#)-%+?*%*)-'"-'+!7)*,&%-$&+4*9-%&(-'++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSPS
>!A46C!/+66+4*)$.-)-%-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4*@*)&7$-+M1I&,NLO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHSPP
>!A46C!/+66+4*)$.-)-%-'+=%-',-)+>-<1)-%1)&#@+J*)"*)-7+[A1<&9*+
>-<1)-%1)&#@\+J&1$-:*%.+D&'"7-%+S+Q'%#7+4*@*)&7$--'+
M1)1'-I&)#$+0&$*-$*+SULO+[M1I&,NLO\++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSPP

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
vii
6+9!+:$C+#;+:

F-@<-)+LHLH+ _#@9-(+7-$#$+M1I&,N+LO++.-'"+0&9-31)7-'+A&'""#-'
+ @*'#)#%+;&9-.-(+;2TZ+,-'+?*@-%&-'+F91<-9Z
+ 3*)&1,*+PU+0*$*@<*)+SULO+(&'""-+UR+T7%1<*)+SUSU+HHHHHHHHHHHHH]
F-@<-)+LHSH+ 4*%-+=*<-)-'+M1I&,N+LO++,&+,#'&
+ [SY+=*3%*@<*)`R+T7%1<*)+SUSU\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]
F-@<-)+LHPH+ 4*%-+$*<-)-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4*@*)&7$-++M1I&,N+LO++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHO
F-@<-)+SHLH+ D)-'$@&$&+M1)1'-I&)#$+,-)&+2*5-'+7*+@-'#$&-+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPO
F-@<-)+SHSH+ =%)#7%#)+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRL
F-@<-)+SHPH+ 4(.91"*'*%&^+%)**+^9-,*+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRS
F-@<-)+SHRH+ 4*)7&)--'+A-$-+6':*7$&+,-'+?*<*)-,--'+X&)#$+A-#3#'+
!'%&<1,&+3-,-+6':*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHR]
F-@<-)+SHWH+ M1'%1(+0*%*7$&+M*3-%+!'%&<1,&
+ ,*'"-'+>-%*)-9+G915+!$$-.+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRV
*DPEDU *UDʈN5LVLNR+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWV
F-@<-)+PHSH+ !9#)+?*)8-+,&+>-<1)-%1)&#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWO
F-@<-)+PHPH+ D&"-+?-<&'*%+=&$%*@+D-%-+Q,-)-+.-'"+Q@#@+0&"#'-7-'
+ ,-9-@+>-<1)-%1)&#@+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]R
F-@<-)+PHRH+ J=M+?*9-$+6+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]]
F-@<-)+PHWH+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!L+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]V
F-@<-)+PH]H+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!S+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]Y
F-@<-)+PHVH+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+JL+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]O
F-@<-)+PHYH+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+JS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHVU
F-@<-)+PHOH+ J=M+?*9-$+666+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHVL
F-@<-)+PHLUH+4*@<-"&-'+!)*-+?*)8-+,&+,-9-@+J=M+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHV]
F-@<-)+PHLLH+_-$+>-<aJ-8#+>-<+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYU
F-@<-)+PHLSH+=-)#'"+D-'"-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYL
F-@<-)+PHLPH+4*9&',#'"+;-8-(+,-'+4*9&',#'"+A-%-+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYL
F-@<-)+PHLRH+!9-$+?-7&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYS
F-@<-)+PHLWH+4*9&',#'"+=*3-%#+[*#9',-$:#'$\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYS
F-@<-)+PHL]H+A-$7*)+J*,-(+,-'+A-$7*)+/OW+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYP
F-@<-)+PHLVH+4*9&',#'"+?*3-9-+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHYR

P E D OM A N
viii P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+PHLYH+M1'%1(+G1)@#9&)+>-31)-'+4-8-'-'+[G1)@#9&)+!\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOL
F-@<-)+PHLOH+M1'%1(+G1)@#9&)+>-31)-'+4-8-'-'+[G1)@#9&)+J\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHOS
F-@<-)+PHSUH+!9#)+J&1+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLUS
F-@<-)+PHSLH+?1@31'*'+3-,-+!9#)+4*'*)&@--'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLUP
F-@<-)+PHSSH+4*'.&@3-'-'+=*@*'%-)-+4-7*%+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLUW
F-@<-)+PHSPH+4*@<1'"7-)-'+4-7*%+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLU]
F-@<-)+PHSRH+4*9-<*9-'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLU]
F-@<-)+PHSWH+4*%-+4*'.&@3-'-'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLUV
F-@<-)+RHLH+ 4*)7&)--'+A-$-+6':*7$&+X&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS
+ #'%#7+A*'*'%#7-'+_*'&$+=3*$&@*'+.-'"+4*)9#+0&-@<&9+HHHH LLP
F-@<-)+RHSH+ !9-%+,-'+J-(-'+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH LLV
F-@<-)+RHPH+ >17-$&+4*'"-@<&9-'+/-$1:-)&'"+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSU
F-@<-)+R+RH+ A*@-$#77-'+0;%2+7*+,-9-@+XDA+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSU
F-@<-)+RHWH+ >17-$&+4*'"-@<&9-'+T)1:-)&'"+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSL
F-@<-)+RH]H+ A*@-$#7-'+0;%2+7*+,-9-@+XDA+.-'"+=-@-+,*'"-'+
=5-<1)1:-)&'"+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSS
F-@<-)+RHVH+ 4*'"*@-$-'+=3*$&@*'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSS
F-@<-)+RHYH+ D*@3-%+4*'.&@3-'-'+=3*$&@*'+=*@*'%-)-+=*<*9#@+
4*'"&)&@-'+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSR
F-@<-)+RHOH+ !9-%+4*@-'%-#+=#(#+=*$--%+[!\+,-'+J*)7*9-'8#%-'+[J\+HHHHHLSY
F-@<-)+RHLUH+M1'%1(+4*'"*@-$-'+D&"-+>-3&$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSO
F-@<-)+WHLH+ 4)1$*$+4MC+,-9-@+$-%#+$&79#$+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPV
*DPEDU 3URVHV$PSOLʈNDVLGDODP3&5+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLPO
F-@<-)+WHPH+ 4)1$*$+CDN4MC+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLRL
F-@<-)+WHRH+ 4)1$*$+CDN4MC+?1'I*'$&1'-9+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLRP
F-@<-)+WHWH+ 2-$&9+CDN4MC+?1'I*'$&1'-9+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLRR
F-@<-)+WH]H+ 4)1$*$+C*-9+D&@*+4MC+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLRW
F-@<-)+WHVH+ D-b@-'+3)1<*a(&,)19&$&$+3)1<*+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLRV
F-@<-)+WHYH+ =.<)+F)**'+6+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLRY
*DPEDU .XUYDDPSOLʈNDVLGDQ7KUHVKROGF\FOH &7 +HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLWU
F-@<-)+WHLUH+69#$%)-$&+-'-9&$&$+7#-9&%-%&:+)CDN4MC++HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLWL
*DPEDU,OXVWUDVL$QDOLVLV.XDQWLWDʈI+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLWP
F-@<-)+WHLSH+J*<*)-3-+M1'%1(+!9-%+E7$%)-7$&+M-)%)&,"*$+J-$*,+HHHHHHHHHHHHLWY

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
ix
F-@<-)+WHLPH+!9-%+E7$%)-7$&+C1<1%&^+J-$*,+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLWY
F-@<-)+WHLRH+4*@<-"&-'+!)*-+?*)8-+4*@*)&7$--'+4MC
+ 0-'+!9#)+?*)8-+=-%#+!)-(+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL]P
F-@<-)+WHLWH+?*^1^17-'+>-<*9+4)1<*+,*'"-'+D&3*+A*$&'+C*-9+D&@*
+ 4MC+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL]]
F-@<-)+WHL]H+69#$%)-$&+4*@*)&7$--'+A#9%&39*K+C*-9N%&@*+CDN4MC+HHHHHHHHHHL]Y
F-@<-)+WHLVH+M1'%1(+4*5-)'-+A#9%&39*K+[C,C4+c++G!AZ+E+c+2EdZ+
C4cM.W\+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL]O
F-@<-)+WHLYH+69#$%)-$&+4*@<-"&-'+A-$%*)+A&K+=6/F>E4>Ed+7*+,-9-@+O]+
4MC+5*99+39-%*+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVR
F-@<-)+WHLOH+69#$%)-$&+3*@<-"&-'+)*-"*'$&-+@-$%*)+@&K+AQ>D64>Ed
+ 7*+,-9-@+O]+4MC+5*99+39-%*+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVR
F-@<-)+WHSUH+69#$%)-$&+3*'-@<-(-'+$-@3*9+C/!Z+71'%)19+'*"-%&:Z+
,-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:+7*+,-9-@+@-$%*)+@&K+4MC+@*%1,*+
=6/F>E4>Ed+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVW
F-@<-)+WHSLH+69#$%)-$&+3*'-@<-(-'+$-@3*9+C/!Z+71'%)19+'*"-%&:Z+
,-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:+7*+,-9-@+@-$%*)+@&K+4MC+@*%1,*+
AQ>D64>Ed+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVW
F-@<-)+WHSSH+4*'"-%#)-'+"-)&$+D()*$(19,+#'%#7+-'-9&$-+(-$&9+CDN4MC+HHHLVV
F-@<-)+WHSPH+6'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9+)CDN4MC+=6/F>E4>Ed+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVO
F-@<-)+WHSRH+4*@<-^--'+'&9-&+M%+A#9%&39*K+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVO
*DPEDU.XUYDDPSOLʈNDVLSRVLWLIXQWXNNHWLJDJHQ
+ ,-9-@+$-%#+$-@3*9+[C,C4+c++G!AZ+E+c+2EdZ+C4cM.W\+HHHLYU
*DPEDU&RQWRKNXUYD121$PSOLʈNDVL WLGDNVLJPRLG HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYS
F-@<-)+WHSVH+M1'%1(+7#)I-+'1'+$&"@1&,+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYS
F-@<-)+]HLH+ G1)@#9&)+3*'.*9&,&7-'+*3&,*@&191"&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLOU
F-@<-)+VHLH+ E9*@*'+3*'%&'"+$&$%*@+@-'-8*@*'+@#%#+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSUV
F-@<-)+VHSH+ G1)@#9&)+#8&+I-9&,-$&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHSLO

P E D OM A N
x P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
6+9!+:$!+;&-

D-<*9+LHLH+_*8-)&'"+>-<1)-%1)&#@+C#8#7-'+MTX60NLO+;2T+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLR
D-<*9+LHSH+0-:%-)+C&'"7-$-'+4)1%1719+C*-"*'+4MC+6'N(1#$*+MTX60NLO+HHHL]
D-<*9+LHPH+0-:%-)+4*'""#'--'+?*,-)#)-%-'+;2T+[;2T+*@*)"*'^.+#$*+
9&$%&'"\+0&-"'1$&$+6'+X&%)1+#'%#7+A*',*%*7$&+!$-@+/#79*-%+
=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL]
D-<*9+LHRH+=&%#-$&+,&+@-'-+!"NC0D+=!C=NM1XNS+$*<-&7'.-+%&,-7+
,&"#'-7-'Z+@*'#)#%+&':1)@-$&+.-'"+-,-+$--%+&'&+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHS]
7DEHO3HUEHGDDQ.ULWHULD.DVXV8QWXN.RQʈUPDVL/DERUDWRULXP
+ ,*'"-'+CDN4MC+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHPL
D-<*9+SHLH+0-:%-)+J<*<*)-3-+3)1%1719+)*-9N%&@*+CDN4MC+&'N(1#$*+,-)&+
<*<*)-3-+'*"-)-+.-'"+,&@#-%+,&+;2T+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHRO
D-<*9+PHLH+A-%)&7$+4*'&9-&-'+C&$&71+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHWW
D-<*9+PHSH+_*'&$+7-<&'*%+,*'"-'+$&$%*@+%-%-+#,-)-+,-'+:#'"$&+
3*)9&',#'"-''.-+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]R
7DEHO.ODVLʈNDVL%LRVDIHW\&DELQHW %6& +HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH]W
D-<*9+RHLH+_*'&$+=3*$&@*'Z+=#(#+3*'.&@3-'-'+,-'+4*'"&)&@-'+6,*-9+HHHHH LLR
D-<*9+RHSH+=%-<&9&%-$+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+3-,-+<*<*)-3-+$#(#+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLSW
D-<*9+WHLH+4*)@-$-9-(-'+,-'+4*'.*<-<+2-$&9+E7$%)-7$&+C/!
+ D&,-7+T3%&@-9+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHL]S
D-<*9+WHSH+C*71@*',-$&+;2T+#'%#7+4)&@*)+,-'+3)1<*+$*%+#'%#7+
4*@*)&7$--'+=!C=NM1XNS+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVL
D-<*9+WHPH+M1'%1(+4*'"-%#)-'+=#(#A@*$&'+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLV]
D-<*9+WHRH+6'%*)3)*%-$&+2-$&9+)CDN4MC+,*'"-'+4)1%1719+M0M+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLVY
D-<*9+WHWH+6'%*)3)*%-$&+2-$&9+)CDN4MC+,*'"-'+4)1%1719+M0M+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYU
D-<*9+WH]H+4*'.*<-<+?*"-"-9-'+)CDN4MC+,-'+A-$-9-('.-+HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHLYL

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
xi
6+9!+:$*"'CD+!+'

!M e !&)+M1',&%&1'*)
!40 e !9-%+4*9&',#'"+0&)&
JP e J-(-'+J*)<-(-.-+,-'+J*)-^#'
J=M e J&191"&^-9+=-:*%.+M-<&'*%
J=> e J&1$-:*%.+>*I*9
M0M e M*'%*)$+:1)+0&$*-$*+M1'%)19+-',+4)*I*'%&1'
^0/! e ^1@39*@*'%-).+0/!+
MGC e M-$*+G-%-9&%.+C-%*
MTX60NLO e M1)1'-I&)#$+0&$*-$*+SULO
M$M9 e M-*$&#@+^(91)&,*
MD e M.^9*+%()*$(19,
MD!J e M*%.9+%)&@*%(.9+-@@1'&#@+<)1@&,*
0/! e 0*1K.)&<1'#^9*&^+-^&,
,/D4f$ e ,*1K.'#^9*1%&,*+%)&3(1$3(-%*$
E0D! e E%(.9*'*,&-@&'*%*%)--^*%&^+-^&,
E%J) e E%(&,&#@+J)1@&,*
G6/0 e G1#',-%&1'+:1)+6''1I-%&I*+/*5+0&-"'1$%&^$
F>4 e F11,+>-<1)-%1).+4)-^%&^*
FA44 e F11,+@&^)1<&191"&^-9+3)-^%&^*+-',+3)1^*,#)*
2E4! e +LJKHIʈFLHQF\SDUWLFXODWHDLU
6!D! e 6'%*)'-%&1'-9+!&)+D)-'$31)%+!$$1^&-%&1'
6"F e 6@#'1"91<#9&'+F
6"A e 6@#'1"91<#9&'+A
??AA0 e ?*,-)#)-%-'+?*$*(-%-'+A-$.-)-7-%+g-'"+
A*)*$-(7-'+0#'&-
??4 e ?-'%1)+?*$*(-%-'+4*9-<#(-'
?>2? e ?*@*'%*)&-'+>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*(#%-'-'
>!G e >-@&'-)+!&)+G915
AEC= e A&,,9*+E-$%+C*$3&)-%1).+=.',)1@*
A"M9S e A-"'*$&#@+,&^(91)&,*

P E D OM A N
xii P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
/!!D e 1XFOHLF$FLG$PSOLʈFDWLRQ7HVW
/-M9 e /-%)&#@+?91)&,-
/M e /*"-%&I*+M1'%)19
/=G e /-%&1'-9+=-'&%-%&1'+G1#',-%&1'
/DM e /1+D*@39-%*+M1'%)19
4J= e 4(1$3(-%*+J#::*)+=-9&'*
4M e 41$&%&I*+M1'%)19
4MC e 419.@*)-$*+M(-&'+C*-^%&1'
4E e 4*'.*9&,&7-'+E3&,*@&191"&
42E6M e 4#<9&^+2*-9%(+E@*)"*'^.+1:+6'%*)'-%&1'-9+M1'^*)'
4AE e 4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9
4A6 e 4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+6'%*)'-9
4TJ e 4*,1@-'+13*)-$&1'-9+<-7#
4TM e 41&'%+1:+M-)*
CJ0 e C*^*3%1)+J&',&'"+01@-&'
C0D e C-3&,+0&-"'1$%&^+D*$%
C/! e C&<1'#^9*&^+-^&,
)CDN4MC e C*-9ND&@*+C*I*)$*+D)-'$^)&3%&1'+419.@*)-$*+M(-&'+
C*-^%&1'
CDN4MC e C*I*)$*+D)-'$^)&3%-$*+419.@*)-$*+M(-&'
=!C= e =*I*)*+!^#%*+C*$3&)-%1).+=.',)1@*
=!C=NM1XNS e 0'9','-4*+('-<'$=",%(#,)-0)35,#>'-1#,#3%9",+$+S
=0= e =1,&#@+01,*$&9+=#9:-%
=6DJ e =&$%*@+6':1)@-$&+D#<*)7#91$&$
=4T e =%-',-)+4)1$*,#)+T3*)-$&1'-9
D!E e D)&$N-^*%-%*+E0D!
DJE e D)&$N<1)-%*NE0D!
DMA e D*$+M*3-%+A19*7#9*)
Q/6MEG e Q'&%*,+/-%&1'$+M(&9,)*'h$+G#',
Q4= e Q'&'%*))#3%&<9*+415*)+=#339.
QX e Q9%)-+I&19*%
XDA e X&)-9+D)-'$31)%+A*,&#@
;2T e ;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
xiii
%:+D+!+

4#$-%+ 4*'*9&%&-'+ ,-'+ 4*'"*@<-'"-'+ J&1@*,&$+ ,-'+ D*7'191"&+


0-$-)+ ?*$*(-%-'Z+ J-,-'+ 4*'*9&%&-'+ ,-'+ 4*'"*@<-'"-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+
%*9-(+ ,&%#'8#7+ $*<-"-&+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ C#8#7-'+ /-$&1'-9+ #'%#7+
3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ MTX60NLOH+ 0-9-@+ )-'"7-+ @*'.&-37-'+ $*@#-+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+,*'"-'+3*'"*%-(#-'+.-'"+$-@-+@*'"*'-&+3*@*)&7$--'+
4MC+ MTX60NLOZ+ @-7-+ %*9-(+ ,&$#$#'+ 4*,1@-'+ 4*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC++
=-)$NM1INS+J-"&+4*%#"-$+>-<1)-%1)&#@
4*,1@-'+ 4*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ + =-)$NM1INS+ J-"&+ 4*%#"-$+
>-<1)-%1)&#@%*),&)&+ ,-)&+ %#8#(+ @1,#9+ .-&%#+ ,#-+ @-%*)&+ ,-$-)+ [=&%#-$&+
"91<-9+ ,-'+ '-$&1'-9+ $*)%-+ 7*<&8-7-'+ 3*'"*',-9&-'+ MTX60NLO+ ,-'++
3*'"*'-9-'+ I&)#$+ =!C=NMTXNS+ ,-'+ @*%1,*+ ,*%*7$&+ 4MC\+ ,-'+ 9&@-+
@-%*)&+&'%&+[!"#$%&'()+,-'+2"#$'*+,"()+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%*)7-&%+MTX60NLOj+
3*'-%-9-7$-'--'+ $3*$&@*'+ #'%#7+ ,*%*7$&+ 4MC+ MTX60NLOj+ 3)1$*,#)+
3*@*)&7$--'+ )CDN4MC+ MTX60NLOj+ 3*'^-%-%-'+ ,-'+ 3*9-31)-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ MTX60NLOj+ ,-'+ 7*',-9&+ @#%#+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+
MTX60NLO\H+ 4*,1@-'+ &'&+ ,&$#$#'+ $*<-"-&+ -^#-'+ ,-9-@+ 3*9-%&(-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ MTX60NLO+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ %*)-7)*,&%-$&+ 19*(+ 4#$-%+
4*9-%&(-'+ =0A+ ?*$*(-%-'Z+ J-,-'+ 44=0A+ ?*$*(-%-'+ /1@1)e+
WSLa2a!H4adaSUSUH
=*@1"-+4*,1@-'+&'&+<*)@-':--%+<-"&+3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+
@*9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ MTX60NLO+ ,-9-@+ #3-.-+ 3*)^*3-%-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+$3*$&@*'+,-'+3*'-'"-'-'+3-$&*'+MTX60NLOH

_-7-)%-Z+T7%1<*)+SUSU

4*'#9&$

P E D OM A N
xiv P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
D+!+$%&'C+'!+:

4#8&+$.#7#)+7-@&+3-'8-%7-'+7*+(-,&)-%+D#(-'+g-'"+A-(-+E$-+-%-$+
<*)7-(+,-'+7-)#'&-N/.-+$*(&'""-+4*,1@-'+4*@*)&7$--'+4MC++=-)$N
M1INS+J-"&+4*%#"-$+>-<1)-%1)&#@+,-3-%+,&$*9*$-&7-'+,*'"-'+<-&7H

4-,-+ PU+ _-'#-)&+ SUSUZ+ ;2T+ @*',*79-)-$&7-'+ M1I&,N+ LO++


$*<-"-&+?+2."*-@'%.(:-A>',/'3*)-#&-B3(',3%("#3%.-1#3*',3+[42E6M\H+
4-,-+ %-'""-9+ LL+ A-)*%+ SUSUZ+;2T+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ $%-%#$+ + M1I&,N+ LO++
@*'8-,&+3-',*@&+"91<-9H+?*@#,&-'+6',1'*$&-+@*'*%-37-'++M1I&,N+LO++
$*<-"-&+<*'^-'-+'-$&1'-9+3-,-+%-'""-9+LR+A-)*%+SUSUH+?-$#$+M1I&,NLO++
,&+6',1'*$&-+%*)#$+@*'&'"7-%+$*%&-3+(-)&'.-H+2-9+%*)$*<#%+<*)3*'"-)#(+
%*)(-,-3+7*<#%#(-'+3*@*)&7$--'+4MC+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+7*3-$%&-'+
,&-"'1$&$++M1I&,N+LO+H+?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-+%*9-(+
@*'"*9#-)7-'+ <*<*)-3-+ $#)-%+ 7*3#%#$-'+ 3*'#'8#7-'+ + 9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-+4MC+M1I&,N+LO++#'%#7+@*@3*)^*3-%+3*@*)&7$--'+$3*$&@*'+
,-'+3*'-'"-'-'+3-$&*'++M1I&,N+LO+

=-9-(+ $-%#+ #3-.-+ #'%#7+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ 7-3-$&%-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+


3*@*)&7$-+4MC++M1I&,N+LO++-,-9-(+,*'"-'+3*9-%&(-'H+J*<*)-3-+3*9-%&(-'++
.-'"+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ MTX60NLO+ %*9-(+ ,&9-7#7-'+
$*8-7+-7(&)+A-)*%+SUSUH+/-@#'Z+@-%*)&+3-,-+$*%&-3+3*9-%&(-'+%*)$*<#%+
<*9#@+ $*)-"-@H+ 0-9-@+ )-'"7-+ @*'.&-37-'+ $*@#-+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+
,*'"-'+ 3*'"*%-(#-'+ ,-'+ 3*@-(-@-'+ .-'"+ $-@-+ @*'"*'-&+ %*7'&$+
3*@*)&7$--'+<'%.6C">'+CDN4MC+7*-@-'-'+$*)%-+7*$*9-@-%-'+(-.-%&Z+
,&3*)9#7-'+ 3*,1@-'+ 3*9-%&(-'+ $*<-"-&+ -^#-'+ <-(-'+ -8-)+ 3-,-+ $*%&-3+
3*9-%&(-'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
xv
4*,1@-'+ 3*9-%&(-'+ &'&+ ,&$#$#'+ 19*(+ 4#$-%+ 4*'*9&%&-'+ ,-'+
4*'"*@<-'"-'+ J&1@*,&$+ ,-'+ D*7'191"&+ 0-$-)+ ?*$*(-%-'Z+ J-,-'+
>&%<-'"7*$Z+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C6Z+ .-'"+ ,&,#7#'"+ 19*(+ !42>+
6',1'*$&-Z+M0M+6',1'*$&-Z+,-'+;2T+6',1'*$&-H

=-.-+ $-@3-&7-'+ %*)&@-+ 7-$&(+ ,-'+ 3*'"(-)"--'+ 7*3-,-+ $*@#-+


3&(-7+.-'"+%*9-(+<*)71'%)&<#$&+,-9-@+3*'.#$#'-'+3*,1@-'+&'&H+=-.-+
<*)(-)-3+3*,1@-'+3*9-%&(-'+&'&+,-3-%+,&@-':--%7-'+,*'"-'+<-&7+,-'+
@*'8-,&+-^#-'+,-9-@+3*9-%&(-'+3*@*)&7$--'+4MC++M1I&,N+LO+H+

_-7-)%-Z+/1I*@<*)+SUSU
?*3-9-+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z

/EF$*G4H1IJ$#F,F%F

P E D OM A N
xvi P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
B ab I M ate r i D a s a r 1

SITUASI GLOBAL
DAN NASIONAL
SERTA KEBIJAKAN
LABORATORIUM
UNTUK PENGENDALIAN
COVID-19
BAB I Mate r i D a s a r 1

SITUASI GLOBAL DAN NASIONAL


SERTA KEBIJAKAN LABORATORIUM
UNTUK PENGENDALIAN COVID-19$

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
1#,#3%9",+$- D"$'%$'- EF78- [M1I&,N+ LO+ \+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3*'.-7&%+
PHQXODUMHQLVEDUX\DQJEHOXPGLLGHQWLʈNDVLVHEHOXPQ\DSDGDPDQXVLD
4*'.-7&%+&'&+%*9-(+@*9-',-+(-@3&)+,&+$*9#)#(+'*"-)-+,&+,#'&-Z+%*)@-$#7+
6',1'*$&-H+ Q'%#7+ 3*'"*',-9&-'+ 3*'.-7&%+ %*)$*<#%Z+ 3*)9#+ ,&7*%-(#&+
$&%#-$&'.-Z+ <-&7+ $*^-)-+ "91<-9+ @-#3#'+ '-$&1'-9H+ ;-9-#3#'+ 71',&$&+
,&+ <*<*)-3-+ '*"-)-+ <*)<*,-N<*,-Z+ $*^-)-+ "91<-9+ ,-'+ '-$&1'-9+ 8#@9-(+
7-$#$+M1I&,N+LO+@-$&(+%*)#$+@*'&'"7-%H+2-9+%*)$*<#%+<*),-@3-7+8#"-+
3-,-+7*<#%#(-'+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+;2T+%*9-(+@*'"*9#-)7-'+
<*<*)-3-+ 3*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ M1I&,N+ LO+ O+
,-'+&'$%)#@*'+3*'&9-&-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$--'+
M1I&,N+LO+H

!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+ @*@3*9-8-)&+ @-%*)&+ &'&Z+ 3*$*)%-+ @-@3#+ @*@-(-@&+
$&%#-$&+"91<-9+,-'+'-$&1'-9+$*)%-+7*<&8-7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
M1I&,NLOH+

!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*'"&7#%&+@-%*)&+,-9-@+3*9-%&(-'Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#
LH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+$&%#-$&+"91<-9+,-'+'-$&1'-9+3-',*@&+M1I&,N+LO+j
SH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+3*,1@-'+&'%*)&@+;2T+%*)7-&%+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
M1I&,N+LO+j

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
3
PH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+)*-"*'+[%$$%)$\+@19*7#9*)+#'%#7+,&-"'1$&$+
M1I&,N+LOj
RH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+(##.+3*'&9-&-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
.-'"+@*9-7#7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+M1I&,N+LO+j
WH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+3*)'.-%--'+7*&9@#-'e+$-)-'+%*'%-'"+3*'""#'--'+
%*$+&@#',&-"'1$%&7+,&+:-$.-'7*$+[=#"3(6-#&6*%,'\+#'%#7+M1I&,N+
LO+H

%0K0K$;4P424.
LH+ =&%#-$&+F91<-9+,-'+'-$&1'-9+3-',*@&+M1I&,N+LO+
SH+ 4*,1@-'+&'%*)&@+,-'+?*<&8-7-'+;2T+%*)7-&%+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
M1I&,N+LO+
PH+ 4*,1@-'+/-$&1'-9+4*@*)&7$--'+MTX60NLO

)E434.$#4I1E3
%0K0K$;4P424.$<F$*3IN423$CG0Q4G$/4.$'4230.4G$%4./1H3$50R3/S$<T$
1#,#3%9",+$- D"$'%$'- EF78- [+ M1I&,N+ LO+ \+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3*'.-7&%+
@*'#9-)+ .-'"+ ,&$*<-<7-'+ 19*(+ M1)1'-I&)#$+ 8*'&$+ <-)#+ .-'"+ <*9#@+
SHUQDKGLLGHQWLʈNDVLVHEHOXPQ\DSDGDPDQXVLD3HQ\DNLWLQLGLDZDOL
,*'"-'+@#'^#9'.-+7-$#$+3'*#@1'&-+.-'"+%&,-7+,&7*%-(#&+*%&191"&'.-+
,&+ ;#(-'Z+ M(&'-+ 3-,-+ -7(&)+ 0*$*@<*)+ SULO+ [>&+ '(- %.GZ+ SUSU\H+
J*),-$-)7-'+ (-$&9+ 3*'.*9&,&7-'+ *3&,*@&191"&Z+ 7-$#$+ %*)$*<#%+ ,&,#"-+
<*)(#<#'"-'+,*'"-'+4-$-)+0'%&##5+,&+;#(-'H+4-,-+%-'""-9+V+_-'#-)&+
SUSUZ+ 4*@*)&'%-(+ M(&'-+ @*'"#@#@7-'+ <-(5-+ 3*'.*<-<+ 7-$#$+
%*)$*<#%+ -,-9-(+ M1)1'-I&)#$+ 8*'&$+ <-)#+ .-'"+ 7*@#,&-'+ ,&<*)&+ '-@-+
=!C=NM1XNS+ [0'9','- 4*+('- <'$=",%(#,)- 0)35,#>'- 1#,#3%9",+$+ S\H+
X&)#$+&'&+<*)-$-9+,-)&+:-@&9&+.-'"+$-@-+,*'"-'+I&)#$+3*'.*<-<+0'9','-
4*+('- <'$=",%(#,)- 0)35,#>'- [=!C=\+ ,-'+ H"55.'- A%$(- <'$=",%(#,)-
0)35,#>'-[AEC=\H+A*$7&3#'+<*)-$-9+,-)&+:-@&9&+.-'"+$-@-Z+=!C=N

P E D OM A N
4 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
M1XNS+ 9*<&(+ @*'#9-)+ 8&7-+ ,&<-',&'"7-'+ ,*'"-'+ =!C=NM1X+ ,-'+
AEC=NM1X+[M0M+M(&'-Z+SUSU\H+4-,-+%-'""-9+PU+_-'#-)&+SUSUZ+;2T+
@*'*%-37-'+ MTX60NLO+ $*<-"-&+ ?*,-)#)-%-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ A-$.-)-7-%+
.-'"+ A*)*$-(7-'+ 0#'&-+ [??AA0\a+ ?+2."*- @'%.(:- A>',/'3*)- #&-
B3(',3%("#3%.-1#3*',3-[42E6M\H+4-,-+%-'""-9+LL+A-)*%+SUSUZ+;2T+
@*'.-%-7-'+M1I&,NLO+$*<-"-&+3-',*@&H

=&%#-$&+"91<-9+3-',*@&+M1I&,N+LO+@*'&'"7-%+$*^-)-+*7$31'*'$&-9H+
LUUHUUU+ 7-$#$+ 3*)%-@-+ @*@<#%#(7-'+ 5-7%#+ ]V+ (-)&Z+ LUUHUUU+ 7-$#$+
7*,#-+@*@<#%#(7-'+5-7%#+LL+(-)&Z+LUUHUUU+(-)&+7*%&"-+@*@<#%#(7-'+
5-7%#+R+(-)&Z+,-'+LUUHUUU+7**@3-%+@*@<#%#(7-'+5-7%#+S+(-)&H+=-@3-&+
,*'"-'+%-'""-9+Y+T7%1<*)+SUSU+$*^-)-+"91<-9+,&9-31)7-'+P]ZUUSZYSV+
NDVXV WHUNRQʈUPDVL GHQJDQ  NDVXV EDUX GDQ 
7*@-%&-'H

_#@9-(+ 7-$#$+ <-)#+ 3*)+ @&'""#+ %*%-3+ $%-<&9+ ,&+ -'"7-+ S+ 8#%-+
$*9-@-+ 3*)%*'"-(-'+ =*3%*@<*)+ (&'""-+ -5-9+ T7%1<*)+ SUSU+ [F-@<-)+
LHL\Z+ ,*'"-'+ %1%-9+ 7#@#9-%&:+ 9*<&(+ ,-)&+ PRZY+ 8#%-+ 7-$#$H+ >*<&(+ ,-)&+ L+
8#%-+7*@-%&-'+$*7-)-'"+%*9-(+,&9-31)7-'+$*^-)-+"91<-9Z+.-'"+$*<-"&-'+
<*$-)+,&9-31)7-'+,&+5&9-.-(+!@*)&7-+[WWk\Z+,&&7#%&+19*(+E)13-+[SPk\H+
0-9-@+$*@&'""#+%*)-7(&)Z+5&9-.-(+!@*)&7-Z+!$&-+D*'""-)-Z+,-'+E)13-+
@*'^-3-&+OLk+7-$#$+<-)#H+>&@-+'*"-)-+[+6',&-Z+!@*)&7-+=*)&7-%Z+J)-$&9Z+
!)"*'%&'-Z+ ,-'+ 4)-'^&$\+ @*9-31)7-'+ ]Uk+ 7-$#$+ "91<-9+ <-)#+ @&'""#+
9-9#H+=*@*'%-)-+&%#Z+6$)-*9+@*'^-%-%+&'$&,*'+%*)%&'""&+[PHVLV+7-$#$+<-)#+
7-$#$+3*)+L+8#%-+3*',#,#7\H+=*^-)-+"91<-9Z+3*)$*'%-$*+7-$#$+%*)%&'""&+
%*9-(+,&9-31)7-'+,&+7*91@317+#$&-+SW`PO+%-(#'+,*'"-'+$*7&%-)+WUk+
7-$#$+3-,-+7*91@317+#$&-+SW`]R+%-(#'H+/-@#'Z+3*)$*'%-$*+7*@-%&-'+
@*'&'"7-%+$*&)&'"+,*'"-'+<*)%-@<-('.-+#$&-+,-'+$*7&%-)+VWk+7*@-%&-'+
%*)8-,&+3-,-+@*)*7-+.-'"+<*)#$&-+]W+%-(#'+7*+-%-$+[;2TZ+SUSU\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
5
F-@<-)+LHL+_#@9-(+7-$#$+M1I&,N+LO-.-'"+0&9-31)7-'+A&'""#-'+A*'#)#%+
;&9-.-(+;2TZ+,-'+?*@-%&-'+F91<-9Z+4*)&1,*+PU+0*$*@<*)+SULO+(&'""-+UR+
T7%1<*)+SUSU
=#@<*)e+;2TZ+SUSUH

4*%-+$*<-)-'+M1I&,N+LO+,&+,#'&-+3-,-+%#8#(+(-)&+%*)-7(&)+[SY+=*3N
%*@<*)+l+R+T7%1<*)+SUSU\+,-3-%+,&9&(-%+3-,-+F-@<-)+LHSH

F-@<-)+LHS+4*%-+$*<-)-'+M1I&,N+LO-,&+0,#'&-
[SY+=*3%*@<*)`R+T7%1<*)+SUSU\
=#@<*)e+;2TZ+SUSUH

P E D OM A N
6 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
4-,-+%-'""-9+S+A-)*%+SUSUZ+6',1'*$&-+@*9-31)7-'+7-$#$+3*)%-@-+
&RYLGVHEDQ\DNNDVXV-XPODKNDVXVNRQʈUPDVLWHUXVPHQLQJNDW
$*%&-3+ (-)&'.-H+ =-@3-&+ ,*'"-'+ %-'""-9+ LV+ _#9&+ SUSUZ+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+
.HVHKDWDQ PHODSRUNDQ  NDVXV NRQʈUPDVL &RYLG  GHQJDQ
PHYVP+ 7-$#$+ @*'&'""-9+ [MGC+ RZVk\+ .-'"+ %*)$*<-)+ ,&+ PR+ 3)1I&'$&H+
3URYLQVL \DQJ SDOLQJ EDQ\DN PHODSRUNDQ NDVXV NRQʈUPDVL DGDODK
_-5-+D&@#)Z+ 0?6+ _-7-)%-Z+ =#9-5*$&+ =*9-%-'Z+ _-5-+D*'"-(Z+ ,-'+ _-5-+
J-)-%H+?-$#$+3-9&'"+<-'.-7+%*)8-,&+3-,-+)*'%-'"+#$&-+RW`WR+%-(#'+,-'+
3-9&'"+$*,&7&%+%*)8-,&+3-,-+#$&-+U`W+%-(#'H+!'"7-+7*@-%&-'+%*)%&'""&+
,&%*@#7-'+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'+ ,*'"-'+ #$&-+ WW`]R+ %-(#'+ [?*@*'%*)&-'+
?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU\H

J*),-$-)7-'+3*'*9&%&-'+.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+19*(+M0M+M(&'-Z+7-$#$+
3-9&'"+<-'.-7+%*)8-,&+3-,-+3)&-+[WLZRk\+,-'+%*)8-,&+3-,-+#$&-+PU`VO+
%-(#'+,-'+3-9&'"+$*,&7&%+%*)8-,&+3-,-+#$&-+mLU+%-(#'+[Lk\H+=*<-'.-7+
YLk+ 7-$#$+ @*)#3-7-'+ 7-$#$+ .-'"+ )&'"-'Z+ LRk+ 3-)-(Z+ ,-'+ Wk+ 7)&%&$+
[;#+B+,-'+A^F11"-'+_AZ+SUSU\H+T)-'"+,*'"-'+#$&-+9-'8#%+-%-#+.-'"+
@*@&9&7&+3*'.-7&%+<-5--'+,&7*%-(#&+9*<&(+<*)&$&71+#'%#7+@*'"-9-@&+
3*'.-7&%+.-'"+9*<&(+3-)-(H+Q$&-+9-'8#%+8#"-+,&,#"-+<*)(#<#'"-'+,*'"-'+
%&'"7-%+ 7*@-%&-'H+ M0M+ M(&'-+ @*9-31)7-'+ <-(5-+ MGC+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'+
GHQJDQ XVLD ȹ WDKXQ DGDODK  VHGDQJNDQ &)5 NHVHOXUXKDQ
(-'.-+SZPkH+2-9+.-'"+$-@-+8#"-+,&%*@#7-'+3-,-+3*'*9&%&-'+,&+6%-9&-Z+
&)5SDGDXVLDȹWDKXQDGDODKVHGDQJNDQ&)5NHVHOXUXKDQ
-,-9-(+VZSk+[T',*)+FZ+C*ii-+FZ+J)#$-:*))1+=Z+SUSU\H+D&'"7-%+7*@-%&-'+
8#"-+ ,&3*'"-)#(&+ 19*(+ -,-'.-+ 3*'.-7&%+ <-5--'+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'H+D&'"7-%+
LUZWk+,&%*@#7-'+3-,-+3-$&*'+,*'"-'+3*'.-7&%+7-),&1I-$7#9-)Z+VZPk+
3-,-+ 3-$&*'+ ,*'"-'+ ,&-<*%*$Z+ ]ZPk+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'+ ,*'"-'+ 3*'.-7&%+
3*)'-3-$-'+7)1'&$Z+]k+3-,-+3-$&*'+,*'"-'+(&3*)%*'$&Z+,-'+WZ]k+3-,-+
3-$&*'+,*'"-'+7-'7*)+[T',*)+FZ+C*ii-+FZ+J)#$-:*))1+=Z+SUSU\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
7
0-9-@+ )-'"7-+ 3*'-'""#9-'"-'+ M1I&,N+ LO+ Z+ 4)*$&,*'+ C*3#<9&7+
6',1'*$&-+ 3-,-+ %-'""-9+ LP+ A-)*%+ SUSU+ @*'"*9#-)7-'+ ?*3#%#$-'+
4)*$&,*'+ /1H+ V+ D-(#'+ SUSU+ %*'%-'"+ F#"#$+ D#"-$+ 4*)^*3-%-'+
4*'-'"-'-'+ 1#,#3%- I",+$- D"$'%$'+ SULO+ [M1I&,N+ LO+ \H+D*)<*'%#7'.-+
F#"#$+D#"-$+/-$&1'-9+&'&+,&&7#%&+,*'"-'+3*@<*'%#7-'+F#"#$+D#"-$+
0-*)-(+ .-'"+ ,&(-)-37-'+ ,-3-%+ @*@3*)^*3-%+ 3*'-'"-'-'+ M1I&,N+ LO+
,*'"-'+ 9-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+ ^*3-%Z+ %*3-%Z+ :17#$Z+ %*)3-,#Z+ ,-'+ $&'*)"&$+
-'%-)7*@*'%*)&-'a9*@<-"-+,-'+3*@*)&'%-(+,-*)-(H+4-,-+%-'""-9+SU+_#9&+
SUSU+4*@*)&'%-(+@*'"*9#-)7-'+4*)-%#)-'+4)*$&,*'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-+
/1@1)+ YS+ D-(#'+ SUSU+ %*'%-'"+ ?1@&%*+ 4*'-'"-'-'+ 1#,#3%- I",+$-
D"$'%$'+SULO+[+M1I&,N+LO+\+,-'+4*@#9&(-'+E71'1@&+/-$&1'-9H+?1@&%*+
&'&+@*'"-@<&9+-9&(+:#'"$&+F#"#$+D#"-$+,-'+$*^-)-+1%1@-%&$+@*'^-<#%+
4*)-%#)-'+4)*$&,*'+/1H+V+D-(#'+SUSUH+?*<&8-7-'+3*@<*'%#7-'+?1@&%*+
/-$&1'-9+ 4*'-'""#9-'"-'+ M1I&,N+ LO+ ,&$#$#9+ ,*'"-'+ ,&7*9#-)7-''.-+
=#)-%+E,-)-'+/1@1)+RRUaS]SSa=_+%*'%-'"+4*@<*'%#7-'+=-%#-'+D#"-$+
4*)^*3-%-'+ 4*'-'"-'-'+ 1#,#3%- I",+$- D"$'%$'$+ SULO+ [MTX60NLO\Z+
E,-)-'+ 19*(+ A*'%*)&+ 0-9-@+ /*"*)&H+ [4*)3)*$+ /1H+ V+D-(#'+ SUSUZ+ =E+
A*',-")&+/1H+RRUaS]SSa=_\H

=*&)&'"+ ,*'"-'+ <*)8-9-''.-+ 5-7%#Z+ %*)8-,&+ 3*'-@<-(-'+ 8#@9-(+


9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+<-&7+&'$%-'$&+3*@*)&'%-(Z+#'&I*)$&%-$+@-#3#'+
$5-$%-+ ,-9-@+ )-'"7-+ @*',#7#'"+ 3*'-'""#9-'"-'+ M1I&,N+ LO+ (&'""-+
3*)&1,*+ R+ T7%1<*)+ SUSU+ $#,-(+ %*)^-%-%+ PVV+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+
4MC+ MTX60NLO+ <-&7+ .-'"+ ,*'"-'+ DMA+ @-#3#'+ .-'"+ ,*'"-'+ CD+
4MCH

P E D OM A N
8 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+LHPH+4*%-+$*<-)-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4*@*)&7$-+MTX60NLO
0+>2',J-!%."(2%3/K'$L-EFEF

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
9
%0K0K$ ;4P424.$ =F$ %1/0H4.$ ".I1E3H$ 7,8$ I1EK43I$ /1.M4.$
-4Q0E4I0E3NH$58?"6S<T
4*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3*,1@-'+ $*@*'%-)-+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+
<*)#<-(+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 3*)7*@<-'"-'+ &':1)@-$&+ ,-'+ 3*'"*%-(#-'H+
;2T+%*9-(+@*'"*9#-)7-'+<*)<-"-&+@-^-@+3*,1@-'+&'%*)&@+M1I&,N+LO+
ZH+=-9-(+$-%#'.-+-,-9-(+3*,1@-'+&'%*)&@+%*)7-&%+,*'"-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
J*<*)-3-+ 3*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ %*9-(+
,&7*9#-)7-'+19*(+;2T+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
<F$ %1/0H4.$3.I1E3H$L1H1E3K244.$G4Q0E4I0E3NH
4*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3-,-+ 7-$#$+
$#$3*7+M1I&,NLO+3*)%-@-+7-9&+,&7*9#-)7-'+3-,-+%-'""-9+LV+_-'#-)&+
SUSUH+4*,1@-'+%*)$*<#%+<*)&$&+%*'%-'"+3*'"-@<&9-'+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+
$3*$&@*'Z+%*)@-$#7+,&+,-9-@'.-+8*'&$+$3*$&@*'Z+$#(#+3*'"&)&@-'+
,-'+3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'Z+,-'+)*71@*',-$&+#'%#7+3*'"#9-'"-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+3-,-+(-$&9+'*"-%&:H+2-9+&%#+<*)-$-9+,-)&+$3*$&@*'+$-9#)-'+
3*)'-3-$-'+-%-$j+3*@*)&7$--'+$3*$&@*'+3-$&*'+$#$3*7+M1I&,N+LO+
,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+)*:*))-9Z+%*)@-$#7+,&+,-9-@'.-+8*'&$+3*@*)&7$--'+
[@19*^#9-)Z+ $*)191"&Z+ ,-'+ $*7#*'$&'"\+ $*)%-+ 3*9-31)-'+ 7-$#$+ ,-'+
(-$&9+ %*$H+ 4-,-+ %-'""-9+ S+ ,-'+ LO+ A-)*%+ SUSUZ+ 3*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+
%*)$*<#%+ %*9-(+ ,&3*)<-(-)#&+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ $#(#+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ ,-'+
3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'+$*)%-+-^#-'+3*'*9&%&-'+#'%#7+@*'&'"7-%7-'+
,*%*7$&+M1I&,N+LOH+4-,-+3*,1@-'+%*)$*<#%+8#"-+%*),-3-%+&':1)@-$&+
%*)7-&%+,*'"-'+3*'""#'--'+$-9&'*+$%*)&9+8&7-+9",%.-(,%3$=#,(->'5"+>+
XDA+ %&,-7+ %*)$*,&-+ ,-'+ %*),-3-%+ )*71@*',-$&+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+
-9"1)&%@-+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ .-'"+ 9*<&(+ $*,*)(-'-+ 3-,-+ ,-*)-(+ I&)#$+
M1I&,N+LO+$#,-(+@*'.*<-)+,*'"-'+9#-$+$*3*)%&+$7)&'&'"+@19*7#9*)+
,*'"-'+ )CDN4MC+ ,*'"-'+ 3*'""#'--'+ $-%#+ $-$-)-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
"*'+.-'"+,-3-%+@*@<*,-7-'+[5"$*,">"3%(#,)\+,&-'""-3+^#7#3H
4*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+ &'&+ ,&3*)<-&7&+ 9-"&+ %-'""-9+ LL+ =*3%*@<*)+
SUSU+ ,*'"-'+ )&'^&-'+ 3*)#<-(-'+ $*<-"-&+ <*)&7#%H+ ?*3#%#$-'+

P E D OM A N
10 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
#'%#7+ @*9-7#7-'+ %*$+ (-)#$+ ,&,-$-)7-'+ 3-,-+ :-7%1)+ 79&'&$+ ,-'+
*3&,*@&191"&$H+ 4*'"-@<&9-'+ ^*3-%+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+
3-$&*'+ .-'"+ ,&,#"-+ 7#-%+ @*'"-9-@&+ &':*7$&+ M1I&,N+ LO+ ,-'+
,&-"'1$&$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+-7#)-%+-%-$+3-$&*'+%*)$*<#%+-,-9-(+,#-+
3)&1)&%-$+.-'"+@*',#7#'"+%-%-+9-7$-'-+79&'&$+3-$&*'+,-'+9-'"7-(+
3*'"*',-9&-'+&':*7$&H+?-)*'-+)#@&%'.-+3*'"-@<&9-'+$-@3*9+.-'"+
@*@-,-&Z+-'-9&$&$+9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+,-'+&'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9Z+3*'"-@<&9-'+
,-'+ ,&-"'1$&$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+ 13*)-%1)+ .-'"+
%*)9-%&(+,-'+71@3*%*'H+
=3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+3*@*)&7$--'+[L\+$3*$&@*'+
$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'Z+[S\+$3*$&@*'+:*7-9Z+[P\+$3*$&@*'+=#$(->#,('>+
,-'+[R\+$3*$&@*'+$*)#@H+4*,1@-'+&'&+8#"-+@*'.*)%-7-'+3-',#-'+
#'%#7+-9%*)'-%&:+*7%)-7$&+<&9-+%&,-7+%*)$*,&-Z+3*'""-<#'"-'+$3*$&@*'+
[=##."3/\Z+,-'+,&9*'"7-3&+,*'"-'+<*<*)-3-+9-@3&)-'+$*3*)%&+,-:%-)+
%&9&7+#'%#7+@*'"#)-'"&+7*@#'"7&'-'+7-$#$+(-$&9+31$&%&:+3-9$#+)CDN
4MC+,-'+3*'-'"-'-'+(-$&9+.-'"+$-@-)H

=F$ %1/0H4.$3.I1E3H$I1EK43I$/1.M4.$2IE4I1M3$N.INK$L1H1E3K244.$
G4Q0E4I0E3NH$M1I&,N+LO+
4-,-+ 3*,1@-'+ &'&+ ;2T+ @*)*71@*',-$&7-'+ $%)-%*"&+
3)&1)&%-$+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+<*),-$-)7-'+$7*'-)&1++-,-'.-+
*@3-%++8*'&$+'*"-)-+<*),-$-)7-'+%)-'$@&$&+7-$#$+M1I&,N+LO+e
-H+ '*"-)-+%-'3-+7-$#$+[%&,-7+-,-+7-$#$\j
<H+ '*"-)-+,*'"-'+$-%#+7-$#$+-%-#+9*<&(Z+,&&@31)Z+-%-#+%*),*%*7$&+
$*^-)-+917-9+[7-$#$+$31)-,&$\j
^H+ '*"-)-N'*"-)-+ ,*'"-'+ 79-$%*)+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ 5-7%#Z+ 917-$&+
JHRJUDʈVDWDXSDSDUDQXPXP NDVXVNODVWHU 
,H+ '*"-)-+.-'"+@*'"-9-@&+5-<-(+.-'"+9*<&(+<*$-)+-%-#+%)-'$@&$&+
917-9+.-'"+<*)7*9-'8#%-'+,-'+@*)*<-7+[%)-'$@&$&+71@#'&%-$\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
11
=%)-%*"&+3*'*'%#-'+3)&1)&%-$+3-,-+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@++
<*),-$-)7-'+ %)-'$@&$&+ + M1I&,NLO+ + ,&+ @-$.-)-7-%+ ,&3*)9#7-'+
7-)*'-+ ,-9-@+ $-%#+ '*"-)-+ ,-3-%+ @*@&9&7&+ ,-*)-(+ %-'3-+ 7-$#$+
,-'+ ,*'"-'+ %)-'$@&$&+ ,&+ @-$.-)-7-%H+ =%)-%*"&+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ .-'"+
<*)<*,-+ @#'"7&'+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ $-%#+ '*"-)-+ .-'"+ $-@-H+
_&7-+ 7-3-$&%-$+ ,&-"'1$%&7+ %&,-7+ @*'^#7#3&Z+ + ,&%*)-37-'+ 3)&1)&%-$+
3*@*)&7$--'+3-,-
U$ T)-'"+.-'"+@*@&9&7&+)&$&71+-7-'+@*',*)&%-++"*8-9-+3*'.-7&%++
.-'"+ 3-)-(+ ,-'+ 313#9-$&+ )*'%-'+ + .-'"+ -7-'+ @*@*)9#7-'+
)-5-%+&'-3+,-'+3*)-5-%-'+9-'8#%-'+#'%#7+M1I&,N+LOH+
U$ 3*%#"-$+ 7*$*(-%-'+ .-'"+ @*@&9&7&+ "*8-9-+ $&@3%1@-%&7+
[%*)@-$#7+ 9-.-'-'+ ,-)#)-%+ ,-'+ $%-:+ '1'79&'&$+ $\+ %*)9*3-$+
GDUL  PHUHND PHPLOLNL NRQWDN GDUL NDVXV WHUNRQʈUPDVL
-%-#+ %&,-7+ [#'%#7+ @*9&',#'"&+ 3*%#"-$+ 7*$*(-%-'+ ,-'+
@*'"#)-'"&+)&$&71+%)-'$@&$&+'1$171@&-9\H
U$ 6',&I&,#+3*)%-@-+.-'"+@*'"-9-@&+"*8-9-+,&+%*@3-%a:-$&9&%-$+
%*)%#%#3+ [*.#$'5- $'(("3/\Z+ $*3*)%&+ $*719-(Z+ 3-'%&+ 81@31Z+
SHQMDUD GDQ UXPDK VDNLW  XQWXN GDSDW PHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL
5-<-(+ + ,*'"-'+ ^*3-%+ + + $*)%-+ + @*@-$%&7-'+ %&',-7-'+
3*'-(-'-'+[*#3(%"3>'3(->'%$+,'$\H+ =*@#-+ &',&I&,#+9-&'+
,*'"-'+"*8-9-+M1I&,N+LO++.-'"+<*)-,-+,&+%*@3-%a:-$&9&%-$+
%*)%#%#3+ [*.#$'5- $'(("3/\+ ,-3-%+ ,&-'""-3+ $*<-"-&+ 7-$#$+
=,#2%2.'+ ,-'+ ,&&$19-$&+ %-'3-+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ %-@<-(-'+ 8&7-+
7-3-$&%-$+3*@*)&7$--'+%*)<-%-$H

@F$ %1/0H4.$3.I1E3H$!"#$%&'()$G4Q0E4I0E3NH
4*,1@-'+ &'%*)&@+ 2"#$%&'()+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+
M1I&,NLO++3*)%-@-+7-9&+,&7*9#-)7-'+3-,-+%-'""-9+LS+G*<)#-)&+SUSU+

P E D OM A N
12 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
7*@#,&-'+ ,&3*)<-(-)#&+ 3-,-+ %-'""-9+ LO+ A-)*%+ SUSUH+ 4*,1@-'+
&'%*)&@+ %*)$*<#%+ <*)&$&+ %*'%-'"+ 3*)$.-)-%-'+ #%-@-+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-+4MC+M1I&,NLO+Z+$*3*)%&+M##5-H"*,#2"#.#/"*%.-?,%*("*'-
%35-?,#*'5+,'+[FA44\j+3*9-%&(-'+,-'+71@3*%*'$&+3*)$1'*9j+,*$-&'+
:-$&9&%-$j+3*'*)&@--'+,-'+3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'j+,*71'%-@&'-$&+
,-'+ @-'-8*@*'+ 9&@<-(j+ -9-%+ 3*9&',#'"+ ,&)&+ [!40\j+ 3*)-9-%-'+
9-<1)-%1)&#@j+ )*'^-'-+ )*$31'$+ ,-)#)-%a&'$&,*'j+ ,-'+ 7*$*(-%-'+
7*)8-H+4*,1@-'+%*)$*<#%+8#"-+@*@<-(-$++3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+<*$*)%-+%+
^1'%1(+:1)@#9&)+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71H
4-,-+ %-'""-9+ LP+ A*&+ SUSU+ ;2T+ @*'"*9#-)7-'+ 3*,1@-'+
&'%*)&@+ 2"#$%&'()+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ ,&3*)<-(-)#&H+ 4-,-+
3*,1@-'+ %*)$*<#%+ ,&$*<#%7-'+ <-(5-+ 3-,-+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+
M1I&,NLO+ + ,*'"-'+ =#"3(- #&- *%,'+ [4TM\+ -%-#+ 3'%,- ?N1- %$$%)$-
[@&$-9'.-+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -9-%+ DMA\+ ,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,&+ 2'3*:+
[%-'3-+ !"#.#/"*%.- 0%&'()- 1%2"3'(+ a+ J=M\+ ,*'"-'+ @*9-7#7-'+
3*'&9-&-'+ )&$&71+ %*)9*<&(+ ,-(#9#+ ,-'+ @*@*'#(&+ 3*)$.-)-%-'+ ,&+
<-5-(+&'&H++
U$ A*8-+3*@*)&7$--'+,&-9-$&+,*'"-'+%&$#+[=%=',-(#;'.\+.-'"+
<*)#7#)-'+ <*$-)+ ,-'+ -)*-+ 7*)8-+ <*)I*'%&9-$&+ <-&7Z+ $*)%-+
%&,-7+-,-+,17#@*'Z+71@3#%*)+-%-#+<-)-'"+3)&<-,&+9-&''.-H
U$ +!9-%+3*9&',#'"+,&)&+[!40\+,&"#'-7-'+,*'"-'++%*3-%+.-'"+
,&7*'-7-'+$*)#3-+,*'"-'+3*@*)&7$--'+@-'#-9+9-&''.-H
U$ 4*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+(-)#$+@*'.*)%-7-'+&':1)@-$&+3*'""#'--'+
3*9&',#'"-'+ 3*)'-3-$-'+ + $*<-"-&+ %&',-7-'+ 3*'^*"-(-'+
%-@<-(-'H
U$ =%-:+%*)9-%&(+,*'"-'+<-&7+,-9-@+FA44H
U$ 4*@*)&7$--'+%&,-7+%*)<#)#N<#)#H
U$ 4)1$*$+ 9&@<-(+ &':*7$&#$+ .-'"+ %*)I-9&,-$&+ %*)@-$#7+
3*'-'"-'-'+$&$-+$3*$&@*'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
13
AF$ %1/0H4.$ 3.I1E3H$ I1EK43I$ /1.M4.$ L1.M3E3H4.$ 2L123H1.$ K1$
G4Q0E4I0E3NH$ENONK4.$7,8$V4.M$H1.V1/34K4.$L1H1E3K244.$
NRQʈUPDVLXQWXNYLUXVM1I&,NLO+
;2T+ %*9-(+ @*'*%-37-'+ @*7-'&$@*+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ #'%#7+
@*@3*)^*3-%+,-'+@*@<&-.-&+3*'"&)&@-'+$-@3*9+79&'&$+,-)&+3-$&*'+
,*'"-'+ ,#"--'+ + M1I&,NLO+ + ,-)&+ '*"-)-+ 3*'"#@3#9+ 7*+ $-9-(+ $-%#+
ODERUDWRULXPUXMXNDQ\DQJPHQ\HGLDNDQNRQʈUPDVLSHPHULNVDDQ
@19*7#9*)+#'%#7+M1I&,NLO++$*<-"-&@-'-+.-'"+%*)^-'%#@+,&+D-<*9+
LHLH+

D-<*9+LHL+_*8-)&'"+>-<1)-%1)&#@+C#8#7-'+M1I&,NLO+++;2T
'1M4E4 D0I4 -4Q0E4I0E3NH$:NONK4.
!#$%)-9&- A*9<1#)'* X&^%1)&-9+6':*^%&1#$+0&$*-$*$+
C*:*)*'^*+>-<1)-%1).
J)-i&9 C&1+,*$+_-'*&)1 C*$3&)-%1).+X&)191".+>-<1)-%1).Z+G&1+
M)#i
M-@<1,&- 4('1@+4*'( 4-$%*#)+6'$%&%#%*+1:+M-@<1,&-
M(&'- J*&8&'" M(&'-+M0M
M(&'-Z+21'"+ 21'"+?1'" =^(119+1:+4#<9&^+2*-9%(+Q'&I*)$&%.+1:+
?1'"+=!C 21'"+?1'"
G)-'^* 4-)&$ 6'$%&%#%+4-$%*#)+4-)&$
F*)@-'+^1)1'-I&)#$+,&-"'1$%&^+
F*)@-'. J*)9&' 51)7&'"+")1#3Z+6'$%&%#%*+1:+X&)191".Z+
M(-)&%n+-',+C1<*)%+?1^(+6'$%&%#%*
6',&- 4#'* 6MAC+N+/-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+X&)191".
6%-9. C1@* /-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+6':*^%&1#$+
0&$*-$*$+[6/A6\Z+>H+=3-99-'i-'&
_-3-' /-"-$-7& 6'$%&%#%*+1:+D)13&^-9+A*,&^&'*Z+
/-"-$-7&+Q'&I*)$&%.
A*K&^1 A*K&^1+M&%. 6'$%&%#%1+,*+0&-"'o$%&^1+.+C*:*)*'^&-+
E3&,*@&19o"&^1$+[6'0CE\
T@-' A#$^-% M*'%)-9+4#<9&^+2*-9%(+>-<1)-%1).

P E D OM A N
14 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
'1M4E4 D0I4 -4Q0E4I0E3NH$:NONK4.
C#$$&-'+ ?19%$1I1 D(*+=%-%*+C*$*-)^(+M*'%*)+1:+X&)191".+
G*,*)-%&1' -',+J&1%*^('191".+XEMDTC
=*'*"-9 0-7-) 6'$%&%#%+4-$%*#)+0-7-)
=&'"-31)* =&'"-31)* /-%&1'-9+4#<9&^+2*-9%(+>-<1)-%1).
=1#%(+!:)&^- _1(-''*$<#)" M*'%)*+:1)+C*$3&)-%1).+0&$*-$*$+-',+
A*'&'"&%&$Z+/-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+:1)+
M1@@#'&^-<9*+0&$*-$*$
=5&%i*)9-', F*'*I- Q'&I*)$&%.+21$3&%-9+1:+F*'*I-
D(-&9-', /1'%(-<#)& /-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+2*-9%(Z+
0*3-)%@*'%+1:+A*,&^-9+=^&*'^*$Z+
A&'&$%).+1:+4#<9&^
2*-9%(
D(-&9-', J-'"717 !)@*,+G1)^*$+C*$*-)^(+6'$%&%#%*+1:+
A*,&^-9+=^&*'^*
D-'""-9+%*)-7(&)+,&3*)<-)#&e+LO+!3)&9+SUSU

BF$ :14M1.$%1H1E3K244.$#0G1KNG1E$N.INK$634M.0232$$M1I&,NLO+
4*@*)&7$--'+ ,*'"-'+ @*%1,*+ @19*7#9*)+ @*'8-,&+ 3&9&(-'+
#%-@-+ #'%#7+ ,&-"'1$&$+ M1I&,NLOH+ + J-'.-7+ )*-"*'+ [%$$%)\+ "36
:#+$'+,-'+71@*)$&-9+#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+I&)#$++M1I&,NLO++%*9-(+-%-#+
$*,-'"+,&7*@<-'"7-'+$*)%-+,-9-@+%-(-3+I-9&,-$&+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
@&%)-H+F-@<-)-'+#@#@+%*'%-'"+3)1$*$+*I-9#-$&+)*-"*'+.-'"+%*9-(+
,&%*)-37-'+ 19*(+ O#+35%("#3- &#,- B33#9%("9'- P';- D"%/3#$("*$+ a
G6/0+,-'+,-:%-)+)*-"*'+.-'"+<*)3-)%&$&3-$&+#'%#7+*I-9#-$&+%*)$*<#%+
,-3-%+,&9&(-%+,&+$&%#$+5*<+G6/0H
4-,-+-5-9+%*)8-,&'.-+5-<-(+M1I&,NLO+Z+;2T+@*'.*,&-7-'+
-7$*$+ 7*+ 3)1%1719+ 4MC+ "36:#+$'+ + M1I&,NLO+ + ,*'"-'+ @*'"#',#(+
,17#@*'+ 3)1%1719+ $*^-)-+ ,-)&'"+ [#3."3'Q+ ,&+ $&%#$+ 5*<+ ;2TH+
/-@#'Z+ ;2T+ %&,-7+ @*'.&)-%7-'+ ,#7#'"-'+ -%-#+ I-9&,-$&+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
15
%*)(-,-3+C*-"*'+4MC+"36:#+$'++M1I&,NLO++.-'"+%*),-:%-)+,-9-@+
,17#@*'+ ,-)&'"+ [#3."3'\+ %*)$*<#%+ [D-<*9+ LHS\H+ 2&'""-+ $--%+ &'&Z+
3)1%1719+%*)$*<#%+%&,-7+,&3*)<-)#&+$*^-)-+,-)&'"+[#3."3'Q+,-'+%&,-7+
@*'^*)@&'7-'+3*'.*@3#)'--'+)*-"*'+<*)&7#%'.-H+=*9-&'+3)1%1719+
%*)$*<#%Z+ ;2T+ 8#"-+ @*'"#',#(+ ,-:%-)+ 3*'""#'--'+ ,-)#)-%+
['>',/'3*)-+$'-."$("3/RAST\+,&-"'1$&$+"3-9"(,#+#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+
-$-@+'#79*-%+=!C=NM1XNS+[D-<*9+LHP\H

D-<*9+LHS+0-:%-)+C&'"7-$-'+4)1%1719+C*-"*'+4MC+B36:#+$'++M1I&,NLO-
".2I3IN23 !4EM1I$C1.
M(&'-+M0MZ+M(&'- TCGL-<+,-'+/
6'$%&%#%+4-$%*#)Z+4-)&$Z+G)-'^* 0#-+%-)"*%+3-,-+C,C4
Q=+M0MZ+Q=! D&"-+%-)"*%+3-,-+"*'+/
/-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+6':*^%&1#$+ 4-'^1)1'-+,-'+<*<*)-3-+%-)"*%+
0&$*-$*$Z+_-3-' 9-&''.-Z+=3&7*+3)1%*&'
M(-)&%nZ+F*)@-'. C,C4Z+EZ+/
2?QZ+21'"+?1'"+=!C TCGL<N'$3LRZ+/
/-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+2*-9%(Z+ /
D(-&9-',

D-<*9+ LHP+ 0-:%-)+ 4*'""#'--'+ ?*,-)#)-%-'+ ;2T+ [;2T+ '>',/'3*)- +$'-


."$("3/\+0&-"'1$&$+6'+X&%)1+#'%#7+A*',*%*7$&+!$-@+/#79*-%+=!C=NM1XNS
Q3,-%*+%*)-7(&)eS+T7%1<*)+SUSU
*%+",-./("0'/-1'$($

%E0/NWI$
64I1$-32I1/ %E0/NWI$.4H1 2%/3&%4(35'5
W0/1X2Y
S+T7%1<*)+ 4-'<&1+MTX60NLO+ RLG?LU !<<1%%+C-3&,+
SUSU !"+C-3&,+D*$%+0*I&^*+ 0&-"'1$%&^$+
[/!=T42!Cg/FE!>\ _*'-+F@<2
SS+ =D!/0!C0+p+ UOMTXPU0 =0+J&1$*'$1)Z+
=*3%*@<*)+ MTX60NLO+!"+D*$% 6'^
SUSU

P E D OM A N
16 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
6347'"4-.4",-1'$($
%E0/NWI$
64I1$-32I1/ %E0/NWI$.4H1 2%/3&%4(35'5
W0/1X2Y
LW+ =!C=NM1XNS+/#^9*&^+ 4F!RLUS4L+ D*99"*'+
=*3%*@<*)+ -^&,+,*%*^%&1'+7&%+<-$*,+ [9&b#&,\+a+ M1)31)-%&1'
SUSU 1'+C*-9ND&@*+4MC+ 4F!RLUS4S+
39-%:1)@ [9.13(&9&i*,+
:1)@\
S+=*3%*@<*)+ /1I*9+M1)1'-I&)#$+ 4M=g2G =(-"(-&+G1$#'+
SUSU [SULON'M1X\+CDN >1'"+A-)^(+
4MC+0*%*^%&1'+?&%+ A*,&^-9+=^&*'^*+
[^1@@*)^&-9+'-@*e+ M1HZ+>%,H
G1$#'+SULON'M1X+b4MC\
SY+!"#$%#$+ =!C=NM1XNS+X&)#$+ dMSWUVP /&'"<1+
SUSU 0*%*^%&1'+0&-"'1$%&^+?&%+ 2*-9%(+F*'*+
[CDNb4MC+A*%(1,\ D*^('191"&*$+
M1HZ+>%,H
LR+!"#$%#$+ D-b4-%(+MTX60NLO+ !RYU]V D(*)@1+G&$(*)+
SUSU MEN6X0+CDN4MC+?&% 6FLHQWLʈF
LR+!"#$%#$+ ;-'%-&+=!C=NM1XNS+ ;=NLSRY J*&8&'"+;-'%-&+
SUSU CDN4MC J&191"&^-9+
4(-)@-^.+
E'%*)3)&$*+M1HZ+
>%,
O+_#9&+SUSU MTX60NLO+M1)1'-I&)#$+ _MLUSSPN _&-'"$#+
C*-9+D&@*+4MC+?&% L/;NWUD J&13*):*^%#$+
D*^('191"&*$+
M1HZ>%,
U]+_#9&+SUSU =&@39*K-+MTX60NLO+ AT>RLWUZ+ 0&-=1)&'
0&)*^%+-',+=&@39*K-+ AT>RL]U
MTX60NLO+41$&%&I*+
^1'%)19+4-^7
SP+_#'&+ d3*)%+d3)*$$+=!C=N d4C=!C=N M*3(*&,+!J
SUSU M1XNS MTXSNLU
LW+_#'&+ MTX60NLO+C*-9ND&@*+ 2JCDN M(-1i(-1#+
SUSU 4MC+?&% MTX60NLO 2.<)&<&1+
J&1^(*@&$%).+
>%,H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
17
%E0/NWI$
64I1$-32I1/ %E0/NWI$.4H1 2%/3&%4(35'5
W0/1X2Y
LL+_#'&+ /1I*9+M1)1'-I&)#$+ FBN0SCASW =(-'"(-&+
SUSU SULON'M1X+/#^9*&^+!^&,+ F*'*10K+
0*%*^%&1'+?&%+[C*-9+D&@*+ J&1%*^('191".+
4MC\ M1HZ+>%,
Y+_#'&+SUSU 0&-"'1$%&^+7&%+:1)+=!C=N ?2N =(-'"(-&+?*(#-+
M1XNS+/#^9*&^+-^&,+ FNANWVRNRY J&1N*'"&'**)&'"+
[C*-9N%&@*+4MC\ M1HZ+>%,H
SS+A*&+ /1I*9+M1)1'-I&)#$+ CCNURYWNUS =(-'"(-&+B_+J&1N
SUSU [=!C=NM1XNS\+C*-9+ D*^(+M1HZ+>%,
D&@*+A#9%&39*K+CDN4MC+
?&%
SL+A*&+ GD0+=!C=NM1XNS+[GD0N LLRL]PUU G-$%+D)-^7+
SUSU LLRNPS\U 0&-"'1$%&^$+
>#K*@<1#)"+=Hq+
)H9H
LO+A*&+ A#9%&39*+C*-9ND&@*+ MDYSPPNRYD J*&8&'"+!339&*,+
SUSU 4MC+?&%+:1)+0*%*^%&1'+1:+ J&191"&^-9+
SULON'M1X D*^('191"&*$+M1H+
>%,HZ+[d!JD\
LR+A*&+ 0*%*^%&1'+?&%+:1)+SULO+ 0!UOPUZ+ 0-+!'+F*'*+M1HZ+
SUSU /1I*9+M1)1'-I&)#$+ 0!UOPL+-',+ >%,H+T:+=#'+g-%N
[SULON'M1X\+C/!+ 0!UOPS $*'+Q'&I*)$&%.
[4MCN+G9#1)*$^*'^*+
4)1<&'"\
UV+A*&+ 5HDOWLPHʉXRUHVFHQW AGFUPUULL JF6+E#)13*+!a=
SUSU CDN4MC+7&%+:1)+,*%*^%&'"+
SULON'M1X
SR+!3)&9+ 4*)7&'E9@*)+=!C=N =gWYU 4*)7&'E9@*)+6'^H
SUSU M1XNS+C*-9N%&@*+CDN
4MC+!$$-.
UO+!3)&9+ !<<1%%+C*-9%&@*+=!C=N
UO/VVNUOU+ !<<1%%+
SUSU M1XNS -',+UO/VVN A19*^#9-)+6'^H
UYU
V+!3)&9+SUSU 4)&@*),*$&"'+>%,+ BN4-%(N 4)&@*),*$&"'+
MTX60NLO+"*'*$&"+C*-9N MTX60NLONME >%,H
D&@*+4MC+-$$-.

P E D OM A N
18 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
%E0/NWI$
64I1$-32I1/ %E0/NWI$.4H1 2%/3&%4(35'5
W0/1X2Y
P+!3)&9+SUSU ^1<-$+=!C=NM1XNS+ UOLVWRPLLOU+ C1^(*+A19*^#9-)+
p#-9&%-%&I*+-$$-.+:1)+#$*+ -',+ =.$%*@$Z+6'^H
1'+%(*+^1<-$+]YUUaYYUU+ UOLVWRRULOU
=.$%*@$

ZF$ ".2IENH1.$ %1.3G434.$ -4Q0E4I0E3NH$ N.INK$ -4Q0E4I0E3NH$


%1H1E3K244.$M1I&,NLO+
6'$%)#@*'+ 3*'&9-&-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,&)-'^-'"+ 7(#$#$+ #'%#7+
@*'&9-&+ 7-3-$&%-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ -,-Z+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ @*9-7#7-'+
-%-#+ <*)%#8#-'+ #'%#7+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ + M1I&,NLO+ H+
6'&+,&%#8#7-'+#'%#7+7-3-$&%-$+#%-@-+,-)&+.%2#,%(#,"+>+,-'+%*)7-&%+
8#"-+,*'"-'+3*@*)&7$--'+I&)#$+M1I&,NLOH+H+4*'&9-&-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
%*)$*<#%+ ,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+ 1%1)&%-$a<-,-'+ 7*$*(-%-'+ '-$&1'-9Z+
9*@<-"-+ @#9%&9-%*)-9Z+ 1)"-'&$-$&+ '1'3*@*)&'%-(+ [>=A\+ ,-'+
@-'-8*)+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+ J*<*)-3-+ -$3*7+ .-'"+ ,&'&9-&+ 3-,-+ (##.+
%*)$*<#%+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
LH+ 1)"-'&$-$&+,-'+@-'-8*@*'j
SH+ ,17#@*'j
PH+ 3*'"-@<&9-'Z+3-'-'"-'-'Z+,-'+%)-'$31)%-$&+$3*$&@*'j
RH+ @-'-8*@*'+,-%-+,-'+&':1)@-$&j
WH+ @-'-8*@*'+<-(-'+(-<&$+3-7-&+,-'+)*-"*'
]H+ @-'-8*@*'+3*)-9-%-'j
VH+ :-$&9&%-$j
YH+ =$#@<*)+,-.-+@-$.-)-7-%+[=0A\j
OH+ @-'-8*@*'+<&1)&$&71j+
LUH+ :#'"$&+7*$*(-%-'+@-$.-)-7-%j
LLH+ 7-3-$&%-$+,-'+7*@-@3#-'+3*@*)&7$--'+M1I&,NLO+j
LSH+ -'-9&$&$+/%=a7*$*'8-'"-'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
19
[F$ %1.MMN.44.$!12$"HN./34M.02I3K$/3$942V4.K12$X+#"/(8#&84%5'Y$
N.INK$$M1I&,NLO+$X\$+LE3G$=]=]Y
+F$ !12$/34M.02I3K$W1L4I$Q1EQ4232$/1I1K23$4.I3M1.
=-9-(+$-%#+8*'&$+%*$+,&-"'1$%&7+^*3-%+[<%="5-D"%/3#$("*-C'$(+
N+C0D\+-,-9-(+,*'"-'+@*',*%*7$&+-,-'.-+3)1%*&'+I&)#$+[-'%&"*'\+
M1I&,NLO+ + 3-,-+ $-@3*9+ ,-)&+ $-9#)-'+ 3*)'-3-$-'+ $*$*1)-'"H+
!'%&"*'+.-'"+%*),*%*7$&+(-'.-+<&$-+,&*7$3)*$&7-'+$--%+I&)#$+-7%&:+
<*)*39&7-$&H+T9*(+7-)*'-+&%#Z+%*$+&'&+3-9&'"+<-&7+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+
PHQJLGHQWLʈNDVLLQIHNVLSDGDIDVHDNXWDWDXWDKDSDZDOLQIHNVL
?&'*)8-+ -9-%+ %*$+ ,&3*'"-)#(&+ 19*(+ <*<*)-3-+ :-7%1)Z+ $*3*)%&+
5-7%#+ @#9-&+ @#'^#9'.-+ "*8-9-+ 3*'.-7&%Z+ 71'$*'%)-$&+ I&)#$+ 3-,-+
$3*$&@*'Z+7#-9&%-$+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&-@<&9+,-'+^-)-+3*@)1$*$-''.-Z+
$*)%-+ :1)@#9-$&+ )*-"*'+ 3-,-+ -9-%+ %*$H+ J*),-$-)7-'+ 3*'"-9-@-'+
3*'""#'--'+ C0D+ <*)<-$&$+ -'%&"*'+ #'%#7+ 3*'.-7&%N3*'.-7&%+
VDOXUDQSHUQDSDVDQODLQVHSHUWLLQʉXHQ]DNRQVHQWUDVLYLUXVSDGD
$-@3*9+,-)&+$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+3-$&*'+$*<-',&'"+,*'"-'+M1I&,NLO+
H+ =*'$&%&I&%-$+ 8*'&$N8*'&$+ %*$+ &'&+ ,&3*)7&)-7-'+ <*)7&$-)+ ,-)&+ PRk+
$-@3-&+YUkH
6':1)@-$&+&'&+@*'-',-7-'+<-(5-+%*$+8*'&$+&'&+7*@#'"7&'-'+
-7-'+ @*9*5-%7-'+ $*%*'"-(+ -%-#+ 9*<&(+ 8#@9-(+ 3-$&*'+ %*)&':*7$&+
M1I&,NLO+Z+%*)"-'%#'"+3-,-+")#3+3-$&*'+.-'"+,&3*)&7$-H+!$#@$&N
-$#@$&+ &'&+ 3*)9#+ $*"*)-+ ,&%*9&%&+ 9*<&(+ 9-'8#%+ #'%#7+ @*@-(-@&+
%&'"7-%+7*-7#)-%-'+%*$+8*'&$+&'&H+=*9-&'+&%#Z+(-$&9+31$&%&:+3-9$#+l+.-&%#+
(-$&9+ %*$+ .-'"+ @*'#'8#77-'+ <-(5-+ $*$*1)-'"+ %*)&':*7$&+ 3-,-(-9+
$*<*'-)'.-+%&,-7+l+7*@#'"7&'-'+,-3-%+%*)8-,&+8&7-+-'%&<1,&+3-,-+
$%)&3+ #8&+ 8#"-+ <*)*-7$&+ %*)(-,-3+ -'%&"*'+ I&)#$+ $*9-&'+ M1I&,NLO+ Z+
$*3*)%&+%&3*+^1)1'-I&)#$+@-'#$&-+3*'.*<-<+<-%#7+3&9*7H+_&7-+-9-%N-9-%+
%*$+,*%*7$&+-'%&"*'+.-'"+,&7*@<-'"7-'+-%-#+,&8#-9+@*'#'8#77-'+
7&'*)8-+ .-'"+ @*@-,-&Z+ + -9-%+ %*$+ %*)$*<#%+ ,-3-%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+

P E D OM A N
20 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
XML WULDVH \DQJ PDPSX GHQJDQ FHSDW PHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL SDVLHQ
.-'"+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+ <*$-)+ %*)&':*7$&+ M1I&,NLO+ + $*(&'""-+ ,-3-%+
PHQJXUDQJL DWDX PHQJKDSXVNDQ NHEXWXKDQ DNDQ WHV NRQʈUPDVL
@19*7#9*)+.-'"+<*)<&-.-+.-'"+<*$-)H
?*%*)<-%-$-'+,-%-+%*$+,&-"'1$%&7+^*3-%+<*)<-$&$+,*%*7$&+-'%&"*'+
.-'"+ %*)$*,&-+ $-@3-&+ $--%+ &'&+ 7,8$ I3/4K$ H1E1K0H1./423K4.$
L1.MMN.44.$ I12$ /34M.02I3K$ W1L4I$ Q1EQ4232$ /1I1K23$ 4.I3M1.$
I1E21QNI$ N.INK$ L1E4^4I4.$ L4231.J$ I1I4L3$ 24.M4I$ H1./NKN.M$
/3G4KNK4..V4$ L1.1G3I34.$ G4.ONI4.$ N.INK$ H1.M1I4PN3$ K3.1EO4$
/4.$L0I1.23$K1MN.44.$/34M.02I3K.V4H

;F$ !12$/34M.02I3K$W1L4I$Q1EQ4232$/1I1K23$4.I3Q0/3
_*'&$+%*$+,&-"'1$%&7+^*3-%+M1I&,NLO+9-&'+.-'"+#@#@+,&3-7-&+
,-'+ ,&3*)8#-9<*9&7-'+ -,-9-(+ %*$+ #'%#7+ @*',*%*7$&+ 7*<*)-,--'+
-'%&<1,&+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ ,-)-(+ 1)-'"+ .-'"+ ,&.-7&'&+ %*9-(+ %*)&':*7$&+
M1I&,NLOH+ + !'%&<1,&+ -7-'+ ,&(-$&97-'+ $*%*9-(+ <*<*)-3-+ (-)&+ -%-#+
@&'""#+ $*%*9-(+ %*)8-,&'.-+ &':*7$&+ I&)#$H+ ?*7#-%-'+ )*$31'$+ %#<#(+
@*'"(-$&97-'+ -'%&<1,&+ <*)"-'%#'"+ 3-,-+ <*<*)-3-+ :-7%1)Z+ $*3*)%&+
#$&-Z+ $%-%#$+ '#%)&$&Z+ %&'"7-%+ 7*3-)-(-'+ 3*'.-7&%Z+ ,-'+ 3*'"1<-%-'+
-%-#+&':*7$&+%*)%*'%#Z+$*3*)%&+26X+.-'"+@*9*@-(7-'+$&$%*@+&@#'H+
3DGD VHEDJLDQ SDVLHQ &RYLG  \DQJ WHUNRQʈUPDVL PHODOXL WHV
@19*7#9*)+[$*3*)%&+)*-7$&+<*)-'%-&+319&@*)-$*+[CDN4MC\Z+)*$31'$+
-'%&<1,&+,&9-31)7-'+9*@-(Z+%*)9-@<-%Z+-%-#+%&,-7+%*)8-,&H+
4*'*9&%&-'+ @*'"&',&7-$&7-'+ $*<-"&-'+ <*$-)+ 3-$&*'+ <-)#+
@*@<*)&7-'+)*$31'$+-'%&<1,&+3-,-+3*7-'+7*,#-+$*%*9-(+%&@<#9'.-+
"*8-9-H+2-9+&'&+<*)-)%&+,&-"'1$&$+&':*7$&+M1I&,NLO++<*)<-$&$+)*$31'$+
-'%&<1,&+ <-)#+ @#'"7&'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3-,-+ :-$*+ 3*@#9&(-'Z+ ,&+ $--%+
7*$*@3-%-'+ &'%*)I*'$&+ -%-#+ &'%*)#3$&+ 79&'&$+ %*)(-,-3+ 3*'#9-)-'+
3*'.-7&%+%*9-(+%*)9*5-%H+0*%*7$&+-'%&<1,&+.-'"+@*'.-$-)+-'%&<1,&+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
21
M1I&,NLO+ + 8#"-+ @*'"(-$&97-'+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+ <*)*-7$&+ $&9-'"+
,*'"-'+ 3-%1"*'N3-%1"*'+ 9-&'Z+ $*3*)%&+ 8*'&$N8*'&$+ ^1)1'-I&)#$+
@-'#$&-+.-'"+9-&'+$*(&'""-+@*@<*)&7-'+(-$&9+31$&%&:+3-9$#H+=*9-&'+
&%#Z+ 7*@-@3#-'+ ,*%*7$&+ -'%&<1,&+ 19*(+ C0D+ #'%#7+ @*@3)*,&7$&++
$*$*1)-'"+ &@#'+ %*)(-,-3+ )*&':*7$&+ I&)#$+ M1I&,NLO+ + @-$&(+ ,-9-@+
3*'*9&%&-'H+=-@3-&+$--%+&'&+<*9#@+-,-+<#7%&+#'%#7+@*',#7#'"+(-9+
&'&H
4*9-7$-'--'+ %*$+ #'%#7+ @*',*%*7$&+ )*$31'$+ -'%&<1,&+
%*)(-,-3+ M1I&,NLO+ + 3-,-+ @-$.-)-7-%+ $-'"-%+ 3*'%&'"+ ,&9-7#7-'+
#'%#7+ @*',#7#'"+ #3-.-+ 3*'*@#-'+ I-7$&'Z+ @*@3*),-9-@+
3*@-(-@-'+7&%-+-7-'+%&'"7-%+&':*7$&+3-,-+1)-'"N1)-'"+.-'"+%&,-7+
WHULGHQWLʈNDVLEDLNSDGDSHQHPXDQNDVXVPDXSXQVXUYHLODQVDNWLI
@*'"#7#)+%&'"7-%+$*)-'"-'+3-,-+@-$.-)-7-%Z+,-'+%&'"7-%+7*@-%&-'+
&':*7$&+ &'&H+ /-@#'Z+ #'%#7+ ,&-"'1$&$+ 79&'&$Z+ 7*"#'--'+ %*$+ ^*3-%+
<*)<-$&$+ -'%&<1,&+ &'&+ %*)<-%-$+ 7-)*'-+ %&,-7+ ,-3-%+ @*',&-"'1$&$++
,*'"-'+ ^*3-%+ $#-%#+ &':*7$&+ -7#%+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ ,&8-,&7-'+ ,-$-)+
#'%#7+@*'"-@<&9+7*3#%#$-'+79&'&$H+J*<*)-3-+%*'-"-+@*,&$+%*9-(+
@*'""#'-7-'+%*$+^*3-%+<*)<-$&$+-'%&<1,&+#'%#7+@*@<#-%+,&-"'1$&$+
3)*$#@%&:+3*'.-7&%+M1I&,NLO++.-'"+<-)#+$-8-+%*)8-,&+8&7-+(-$&9+%*$+
@19*7#9+ '*"-%&:Z+ %*%-3&+ %*),-3-%+ 7-&%-'+ *3&,*@&191"&$+ .-'"+ 7#-%+
,*'"-'+ &':*7$&+ + M1I&,NLO+ + ,-'+ $-@3*9+ ,-)-(+ <*)3-$-'"-'+ [-7#%+
,-'+71'I-9*$*'\+@*'#'8#77-'+%&'"7-%+-'%&<1,&+.-'"+@*'&'"7-%H
J*),-$-)7-'+ ,-%-+ .-'"+ -,-Z+ 7,8$ I3/4K$ H1E1K0H1./423K4.$
L1.MMN.44.$ I12$ /34M.02I3K$ W1L4I$ Q1EQ4232$ /1I1K23$ 4.I3Q0/3$
N.INK$ L1E4^4I4.$ L4231.J$ I1I4L3$ H1./0E0.M$ /3G4.ONIK4..V4$
NL4V4$ H1.1I4LK4.$ K1MN.44..V4$ /4G4H$ 2NER13G4.2$ L1.V4K3I$
/4.$L1.1G3I34.$1L3/1H30G0M32H

P E D OM A N
22 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
\F$ D1Q3O4K4.$7,8$21PNQN.M4.$/1.M4.$NO3$/34M.02I3K$V4.M$4K4.$
/4I4.M
D*$+@19*7#9*)+[$*3*)%&+4MC\+,-)&+$-@3*9+$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+
PHUXSDNDQ PHWRGH LGHQWLʈNDVL GDQ NRQʈUPDVL ODERUDWRULXP
7-$#$+ M1I&,NLO+ + .-'"+ ,&$-)-'7-'H+ ?#-9&%-$+ ,-'+ 7*-@-'-'+
3)1,#7N3)1,#7+ @19*7#9*)+ M1I&,NLO+ + $*,-'"+ ,&*I-9#-$&+ @*9-9#&+
;2T+ 3UHTXDOLʈFDWLRQ (PHUJHQF\ 8VH /LVWLQJ 3URFHGXUHV+
3URVHGXU 3UDNXDOLʈNDVL 3HQJJXQDDQ .HGDUXUDWDQ :+2  GDQ
@*9-9#&+ 719-<1)-$&+ ,*'"-'+ O#+35%("#3- &#,- B33#9%("9'- P';-
D"%/3#$("*$+[G6/0\H+017#@*'N,17#@*'+3-',#-'+;2T+%*'%-'"+
,*%*7$&+ M1I&,NLO+ + $#,-(+ ,&%*)<&%7-'e+ 4-',#-'+ ;2T+ %*'%-'"+ %*$+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+7-$#$+$#$3*7+M1I&,NLO++3-,-+@-'#$&-H+=*9-&'+
&%#Z+3-',#-'+%*'%-'"+)-$&1'-9&$-$&+3*'""#'--'+-9-%+%*$+$--%+%*)8-,&+
7*7#)-'"-'+ )*-"*'+ -%-#+ 7#)-'"'.-+ 7-3-$&%-$+ 3*9-7$-'--'+ #8&+
@*'"(-)#$7-'+ 313#9-$&&+ -%-#+ 1)-'"N1)-'"+ %*)%*'%#+ ,&3)&1)&%-$7-'+
8#"-+%*)$*,&-H
Q'%#7+ @*@-',#+ 7*<&8-7-'+ ;2T+ %*'%-'"+ 3*'""#'--'+
%*$+ ^*3-%+ &@#'1,&-"'1$%&7+ #'%#7+ M1I&,NLO+ M1I&,NLO+ Z+ ;2T+
<*7*)8-+ $-@-+ ,*'"-'+ 8-)&'"-'+ 3-7-)+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ "91<-9+ %*)#$+
@*'"7-8&+ (-$&9N(-$&9+ 3*'*9&%&-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,-'+ 79&'&$+ .-'"+
$*,-'"+ ,&)*'^-'-7-'+ @-#3#'+ .-'"+ $#,-(+ ,&&@39*@*'%-$&7-'+
19*(+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+ 7*91@317+ -7-,*@&7Z+ ,-'+ 9*@<-"-+ $5-,-.-+
PDV\DUDNDWVHEDJDLUHIHUHQVL6HGDQJGLNHPEDQJNDQSURʈOWDUJHW
3)1,#7+.-'"+,&&'"&'7-'+$*<-"-&+-9-%+,&-"'1$%&7+M1I&,NLO++#'%#7+
@*@-',#+#3-.-+3*'*9&%&-'+,-'+3*'"*@<-'"-'H+;2T+-7-'+%*)#$+
<*7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+ 7*91@317N7*91@317+ 3*'*9&%&-'Z+ <-,-'N<-,-'+
9-&'Z+ ,-'+ '*"-)-N'*"-)-+ -'""1%-+ #'%#7+ @*'"*@<-'"7-'+ ,-'+
@*'"&'%*)3)*%-$&7-'+ ,-%-+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ @*'"&',&7-$&7-'+ -)*-N-)*-+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
23
%*)%*'%#+++.-'"+8*'&$N8*'&$+%*$+%*)$*<#%+,-3-%+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+%-%-+
9-7$-'-+ 79&'&$+ 3-$&*'Z+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ 3*@-(-@-'+ *3&,*@&191"&$Z+
,-'a-%-#+@*',#7#'"+#3-.-+3*'"*',-9&-'+&':*7$&H

TF$ 61I1K23$ 4.I3M1.$ /4G4H$ /34M.0232$ 3._1K23$ *+:*S50?S=$


H1.MMN.4K4.$ 3HN.04243$ W1L4IJ$ L4./N4.$ 3.I1E3H$ 7,8$ 3.3$
/3K1GN4EK4.$I4.MM4G$<<$*1LI1HQ1E$=]=]

017#@*'+&'&+@*@<*)&7-'+-'8#)-'+@*'"*'-&+31%*'$&+3*)-'+
C0D+ ,*%*7$&+ -'%&"*'+ [!"NC0D\+ ,-9-@+ ,&-"'1$&$+ M1I&,NLO+ ,-'+
3*)9#'.-+3*@&9&(-'+%*$+,*'"-'+%*9&%&H+6':1)@-$&+@*'"*'-&+!"NC0D+
,-9-@+,17#@*'+&'&+@*@#%-7(&)7-'+3-',#-'+.-'"+,&<*)&7-'+,-9-@+
3*)'.-%--'+7*&9@#-'+.-'"+<*)8#,#9+U@N-459"*'-#3-+$'-#&-=#"3(-
#&- *%,'- ">>+3#5"%/3#$("*$- ('$(- &#,- 1NIBD678+ .-'"+ ,&%*)<&%7-'+
3-,-+ %-'""-9+ Y+!3)&9+ SUSUH+ 4-',#-'+ 3*'""#'--'+!"NC0D+ -7-'+
,&@#%-7(&)7-'+$*^-)-+<*)7-9-+$*&)&'"+%*)$*,&-'.-+<#7%&+<-)#H
=*<-"&-'+ <*$-)+ !"NC0D+ #'%#7+ MTX60NLO+ @*'""#'-7-'+
@*%1,*+ &@#'1,*%*7$&+ $%35;"*:+ ,*'"-'+ :1)@-%+ %*$+ -9#)+ 9-%*)-9+
.-'"+@#,-(+,&"#'-7-'+,-'+#@#@+,&3-7-&+#'%#7+%*$+26XZ+@-9-)&-Z+
GDQLQʉXHQ]D$J5'7ELDVDQ\DWHUGLULGDULNDVHWSODVWLNGHQJDQ
)1'""-+ $-@3*9+ ,-'+ 3*'.-'""-+ ,-'+ $%)&3+ @-%)&7$+ '&%)1$*9#91$-+
,*'"-'+"-)&$+%*$+,*'"-'+-'%&<1,&+%*)&7-%+#'%#7+71@39*7$+-'%&"*'N
-'%&<1,&+ %*)71'8#"-$&+ %-)"*%+ ,-'+ "-)&$+ 71'%)19+ ,*'"-'+ -'%&<1,&+
%*)&7-%+ #'%#7+ -'%&<1,&+ %*)71'8#"-$&H+ =*%*9-(+ $3*$&@*'+ $-9#)-'+
3*)'-3-$-'+ ,&-@<&9+,-'+ ,&19*$7-'+ 7*+ $*%)&3+ + %*$Z+ (-$&9'.-+ ,&<-^-+
19*(+13*)-%1)+,-9-@+5-7%#+LU+$-@3-&+PU+@*'&%+,*'"-'+-%-#+%-'3-+
<-'%#-'+&'$%)#@*'+3*@<-^-H+
=*^-)-+ #@#@Z+ 7*@#,-(-'+ 3*'""#'--'+ ,-'+ $&'"7-%'.-+
5-7%#+ 7*%*)$*,&--'+ (-$&9+!"NC0D+ <*)31%*'$&+ @*@3*)9#-$+ -7$*$+
3-,-+ %*$+ ,-'+ @*'"#)-'"&+ 3*'#',--'+ ,&-"'1$&$+ ,*'"-'+ ^-)-+

P E D OM A N
24 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
<*)"*$*)+7*+%*$+3-$&*'+,*'"-'+"*8-9-+-5-9+$*^-)-+%*),*$*'%)-9&$-$&H+
=&$&+ $*<-9&7'.-+ ,-)&+ 7*@#,-(-'+ 3*'"13*)-$&-'+ !"NC0D+ -,-9-(+
$*'$&%&I&%-$+ .-'"+ 9*<&(+ )*',-(+ 8&7-+ ,&<-',&'"7-'+ ,*'"-'+ /!!DH+
=-'"-%+$*,&7&%+!"NC0D+=!C=NM1XNS+.-'"+$#,-(+@*'8-9-'&+7-8&-'+
)*"#9-$&+7*%-%H+2-'.-+*@3-%+%*$+.-'"+%*9-(+@*'*)&@-+E@*)"*'^.+
Q$*+!#%(1)&i-%&1'+ [EQ!a&i&'+ 3*'""#'--'+ ,-)#)-%\+ Q'&%*,+ =%-%*$+
G11,+-',+0)#"+!,@&'&$%)-%&1'+[Q=+G0!\Z+,-'+(-'.-+,#-+%*$+9-&'+
.-'"+ %*9-(+ ,&$*%#8#&+ 19*(+ 4(-)@-^*#%&^-9+ -',+ A*,&^-9+ 0*I&^*$+
!"*'^.+_*3-'"H+2-'.-+%&"-+3*)#$-(--'+.-'"+%*9-(+@*'.*)-(7-'+
,17#@*'+ #'%#7+ 3)1$*,#)+ E@*)"*'^.+ Q$*+ >&$%&'"+ [EQ>a,-:%-)+
3*'""#'--'+,-)#)-%\+;2TH
;2T+@*@3*)$.-)-%7-'+(-'.-+!"NC0D+=!C=NM1XNS+.-'"+
PHPHQXKL SHUV\DUDWDQ NLQHUMD PLQLPXP VHQVLWLYLWDV ȹ GDQ
VSHVLʈVLWDVȹMLNDGLEDQGLQJNDQGHQJDQDVDLUHIHUHQVL1$$7L+
,-3-%+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+@*',&-"'1$&$+&':*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS+,-9-@+
$&%#-$&N$&%#-$&+/!!D+%&,-7+%*)$*,&-+-%-#+5-7%#+7*%*)$*,&--'+(-$&9+
%&,-7+@*@<*)&7-'+@-':--%+79&'&$H+Q'%#7+@*'"13%&@-9&$-$&+7&'*)8-Z+
3-,-+ %*$+ ,*'"-'+ !"NC0D+ $*<-&7'.-+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+ 13*)-%1)+
%*)9-%&(+,*'"-'+$-'"-%+@*@-%#(&+&'$%)#7$&+3*@<#-%+-9-%+%*$+,-9-@+
5-7%#+W`V++(-)&+$*8-7+@#'^#9'.-+"*8-9-H
!,-+ <*<*)-3-+ :-7%1)+ .-'"+ 3*)9#+ ,&3*)%&@<-'"7-'+ $--%+
@*@&9&(+!"NC0D+#'%#7+$7*'-)&1N$7*'-)&1+,&+<-"&-'+)*71@*',-$&+
,&+-%-$H+G-7%1)N:-7%1)+&'&+@*9&3#%&+
LH+ 7#-9&%-$+,-%-+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+@*@I-9&,-$&+%*$j
SH+ 7&'*)8-+.-'"+,&9-31)7-'j
PH+ 7#-9&%-$+3*@<#-%-'+,-'+$%-%#$+)*"#9-$&j
RH+ 7-3-$&%-$+3*@<#-%-'+,-'+<#7%&+9-'8#%-'+7#-9&%-$j
WH+ ,&$%)&<#$&+,-'+,#7#'"-'+%*7'&$j
]H+ 71',&$&+3*'"&)&@-'+,-'+3*'.&@3-'-'+$*)%-+@-$-+(&,#3j

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
25
VH+ 7*<#%#(-'+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'j
YH+ &$&+-9-%+%*$j
OH+ <&-.-+%*$j++$*)%-
LUH+ 7*%*)$*,&--'Z+ 7*9*'"7-3-'Z+ ,-'+ 7*8*9-$-'+ &'$%)#7$&+
3*'""#'--'H

A*$7&3#'+ !"NC0D+ 9*<&(+ @#,-(+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 8&7-+


,&<-',&'"7-'+ + ,*'"-'+ /!!DZ+ 3*'""#'--'+ !"NC0D+ @-$&(+
(-)#$+ @*'"&7#%&+ ,*'"-'+ 7*%-%+ 3)1$*,#)+ -'8#)-'+ 3*@-$17+ $*)%-+
@*@3*)(-%&7-'+ ,17#@*'%-$&Z+ 3*9-7$-'--'+ 9-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+
.-'"+<*)"-'%#'"+3-,-+5-7%#+-%-#+I19#@*Z+71',&$&+3*'.&@3-'-'Z+
@-$-+ (&,#3Z+ 3*)9*'"7-3-'Z+ ,-'+ 3*'"*919--'+ 3*)$*,&--'H+ =*@#-+
13*)-%1)+%*$+(-)#$+,&9-%&(+%*'%-'"+3*'"-@<&9-'+$-@3*9Z+7*-@-'-'+
<&191"&$+%*)7-&%Z+7&'*)8-+%*$Z+&'%*)3)*%-$&+,-'+3*9-31)-'+(-$&9Z+$*)%-+
3*'"*919--'+9&@<-(H+>-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+3*'"*',-9&-'+7#-9&%-$+8#"-+
(-)#$+,&9-7$-'-7-'H

D-<*9+ LHR+ =&%#-$&+ + + $--%+!"NC0D+ =!C=NM1XNS+ $*<-&7'.-+ %&,-7+ ,&"#'-7-'+


@*'#)#%+&':1)@-$&+.-'"+-,-+$--%+&'&
`4.M4.$MN.4K4.$+MS:6!$
%1.O1G424.
*+:*S50?S=
4-,-+1)-'"+%-'3-+"*8-9-+ 4)1<-<&9&%-$+$*<*9#@+%*$+[7*@#'"7&'-'+
7*^#-9&+8&7-+1)-'"+%*)$*<#%+ 3-$&*'+%*)7*'-+3*'.-7&%+$*<*9#@+%*$+
-,-9-(+71'%-7+,-)&+7-$#$+ <*),-$-)7-'+*3&,*@&191"&Z+71'%-7+7-$#$Z+
NRQʈUPDVL %*@#-'+79&'&$\+)*',-(H
4-,-+1)-'"+%-'3-+"*8-9-+ 4)1<-<&9&%-$+$*<*9#@+%*$+[7*@#'"7&'-'+
7*^#-9&+8&7-+1)-'"+%*)$*<#%+ 3-$&*'+%*)7*'-+3*'.-7&%+$*<*9#@+%*$+
-,-9-(+71'%-7+,-)&+7-$#$+ <*),-$-)7-'+*3&,*@&191"&Z+71'%-7+7-$#$Z+
NRQʈUPDVL %*@#-'+79&'&$\+)*',-(H
_&7-+%&,-7+-,-+7-$#$+-%-#+ !"NC0D+%&,-7+,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+#'%#7+
(-'.-+-,-+7-$#$+$31)-,&$ %#8#-'+$#)I*&9-'$+)#%&'+-%-#+%-%-9-7$-'-+
7-$#$+,-9-@+$&%#-$&+$*3*)%&+&'&H+2-$&9+%*$+
31$&%&:+7*@#'"7&'-'+31$&%&:+3-9$#H+D*$+
@19*7#9*)+9*<&(+,&$-)-'7-'H

P E D OM A N
26 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
`4.M4.$MN.4K4.$+MS:6!$
%1.O1G424.
*+:*S50?S=
?*-@-'-'+<&191"&$+,-'+ Q'%#7+@*9&',#'"&+%*'-"-+7*$*(-%-'Z+$--%+
9-'"7-(+3*'^*"-(-'+,-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+$-@3*9+$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+
3*'"*',-9&-'+&':*7$&+.-'"+ #'%#7+%*$+-3-+3#'+3-,-+3-$&*'+$#$3*7+
$*$#-&+%&,-7+%*)$*,&- MTX60NLO+%*'-"-+7*$*(-%-'+,&5-8&<7-'+
@*'""#'-7-'+$-)#'"+%-'"-'Z+8#<-(Z+@-$7*)Z+
,-'+3*9&',#'"+5-8-(+-%-#+7-^-@-%-+"1"*9+
[LOZ+SSZ+SP\H
D-%-+9-7$-'-+3-$&*'+%&,-7+ _&7-+3-$&*'+,*'"-'+(-$&9+%*$+31$&%&:+,-'+
<*)#<-(+<*),-$-)7-'+(-$&9+ '*"-%&:+,&)-5-%+,*'"-'+^-)-+.-'"+$-@-+
%*$ 7-)*'-+/44+,-'a-%-#+/4/+%&,-7+,&7*%-(#&+
-%-#+)*',-(Z+%*$+%&,-7+@*@<*)&7-'+@-':--%H
Q'%#7+$7)&'&'"+3&'%#+@-$#7+ 4)*I-9*'$&++M1I&,NLO++7*@#'"7&'-'+-7-'+
'*"-)-+,&+<-',-)-+-%-#+ $-'"-%+<*)I-)&-$&+,&+-'%-)-+3-)-+3*9-7#+
3*)<-%-$-' 3*)8-9-'-'+$*(&'""-+/44+,-'+/4/+(-$&9+%*$+
%&,-7+@#'"7&'+,&%*'%#7-'H+2-$&9+%*$+31$&%&:+
GDQQHJDWLIPHPHUOXNDQWHVNRQʈUPDVL
#'%#7+@*'&'"7-%7-'+/44+,-'+/4/+-"-)+
7*3#%#$-'+,-3-%+,&-@<&9H
4-,-+$7)&'&'"+$*<*9#@+ 2-$&9+C0D+31$&%&:+%&,-7+$*9-9#+<*)71)*9-$&+
,1'1)+,-)-( ,*'"-'+-,-'.-+I&)#$+,-9-@+,-)-(H+4*',1'1)+
,-)-(+.-'"+%&,-7+@*'#'8#77-'+"*8-9-+%&,-7+
PHPHQXKLGHʈQLVLNDVXVVXVSHN

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$D1Q3O4K4.$%1H1E3K244.$-4Q0E4I0E3NH$50R3/S<T$
/3$"./0.1234
0-9-@+ @*'"(-,-3&+ M1I&,NLO+ Z+ <*<*)-3-+ 7*<&8-7-'+ .-'"+
<*)(#<#'"-'+ ,*'"-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ %*9-(+ ,&)#@#$7-'Z+
<-&7+ ,-9-@+ <*'%#7+ ?*3#%#$-'+ A*'%*)&+ ?*$*(-%-'+ @-#3#'+ =#)-%+
E,-)-'+A*'%*)&+?*$*(-%-'Z+-'%-)-+9-&'+%*'%-'"+_*8-)&'"+>-<1)-%1)&#@+
4*@*)&7$-+ M1I&,NLO+ Z+ 4*'.#$#'-'+ 4*,1@-'+ 4*'^*"-(-'+ ,-'+
4*'"*',-9&-'+1#,#3%9",+$-D"$'%$'+[MTX60NLO\Z+,-'+7*<&8-7-'+3-,-+
3*9-7#+3*)8-9-'-'H+

4*)-%#)-'+ .-'"+ @*',#7#'"+ #'%#7+ 3*)9#-$-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ $*)%-+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
27
%-)"*%+ %*$%&'"+ rSUHUUU+ 3*)+ (-)&+ $*)%-+ #3-.-+ #'%#7+ @*@3*)9#-$+
8*8-)&'"+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,&7*9#-)7-'+ 19*(+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+
$*8-7+ ,&%*%-37-''.-+ 4-',*@&+ F91<-9+ MTX60NLO+ 19*(+;2TZ+ -,-3#'+
SHUDWXUDQ \DQJ GLNHOXDUNDQ WHUJDPEDU SDGD ʉRZFKDUW EHULNXW GDQ
?A?+LYSZ+SLRZ+SL]+%&,-7+<*)9-7#+9-"&+$*8-7+,&%*)<&%7-''.-+?A?+RUW\+

+4*@<*'%#7-'+_*8-)&'"+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4*@*)&7$-++M1I&,NLO++%*9-(+
,&%#-'"7-'+ ,-9-@+ ?*3#%#$-'+ A*'%*)&+ ?*$*(-%-'+ /1@1)+ 2?HULHUVa
A*'7*$aSLRaSUSU+%*'%-'"+_*8-)&'"+>-<1)-%1)&#@+1#,#3%9",+$-D"$'%$'-
V- 78- [M1I&,NLO+ \Z+ ?*3@*'7*$+ /1@1)+ 2?ZULHUVaA*'7*$aSL]aSUSU+
%*'%-'"+4*'*%-3-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4*@*)&7$-+1#,#3%-I",+$-D"$'%$'678+
[M1I&,NLO+ Z+ =#)-%+ E,-)-'+ A*'%*)&+ ?*$*(-%-'+ /1H+ SPR+ %-(#'+ SUSUZ+
$*)%-+?*3@*'7*$+/1@1)+2?HULHUVaA*'7*$aRUWaSUSU+%*'%-'"+_*8-)&'"+
>-<1)-%1)&#@+ 4*@*)&7$--'+ 1#,#3%9",+$- D"$'%$'+ SULO+ [M1I&,NLO\H+
J*),-$-)7-'+3*)-%#)-'+%*)$*<#%Z++,-9-@+)-'"7-+@*@3*)9#-$++8*8-)&'"+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,-'+ @*@3*)^*3-%+ 3*9-7$-'--'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ CD+ 4MC+
M1I&,NLO+Z+$*@#-+[L\+9-<1)-%1)&#@+)#@-(+$-7&%Z+<-&7+@&9&7+3*@*)&'%-(Z+
JQA/Z+D/6a4T>C6Z+[S\+9-<1)-%1)&#@+?79&'&7++@&9&7+3*@*)&'%-(+,-'+
$5-$%-Z+ [P\+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ I&)191"&a<-7%*)&191"&+ 7*@*'%*)&-'a9*@<-"-Z+
,-'+ [R\+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 9*@<-"-+ )&$*%+ 3*)"#)#-'+ %&'""&+ ,-3-%+ @*'8-,&+
8*8-)&'"+9-<1)-%-)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+M1I&,NLOH+

P E D OM A N
28 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
J*),-$-)7-'+ )*"#9-$&+ %*)$*<#%Z+ 4#$9&%<-'"+ J&1@*,&$+ ,-'+
D*7'191"&+0-$-)+?*$*(-%-'Z+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$+%*9-(+,&%#'8#7+$*<-"-&+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ @*9-7#7-'+ 4*@-'%-3-'+ A#%#+ E7$%*)'-9+ [4AE\+
4*@*)&7$--'+M1I&,NLO++%*)(-,-3+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+M1I&,NLO++,&+
6',1'*$&-H+

4*,1@-'+4*'^*"-(-'+,-'+4*'"*',-9&-'+1#,#3%9",+$-D"$'%$'+
[M1I&,NLO+\+,&$#$#'+,-9-@+<*'%#7+,17#@*'+&'%*)&@+,-'+,&9-7#7-'+)*I&$&+
$*^-)-+<*)7-9-+.-'"+,&$*$#-&7-'+,*'"-'+3*)7*@<-'"-'+$&%#-$&+'-$&1'-9+
,-'+ "91<-9H+ 4*,1@-'+ 4*'^*"-(-'+ ,-'+ 4*'"*',-9&-'+ 1#,#3%9",+$-
D"$'%$'+[M1I&,NLO+\+C*I&$&NW+%*9-(+,&%#-'"7-'+,-9-@+?*3#%#$-'+A*'%*)&+
?*$*(-%-'+/1@1)+2?HULHUVaA*'7*$aRLPaSUSUH+4*,1@-'+4*'^*"-(-'+
,-'+4*'"*',-9&-'+1#,#3%9",+$-D"$'%$'+[M1I&,NLO+\+@*9&3#%&+<*<*)-3-+
31717+<-(-$-'Z+.-&%#+$%)-%*"&+,-'+&',&7-%1)+3*'-'""#9-'"-'Z+$#)I*&9-'$+
*3&,*@&191"&Z+,&-"'1$&$+9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+@-'-8*@*'+79&'&$Z+3*'^*"-(-'+
,-'+ 3*'"*',-9&-'+ 3*'#9-)-'Z+ 71@#'&7-$&+ )&$&71+ ,-'+ 3*@<*),-.--'+
@-$.-)-7-%Z+ 3*'.*,&--'+ $#@<*)+ ,-.-Z+ ,-'+ 3*9-.-'-'+ 7*$*(-%-'+
*$*'$&-9H

Q3-.-+3*'^*"-(-'+,-'+3*'"*',-9&-'+M1I&,NLO+,&9-7#7-'+,*'"-'+
@*'$.-)-%7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+CDN4MC+3-,-+3*9-7#+3*)8-9-'-'Z+<-&7+,-9-@+
@-#3#'++9#-)+'*"*)&H+2-9+&%#+++,&%#-'"7-'+,-9-@+=#)-%+E,-)-'+A*'%*)&+
?*$*(-%-'+ + /1@1)+ 2?HUSHULaA*'7*$aPYSaSUSU+ %*'%-'"+ 4)1%1719+
4*'"-5-$-'+ 4*9-7#+ 4*)8-9-'-'+ 0-9-@+ /*"*)&+ 0&+ J-',-)+ Q,-)-+ ,-'+
4*9-<#(-'+,-9-@+C-'"7-+4*'*)-3-'+?*(&,#3-'+A-$.-)-7-%+4)1,#7%&:+
,-'+ !@-'+ %*)(-,-3+ 1#,#3%- I",+$- D"$'%$'- SULO+ [M1I&,NLO+ \+ ,-'+
=#)-%+ E,-)-'+ /1@1)+ 2?HUSHULaA*'7*$aPPSaSUSU+ %*'%-'"+ 4)1%1719+
?*$*(-%-'+ 4*'-'"-'-'+ ?*3#9-'"-'+ ;/6+ ,-'+ ?*,-%-'"-'+ ;/!+
,-)&+>#-)+/*"*)&+,&+4&'%#+A-$#7+/*"-)-+,-'+,&+;&9-.-(+3-,-+=&%#-$&+
4*@<-%-$-'+=1$&-9+J*)$7-9-+J*$-)+[4=JJ\+,-9-@+C-'"7-+4*'^*"-(-'+
4*'.*<-)-'+1#,#3%-I",+$-D"$'%$'-EF78+[M1I&,NLO+\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
29
=*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ '+ 4*,1@-'+ 4*'^*"-(-'+ ,-'+ 4*'"*',-9&-'+
M1)1'-I&)#$+ 0&$*-$*+ [M1I&,NLO\+ C*I&$&+ ?*NW+ .-'"+ ,&7*9#-)7-'+ LP+
_#9&+SUSUZ++3*'"-@<&9-'+,-'+3*@*)&7$--'+$3*$&@*'+,-)&+3-$&*'+.-'"+
PHPHQXKLGHʈQLVLNDVXVVXVSHN&RYLGPHUXSDNDQSULRULWDVXQWXN
@-'-8*@*'+ 79&'&$a3*'"*',-9&-'+ 5-<-(H+ 6%#+ + (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*^-)-+
^*3-%H+ =3*$&@*'+ %*)$*<#%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ ,*'"-'+ @*%1,*+
,*%*7$&+ @19*7#9*)a/!!D+ [1XFOHLF $FLG $PSOLʈFDWLRQ 7HVW\Z+ $*3*)%&+
CDN4MC+ [%*)@-$#7+ %*$+ ^*3-%+ @19*7#9*)aDMA+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+
3*@*)&7$--'+DJ+,-'+@*$&'+4MC+4)1")-@+26X+!60=+,-'+46A=+.-'"+
,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+@*@*)&7$-+X&)-9+>1-,+26X\H
2-$&9+%*$+3*@*)&7$--'+'*"-%&:+3-,-+$3*$&@*'+%#'""-9Z+%*)#%-@-+
8&7-+$3*$&@*'+<*)-$-9+,-)&+$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+-%-$Z+%&,-7+@*'.&'"7&)7-'+
7*@#'"7&'-'+ %&,-7+ -,-'.-+ &':*7$&H+ J*<*)-3-+ :-7%1)+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+
@*'.*<-<7-'+(-$&9+'*"-%&:+3-,-+3-$&*'+.-'"+%*)&':*7$&+@*9&3#%&+
LH+ 7#-9&%-$+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ %&,-7+ <-&Z+ @*'"-',#'"+ $*,&7&%+
@-%*)&-9+I&)#$j
SH+ $3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&-@<&9+3-,-+@-$-+-7(&)+&':*7$&+-%-#+@-$&(+
$-'"-%+-5-9j
PH+ $3*$&@*'+%&,-7+,&7*919-+,-'+%&,-7+,&7&)&@+,*'"-'+%)-'$31)%-$&+
.-'"+%*3-%j+,-'+
RH+ 7*',-9-+ %*7'&$+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ @*'"(-@<-%+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ CDN
4MC+[$*3*)%&+@#%-$&+3-,-+I&)#$\H
_&7-+ (-$&9+ '*"-%&:+ ,&,-3-%7-'+ ,-)&+ 3-$&*'+ ,*'"-'+ 7*^#)&"--'+
%&'""&+$#$3*7+%*)&':*7$&+I&)#$+M1I&,NLOZ+++3*)9#+,&9-7#7-'+3*'"-@<&9-'+
,-'+ 3*'"#8&-'+ $3*$&@*'+ <*)&7#%'.-Z+ %*)@-$#7+ $3*$&@*'+ $-9#)-'+
3*)'-3-$-'+ <-"&-'+ <-5-(+ [.#;',- ,'$=",%(#,)- (,%*(\H+ ?1&':*7$&+ ,-3-%+
%*)8-,&+ $*(&'""-+ #'%#7+ 3-$&*'+ .-'"+ @*@*'#(&+ 7)&%*)&-+ $#$3*7Z+ (-)#$+
,&9-7#7-'++3*@*)&7$--'++M1I&,NLO+@*$7&3#'+3-%1"*'+9-&'+,&%*@#7-'H
4*,1@-'+*,&$&+W+&'&+@*@#-%+8*'&$+$3*$&@*'+$*)%-+@-$-+$&@3-'Z+
%-%-+^-)-+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'Z+3*'"*3-7-'+$3*$&@*'H

P E D OM A N
30 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
7DEHO3HUEHGDDQ.ULWHULD.DVXVXQWXN.RQʈUPDVL/DERUDWRULXP
,*'"-'+CDN4MC
DE3I1E34$ 74KIN$ -4Q0E4I0E3NH$
`1.32$*L123H1.
D42N2 %1.M4HQ3G4. %1H1E3K24
=#$3*7 =*$#-&+ (-)&+7*NL+,-'+7*NS+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+
,*'"-'D%-<*9 ,*'"-'+$*9-'"+ 4*@*)&7$-+
RHL+_*'&$+ 5-7%#+rSR+8-@+$*)%-+ M1I&,NLO++[,-:%-)+
$3*$&@*'+ <&9-+-,-+3*)<#)#7-'H %*)9-@3&)\
?1'%-7+*)-%+ 3-$&*'+ $*"*)-+,&9-7#7-'+
[7(#$#$+ MTX60NLO 3*@*)&7$--'+CDN
#'%#7+ 4MC+$*8-7+7-$#$+
3*%#"-$+ ,&'.-%-7-'+$*<-"-&+
?*$*(-%-'\ 7-$#$+=,#2%2.'--%-#+
NRQʈUPDVL

=3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ %&<-+ ,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ -7-'+


$*"*)-+ ,&3)1$*$+ #'%#7+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ @*%1,*+ ,*%*7$&+
@19*7#9*)H+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ [3*@*)&'%-(+ ,-'+ $5-$%-\+ 5-8&<+
@*'"&':1)@-$&7-'+(-$&9+3*'"#8&-'+31$&%&:+,-'+'*"-%&:+@*9-9#&+$&$%*@+
3*9-31)-'+.-'"+$#,-(+%*)$*,&-Z+<*)711),&'-$&+,*'"-'+0&'-$+?*$*(-%-'+
%*)7-&%H+ D&-3N%&-3+ + 3*'*)&@-+ 9-31)-'+ @*'&',-79-'8#%&+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+
3*)-%#)-'+.-'"+<*)9-7#H+=*%&-3+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+M1I&,NLO++.-'"+
@*'""#'-7-'+-9-%+CDN4MC+4)1")-@+26X+!60=++,-'+46A=+,&5-8&<7-'+
#'%#7+ @*'"&)&@7-'+ 9-31)-'+ 3*@-':--%-'+ .-'"+ @*9&3#%&+ 71',&$&+ -9-%+
,-'+7*%*)$*,&--'+)*-"*'H

+ <%="5- C'$(- %&,-7+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ ,&-"'1$%&7H+ 4-,-+ 71',&$&+


,*'"-'+7*%*)<-%-$-'+7-3-$&%-$+3*@*)&7$--'+CDN4MCZ+,%="5-('$(-,-3-%+
GLJXQDNDQ XQWXN VNULQLQJ SDGD SRSXODVL VSHVLʈN GDQ VLWXDVL NKXVXV
$*3*)%&+3-,-+3*9-7#+3*)8-9-'-'+[%*)@-$#7+7*,-%-'"-'+3*7*)8-+@&")-'+
6',1'*$&-Z+ %*)#%-@-+ ,&+ 5&9-.-(+ 41$+ >&'%-$+ J-%-$+ 0-)-%+ /*"-)-+
[4>J0/\Z+ $*)%-+ #'%#7+ 3*'"#-%-'+ 3*9-^-7-'+ 71'%-7+ $*3*)%&+ ,&+ 9-3-$Z+
3-'%&+ 81@31Z+ 3-'%&+ )*(-<&9&%-$&Z+ -$)-@-Z+ 31',17+ 3*$-'%)*'Z+ ,-'+ 3-,-+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
31
7*91@317+)*'%-'H

;2T+ @*)*71@*',-$&7-'+ 3*'""#'--'+ ,%="5- ('$(- #'%#7+ %#8#-'+


3*'*9&%&-'+ *3&,*@&191"&+ -%-#+ 3*'*9&%&-'+ 9-&'H+ 4*'""#'--'+ ,%="5- ('$(-
$*9-'8#%'.-+ ,-3-%+ @*'"&7#%&+ 3*)7*@<-'"-'+ %*7'191"&+ %*)7&'&+ ,-'+
)*71@*',-$&+;2TH

+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ -7-'+ @*'8-,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+


M1I&,NLO++@*'"&7#%&+9-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
LH+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+<*)711),&'-$&+,*'"-'+0&'-$+?*$*(-%-'4)1I&'$&H

SH+ 0&'-$+ ?*$*(-%-'+ 4)1I&'$&+ @*'"&)&@7-'+ =#)-%+ ?*$&-3-'+


>-<1)-%1)&#@+ 7*3-,-+ ?*3-9-+ J-,-'+ >&%<-'"+ ?*$*(-%-'+
,*'"-'+%*@<#$-'+?*3-9-+4#$-%+4*'*9&%&-'+,-'+4*'"*@<-'"-'+
J&1@*,&$+ ,-'+ D*7'191"&+ 0-$-)+ ?*$*(-%-'+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+
3*)$.-)-%-'+.-'"+,&%*%-37-'+19*(+A*'%*)&+?*$*(-%-'H
PH+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+@*9-7#7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+3)1%1719a
3*,1@-'+3*@*)&7$--'+.-'"+,&7*9#-)7-';2TH
RH+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ (-)#$+ @*9-31)7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--''.-+ $*%&-3+ (-)&+
@*9-9#&+$&$%*@+3*9-31)-'+.-'"+$#,-(+%*)$*,&-H
WH+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ @*'"&)&@7-'+ $3*$&@*'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ #'%#7+
4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9+[4AE\+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+7*%*'%#-'+
.-'"+,&7*9#-)7-'+19*(+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$H

=-9-(+ $-%#+ :#'"$&+ + >-<1)-%1)&#@+ C#8#7-'+ /-$&1'-9+ M1I&,NLOZ+

P E D OM A N
32 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
.-&%#+ @*9-7#7-'+ :#'"$&+ 3*@<&'--'+ ,-'+ 3*@-'%-3-'+ @#%#+ *7$%*)'-9+
[4AE\H+ 0-9-@+ )-'"7-+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ @#%#+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ M1I&,NLO+
Z+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ M1I&,NLO+ + ,*'"-'+ @*%1,*+ CDN4MC+
@*'"&)&@7-'+LU+[$*3#9#(\+$3*$&@*'+79&'&$+'*"-%&:+,-'+SU+[,#-+3#9#(\+
$3*$&@*'+79&'&$+31$&%&:+M1I&,NLO++7*+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4#$9&%<-'"+J&1@*,&$+
,-'+ D*7'191"&+ 0-$-)+ ?*$*(-%-'H+ =3*$&@*'+ 79&'&$+ .-'"+ ,&7&)&@7-'++
-,-9-(+ + $3*$&@*'+ '-$1:-)&'"a1)1:-)&'"+ ,-'+ $3#%#@H+ =*@*'%-)-+ &%#Z++
#'%#7+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ M1I&,NLO+ + + ,-'++
@*'""#'-7-'+D*$+M*3-%+A19*7#9-)+[DMA\+,&(-)-37-'+@*'"&)&@7-'+
W+ [9&@-\+ $3*$&@*'+ 79&'&$+ 31$&%&:+ ,-'+ LU+ [$*3#9#(\+ $3*$&@*'+ '*"-%&:H+
=3*$&@*'+79&'&$+.-'"+,&7&)&@7-'+,&$*)%-&+,*'"-'+:1)@#9&)+3*@-'%-3-'+
@#%#+*7$%*)'-9H

>-<1)-%1)&#@+$*9-9#+<*)#3-.-+#'%#7+<&$-+@*'&'"7-%7-'+8#@9-(+
%*$+.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+,-9-@+)-'"7-+@*',#7#'"+%-%-+9-7$-'-+7-$#$+,-'+
71'%-7+(,%*"3/Z+$-@3-&+,*'"-'+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU+7*@-@3#-'+%*$+@-7&'+
@*'&'"7-%+ ,-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 8#"-+ @*@&9&7&+ 7*5-8&<-'+ @*9-31)7-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+3-,-+3';-%..-,'*#,5H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
33
B ab I I M ate r i D a s a r 2

PENGENALAN
VIRUS SARS-COV2
DAN METODE DETEKSI PCR
B A B II M ate r i D a s a r 2

PENGENALAN VIRUS SARS-COV2


DAN METODE DETEKSI PCR

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
M1)1'-I&)#$+@*)#3-7-'+3*'.-7&%+i11'1$&$+,-'+@*'8-,&+$-9-(+$-%#+
3*'.*<-<+*#>>#3-*#.5-3-,-+@-'#$&-+[=#+'(-%.HZ+SUL]\H+=!C=NM1XNS+
@*)#3-7-'+$(,%"3+<-)#+,-)&+M1)1'-I&)#$H+=*8-7+3*)%-@-+7-9&+,&9-31)7-'+
,&+ ;#(-'Z+ M&'-+ 3-,-+ -7(&)+ 0*$*@<*)+ SULO+ [>&+ '(- %.HZ+ SUSU\Z+ I&)#$+
=!C=NM1XNS+%*9-(+@*'.*<-<7-'+3*'.-7&%+3*)'-3-$-'+3-,-+@-'#$&-+
.-'"+ ,&7*'-9+ ,*'"-'- 1#,#3%9",+$- D"$'%$'- SULO+ [M1I&,NLO+ O\H+X&)#$+
&'&+%*9-(+@*'.*<-)+7*+$*9#)#(+,#'&-+,-'+@*'8-,&+-'^-@-'+7*$*(-%-'+
@-$.-)-7-%+$*^-)-+"91<-9+[;2TZ+SUSU\H++4*'"*'-9-'+$%)#7%#)+=!C=N
M1XNS+3*'%&'"+#'%#7+,-3-%+@*@-(-@&+@1,*+%)-'$@&$&+-%-#+3*'#9-)-'Z+
@*%1,*+,*%*7$&Z+,-'+^-)-+3*'-'"-'-'+,-'+3*'^*"-(-''.-H+A1,#9+&'&+
-7-'+ @*'8*9-$7-'+ $*^-)-+ #@#@+ $%)#7%#)+ =!C=NM1XNSZ+ "*8-9-Z+ ,-'+
PHWRGH\DQJGDSDWGLJXQDNDQXQWXNPHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL6$56&R9

!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++@-%*)&+&'&Z++3*$*)%-+@-@3#+@*@-(-@&++
4*'"*'-9-'+,-'+A*%1,*+0*%*7$&+M1I&,NLOH+

!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++@-%*)&Z++3*$*)%-+@-@3#
 PHQMHODVNDQNODVLʈNDVL&RURQDYLUXVGDQ6$56&R9
SH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+^-)-+3*'#9-)-'Z+"*8-9-+3-,-+@-'#$&-Z+:-7%1)+)&$&71+
&':*7$&+=!C=NM1XNSj
PH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+8*'&$N8*'&$+@*%1,*+,*%*7$&+=!C=NM1XNSH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
37
%0K0K$;4P424.
 .ODVLʈNDVL&RURQDYLUXVGDQVWUXNWXU6$56&R9
SH+ M-)-+3*'#9-)-'Z+F*8-9-+Q@#@Z+G-7%1)+C&$&71Z+,-'+D*)-3&+
=!C=NM1XNS
PH+ A*%1,*+,*%*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS

)E434.$#4I1E3
3RNRN%DKDVDQ.ODVLʈNDVL&RURQDYLUXVGDQVWUXNWXU6$56
50?S=
M1)1'-I&)#$+ -,-9-(+ I&)#$+ -'""1%-+ :-@&9&-+ M1)1'-I&)&,-*+ .-'"+
@*@&9&7&+ @-%*)&+ "*'*%&7+ <*)#3-+ =#$"("9'- $'3$'- $"3/.'6$(,%35'5+ C/!+
,*'"-'+ 3-'8-'"+ "*'1@+ S]+ $-@3-&+ PS+ 7&91<-$-H+X&)#$+ &'&+ @*)#3-7-'+
$-9-(+$-%#+I&)#$+,*'"-'+"*'1@+%*)3-'8-'"H+G-@&9&+M1)1'-I&)&,-*+,&<-"&+
@*'8-,&+R+"*'#$Z+.-&%#+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H++
LH+ !93(-^1)1'-I&)#$
!93(-^1)1'-I&)#$+ ,-3-%+ ,&%*@#7-'+ 3-,-+ @-'#$&-+ ,-'+ (*5-'+
@-@@-9&-+$*3*)%&+7*9*9-5-)Z+7#^&'"+,-'+-'8&'"H+!93(-^1)1'-I&)#$+
.-'"+,-3-%+@*'"&':*7$&+@-'#$&-Z+-'%-)-+9-&'Z+-,-9-(+2M1XNSSOE+
,-'+2M1XN/>]PH
SH+ J*%-^1)1'-I&)#$
J*%-^1)1'-I&)#$+ ,-3-%+ ,&%*@#7-'+ 3-,-+ @-'#$&-+ ,-'+ (*5-'+
@-@@-9&-+ $*3*)%&+ 7*9*9-5-)Z+ $-3&Z+ #'%-+ ,-'+ )1,*'$&-H+
J*%-^1)1'-I&)#$+ .-'"+ @*'"&':*7$&+ @-'#$&-Z+ -'%-)-+ 9-&'Z+ -,-9-(+
2?QLZ+2M1XNTMRPZ+=!C=NM1XZ+AEC=NM1XZ+=!C=NM1XNSH
PH+ 0*9%-^1)1'-I&)#$
0*9%-^1)1'-I&)#$+ ,&%*@#7-'+ 3-,-+ #'""-$+ ,-'+ <-<&Z+ ^1'%1('.-+
$3*$&*$+J#9<#9+M1XN2?QLLH
RH+ F-@@-^1)1'-I&)#$
F-@@-^1)1'-I&)#$+,&%*@#7-'+3-,-+#'""-$+,-'+<-<&Z+^1'%1('.-+
$3*$&*$+J*9#"-+5(-9*+M1XN=;LH

P E D OM A N
38 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
=*8#@9-(+SWk+I&)#$+3*'.*<-<+*#>>#3-*#.5+3-,-+@-'#$&-+,&$*<-<7-'+
19*(+ M1)1'-I&)#$Z+ ,&+ -'%-)-'.-+ -,-9-(+ $(,%"3+ 2M1XNSSOEZ+ 2M1XN
/>]PZ+2M1XN2?QLZ+,-'+2M1XNTMRP+[=#+'(-%.HZ+SUL]\H
=!C=NM1XNS+ -,-9-(+ $(,%"3+ ,-)&+ <*%-^1)1'-I&)#$+ .-'"+ 3*)%-@-+
7-9&+,&9-31)7-'+@*'"&':*7$&+@-'#$&-+,&+;#(-'Z+4)1I&'$&+2#<*&+M(&'-+
3-,-+-7(&)+0*$*@<*)+%-(#'+SULOH+4*'.*<-<+-5-9+3*'#9-)-'+I&)#$+&'&+
7*+@-'#$&-+<*9#@+,&7*%-(#&+$*^-)-+3-$%&Z+%*%-3&++,&,#"-+%*)8-,&+,&+3-$-)+
(*5-'+,&+;#(-'+[>&+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H+4-,-+%-'""-9+PU+_-'#-)&+SUSUZ+;2T+
@*',*79-)-$&+M1I&$+LO++$*<-"-&+42E6M+[?+2."*-@'%.(:-A>',/'3*)-#&-
B3(',3%("#3%.-1#3*',3\+,-'+3-,-+%-'""-9+LL+A-)*%+SUSU+$%-%#$+%*)$*<#%+
@*'&'"7-%+ @*'8-,&+ 3-',*@&+ [;2TZ+ SUSU\H+ A*$7&3#'+ ,-)&+ $*7#*'$+
"*'*%&7'.-+ ,&7*%-(#&+ <-(5-+ =!C=NM1XNS+ @*@&9&7&+ 7*7*)-<-%-'+
.-'"+ ,*7-%+ ,*'"-'+ <*%-^1)1'-I&)#$+ -$-9+ 7*9*9-5-)Z+ <*9#@+ ,&7*%-(#&+
&'-'"+3*)-'%-)-+.-'"+3*)%-@-+7-9&+@*'#9-)7-'+I&)#$+&'&+3-,-+@-'#$&-H+
J*<*)-3-+3*'*9&%&-'+@*'#'8#77-'+,#"--'+(*5-'+3*)-'%-)-+3*'#9-)-'+
=!C=NM1XNS+ ,-)&+ 7*9*9-5-)+ 7*+ @-'#$&-+ @*9-9#&+ (*5-'+ #9-)+ -%-#+
%*)*'""&9&'"+[C-<&+'(-%.H+SUSUj+C*(@-'+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H

F-@<-)+SHL+D)-'$@&$&+M1)1'-I&)#$+,-)&+(*5-'+7*+@-'#$&-
=#@<*)e+=(*)**'+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
39
Q7#)-'+ "*'1@+ =!C=NM1XNS+ <*)7&$-)+ ,-)&+ SOHY+ $-@3-&+ SOHO+
7&91<-$-+.-'"+@*)#3-7-'+I&)#$+,*'"-'+#7#)-'+"*'1@+%*)<*$-)H+4)1%*&'+
$%)#7%#)-9+ =!C=NM1XNS+ ,&71,*+ 19*(+ "*'+ 0="K'+ [=\Z+ A39'.#='+ [E\Z+
H'>2,%3'+ [A\+ ,-'+ P+*.'#*%=$"5+ [/\H+ F*'+ ,-)&+ =!C=NM1XNSZ+ ,&+
-'%-)-'.-Z+-,-9-(+[?(-&9-'.'(-%.HZ+SUSUj+M-$^*99-+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\e++
L\+ TCGL-<e+<-"&-'+%*)3-'8-'"+$*7&%-)+SaP+,-)&+%1%-9+
"*'1@Z+ ,&+ -'%-)-'.-+ @*'"1,*+ + 319.3)1%*&'+ ,-'+
'$3LS+ [C/!N,*3*',*'%+ C/!+ 319.@*)-$*+ -%-#+
C,C3\H
S\+ 0="K'+ [=\e+ @*'"1,*+ =+ 3)1%*&'+ ,-'+ @*@&9&7&+
,1@-&'+ =L+ ,-'+ =SH+ D*),-3-%+ <'*'=(#,- !"35"3/-
D#>%"3+ [CJ0\+ .-'"+ @*)#3-7-'+ $&%#$+ 3*9*7-%-'+
I&)#$+ ,*'"-'+ @19*7#9+ )*$*3%1)+ &'-'"H+ =-9-(+ $-%#+
)*$*3%1)+.-'"+,&7*%-(#&+@*'8-,&+%*@3-%+3*9*7-%-'+
=!C=NM1XNS+ 7*+ $*9+ &'-'"+ -,-9-(+ )*$*3%1)+
!'"&1%*'$&'+M1'I*)%&'"+E'i.@*NS+-%-#+!MENS
P\+ A39'.#='+[E\e+@*'"1,*+3)1%*&'+EH+
R\+ H'>2,%3'+[A\e+@*'"1,*++3)1%*&'+AH
W\+ /#79*1^-3$&,+[/\e+@*'"1,*+3)1%*&'+/H
]\+ TCGP-Z+TCG]Z+TCGV-Z+TCGV<Z+TCGYe+@*'"1,*++
]+@-^-@+3)1%*&'+-7$*$1)&$H

P E D OM A N
40 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+SHS+=%)#7%#)+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS
=#@<*)e+?91@3-$+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

!7&<-%+ %*)8-,&'.-+ 3*)#<-(-'+ $#$#'-'+ @-%*)&+ "*'*%&7+ I&)#$+


=!C=M1X+ .-'"+ %*)8-,&+ $*^-)-+ '-%#)-9+ -%-#+ @#%-$&Z+ $--%+ &'&+ ,&7*'-9+
3*'"*91@317-'+=!C=+M1XS+@*'8-,&+*.%5'H+2&'""-+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU+
%*9-(+ ,&$#$#'+ <*<*)-3-+ @-^-@+ 3*'"*91@317-'+ *.%5'+ I&)#$+ =!C=+
M1X+,-'+<*),-$-)7-'+'1@*'79-%#)+.-'"+,&-,13$&+F6=!60+,-)&+(-$&9+
3*'*9&%&-'+ =*<-$%&-'+ A-#)*)N=%)1(Z+ ^9-,*+ =!C=+ M1XS+ ,-3-%+ ,&<-"&+
@*'8-,&+ ]Z+ .-&%#+ *.%5'+ =Z+ >Z+ XZ+ FZ+ F2+ ,-'+ FC+ [F=!60Z+ SUSU\H+
4(.91"*'*%&^+%)**+%&-3N%&-3++*.%5'+%*)$*<#%+,-3-%+,&9&(-%+3-,-+F-@<-)+
SHPH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
41
F-@<-)+SHP+?:).#/'3'("*-(,''-*.%5'+=!C=NM1XNS
=#@<*)e+;#+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

%0K0K$;4P424.$=F$54E4$%1.NG4E4.J$C1O4G4$)HNHJ$94KI0E$:323K0$
/4.$!1E4L3$*+:*S50?S=
+F$ 54E4$%1.NG4E4.
M-)-+3*'#9-)-'+=!C=NM1XNSZ+-'%-)-+9-&'Z+@*9-9#&+[;2TZ+
SUSU-j?91@3-$+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\++(-9N(-9+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H
L\+ ?1'%-7+ 9-'"$#'"+ @*)#3-7-'+ ^-)-+ 3*'.*<-)-'+ =!C=N
M1XNS+.-'"+3-9&'"+#@#@H+4*'#9-)-'+%*)8-,&+,*'"-'+71'%-7+
9-'"$#'"+ ,-9-@+ 8-)-7+ ,*7-%+ [7#)-'"+ ,-)&+ L+ @*%*)\+ @*9-9#&+
$*7)*$&+,)139*%+3*)'-3-$-'Z+@&$-9'.-+-&)+9&#)H
S\+ 4*'#9-)-'+ %*)8-,&+ @*9-9#&+ #,-)-+ [%",2#,3'- (,%3$>"$$"#3\e+
4*'.*<-)-'+ @*9-9#&+ #,-)-+ ,-3-%+ %*)8-,&+ <&9-+ @*9-7#7-'+
3)1$*,#)+ .-'"+ @*'&@<#97-'+ -*)1$19Z+ $*3*)%&+ &'%#<-$&+

P E D OM A N
42 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
%)-^7(*-Z+ <)1'%1$713&+ ,-'+ 3*@<*)&-'+ %*7-'-'+ 3-,-+ ,-,-+
$--%+ )*$#$&%-$&+ 8-'%#'"+ 3-)#Z+ ,&+ )#-'"+ %&',-7-'+ @*,&$+ .-'"+
%*)%#%#3+,*'"-'+I*'%&9-$&+.-'"+<#)#7H
P\+ 4*'#9-)-'+%*)8-,&+@*9-9#&+9&'"7#'"-'+[&#>"('-(,%3$>"$$"#3\e+
4*'#9-)-'+ %*)8-,&+ $*^-)-+ 71'%-7+ %&,-7+ 9-'"$#'"Z+ .-&%#+ <&9-+
%-'"-'+ @*'.*'%#(+ 3*)@#7--'+ .-'"+ %*)71'%-@&'-$&+ 9-9#+
@*@&',-(7-'+ 7*+ (&,#'"a@#9#%a@-%-H+ X&)#$+ ,&+ 9&'"7#'"-'+
.-'"+ %*)71'%-@&'-$&+ ,-3-%+ <*)%-(-'+ S+ 8-@+ $-@3-&+ O+ (-)&H+
>-@-+I&)#$+<*)%-(-'+,&+9&'"7#'"-'+<*)"-'%#'"+7*3-,-++8*'&$+
3*)@#7--'+@-%*)&H
R\+ ?*@#'"7&'-'+9-&'e+J*<*)-3-+3*'*9&%&-'+@*'*@#7-'+=!C=N
M1XNS+ %*),*%*7$&+ ,&+ :*$*$+ ,-'+ #)&'*Z+ %*%-3&+ + <*9#@+ ,-3-%+
,&3-$%&7-'+<-(5-+=!C=NM1XNS+,-3-%+@*'#9-)+@*9-9#&+:*$*$+
,-'+#)&'*H+

;F$ C1O4G4$)HNH
A-$-+ &'7#<-$&+ =!C=NM1XNS+ @#9-&+ ,-)&+ S+ $-@3-&+ LR+ (-)&H+
=*8-7+ -5-9+ &':*7$&Z+ I&)#$+ $#,-(+ ,-3-%+ ,&%#9-)7-'+ 7*+ 1)-'"+ 9-&'+
@*9-9#&+ ,)139*%H+ F*8-9-+ M1I&,+ LO+ + <*)-"-@+ @#9-&+ + -$&@3%1@-%&$+
[%-'3-+"*8-9-\Z+)&'"-'Z+<*)-%+(&'""-+@*'&@<#97-'+7*@-%&-'H+F*8-9-+
.-'"+#@#@+,&+-'%-)-'.-+-,-9-(+
L\+ ,*@-@j
S\+ <-%#7+7*)&'"j
P\+ 7*$#9&%-'+<*)'-3-$j
R\+ 3#$&'"j
W\+ 3'*#@1'&-j
]\+ 7-$#$+ .-'"+ 9*<&(+ 3-)-(+ ,&%-',-&+ ,*'"-'+
SQHXPRQLDNHUXVDNDQDOYHRODUGDQLQʈOWUDVLSDGD
3-)#N3-)#H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
43
A*$7&3#'+%-'3-+"*8-9-Z+1)-'"+.-'"+%*)&':*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS+
%*%-3+ ,-3-%+ <*)31%*'$&+ @*'#9-)7-'+ [&':*7$&#$\+ <&9-+ -,-+ %)-'$@&$&+
5,#=.'(+ ,-9-@+ 8-)-7+ 71'%-7+ .-'"+ ^#7#3+ ,*7-%H+ 0&$&':*7%-'+ .-'"+
,-3-%+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+&'-7%&I-$&+I&)#$Z+-'%-)-+9-&'Z+-,-9-(+,*'"-'+
-971(19+ VUk+ -%-#+ ^-&)-'+ 3*@#%&(+ [$1,&#@+ (.31^(91)-%*\+ $*9-@-+
L+ @*'&%H+ =*<-"-&+ #3-.-+ 3*'^*"-(-'+ 3*'#9-)-'+ =!C=NM1XNSZ+
PDV\DUDNDW GLLPEDX  XQWXN PHQMDJD MDUDN ʈVLN PHQJJXQDNDQ
@-$7*)Z+ ,-'+ @*'*)-37-'+ 3)1%1719+ 7*$*(-%-'Z+ $*3*)%&+ @*'^#^&+
%-'"-'+,*'"-'+$-<#'+[M-$^*99-+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H

5F$ 94KI0E$:323K0
J*<*)-3-+ :-7%1)+ )&$&71+ .-'"+ <*)(#<#'"-'+ ,*'"-'+ %&'"7-%+
7*3-)-(-'+3*'.-7&%+M1I&,+LOZ+,&+-'%-)-'.-Z+-,-9-(+$*3*)%&+<*)&7#%e
  XVLD XVLD OHELK WXD ȹ  WDKXQ  OHELK EHULVLNR
%*)&':*7$&+,-'+,-3-%+<*)&@39&7-$&+3-)-(+,-'+:-%-9j
S\+ 71',&$&+ 71@1)<&,e+ ,&-<*%*$Z+ (&3*%*'$&Z+ ,-'+
3*'.-7&%+7-),&1I-$7#9-)j
  LPPXQRGHʈVLHQVL VLVWHP NHNHEDODQ WXEXK \DQJ
9*@-(+ -7&<-%+ <*)<-"-&+ :-7%1Z)+ @&$-9'.-+ 7-'7*)Z+
26XN!60=Z+ #$&-+ %#-Z+ 3*'""#'--'+ 1<-%+ -'%&+
LQʉDPDVLMDQJNDSDQMDQJ

/-@#'Z+,&7*%-(#&+%&,-7+-,-+3*)<*,--'+:-7%1)+)&$&71+-'%-)-+9-7&N9-7&+
,-'+3*)*@3#-'+,-'+%&,-7+-,-+3*)<*,--'+*7$3)*$&+!MES+3-,-+)-$+
<*)<*,-+.-'"+,-3-%+@*@*'"-)#(&++3*)<*,--'+%&'"7-%+7*3-)-(-'H+
E7$3)*$&+!MES+,&7*%-(#&+@*'&'"7-%+3-,-+3*)1717+$*(&'""-+,-3-%+
@*'&'"7-%7-'+3)*,&$31$&$&+&':*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS+[;#+'(-%.HZ+SUSUj+
_-'&^*+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H

P E D OM A N
44 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
6F$ !1E4L3
=--%+&'&+3*'*9&%&-'+-'%&I&)-9+,-'+I-7$&'+=!C=NM1XNS+@-$&(+
%*)#$+ ,&7*@<-'"7-'H+ /-@#'Z+ (&'""-+ $--%+ &'&+ <*9#@+ %*)$*,&-+
-'%&I&)-9+,-'+I-7$&'+.-'"+%*)<#7%&+,-'+,&$*%#8#&+#'%#7+,&"#'-7-'+
$*^-)-+79&'&$H+J*<*)-3-+3*'*9&%&-'+@*9-31)7-'+<-(5-+-,-+<*<*)-3-+
-'%&I&)-9+ .-'"+ ,&7*%-(#&+ ,-3-%+ @*'*7-'+ &':*7$&+ =!C=NM1XNS+
$*^-)-+ "3- 9"(,#H+ X-7$&'+ #'%#7+ 3*'"*',-9&-'+ =!C=NM1XNS+ @-$&(+
,-9-@+%-(-3+3*'"*@<-'"-'+,-'+,&3*)7&)-7-'+<-)#+-7-'+,&3-$-)7-'+
3-,-+ %-(#'+ SUSLH+ D*)-3&+ 9-&'+ .-'"+ %*)<#7%&+ *:*7%&:+ ,-'+ %*'"-(+
,&7*@<-'"7-'+ $*<-"-&+ -'%&+ =!C=NM1XNS+ -,-9-(+ 3*'""#'--'+
$*)#@+71'I-9*$*'$+.-'"+,-3-%+@*'*%)-9&$-$&+I&)#$H

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$#1I0/1$61I1K23$*+:*S50?S=
J*),-$-)7-'+ =*%(#)-@-'Z+ _*)*@&-(Z+ ,-'+ C.1+ [SUSU\Z+ &':*7$&+
,*'"-'+ =!C=NM1XNS+ ,&-5-9&+ ,*'"-'+ @-$-+ &'7#<-$&+ + $--%+ + I&)#$+
<*)*39&7-$&+ ,*'"-'+ -7%&:+ ,*'"-'+ )-%-N)-%-+ @-$-+ &'7#<-$&+ -,-9-(+ W+
(-)&H+4-)%&7*9+I&)#$+@#9-&+%*),*%*7$&+$*8-7+-5-9+&':*7$&+,-'+%*)#$+-7-'+
@*'&'"7-%+ ,-'+ @*'^-3-&+ 3#'^-7+ $*7&%-)+ V`LR+ + (-)&+ $*%*9-(+ &':*7$&+
,&&7#%&+ ,*'"-'+ %&@<#9'.-+ "*8-9-+ 79&'&7+ [1'$*%\H+ >-@-+ @-$-+ &'7#<-$&Z+
5-7%#+3)1,#7$&+C/!+I&)#$Z+,-'+-'%&<1,&+,-3-%+<*)<*,-N<*,-+%*)"-'%#'"+
SDGD LQGLYLGX $QWLERGL VSHVLʈN WHUKDGDS 6$56&R9 ,J0  DNDQ
@#'^#9+<*<*)-3-+(-)&+$*%*9-(+&':*7$&+,-'+1'$*%+@#'^#9Z+,&$#$#9+,*'"-'+
3*@<*'%#7-'+-'%&<1,&+6"F+[F-@<-)+SHR\H+2-9+%*)$*<#%+@*'8-,&+,-$-)+
3*'*'%#-'+(-)&+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'+,-'+@*%1,*+,*%*7$&+.-'"+-7-'+
,&"#'-7-'H
J*<*)-3-+ @*%1,*+ .-'"+ <&-$-+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ ,*%*7$&+ =!C=N
M1XNS+-,-9-(+3*@*)&7$--'+<*)<-$&$+@-%*)&+"*'*%&7+I&)#$+,-'+-'%&<1,&+
&',&I&,#H+D&-3N%&-3++@*%1,*+@*@&9&7&+7*9*<&(-'+,-'+7*7#)-'"-'Z+8*'&$+
$-@3*9Z+ ,-'+ 3*'*'%#-'+ 5-7%#+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ .-'"+ <*)<*,-+ [;2TZ+
SUSU<j+;2TZ+SUSU^\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
45
F-@<-)+SHR+4*)7&)--'+@-$-+&':*7$&+,-'+7*<*)-,--'+I&)#$+
,-'+-'%&<1,&+3-,-+&':*7$&+=!C=NM1XNS
=#@<*)e+=*%(#)-@-'+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

+F$ 61I1K23$51L4I$X*%+",-9"%0/#$("4-1'$(Y
0*%*7$&+ ^*3-%+ -%-#+ <%="5- D"%/3#$("*- C'$(+ ,&9-7#7-'Z+ <-&7++
,*'"-'+ @*',*%*7$&+ -'%&<1,&+ @-#3#'+ -'%&"*'H+ =-@3*9+ .-'"+
,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ ,*%*7$&+ ^*3-%+ -'%&"*'+ -,-9-(+ $-@3*9+ $5-<+
(&,#'"Z+ %*'""1)17-'Z+ '-$1:-)&'"Z+ -%-#+ 1)1:-)&'"H+ =-@3*9+ .-'"+
,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ ,*%*7$&+ ^*3-%+ -'%&<1,&+ -,-9-(+ $*)#@+ -%-#+ ,-)-(+
[;:#.'-2.##5\H+A*%1,*+&'&+,-3-%+@*'"#7#)+%1%-9+-'%&<1,&+6"F+,-'a
-%-#+6"AH+?*9*<&(-'+3*'""#'--'+,*%*7$&+^*3-%Z+-'%-)-+9-&'Z+-,-9-(+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
L\+ 5-7%#+$&'"7-%+LW`PU++@*'&%j
S\+ ^-)-+3*'"*)8--'+@#,-(+,-'+)*9-%&:+@#)-(j
P\+ +:-$&9&%-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+7(#$#$+%&,-7+,&3*)9#7-'H
J*<*)-3-+ 7*9*@-(-'+ @*%1,*+ &'&Z+ -'%-)-+ 9-&'Z+ -,-9-(+ $*<-"-&+
<*)&7#%e

P E D OM A N
46 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
  0HWRGHVHQVLWLYLWDVGDQ VSHVLʈNDVLLQLEHUYDULDVLWHUJDQWXQJ
3-,-+%&-3N%&-3++7&%H
S\+ A*%1,*+&'&+@*@&9&7&+)&$&71+)*-7$&+$&9-'"+,*'"-'+M1)1'-I&)#$+
9-&'HA*%1,*+&'&+@*@&9&7&+)&$&71+'*"-%&:+3-9$#+[&%.$'63'/%("9'\+
.-'"+%&'""&H+2-9+&'&+<*)7-&%-'+,*'"-'+5-7%#+3*@*)&7$--'+,-'+
71'$*'%)-$&+-'%&<1,&+3-,-+&',&I&,#+[F-@<-)+SHR\H
A*%1,*+ 9-&'+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ @*',*%*7$&+ -'%&<1,&+
-,-9-(++E>6=!H+2-$&9+,*%*7$&+^*3-%+-'%&<1,&+%&,-7+,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+
#'%#7+,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+,&-"'1$&$+3-$&*'Z+%*%-3&++,-3-%+,&"#'-7-'+
#'%#7+7*3*'%&'"-'+*3&,*@&191"&H

F-@<-)+SHW++M1'%1(+0*%*7$&+M*3-%+-'%&<1,&+,*'"-'+ODWHUDOʉRZDVVD\
=#@<*)e+!'-5-+!"#>'5"*%.-0*"'3*'-%35-?,#5+*($Z+SUSU

JH+ 61I1K23$424H$.NKG14I$4I4N$H4I1E3$M1.1I3K
0*%*7$&+-$-@+'#79*-%+-%-#+@-%*)&+"*'*%&^+@*)#3-7-'+@*%1,*+
#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+@-%*)&+"*'*%&7+-%-#+-$-@+'#79*-%+I&)#$H+A*%1,*+
\DQJGLSDNDLDGDODKDPSOLʈNDVLDWDXSHUEDQ\DNDQPDWHULJHQHWLN

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
47
I&)#$+[QXFOHLFDFLGDPSOLʈFDWLRQWHVWV\H+J*<*)-3-+7*9*<&(-'+@*%1,*+
,*%*7$&+-$-@+'#79*-%Z+-'%-)-+9-&'+-,-9-(+
  VHQVLWLIGDQVSHVLʈN WHUJDQWXQJSDGDGHVDLQSULPHUSUREH
,-'+*'i&@+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'\j+
S\+ 5-7%#+ 3*'"*)8--'+ )*9-%&:+ ^*3-%Z+ $*7&%-)+ RN]+ 8-@+ %*)"-'%#'"+
8#@9-(+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&7*)8-7-'j
P\+ @*%1,*+ &%#+ ,-3-%+ @*',*%*7$&+ I&)#$+ $*8-7+ -5-9+ @-$-+ &':*7$&a
&'7#<-$&H
J*<*)-3-+7*9*@-(-'+@*%1,*+&'&+-,-9-(
L\+ @*@*)9#7-'+%-(-3-'+3*)$&-3-'+$-@3*9j+
S\+ @*@*)9#7-'+:-$&9&%-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+@&'&@-9+J=>NSj+,-'
P\+ @*@*)9#7-'+$%-:+.-'"+$#,-(+%*)9-%&(H
A*%1,*+.-'"+<&$-+,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+,*%*7$&+-$-@+'#79*-%Z+-'%-)-+
9-&'Z+-,-9-(++?#.)>',%$'-1:%"3-<'%*("#3+[4MC\Z+,-'+$*7#*'$&'"H+
419.@*)-$*- 1:%"3- <'%*("#3+ [4MC\+ -%-#+ <'9',$'-
C,%3$*,"=("#3-?#.)>',%$'-1:%"3-<'%*("#3+[CDN4MC\+#'%#7+@-%*)&+
JHQHWLN51$PHUXSDNDQPHWRGHDPSOLʈNDVL SHUEDQ\DNDQ DVDP
QXNOHDW YLUXV $PSOLʈNDVL GLGDKXOXL GHQJDQ SHQHPSHODQ SULPHU
GDQ SUREH VSHVLʈN \DQJ PHQHPSHO SDGD EDJLDQ WDUJHW SDGD JHQ
7*@#,&-'+3)1$*$+3*'""-',--'+,&:-$&9&%-$&+19*(+*'i&@+319.@*)-$*H+
4-,-+)*-9%&@*+CDN+4MC+-%-#+.-'"+<&-$-+,&$*<#%+)CDN4MCZ+3)1$*$+
GHWHNVL SURGXN DPSOLʈNDVL GDSDW GLDPDWL VHFDUD ODQJVXQJ WDQSD
@*@*)9#7-'+ %-(-3-'+ =#$(DPSOLʈNDVL VHSHUWL SHPEDFDDQ JHO
-%-#+ *9*7%)1:1)*$&$H+ )CDN4MC+ 8#"-+ ,-3-%+ @*',*%*7$&+ <*<*)-3-+
%-)"*%+ ,-9-@+ 3)1$*$+ .-'"+ <*)$-@--'+ -%-#+ ,&$*<#%+ @#9%&39*K+
4MCH+ 4*'8*9-$-'+ 9*<&(+ %*)3*)&'^&+ + @*'"*'-&+ 4MC+ -7-'+ ,&<-(-$+
3-,-+@1,#9+$*9-'8#%'.-H+J*<*)-3-+^1'%1(-"36:#+$'-=,#(#*#.-,-)&+
<*<*)-3-+ &'$%&%#%+ %*9-(+ ,&<-"&7-'+ ,-'+ ,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+ 19*(+
;2T+[D-<*9+SHL\H+

P E D OM A N
48 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
D-<*9+SHL+0-:%-)+<*<*)-3-+3)1%1719+,'%.6(">'+CDN4MC+"36:#+$'+,-)&+<*<*)-3-+
'*"-)-+.-'"+,&@#-%+,&+;2T
[=#@<*)e+;2TZ+SUSU,\
'0F '1M4E4 '4H4$".2I3INI C1.$!4EM1I
L M(&'- M(&'-+M0M TCGL-<+,-'+/
S _*)@-' &KDULW C,C3Z+EZ+/
P 21'"+?1'" 2?Q TCGL-<N'$3LRZ+/
R _*3-'" /-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+6':*^N 4-'^1)1'-+,-'+@#9N
%&1#$+0&$*-$*Z+0*3-)%@*'%+1:+ %&39*+%-)"*%Z+=3&7*+
X&)191".+666 3)1%*&'
W D(-&9-', /-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+2*-9%( /
] !@*)&7-+ Q=+M0M /L+,-'+/SZ+C,C3
=*)&7-%

4*@*)&7$--'+M1I&,NLO++.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+,&+6',1'*$&-+$*^-)-+#@#@+
@*'"&7#%&+3*,1@-'+;2TH+=*@*'%-)-+&%#Z++,-:%-)+)*71@*',-$&+
)*-"*'+)CDN4MC+.-'"+%*)$*,&-+,&+6',1'*$&-+%*9-(+,&$#$#'+19*(+F#"#$+
D#"-$+M1I&,NLO++C6+,-'+,-3-%+,&9&(-%+,&+$&%#$+(%%3$eaa^1I&,LOH"1H&,a3a
3)1%1719H+

0HWRGH DPSOLʈNDVL DVDP QXNOHDW ODLQ \DQJ MXJD ELVD


,&"#'-7-'+ ,-9-@+ ,*%*7$&+ =!C=NM1XNS+ -,-9-(+ >#.'*+.%,- ,%="5-
('$(+-%-#+%*$+@19*7#9*)+^*3-%+[DMA\H+DMA+-,-9-(+#8&+,*%*7$&+-$-@+
'#79*-%+.-'"+<*)<-$&$+4MCZ+%*%-3&++3)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&+@-%*)&+"*'*%&7+
%&,-7+ ,&9-7#7-'+ %*)3&$-(H+ DMA+ <&-$-'.-+ @*'""#'-7-'+ *%(,"5/'+
-%-#+ 3*)-9-%-'+ 7(#$#$+ .-'"+ @-@3#+ @*'"&$19-$&+ @-%*)&+ "*'*%&7+
VHNDOLJXVPHODNXNDQDPSOLʈNDVLDVDPQXNOHDW6DODKVDWXFRQWRK
DMA+.-'"+%*)$*,&-+,&+6',1'*$&-+-,-9-(+d3*)%+d3)*$$+=!C=NM1XNS+
,-)&+M*3(*&,H+2-$&9+DMA+,&,-3-%+,*'"-'+5-7%#+.-'"+)*9-%&:+^*3-%Z+
.-&%#+ $*7&%-)+ 7#)-'"+ ,-)&+ PU+ @*'&%H+ ?-)*'-+ %&,-7+ @*@*)9#7-'+
3*)-9-%-'+7(#$#$Z++DMA+,-3-%+,&9-7#7-'+,&+79&'&7+W=#"3(6#&6*%,'\+
[;2TZ+SUSU<\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
49
5F$ DNGINE$?3EN2
?#9%#)+ I&)#$+ -,-9-(+ $#-%#+ %*7'&7+ #'%#7+ @*'"&$19-$&+ ,-'+
3)13-"-$&+ [@*@3*)<-'.-7\+ 3)13-"-$&+ I&)#$H+ 4)13-"-$&+ =!C=N
M1XNS+ ,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*,&-+ 7#9%#)+ $*9+ X*)1H+ =-9-(+
$-%#+ %#8#-'+ 3*'""#'--'+ %*7'&7+ &'&+ -,-9-(+ $*<-"-&+ %-(-3-'+ -5-9+
3)*N$*7#*'$&'"+ .-'"+ <*)%#8#-'+ #'%#7+ @*'-@<-(+ 8#@9-(+ -%-#+
71'$*'%)-$&+ I&)#$+ .-'"+ -7-'+ ,&,*%*7$&H+ _#@9-(+ )*39&7-$&+ I&)#$+
,-3-%+ ,&,*%*7$&+ ,*'"-'+ %&%)-$&+ I&)#$+ @*'""#'-7-'+ %&%)-$&- '35-
=#"3(-5".+("#3+-%-#+=.%X+'-%$$%)H+D#8#-'+9-&'+&+7#9%#)+I&)#$+-,-9-(+
#'%#7+ @*@3*)<-'.-7+ I&)#$+ ,-9-@+ 3)1,#7$&+ I-7$&'Z+ @*@3*9-8-)&+
3-%1"*'&$&%-$+I&)#$Z+@*9-7#7-'+3*'*9&%&-'+-'%&NI&)#$+,-'+$%-<&9&%-$+
I&)#$Z+ $*)%-+ + 3*'*9&%&-'+ 9-&'+ .-'"+ @*@*)9#7-'+ I&)#$+ .-'"+ 9"%2.'-
[M0MZ+SUSUj+2-)^1#)%+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H+?*9*@-(-'+@*%1,*+&'&+-,-9-(+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%
L\+ A*%1,*+&'&+@*@*)9#7-'+5-7%#+.-'"+9-@-Z+7#)-'"+9*<&(+W`LU+
KDUL PXODLNXOWXUVHOVDPSDLNRQʈUPDVLDGDQ\DUHSOLNDVLYLUXV
,&+7#9%#)\H
S\+ X&)#$+,-9-@+$-@3*9+79&'&$+(-)#$+(&,#3+[9"%2.'\+$*(&'""-+$#(#+
3*'.&@3-'-'+@*'8-,&+:-7%1)+3*'%&'"H
P\+ A*%1,*+&'&+(-)#$+,&9-7#7-'+,&+:-$&9&%-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+@&'&@#@+
J=>NPH
R\+ A*%1,*+&'&+,&9-7#7-'+19*(+$%-:+.-'"+$#,-(+%*)9-%&(H
W\+ C&$&71+71'%-@&'-$&+%&'""&H
A*%1,*+7#9%#)+I&)#$+9*<&(+<-'.-7+,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+3*'*9&%&-'+,-'+
%&,-7+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+,&-"'1$&$H

P E D OM A N
50 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
B ab I II M ate r i Int i 1

BIOSAFETY
DAN BIOSECURITY
LABORATORIUM
TERKAIT COVID-19
B A B III Mate r i Int i 1

BIOSAFETY DAN BIOSECURITY


LABORATORIUM TERKAIT COVID-19

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
4*9-%&(-'+ &'&+ @*'8*9-$7-'+ *9*@*'+ 7#'^&+ <-"-&@-'-+ @*'8-"-+
7*$*9-@-%-'+,&)&+,-'+9&'"7#'"-'+$--%+<*7*)8-+,&+:-$&9&%-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$--'+MTX60NLO+,*'"-'+@*%1,*+419.@*)-$*+M(-&'+C*-^%&1'+
[4MC\+ %*)@-$#7+ -9#)+ 7*)8-Z+ )*-"*'Z+ <-(-'+ (-<&$+ 3-7-&+ ,-'+ 3*)$1'&9+
,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+ ?*@-@3#-'+ 4MC+ #'%#7+ @*'"(-$&97-'+ -@39&71'+
0/!+ ,-)&+ %-)"*%+ $*7#*'$+ ,-9-@+ 8#@9-(+ .-'"+ $-'"-%+ <-'.-7+ ,-9-@+
(&%#'"-'+@*'&%Z+@*'8-,&7-'+4MC+$*<-"-&+-9-%+,&-"'1$%&7+.-'"+(-',-9H+
/-@#'+ ,&+ $&$&+ 9-&'+ 7-)*'-+ 7*"&-%-'+ ,-9-@+ 3)1$*,#)+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
,-3-%+ @*'&@<#97-'+ 3-8-'-'+ I&)#$+ 3-,-+ 3*%#"-$+ 9-<1)-%1&#@Z+ @-7-+
,&3*)9#7-'+3)-7%*7+7*$*9-@-%-'+,-'+7*-@-'-'+7*)8-+.-'"+<*'-)+#'%#7+
@*9&',#'"&+3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+9&'"7#'"-'+,-'+-"*'+&%#+$*',&)&+,-)&+
)&$&71+-7&<-%+3-8-'-'+<-(-'+&':*7$&#$+-%-#+%*)8-,&'.-+71'%-@&'-$&+.-'"+
@*'"-7&<-%7-'+(-$&9+31$&%&:a'*"-%&:+3-9$#H
4*)%&@<-'"-'+ .-'"+ <-&7+ ,-'+ (-%&N(-%&+ (-)#$+ ,&<#-%+ #'%#7+
@*',*$-&'+$-)-'-N3)-$-)-'-+,-'+3)1$*,#)+13*)-$&1'-9+,&+>-<1)-%1)&#@+
.-'"+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ MTX60NLO+ <*)<-$&$+ 4MCH+ A1,#9+
4*9-%&(-'+ &'&+ <*)&$&+ 3*'"*%-(#-'+ %*'%-'"+ 3)1$*,#)+ <*7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+
-@-'+$*)%-+@*'"#)-'"&+71'%-@&'-$&+$--%+<*7*)8-+@*'""#'-7-'+I&)#$+
=!C=+ MTXNSZ+ $*(&'""-+ 3*$*)%-+ @*@&9&7&+ 3*'"*%-(#-'+ 7*$*9-@-%-'+
,-'+7*5-$3-,--'+$--%+<*7*)8-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H

!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+@*'"&7#%&+@-%*)&+3*$*)%-+@-@3#+@*'*)-37-'+2"#$%&'()+,-'+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
53
2"#$'*+,"()+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%*)7-&%+4*@*)&7$--'+4MC+MTX60NLOH

!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*'"&7#%&+@-%*)&+3*$*)%-+@-@3#e
LH+ A*9-7#7-'+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71H
SH+ A*'*)-37-'+3)&'$&3-M##5-T%2#,%(#,)-?,%*("*'-[F>4\H
PH+ A*'""#'-7-'+!"#$%&'()-1%2"3'(+[J=M\+,*'"-'+<*'-)+
,-'+-@-'H
RH+ A*'""#'-7-'+!9-%+4*9&',#'"+0&)&+[!40\+.-'"+<*'-)+,-'+
$*$#-&Z
WH+ A*9-7#7-'+3*'-'"-'-'+%#@3-(-'+,-'+7*^*9-7--'+7*)8-H
]H+ A*9-7#7-'+3*'"*919--'+9&@<-(H
VH+ A*9-7#7-'+2"#,'=#$"(#,)+$3*$&@*'+MTX60NLOH

%0K0K$;4P424.
LH+ 4*'&9-&-'+)&$&71
SH+ 4)-7%&7+9-<1)-%1)&#@+@19*7#9*)+.-'"+<-&7
PH+ !"#$%&'()-1%2"3'(+[J=M\
RH+ !9-%+4*9&',#'"+0&)&+[!40\
WH+ 4*'-'"-'-'+%#@3-(-'+,-'+7*^*9-7--'+7*)8-
]H+ 4*'"*919--'+9&@<-(
VH+ J&1)*31$&%1)&+$3*$&@*'+MTX60NLO

P E D OM A N
54 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
)E434.$#4I1E3
%0K0K$;4P424.$<F$%1.3G434.$:323K0

+F$ %1.M1EI34.$%1.3G434.$:323K0

3HQLODLDQ ULVLNR PHUXSDNDQ VXDWX SURVHV PHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL


<-(-.-+ ,-'+ @*'"*I-9#-$&+ )&$&71+ .-'"+ <*)(#<#'"-'+ ,*'"-'+ i-%+
,-'+ )-^#'+ <&191"&$Z+ ,*'"-'+ @*@3*)%&@<-'"7-'+ 7*9-.-7-'+ ,-)&+
$*%&-3+71'%)19+@&%&"-$&+.-'"+-,-+,-'+@*@#%#$7-'+-3-7-(+)&$&71+&%#+
,-3-%+,&%*)&@-H+4*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+$*<-&7'.-+@*'"7-%*"1)&7-'+)&$&71+
XQWXNPHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL\DQJSHUOXGLKLODQJNDQDWDXGLNHQGDOLNDQ
0*$7)&3$&+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+ 7*8-,&-'+ ,-'+ 71'$*7#*'$&Z+ <*)$-@-+
,*'"-'+ 7*<*)%*)&@--'+ %&'"7-%+ )&$&71+ $*<-&7'.-+ ,&%*'%#7-'+ ,-'+
GLJXQDNDQ GDODP SHQLODLDQ .ODVLʈNDVL WHUVHEXW GDSDW GLVXVXQ
PLVDOQ\DPHQJJXQDNDQPDWULNVULVLNR\DQJGDSDWPHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL
7-%*"1)&+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+ 7*8-,&-'+ ,-'+ 7-%*"1)&+ 71'$*7#*'$&Z+ .-'"+
@*'""-@<-)7-'+ 7-%*"1)&+ )&$&71+ ,-9-@+ i1'-+ %&'""&Z+ $*,-'"+ ,-'+
)*',-(H+/-@#'Z+3*',*7-%-'+9-&'+@#'"7&'+8#"-+)*9*I-'+,-'+%*3-%H

D-<*9+PHLH+A-%)&7$+4*'&9-&-'+C&$&71

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
55
;F$ !4P4L4.$%1.3G434.$:323K0

,GHQWLʈNDVLEDKD\D

,GHQWLʈNDVLNHJLDWDQ
G4Q0E4I0E3NH

#1.1.INK4.$I3.MK4I4.$Q3024_1IV
/4.$2IE4I1M3$L1.M1./4G34.$V4.M$/3L1EGNK4.$

,GHQWLʈNDVL6'0\DQJDGD
L1E4G4I4.$K121G4H4I4.

:1R31^$%1.3G434.$:323K0

+F$ D4L4.$%1.3G434.$:323K0$63G4KNK4.
4*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+,-3-%+,&9-7#7-'+7*%&7-
LH+ $*<*9#@+@#9-&+<*7*)8-j
SH+ %*)8-,&+3*)3&',-(-'+-%-#+)*'1I-$&j
PH+ -,-+3*)"-'%&-'+$%-:j
RH+ -,-+-"*'+&':*7$&#$+.-'"+<-)#j
WH+ -,-+3*)-9-%-'Z+<-(-'Z+-%-#+)*-"*'+.-'"+<-)#j
]H+ -,-+7*^*9-7-'+7*)8-j
VH+ -,-+3*)#<-(-'+)*"#9-$&H

;F$ %1.M1EI34.$;4P4V4$X:%;%5,Y$/4.$:323K0

J-(-.-+[(%Y%,5\+-,-9-(+$#@<*)Z+7*-,--'Z+-%-#+%&',-7-'+.-'"+
<*)31%*'$&+@*'.*<-<7-'+7*)#$-7-'H

P E D OM A N
56 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
C&$&71+-,-9-(+71@<&'-$&+,-)&+7*@#'"7&'-'+%*)8-,&'.-+<-(-.-+,-'+
7*3-)-(-''.-H

& *UDʈN5LVLNR

=*9-&'+@-%)&7$+)&$&71Z+#'%#7+@*'""-@<-)7-'+7-%*"1)&+)&$&71+8#"-+
GDSDWGLODNXNDQGHQJDQPHQJJXQDNDQJUDʈNULVLNRVHSHUWLGL
<-5-(+&'&H

*DPEDU*UDʈN5LVLNR
=#@<*)e+=-',&-+/-%&1'-9+>-<1)-%1).Z+SULO

0H+ ,423G$%1.3G434.$:323K0
2-$&9+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+$*%&-3+9-<1)-%1)&#@+7*@#'"7&'-'+,-3-%+
<*)<*,-+7-)*'-+-,-'.-+3*)<*,--'+:-$&9&%-$Z+3*)-9-%-'+.-'"+-,-Z+
8#@9-(+,-'+71@3*%*'$&+=0AZ+71'%)19+@&%&"-$&+.-'"+-,-Z+-%-#+
7*<&8-7-'+@-'-8*@*'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
57
%0K0K$;4P424.$=F$%E4KI3K$-4Q0E4I0E3NH$#0G1KNG1E$V4.M$;43K
+F$ D0.I4H3.423
?1'%-@&'-$&+@*)#3-7-'+$-9-(+$-%#+@-$-9-(+#%-@-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
7HV DVDP QXNOHDW '1$51$  GLODNXNDQ EHUEDVLV DPSOLʈNDVL
<*)#9-'"+ 3-,-+ $*<#-(+ $*"@*'+ 3*',*7+ $*7#*'+ 0/!H+ =*%&-3+ 7-9&+
@*9-7#7-'+ 4MC+ -7-'+ ,&(-$&97-'+ + @&9&-)-'+ + 713&+ 0/!aC/!+
[-@39&71'\H+!@39&71'+.-'"+%&,-7+,&&'"&'7-'+,-3-%+@*'"(-$&97-'+
(-$&9+3-9$#H

=#@<*)+?1'%-@&'-$&
LH+ 4*'-'"-'-'+ $3*$&@*'Z+ 71'%)19+ 31$&%&:+ -%-#+ -@39&71'+ .-'"+
%&,-7+@*@-,-&
SH+ !*)1$19
PH+ ?1'%-@&'-'+,-)&+<*)<-"-&+3*)@#7--'+-9-%N-9-%+9-<
RH+ C*-"*'$&-+,-'+<-(-'+(-<&$+3-7-&
WH+ 4*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@
]H+ ?*^*9-7--'+7*)8-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@
_&7-+ %*)8-,&+ 71'%-@&'-$&Z+ + (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ @19*7#9*)+ .-'"+ <*)<&-.-+ @-(-9Z+ $#9&%Z+ ,-'+
@*@-7-'+5-7%#H+2-9+%*)$*<#%+,-3-%+@*'"(-@<-%+3*@*)&7$--'+,&+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+,-'+@*'&@<#97-'+2%*K-.#/H

4*'^*"-(-'+?1'%-@&'-$&+,&+,-9-@+>-<1)-%1)&#@+A19*7#9*)
LH+ 0*$-&'+,-'+1)"-'&$-$&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"++%*3-%+
SH+ 4)-7%&7+7*)8-+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+<-&7
PH+ A*'"&7#%&+ =4T+ 7*)8-+ .-'"+ <-&7+ Æ@-'-8*@*'+ 7#-9&%-$+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+<-&7

P E D OM A N
58 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
JH+ 61243.$-4Q0E4I0E3NH
4-,-+3)&'$&3'.-Z+-)*-+7*)8-+9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+3*@*)&7$--'+4MC+
%*)<-"&+@*'8-,&+%&"-+-)*-Z+.-&%#
LH+ )#-'"+3)*3-)-$&+)*-"*'+[3)*3-)-$&+>%$(',->"Z3&5 DUHD
<*)$&(+[%*7-'-'+#,-)-+31$&%&:\j
SH+ )#-'"+ *7$%)-7$&+ ,-'+ 3*'-@<-(-'+ $-@3*9+ [%*7-'-'+ #,-)-+
'*"-%&:\j+,-'
 UXDQJDPSOLʈNDVL=#$(-DPSOLʈNDVL WHNDQDQXGDUDQHJDWLI 
0&3&$-(7-'+,*'"-'+
LH+ 3*@<-%-$+)#-'"a%*@<17j
SH+ 3*@&$-(-'+$&$&+)#-'"j+,-'
PH+ -9#)+7*)8-+$*-)-(+[-)*-+<*)$&(+[.'$$-*#3(%>"3%3(R%>=."*#3\+
7*+-)*-+71%1)+[:"/:-*#3(%>"3%3(R%>=."*#3\H

F-@<-)+PHS+!9#)+7*)8-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@
+++++++++=#@<*)+e+KWWSVZZZHSDJRYVLWHVSURGXFWLRQʈOHV
,1^#@*'%$a*3-Nb-b^N3^)H3,:Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
59
LH+ C#-'"+3)*3-)-$&+)*-"*'+[3)*3-)-$&+>%$(',->"Z+4MC\
C#-'"+ 3)*3-)-$&+ )*-"*'+ [3)*3-)-$&+ >%$(',- >"Z+ 4MC\+
@*)#3-7-'+ -)*-+ <*)$&(+ .-'"+ <*<-$+ ,-)&+ <*)<-"-&+ -"*'+
<&191"&$+ [C/!Z+ 0/!Z+ $-@3*9Z+ 3)1,#7+ 4MCZ+ 7#9%#)\H+
C#-'"-'+&'&+7(#$#$+#'%#7+@*9-7#7-'e
-H+ 3)*3-)-$&+ ,-'+ %."X+#(+ )*-"*'+ [%."X+#(+ ,&9-7#7-'+ #'%#7+
@*@&'&@-9&$&)+71'%-@&'-$&+,-'+&,''Y'-(:%;\+,-'
<H+ 3)*3-)-$&+,'%*("#3->"Z+#'%#7+4MCH

SH+ C#-'"+*7$%)-7$&+,-'+3*'-@<-(-'+$-@3*9
4-,-+)#-'"-'+&'&+,&9-7#7-'+
-H+ @*'"*7$%)-7$&+-$-@+'#79*-%+,-)&+$3*$&@*'+79&'&$+,&+,-9-@+
J=M+?*9-$+66,-'
<H+ @*@-$#77-'+$-@3*9Z+71'%)19+'*"-%&:+3-,-+(+2'+4MC+>"Z-
.-'"+$#,-(+,&$&-37-'H
=*@#-+$3*$&@*'+79&'&$+(-)#$+9-'"$#'"+@-$#7+7*+)#-'"-'+&'&+
GDQ WLGDN EROHK PDVXN NH GDODP UXDQJDQ DPSOLʈNDVL=#$(+
DPSOLʈNDVL

 5XDQJDPSOLʈNDVL=#$(DPSOLʈNDVL
4-,-+ )#-'"-'+ &'&+ %*),-3-%+ @*$&'+ 4MC+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+
XQWXN DPSOLʈNDVL '1$51$ 3HQJJXQDDQ PHVLQ 3&5
%*)$*<#%+ (-)#$+ %*)^-%-%+ ,&+ .#/- 2##KH+ + 4)1")-@+ 4MC+ .-'"+
$#,-(+ ,&-%#)+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ @*$&'+ %&,-7+ <19*(+ ,&#<-(+ 7*^#-9&+
19*(+1)-'"+.-'"+<*)5*'-'"H+4*'-@<-(-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:+
,&9-7#7-'+ ,&+ )#-'"-'+ &'&H+ C#-'"-'+ &'&+ ,&-'""-3+ $*<-"-&+
)#-'"-'+ .-'"+ 3-9&'"+ %*)71'%-@&'-$&+ 19*(+ 3)1,#7+ 4MC+
[-@39&71'\H

P E D OM A N
60 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
5F$ )L4V4$%1.W1M4P4.$D0.I4H3.423$/3$-4Q0E4I0E3NH
<'$(-=5%4("4'
Q3-.-+ 3*'^*"-(-'+ 71'%-@&'-$&+ ,&+ 9-<1)%1)&#@+ -,-9-(+ $*<-"-&+
<*)&7#%>
LH+ @*'""#'-7-'+!40+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ $%-',-)j+!40+ %&,-7+ <19*(+
,&"#'-7-'+<*)3&',-(+)#-'"-'j
-H+ _-$+9-<+5"$=#$%2.'
<H+ 4*'#%#3+7*3-9-
^H+ 4*'#%#3+$*3-%#
,H+ =-)#'"+%-'"-'+5"$=#$%2.'
*H+ ?-^-+@-%-+3*'"-@-'
:H+ A-$7*)+[$*$#-&+,*'"-'+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71\
SH+ @*'""#'-7-'+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'+ 5"$=#$%2.'+ ,-'+ "-'%&+ $*$*)&'"+
@#'"7&'j+
PH+ @*'""-'%&+8-$+9-<+8&7-+<*)3&',-(+-)*-+7*)8-j
RH+ <*7*)8-+$*^-)-++3"65",'*("#3%.+-%-#+3*%#"-$+.-'"+<*)<*,-N<*,-+
%&-3+)#-'"j
WH+ @*@<*)&+9-<*9+$*@#-+)*-"*'$&-++,*'"-'+<-&7j
]H+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -9-$+ 9-'%-&+ .-'"+ $("*K)+ 3-,-+ %&-3+ 3&'%#+ @-$#7+
)#-'"+ 9-<+ #'%#7+ @*'.-)&'"+ 3-)%&7*9+ 3-,-+ <-"&-'+ <-5-(+ -9-$+
7-7&+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'j
VH+ @*'""#'-7-'+@&7)13&3*%+.-'"+%*)7-9&<)-$&+,-'+%&3+ʈOWHUj
YH+ @*9-7#7-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ -)*-+ 7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+
9-)#%-'+ LUk+ $1,&#@+ (&31791)&%+ ,-'+ -971(19+ VUk+ 3-,-+ $--%+
@*@#9-&+,-'+$*9*$-&+<*7*)8-+
M-%-%-'e+ <-(-'+ (&31791)&%+ ,-3-%+ @*'.*<-<7-'+ 7-)-%+ 3-,-+
@-%*)&+91"-@++
OH+ @*9-7#7-'+3*'.&'-)-'+QX+$*%*9-(+,*71'%-@&'-$&+$*9*$-&+&7-+
J=M+$#,-(+%&,-7+,&"#'-7-'j

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
61
LUH+ $*<-"-&+ %-@<-(-'+ 9-)#%-'+ ,*-7%&I-$&+ *'i&@+ $*3*)%&+ +,%$".6P6-
/.)*#$".%$'+ ,-3-%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ @*'"(&9-'"7-'+ -@39&71'+
.-'"+%&,-7+,&&'"&'7-'j
LLH+ @*9-7#7-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ 3-,-+ 3&3*%Z+ 3*)@#7--'+ <*)<-"-&+
-9-%+ 7*)8-Z+ "-"-'"+ 3&'%#+ ,-'+ -9-%N-9-%+ 9-&'+ $*%*9-(+ ,&"#'-7-'+
3-,-+(-)&+%*)$*<#%j
LSH+ @*9-7#7-'+#8&+$5-<+3-,-+<*)<-"-&+-9-%+,&+9&'"7#'"-'+9-<+#'%#7+
@*',*%*7$&+7*@#'"7&'-'+71'%-@&'-'+$*^-)-+<*)7-9-H

=*@#-+3*)$1'*9+.-'"+@-$#7+-%-#+<*7*)8-+,&+,-9-@+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
@19*7#9*)+(-)#$+,&9-%&(Z+%*)@-$#7+3*%#"-$+7*<*)$&(-'+,-'+3*%#"-$+
3*@*9&(-)-a>%"3('3%3*'-$(%&&H

6F$ )L4V4$ N.INK$ #1H3.3H4G32423$ $ /4.$ #1./1I1K23$ D0.I4H3.423$


*4HL1G$/4G4H$%E0212$+.4G3I3K
4-,-+$--%+@*'.&-37-'+)*-"*'+-'-9&%&$+,-'+<-(-'+71'%)19
LH+ "#'-7-'+3+*.'%$'-&,''-;%(',j
SH+ 7*)8-+ ,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ J=>NS+ -%-#+ J=>NP+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+
7*<#%#(-'j
PH+ + $&@3-'+ $*@#-+ )*-"*'+ ,-9-@+ <*<*)-3-+ %."X+#(+ #'%#7+
@*@&'&@-9&$-$&++71'%-@&'-$&j
RH+ "#'-7-'- >%$(',- >"Z+ 4MC+ .-'"+ $#,-(+ ,&N%."X+#(+ ,-9-@+
;#,K"3/-$#.+("#3H

4-,-+ $--%+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3)1$*$+ 4MC+ .-'"+ (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ -,-9-(+


$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%
LH+ @*'.&-37-'+ 71'%)19+ '*"-%&:+ [-&)\+ $*%&-3+ @*@-$#77-'+ W`Y+
$-@3*9+#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+71'%-@&'-$&+$&9-'"j

P E D OM A N
62 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
SH+ @*'"&',&7-$&7-'+ -,-'.-+ 71'%-@&'-$&+ $&9-'"+ [<&-$-'.-+
%*)8-,&+ 7-)*'-+ @-$-9-(+ 3*@&3*%-'\+ 8&7-+ 3-,-+ 71'%)19+ '*"-%&:+
@*@<*)&7-'+(-$&9+31$&%&:j
PH+ @*'-@<-(7-'+ 3#- ('>=.%('- *#3(,#.- [/DM\+ Æ+ (-'.-+ >%$(',-
>"Z+4MCZ+%-'3-+$-@3*9+-%-#+71'%)19+31$&%&:H
4*'.*<-<+/MD+31$&%&:+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
-H+ 71'%-@&'-$&+,-)&+3&3*%+,-'+)*-"*'+$--%+3)*3-)-$&+)*-"*'j
<H+ 71'%-@&'-$&+$&9-'"+$&-'"+,-)&+%#<*+9-&''.-j
^H+ 71'%-@&'-$&+ .-'"+ <*)-$-9+ ,-)&+ ('>=.%('+ -%-#+ -@39&71'+
3-,-+3*)@#7--'+-)*-a-9-%+7*)8-+9-<j
,H+ -,-'.-+-*)1$19+.-'"+<*)-$-9+,-)&+3*@&3*%-'Z+%-<#'"+.-'"+
3*^-(+-%-#+<1^1)j
*H+ 3*@<*)$&(-'a,*71'%-@&'-$&+.-'"+%&,-7+$*@3#)'-j
:H+ 3*%#"-$+9-<+.-'"+%&,-7+@*'"&7#%&+-9#)+7*)8-+.-'"+$%-',-)j
"H+ 3*)3&',-(-'+ )*-"*'Z+ 8-$+ 9-<Z+ 3*'-Z+ 7*)%-$+ ,99H+ ,-)&+ -)*-+
71%1)+7*+-)*-+<*)$&(j+,-'
(H+ 3*'.*<-<+9-&'H

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$<"#7#0"4%7-?%&'()-@%!"/'($X;*5Y
!"#.#/"*%.- 0%&'()- 1%2"3'(+ [J=M\+ -,-9-(+ 7-<&'*%+ #'%#7+ <*7*)8-+
@*'""#'-7-'+<-(-'+&':*7$&#$+,-'a-%-#+%17$&'+.-'"+,-3-%+@*'&@<#97-'+
-*)1$19H+6%#+<*):#'"$&+#'%#7+@*9&',#'"&+3*%#"-$+9-<Z+9&'"7#'"-'+,-'+
<-(-'+<&191"&+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'H+

4)&'$&3+7*)8-+,-)&+J=M+-,-9-(+3*'"*',-9&-'+)&$&71+,*'"-'+$&$%*@+%-%-+
#,-)-+3-,-+)#-'"+,&+7-<&'*%+$*)%-+8*'&$N8*'&$+7-<&'*%+.-'"+@*'""#'-7-'+
$&$%*@+%-%-+#,-)-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+,-'+3*)<*,--''.-H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
63
D-<*9+PHS+_*'&$+7-<&'*%+,*'"-'+$&$%*@+%-%-+#,-)-+,-'+:#'"$&+3*)9&',#'"-''.-
[=#@<*)e+;2T+J&1$-:*%.+A-'#-9+P),+*,&%&1'Z+SUUR\
%&:*8'"- %:86)D -"'CD)'C+'
>EA!C6+!=!A+ Ȱ
[OSHA-@NND\
T4HBP4<-4B<-OTNU+ Ȱ
[>!G\+
J6T>TF6M!>+ Ȱ Ȱ
=!GEDg+M!J6/ED+
[J=M\+?E>!=+6
J=M+?E>!=+66 Ȱ Ȱ Ȱ

J=M+?E>!=+666 Ȱ Ȱ Ȱ

6=T>!DTC Ȱ Ȱ Ȱ

F-@<-)+PHP+D&"-+7-<&'*%+$&$%*@+%-%-+#,-)-+.-'"+#@#@+,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+
9-<1)-%1)&#@
=#@<*)e+E-"9*$1'+6'$%&%#%*Z+LOOP

P E D OM A N
64 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
$ .ODVLʈNDVL%6&
4*@&9&(-'+J=M+%*)"-'%#'"++3-,-++3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71H+4*)9-7#-'+
,-'+7*"&-%-'+.-'"+-7-'+,&9-7#7-'+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*'%&'"+#'%#7+
,&7*%-(#Z+-"-)+3*@&9&(-'+J=M+%*3-%+,-'+,-3-%+@*'"-@-'7-'+
3*%#"-$+,-'+9&'"7#'"-'Z+$*)%-+@*'"#)-'"&+7*)#"&-'H+

7DEHO.ODVLʈNDVL!"#$%&'()-1%2"3'(+[J=M\
[=#@<*)e+U@N-!"#$%&'()-H%3+%.-[,5-'5"("#3Z+SUUR\

D&5&%+!+'$
+-":+'$
)6+:+$
D-+*"9"D+*" %:8!&D*" )6+:+$ +%-"D+*"
6&%+'$
;)+'C
D+;"'&!
?E>!=+6 4*)$1'&9a LUU+k+7*9#-) VW+:3@+[UHPY+ A&7)11)"-'&$@*+
3*%#"-$ @a$\ [-"*'\+)&$&71+
C*',-(+l+$*,-'"+
?E>!=+66 4*)$1'&9+a+
4*%#"-$+,-'+
-"*'
Dg4E+!L 4*)$1'&9+a+ VU+k+=&)7#9-$&a+ VW+:3@+[UHPYL+ A&7)11)"-'&$@*+
3*%#"-$+ PUk+7*9#-) @a$\ [-"*'\+)&$&71+
0-'+-"*' C*',-(+l+$*,-'"
Dg4E+!S 4*)$1'&9+a+ VU+k+$&)7#9-$&a+ LUU+:3@+[UHWUY+ !"*'+)&$&71+
3*%#"-$+ PUk+7*9#-) @a$\ C*',-(+l+$*,-'"Z+
0-'+-"*' J&$-+,*'"-'+
C:">2.'-5+*(
Dg4E+JL 4*)$1'&9+a+ VU+k+?*9#-) LUU+:3@+[UHWUY+ !"*'+)&$&71+
3*%#"-$+ @a$\ $*,-'"Z+J-(-'+
0-'+-"*' 7&@&-+%1K&'+)*',-(
Dg4E+JS 4*)$1'&9+a+ LUU+k+7*9#-) LUU+:3@+[UHWUY+ !"*'+)&$&71+
3*%#"-$+ @a$\ $*,-'"Z+J-(-'+
0-'+-"*' 7&@&-+%1K&'+)*',-(+
N+$*,-'"
?E>!=+666 4*)$1'&9+a+ LUU+k+7*9#-) /a! !"*'+)&$&71+%&'""&Z+
3*%#"-$+ J-(-'+7&@&-+%1K&'+
0-'+-"*' 9#.%(".'+%&'""&+
1RWH16)7HODK0HQJNODVLʈNDVL.HODV,,$%VHEDJDL.HODV,,$7\SH$VXGDK
,&(-3#$

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
65
LH+ J=M+?*9-$+6
J=M+ ?*9-$+ 6+ @*'-)&7+ #,-)-+ ,-)&+ )#-'"-'+ @-$#7+
7*+ J=M+ ,-)&+ <#7--'+ ,*3-'+ @*9*5-%&+ -)*-+ 7*)8-+ J=M+ ,-'+
@*'"*9#-)7-''.-+7*+$-9#)-'+3*@<#-'"-'+@*9-9#&+ʈOWHU+2E4!H+
J=M+?*9-$+6+@*9&',#'"&+3*7*)8-+,-'+9&'7"7#'"-'Z+%*%-3&+%&,-7+
@*9&',#'"&+-)*-+7*)8-+%*)(-,-3+71'%-@&'-$&+7-)*'-+#,-)-+,-)&+
9#-)+.-'"+,&%-)&7+@-$#7+7*+J=M+9-'"$#'"+@*9*5-%&+-)*-+7*)8-+
,-9-@+J=M+%-'3-+ʈOWHUH

F-@<-)+PHR+J=M+?*9-$+6
=#@<*)e+U@N-!"#$%&'()-H%3+%.-[,5-'5"("#3Z+SUUR

SH+ J=M+?*9-$+66
J=M+?*9-$+66+@*@<*)&7-'+3*9&',#'"-'+<-"&+3*'""#'-Z+
9&'"7#'"-'+,-'+-)*-+7*)8-H+Q,-)-+.-'"+,&%-)&7+,-)&+,-)&+<#7--'+
,*3-'+J=M+@*'"-9&)+@*9-9#&+/,"..+-%-#+7&$&N7&$&+#,-)-+<-"&-'+
,*3-'+ #'%#7+ 7*@#,&-'+ ,&+ ʈOWHU+ @*9-9#&+ 2E4!+ ʈOWHU+ ,-'+
@*@<*)&7-'+#,-)-+<*)$&(+,&+-)*-+7*)8-H+D*),-3-%+*@3-%+8*'&$+

P E D OM A N
66 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
J=M+?*9-$+66Z+.-&%#+%&3*+!LZ+!SZ+JLZ+,-'+JSH
-H+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!L
J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!L+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+-"*'+.-'"+
@*@&9&7&+ )&$&71+ )*',-(+ ,-'+ %&,-7+ @*'"-',#'"+ <-(-'+
7&@&-+ <*)-^#'+ -%-#+ )-,&1'#79&,-+ .-'"+ @#,-(+ @*'"#-3H+
4*)^*3-%-'+#,-)-+@-$#7+@&'&@-9+UZPYNUZW+@a$+3-,-+<#7--'+
,*3-'H+ =*9-'8#%'.-Z+ #,-)-+ @-$#7+ 7*+ -)*-+ @*9-9#&+ 7&$&+
#,-)-+[/,"..\+<-"&-'+,*3-'+,-'+<*9-7-'"+3*)@#7--'+7*)8-H+
Q,-)-+,&%-)&7+@-$#7+7*+<-"&-'+<-5-(+7-<&'*%+++%*),-3-%+
2.#;',+ .-'"+ 7*@#,&-'+ @*'"*9#-)7-'+ #,-)-+ @*9-9#&+
39*'#@H+Q,-)-+,&$-)&'"+19*(+2E4!+ʈOWHU+$*<*9#@+,&<#-'"++
7*9#-)+7-<&'*%+,-'+$*<-"&-'+9-"&+-7-'+@-$#7+7*@<-9&+7*+
-)*-+3*)@#7--'+7*)8-+7-<&'*%H+_&7-+,&@#'"7&'7-'Z+#,-)-+
,&<#-'"+ 7*+ 9#-)+ "*,#'"+ @*'""#'-7-'+ $-9#)-'+ #,-)-+
[5+*("3/\+,*'"-'+%#,#'"+7-'13&+s(:">2.'tH

F-@<-)+PHW+J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!L
=#@<*)e+Q'&I*)$&%.+1:+/*I-,-+C*'1+[(%%3$eaa555H#')H*,#a*($a319&^&*$N
@-'#-9$a<&1$-:*%.N@-'#-9a^(-3%*)NY\Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
67
<H+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!S
J=M+ ?*9-$+ 66+ D&3*+ !S+ @*@&9&7&+ )*$&)7#9-$&+ #,-)-+
,-'+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ <*7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+ -"*'+ ")#3+ )&$&71+ S+
,-'+ PZ+ %1K&'Z+ ,-'+ )-,&1'#79&,-+ 9#.%(".'- %&'"7-%+ )*',-(H+
4*)^*3-%-'+#,-)-+@-$#7+@&'&@-9+UZW+@a$+-%-#+LUU+:%a@&'H+
Q,-)-+@-$#7+,-)&+<#7--'+,*3-'+-7-'+%*)%-)&7+7*+7&$&+#,-)-+
[/,"..\+<-"&-'+,*3-'+,-'+<*9-7-'"+3*)@#7--'+-)*-+7*)8-H+
=*9-'8#%'.-Z+#,-)-+,&%-)&7+19*(+2.#;',+,&+<-"&-'+-%-$+,-)&+
=.'3+>+ ,*'"-'+ %*7-'-'+ '*"-%&:+ 7*+ =.'3+>+ <*)%*7-'-'+
31$&%&:H+ =*<-'.-7+ PUk+ #,-)-+ ,&<#-'"+ 7*9#-)+ ,-'+ VUk+
#,-)-+@-$#7+7*@<-9&+7*+,-9-@+)#-'"-'+-)*-+7*)8-+@*9-9#&+
$-)&'"-'+2E4!+ʈOWHUH+D.3*+J=M+7*9-$+S+%.3*+!S+&'&+-,-+
.-'"+ @*'""#'-7-'+ ,-'+ %&,-7+ @*'""#'-7-'+ $-9#)-'+
3*@<#-'"-'+#,-)-+[5+*("3/\H+

F-@<-)+PH]+J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+!S
=#@<*)+e+Q'&I*)$&%.+1:+/*I-,-+C*'1+[(%%3$eaa555H#')H*,#a*($a319&^&*$N
@-'#-9$a<&1$-:*%.N@-'#-9a^(-3%*)NY\Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
68 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
^H+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+JL
J=M+7*9-$+66+%&3*+JL+^1^17+#'%#7+3*7*)8--'+,*'"-'+
-"*'+")#3+)&$&71+%&'"7-%+S+-%-#+PZ+%1K&'Z+,-'+)-,&1'#^9*1%&,*+
9#.%(".'+ )*',-(H+ 4*)^*3-%-'+ #,-)-+ @-$#7+ @&'&@-9+ UZW+
@a$+ -%-#+ LUU+ :%a@&'H+ Q,-)-+ @-$#7+ ,-)&+ <#7--'+ ,*3-'+
,-'+<-"&-'+7&$&+#,-)-+,&+39*'#@+<-"&-'+-%-$H+Q,-)-+.-'"+
@-$#7+,-)&+<-"&-'+$%$:+%*)%-)&7+7*+7&$&+#,-)-+[/,"..\+<-"&-'+
,*3-'+ ,-'+ <*9-7-'"+ 3*)@#7--'+ -)*-+ 7*)8-Z+ $*,-'"7-'+
#,-)-+,-)&+7&$&+#,-)-+-%-$+9-'"$#'"+@-$#7+7*+39*'#@+,-'+
@-$#7+7*+-)*-+7*)8-+@*9-9#&+2E4!+ʈOWHUH++4-,-+#@#@'.-Z+
J=M+ 7*9-$+ S+D.3*+ J+ @*'""#'-7-'+ $-9#)-'+ #,-)-+ 7*9#-)+
[5+*("3/\H+ Q'%#7+ %.3*+ JL+ 3*@<-"&-'+ #,-)-+ .-'"+ 7*9#-)+
@*9-9#&+5+*("3/-$*<*$-)+VUk+,-'+)*$&)7#9-$&+$*<*$-)+PUkH+

F-@<-)+PHV+J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+JL
=#@<*)e+U@N-!"#$%&'()-H%3+%.-[,5-'5"("#3Z+SUUR

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
69
,H+ J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+JS
J=M+7*9-$+66+%&3*+JS+^1^17+#'%#7+3*7*)8--'+,*'"-'+
-"*'+,*'"-'+")#3+)&$&71+%&'"7-%+S+,-'+P+%*)"-'%#'"+3-,-++
3*'&9-&-'+ )&$&71Z+ <-(-'+ 7&@&-+ <*)-^#'+ ,-'+ )-,&1'#79&,-+
9#.%(".'+ )*',-(+ $-@3-&+ $*,-'"H+ 4*)^*3-%-'+ -9&)-'+ #,-)-+
@&'&@-9+UZW+@a$H+D&,-7+-,-+)*$&)7#9-$&+#,-)-Z+LUUk+#,-)-+
,&<#-'"+ @*@&9&7&+ 5+*("3/+ ,-'+ 39*'#@+ ,*'"-'+ %*7-'-'+
'*"-%&I*Z+ @*@&9&7&+ -9-)@+ .-'"+ -7-'+ <*)<#'.&+ 8&7-+ -9&)-'+
3*'"&$-3+ + <*)(*'%&H+ + !.#;',+ @*'-)&7+ #,-)-+ 9#-)+ ,-)&+ 7&$&+
#,-)-+-%-$+7*+,-9-@+7-<&'*%Z+@*9-9#&+2E4!+ʈOWHU+@*'"-9&)+
7*+ 3*)@#7--'+ -)*-+ 7*)8-H+!9&)-'+ #,-)-+ 9#-)+ .-'"+ @-$#7+
@*9-9#&+$%$:+<-"&-'+,*3-'+7-<&'*%+-7-'+,&%-)&7+@-$#7+7*+
=.'3+>+,-'+9-'"$#'"+%*)<#-'"+7*+5+*("3/H+

F-@<-)+PHY+J=M+?*9-$+66+D&3*+JS
=#@<*)e+Q'&I*)$&%.+1:+/*I-,-+C*'1+[(%%3$eaa555H#')H*,#a*($a319&^&*$N
@-'#-9$a<&1$-:*%.N@-'#-9a^(-3%*)NY\Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
70 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
PH+ J=M+?*9-$+666
J=M+ ?*9-$+ 666+ 3-,-+ #@#@'.-+ (-'.-+ ,&"#'-7-'+ ,&+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ @*@*)9#7-'+ %&'"7-%+ 2"#$%&'()+ @-7$&@-9Z+
@*'.*,&-7-'+%&'"7-%+3*)9&',#'"-'+3-9&'"+%&'""&+,-'+,&"#'-7-'+
#'%#7+ 7*91@317+ )&$&71+ P+ -%-#+ R+ $*$#-&+ + ,*'"-'+ 3*'&9-&-'+
)&$&71H+ =*@#-+ 3*'*%)-$&+ ,&$*"*9+ ,-'+ s7*,-3+ #,-)-tH+ 4-$17-'+
#,-)-+ @*9-9#&+ $-)&'"-'+ 2E4!+ ,-'+ <#-'"-'+ 8#"-+ @*9*5-%&+
2E4!H+Q,-)-+,&+,-9-@+7-<&'*%+%*%-3+<*)%*7-'-'+'*"-%&:H++4-,-+
$--%+@-$#7+$+7*+,-9-@+)#-'"-'+1)-'"+(-)#$+@*@-7-&+$-)#'"+
%-'"-'+ 7(#$#$+ .-'"+ %*)&7-%+ ,*'"-'+ + <-"&-'+ ,*3-'+ 7-<&'*%+
#'%#7+<*7*)8-+,&+-)*-+7*)8-H+!9&)-'+#,-)-+<#-'"-'+,&$-)&'"+"+
@*'""#'-7-'+2E4!+"-',-+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+%&,-7+-,-+-"*'+
.-'"+7*9#-)H+

F-@<-)+PHO+J=M+?*9-$+666
=#@<*)e+Q'&I*)$&%.+1:+/*I-,-+C*'1+[(%%3$eaa555H#')H*,#a*($a319&^&*$N
@-'#-9$a<&1$-:*%.N@-'#-9a^(-3%*)NY\Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
71
;*5$N.INK$%1H1E3K244.$*+:*S50?S=
=%-',-)+ @&'&@-9+ J=M+ #'%#7+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ M1I&,NLO+ + LO+
-,-9-(+J=M+7*9-$+66+%&3*+!S+.-'"+@*@<*)&7-'+3*)9&',#'"-'+<-"&+
3*'""#'-Z+9&'"7#'"-'Z+,-'+-)*-+7*)8-H

J*)&7#%+ <*<*)-3-+ (-9+ .-'"+ (-)#$+ ,&3*)(-%&7-'+ %*)7-&%+ + ,*'"-'+


3*'""#'--'+J=Me
L\+ =-9-(+ $-%#+ @&%1$+ %*'%-'"+ J=M+ 3-9&'"+ $*)&'"+ ,&3*)^-.-&+ 19*(+
3*%#"-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,&+ $*9#)#(+ ,#'&-+ -,-9-(+ J=M+ 7-)*'-++
@*@<*)&7-'+3*)9&',#'"-'+.-'"+$*@3#)'-+,-)&+<-(-'+&':*7$&#$H+
/-@#'Z+(-9+%*)$*<#%+$*$#'""#('.-+%&,-7+<*'-)H+0&+<-5-(+&'&+
-,-9-(+(-9N(-9+.-'"+<*'-)+%*)7-&%+,*'"-'+3*'""#'--'+J=MH+
-H+ D*7'&7+ .-'"+ $-9-(+ $--%+ @*'""#'-7-'+ J=M+ -7-'+
@*@<#-%+3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%*%-3+<*)&$&71+%*)3-3-)+
<-(-'+&':*7$&#$H
<H+ J=M+ ,-3-%+ @*@3*)%-(-'7-'+ %&'"7-%+ $%*)&9&%-$+ 8&7-+
,&"#'-7-'+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ ^-)-+ 3)-7%&7+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+
.-'"+<*'-)+19*(+3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
^H+ 4)-7%&7++9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+<*'-)+,-'+2"#$%&'()+.-'"+
,&%*)-37-'+ 19*(+ 3*%#"-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ (-)#$+ $*9-9#+
@*'8-,&+<-"&-'+.-'"+@*9*'"7-3&+3*'""#'--'+J=MH
,H+ 4*'*)-3-'++3)-7%&7+7*)8-+.-'"+-@-'+$*9-&'+@*9&',#'"&+
3*%#"-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ %*)3-3-)+ ,-)&+ <-(-'+ &':*7$&#$Z+
8#"-+ ,-3-%+ @*'^*"-(+ %*)8-,&'.-+ 71'%-@&'-$&+ $&9-'"+
3-,-+$-@3*9+.-'"+,&3*)&7$-H
S\+ J=M+ (-)#$+ %*)(#<#'"+ 7*+ ^-%#+ ,-.-+ .-'"+ $%-<&9H+ 6,*-9'.-+
%*)(#<#'"+ @*9-9#&+ S3"3(',,+=("2.'- ?#;',- 0+==.)+ [Q4=\+
,*'"-'+7-3-$&%-$+.-'"+^#7#3+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+<-(5-+J=M+
,-3-%+<*)13*)-$&+$*%&,-7'.-+$*9-@-+LW+@*'&%+3-,-+$--%+9&$%)&7+
@-%&H+ 4*7*)8--'+ (-)#$+ $*"*)-+ ,&(*'%&7-'+ 7*%&7-+ 9&$%)&7+ @-%&+

P E D OM A N
72 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
,-'+ LW+ @*'&%+ %*)$*<#%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ J=M+ #'%#7+ @*@<*)$&(7-'+
7-<&'*%H
P\+ =*<-"&-'+<*$-)+J=M+,&9*'"7-3&+,*'"-'+%.%,>+I&$#-9+,-'+$#-)-H+
4.%,>+J=M+@*@3*)&'"-%7-'+3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+<-(5-+J=M+
%&,-7+9-"&+-@-'+#'%#7+<*)13*)-$&+,-'+:#'"$&+3*)9&',#'"-''.-+
@#'"7&'+ %&,-7+ <*7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+ <-&7H+ ?*%&7-+ -9-)@+ %*)8-,&Z+
3*%#"-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ (-)#$+ $*"*)-+ @*'"(*'%&7-'+ 3*7*)8--'+
,-'+@*@<*)&+%-(#+$+=',9"$#,+-%-#+@-'-8*)+9-<1)-%1)&#@H
R\+ Q'%#7+ @*@-$%&7-'+ J=M+ @-$&(+ <*):#'"$&+ ,*'"-'+ <-&7Z++
3*)-5-%-'+ (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,*'"-'+ )#%&'+ %*)@-$#7+ 7-9&<)-$&+
$*%&-3+ %-(#'H+ ?-9&<)-$&+ J=M+ (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+ 3*%#"-$+
\DQJ NRPSHWHQ DWDX PHPLOLNL VHUWLʈNDVL P%("#3%.- 0%3"(%("#3-
O#+35%("#3+ [/=G\H+ =*9-&'+ 7-9&<)-$&+ %-(#'-'Z+ 7-9&<)-$&+ 8#"-+
3*)9#+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*%*9-(+ %*)8-,&+ 3*@&',-(-'+ %*@3-%+ J=M+
@*$7&3#'+,&+,-9-@+)#-'"-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+$-@-H
W\+ D&)-&+ #,-)-+ .-'"+ @*@<-'%#+ @*@<*)&7-'+ 3*)9&',#'"-'+ $--%+
<*7*)8-+,&+J=M+<*)$&:-%+)-3#(H+?*@-@3#-''.-+-,-9-(+#'%#7+
@*9&',#'"&+ @#,-(+ )#$-7+ 19*(+ "*)-7-'+ #,-)-+ %*)%*'%#+ $*3*)%&+
%#)<#9*'$&H+ X19#@*+ #,-)-+ .-'"+ <*$-)+ ,-)&+ %",- *#35"("#3',+
[!M\+,-'+7&3-$+-'"&'+8*9-$+,-3-%+@*)#$-7+%&)-&+#,-)-+%*)$*<#%H+
/-@#'Z+ 7*"&-%-'+ <&-$-+ $*3*)%&+ @*@<#7-+ ,-'+ @*'#%#3+ 3&'%#+
-%-#+ <*)8-9-'+ %*)9-9#+ ,*7-%+ 7*+ J=M+ 8#"-+ ,-3-%+ @*)#$-7+ %&)-&+
#,-)-+ 3*9&',#'"+ %*)$*<#%H+ T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#Z+ J=M+ %&,-7+ <19*(+
,&%*@3-%7-'+,&+,*7-%+-)*-+9-9#+-9-'"+3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@H

;F$ %1.1HL4I4.$;*5
4*'*'%#-'+ 917-$&+ 3*'*@3-%-'+ J=M+ ,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*)9#+
@*@3*)%&@<-'"7-'+(-9N(-9+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
U$ 4-$%&7-'+31$&$&+J=M+8-#(+,-)&+!M+
4*)"*)-7-'+ #,-)-+ .-'"+ ,&(-$&97-'+ 19*(+ !M+ <*)31%*'$&+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
73
@*)#$-7+ %&)-&+ #,-)-+ <-(7-'+ ,-)&+ 8-)-7+ 9*<&(+ ,-)&+ P+ @*%*)H+
D&,-7+,&$-)-'7-'+@*@1$&$&7-'++J=M+<*)(-,-3-'+9-'"$#'"+
,*'"-'+!MH
U$ _-)-7+J=M+,-)&+-)*-+9-9#+9-9-'"+3*%#"-$
J*)8-9-'+,-3-%+@*'^&3%-7-'+3*)"*)-7-'+#,-)-+.-'"+^#7#3+
@*'""-'""#+-9&)-'+#,-)-+,&+J=MH+J*)&7-'+8-)-7+LZW+@*%*)+
-'%-)-+J=M+,-'+-)*-+9-9#+9-9-'"+1)-'"H+4-,-+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
,*'"-'+ )#-'"-'+ .-'"+ <*)#7#)-'+ 7*^&9+ + 3*)9#+ ,&9-7#7-'+
3*@<-%-$-'+ 3*)"*)-7-'+ 1)-'"+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ $--%+
J=M+$*,-'"+,&"#'-7-'H
U$ 4&'%#+,-'+8*',*9-
A*@<#7-+ ,-'+ @*'#%#3+ 3&'%#+ ,-3-%+ @*'^&3%-7-'+
3*)"*)-7-'+#,-)-+.-'"+,-3-%+@*'""-'""#+%&)-&+#,-)-+J=MZ+
,*@&7&-'+8#"-+,*'"-'+8*',*9-+.-'"+%*)<#7-+@*@#'"7&'7-'+
-9&)-'+#,-)-+.-'"+@-$#7+,-'+7*9#-)+,-)&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+T9*(+
7-)*'-+&%#Z+#'%#7+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+@*@&9&7&+8*',*9-+.-'"+
<&$-+,&<#7-Z+3*)9#+,&3-$%&7-'+8*',*9-+$*9-9#+,-9-@+71',&$&+
%*)%#%#3H
U$ >17-$&+3*)-9-%-'+9-&'
!9&)-'+#,-)-+7*9#-)+['Z:%+$(\+,-)&+J=M+9-&'+-%-#+3*)-9-%-'+
9-&''.-+ ,-3-%+ @*'""-'""#+ %&)-&+ #,-)-H+ T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#Z+
3*)9#+ ,&3*)%&@<-'"7-'+ ,*'"-'+ ^*)@-%+ 3*'"-)#(+ $*@#-+
3*)-9-%-'+,-'+3*'"-)#('.-+%*)(-,-3+%&)-&+#,-)-+J=M+7*%&7-+
@*@#%#$7-'+917-$&+3*'*@3-%-'+J=MH
U$ _-)-7+,-)&+,&',&'"+-%-#+39-:1'
4*'*@3-%-'+ + J=M+ .-'"+ %*)9-9#+ ,*7-%+ ,*'"-'+ ,&',&'"+
-%-#+ 39-:1'+ ,-3-%+ @*'^&3%-7-'+ %*7-'-'+ <-9&7+ $*(&'""-+
@*'""-'""#+:#'"$&+J=MH+J*)&7-'+8-)-7+@&'&@#@+PW+^@+,&+
$*%&-3+$&$&+,-'+,&+-%-$+J=MH

P E D OM A N
74 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
5F$ ;1K1EO4$/1.M4.$+H4.$/3$;*5
<F$ *1Q1GNH$;1K1EO4$/3$;*5
2-9N(-9+.-'"+(-)#$+,&9-7#7-'+$*<*9#@+<*7*)8-+,&+J=M+-,-9-(+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
-H+ >-7#7-'+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71H+4*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+,&9-7#7-'+19*(+
%LRVDIHW\ 2IʈFHU+ -%-#+ 3*'-'""#'"+ 8-5-<+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+
,*'"-'+ @*@3*)(-%&7-'+ -"*'+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'Z+ 3*7*)8--'+
.-'"+,&9-7#7-'Z+,-'+7*@#'"7&'-'+)&$&71+9-&''.-H+
<H+ =&-37-'+3*)-9-%-'+,-'+<-(-'+#'%#7+<*7*)8-+,&+J=M+$*3*)%&+
L\+ 3*)-9-%-'e+3&3*%Z+2"#:%Y%,5-(,%)Z+,-'+9-&'N9-&'j9
S\+ $3*$&@*'j+
P\+ <-(-'+(-<&$+3-7-&e+3&3*%+%&3$Z+I&-9Z+,-'+9-&'N9-&'j+
R\+ )*-"*'H+
^H+ F#'-7-'++-9-%+3*9&',#'"+,&)&+[!40\
L\+ $-)#'"+%-'"-'+5#+2.'-/.#9'$\
S\+ <-8#+>-<+-%-#+8-$+9-<+-%-#+.%2-/#;3\
P\+ $*3-%#+<11%+-%-#+$*3-%#+,*'"-'+3*'#%#3j
R\+ 39&',#'"+@-%-+,-'+5-8-(j+,-'+
W\+ @-$7*)H+

=F$ %1E234L4.$+G4I$/3$;*5
-H+ _&7-+J=M+,&9*'"7-3&+,*'"-'+9-@3#+QXZ+'.-9-7-'+9-@3#+
$*9-@-+PU+@*'&%H+
<H+ A-%&7-'+9-@3#+QX+,-'+<#7-+8*',*9-+[$%$:\+<-"&-'+,*3-'+
J=M+$-@3-&+9-@3#+@*'.-9-+-%-#+$*$#-&++,*'"-'+&',&7-%1)+
J=MH+ 4-$%&7-'+ %&,-7+ -,-+ <-)-'"+ 3*'"(-9-'"+ ,&+ -%-$+ 7&$&+
#,-)-+[/,"..\+<-"&-'+,*3-'H+
^H+ /.-9-7-'- 2.#;',- ,-'+ <&-)7-'+ $*9-@-+ W+ @*'&%+ #'%#7+
@*'$%-<&97-'+$&$%*@+#,-)-H+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
75
,H+ 0*71'%-@&'-$&+ J=M+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -971(19+
VUk+ [<-(-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ %*)"-'%#'"+ ,-)&+ -"*'+ .-'"+
,&7*)8-7-'\+,-'+,&+9-3+,*'"-'+7-&'+<*)$&(+$*%*9-('.-H
*H+ >-7#7-'+3*'.*$#-&-'+7#)$&+,*'"-'+-)*-+7*)8-+J=MH
:H+ J*)$&(7-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -971(19+ ,-'+ %&$#+ + #'%#7+ $*@#-+
3*)-9-%-'Z+ <-(-'+ (-<&$+ 3-7-&+ ,-'+ $3*$&@*'+ $*<*9#@+
,&@-$#77-'+7*+,-9-@+J=MH
"H+ D&,-7+<19*(+@*9*%-77-'+<-)-'"+,&+-%-$+7&$&+#,-)-+,-'+%&,-7+
<19*(+%*)9-9#+3*'#(+<-)-'"+,&+,-9-@+7-<&'*%H
(H+ J#-%9-(+-9#)+7*)8-+,-9-@+J=MH
L\+ B1'-+<*)$&(+ + + e+-)*-+)*-"*'+
S\+ B1'-+7*)8-+ + + e+3&3*%+,-'+$3*$&@*'
P\+ B1'-+71%1)+[%*)71'%-@&'-$&\+ e+9&@<-(

F-@<-)+PHLU+4*@<-"&-'+-)*-+7*)8-+,&+,-9-@+J=M
=#@<*)e+(%%3$eaa555SH9<9H"1Ia*($a3#<PUUUaM2S]aM2S]u!33KuEH(%@9Z+
SUSU

P E D OM A N
76 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
@F$ *44I$;1K1EO4$/3$;*5
?*"&-%-'+$--%+<*7*)8-+$-'"-%+@*@*'"-)#(&++-,-'.-+%#)<#9*'$&+
-%-#+ 3#%-)+ <-9&7+ #,-)-+ .-'"+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ )&$&71+ %*)8-,&'.-+
&':*7$&+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H

U$ Q$-(-7-'+ -9#)+ i1'-+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ #)#%-'+ 7*)8-e+ i1'-+


<*)$&(Z+i1'-+7*)8-+,-'+i1'-+71%1)+[%*)71'%-@&'-$&\H

U$ J*)"*)-7+3*)9-(-'+[%&,-7+%*)<#)#N<#)#\H

U$ F*)-7-'+%-'"-'+$--%+<*7*)8-+,-'+7*9#-)a@-$#7+7-<&'*%+
9#)#$+%&,-7+@*'.-@3&'"H+

U$ A-$#7+,-'+7*9#-)7-'+3*)-9-%-'+-%-#+<-(-'+,-)&+7-<&'*%+
,*'"-'+%-'"-'+,-'+9*'"-'+9#)#$H+

U$ 67#%&+%*7'&7+-$*3%&7+<*)&7#%e

1+ 4-,-+ $--%+ @*@<#7-+ %#%#3+ <1%19Z+ (+2'+ -%-#+


ʉDVN+ #$-(-7-'+ $*8-8-)+ ,*'"-'+ -9&)-'+ #,-)-+ lr+
X*)%&7-9H+

1+ =*9-9#+@*'#%#3+(+2'+$*%*9-(+,&"#'-7-'H

1+ 4*'*@3-%-'+ <-(-'+ 7*)8-+ $*,-3-%+ + @#'"7&'+ ,&+


%*'"-(+7-<&'*%H

1+ ?*)8-7-'+$-%#+3*)+$-%#Z+%#%#39-(+9"%.a(+2'+$*%*9-(+
,&"#'-7-'+9-9#+@#9-&+9-"&+$-@3*9+<*)&7#%'.-H

1+ D&-3+(+2'+.-'"+$#,-(+$*9*$-&+,-'+71$1'"+(-)#$+
9-'"$#'"+ ,&<#-'"+ 7*+ 7-'%1'"+ 2"#:%Y%,5+ .-'"+
$#,-(+,&$&-37-'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
77
AF$ *1I1G4P$;1K1EO4$/3$;*5
2-9N(-9+.-'"+(-)#$+,&9-7#7-'+$*%*9-(+<*7*)8-+,&+J=M+-,-9-(+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
L\+ >-7#7-'+ ,*$&':*7$&+ <-)-'"+ ,-'+ <-(-'+ 7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+
-971(19+VUkH+J&-)7-'+LU+@*'&%+9-9#+7*)&'"7-'+,*'"-'+
%&$#++<*)$&(H
S\+ ?*9#-)7-'+$*@#-+<-)-'"+,-)&+,-9-@+J=MH
P\+ ?*9#-)7-'+9&@<-(+,-'+&7-%+7-'%#'"+!"#:%Y%,5Z+#'%#7+
7*@#,&-'+,&1%179-:H
R\+ 0&$&':*7$&+ 3*)@#7--'+ J=M+ ,-'+ ,&7*)&'"7-'+ ,*'"-'++
%&$#++$-@3-&+<*)$&(H+
W\+ D#%#3+,-'+@-%&7-'+J=M+'.-9-7-'+9-@3#+QX+$*9-@-+
]U+@*'&%H+
]\+ J#7-+ !40+ ,&@#9-&+ ,-)&+ .-'"+ 3-9&'"+ 71%1)Z+ .-&%#+
/.#9'$+ <-"&-'+ 9#-)Z+ 9-9#+ 5"$=#$%2.'- /#;3H+ >-7#7-'+
,-)&+ ,-9-@+ 7*9#-)+ $*(&'""-+ <-"&-'+ 9#-)+ %&,-7+ 9-"&+
%*)$*'%#(H+ >*3-$7-'+ /#//.'$a@-$7*)Z+ 9-9#+ 9*3-$7-'+
/.#9'$+ ,-'+ 8-$+ 9-<H+ D*)-7(&)Z+ ^#^&+ %-'"-'+ $*<*9#@+
7*9#-)+9-<1)-%1)&#@H

%0K0K$;4P424.$AF$+G4I$%1G3./N.M$63E3$X+%6Y
!9-%3*9&',#'"+,&)&+[!40\+@*'"-^#+3-,-+$*3*)-'"7-%+3*)-9-%-'+
.-'"+ ,-3-%+ ,&3-7-&+ ,-'a-%-#+ 3-7-&-'+ .-'"+ ,&7*'-7-'+ 19*(+ 3*)$1'*9+
#'%#7+@*@<*)&7-'+3*'"(-9-'"+%-@<-(-'+-'%-)-+&',&I&,#+,-'++<-(-'+
<&191"&$+.-'"+$*,-'"+,&%-'"-'&Z+.-'"+$*^-)-+*:*7%&:+,&(-)-37-'+,-3-%+
@*'"*',-9&7-'+)&$&71+,*'"-'+@*'"#)-'"&+7*@#'"7&'-'+3-8-'-'+19*(+
<-(-'+ <&191"&$+ %*)$*<#%H+ 4*@&9&(-'+ 8*'&$+ !40+ ,-'+ 3*'""#'--''.-+
(-)#$++,&9-7#7-'+@*9-9#&+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71H

P E D OM A N
78 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
4)&'$&3+.-'"+(-)#$+,&3*'#(&+,-9-@+3*@&9&(-'+!40e
L\+ !40+ (-)#$+ ,-3-%+ + @*9&',#'"&+ + 3*@-7-&'.-+ %*)(-,-3+ <-(-.-+
\DQJ VSHVLʈN DWDX EDKD\DEDKD\D \DQJ GLKDGDSL SHUFLNDQ
71'%-7+9-'"$#'"Z+,-'++%&,-7+9-'"$#'"\H
S\+ + !40+ (*',-7'.-+ $*)&'"-'+ @#'"7&'+ ,-'+ -9-%+ %*)$*<#%+ %&,-7+
@*'.*<-<7-'+)-$-+7*%&,-7'.-@-'-'+.-'"+<*)9*<&(-'H
  $3' 'DSDW GLSDNDL VHFDUD ʉHNVLEHO ,'+$'%2.'+ @-#3#'+
5"$=#$%2.'\H
R\+ 4*'""#'--'+!40+%&,-7+@*'&@<#97-'+<-(-.-+%-@<-(-'H
W\+ !40+%&,-7+@#,-7+)#$-7H
]\+ !40+A*@*'#(&+7*%*'%#-'++$%-',-)+.-'"+-,-H
V\+ 4*@*9&(-)--'+@#,-(H
Y\+ 4*'""#'--'+!40+%&,-7+@*@<-%-$&+"*)-7H

+F$ `1.32$+%6
LH+ _-$+9-<a<-8#+9-<
-H+ J-8#+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ (-)#$+ 9*'"-'+ 3-'8-'"+ ,*'"-'+ 7-)*%+
*9-$%&$+,&+<-"&-'+3*)"*9-'"-'+%-'"-'H
<H+ M#7#3+3-'8-'"+(&'""-+@*'#%#3&+9#%#%H
^H+ J-"&-'+ ,*3-'+ $19&,Z+ 7-'^&'"+ -%-#+ 3*'"&7-%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ ,&+
<-"&-'+<*9-7-'"H
,H+ J-8#+9-<1)-%1)&#@+&'&+(-'.-+,&"#'-7-'+,&+-)*-+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3-,-+)#-'"+%*)%*'%#
*H+ J&9-+%*9-(+$*9*$-&+7*"&-%-'+,&9-7$-'-7-'Z+<-8#+,&@-$#77-'+
7*+,-9-@+39-$%&7+2"#:%Y%,5+#'%#7+,&1%179-:+,-'+$*9-'8#%'.-+
,&@#$'-(7-'+ [#'%#7+ <-8#+ $*7-9&+ 3-7-&\+ -%-#+ ,&9-7#7-'+
3*'^#^&-'+[#'%#7+<-8#+.-'"+,'+$'%2.'\H
:H+ J-8#+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%&,-7+,&"-'%#'"+-%-#+,&%#@3#7+,*'"-'+
<-8#+9-<1)-%1)&#@+9-&''.-H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
79
F-@<-)+PHLL+_-$+9-<a<-8#+9-<
=#@<*)e+>'5*%,'=,#5+*($G*#>Z+SUSU

SH+ =-)#'"+%-'"-'
-H+ =-)#'"+%-'"-'+(-'.-+,&3-7-&+$*7-9&+,*'"-'+#7#)-'+.-'"+
$*$#-&+ + ,*'"-'+ %&-3N%&-3+ 3*)$1'*9H+ H+ =*<*9#@+ + ,&"#'-7-'+
[,&3-7-&\Z+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'Z+ (-)#$+ ,&3*)&7$-+ + %*),-3-%+
7*<1^1)-'+-%-#+7*)#$-7-'+-%-#+%&,-7H+
<H+ =-)#'"+ %-'"-'+ (-)#$+ ,&"#'-7-'+ $*9-@-+ @*9-7#7-'+
3*7*)8--'+-%-#+%-'3-+$*'"-8-+71'%-7+,*'"-'+,-)-(Z+^-&)-'+
%#<#(H+-%-#+<-(-'+<&191"&$+9-&''.-H+
^H+ =*%*9-(+ 3*%#"-$+ $*9*$-&+ <*7*)8-Z+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'+ (-)#$+
,&<#-'"+ ,-'+ %&,-7+ <19*(+ ,&,*$&':*7$&+ #'%#7+ ,&"#'-7-'+
7*@<-9&+ 7-)*'-+ 3-3-)-'+ ,&$&':*7%-'+ ,-'+ 3*@-7-&-'+
.-'"+ 9-@-+ -7-'+ @*'"#)-'"&+ &'%*")&%-$+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'+
,-'+ @*'#)#'7-'+ 3*)9&',#'"-'+ <-"&+ 3*'""#'-H+
4*@&9&(-'+8*'&$+$-)#'"+%-'"-'+8#"-+@*9-9#&+3*)%&@<-'"-'+
7*$*(-%-'+[@&$-9'.-+71',&$&+-9*)"&+7-)*'-+9-%*7$\H

P E D OM A N
80 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+PHLS+=-)#'"+%-'"-'
=#@<*)e+6'%*)'*%+>%,K'(=.%*'Z+SUSU

PH+ 4*9&',#'"+@#7-+[4*9&',#'"+@-%-+[/#//.'$\+,-'+4*9&',#'"+
5-8-(+[&%*'-$:"'.5\\
-\+ 4*9&',#'"+ 5-8-(+ [&%*'- $:"'.5\+ -%-#+ 3*)-'"7-%+ 3*9&',#'"+
9-&'+(-)#$+,&3-7-&+$--%+<*7*)8-+,*'"-'+$3*$&@*'++M1I&,NLO++
#'%#7+ @*9&',#'"&+ @-%-+ ,-'+ 5-8-(+ ,-)&+ ^&3)-%-'Z+ <*',-+
.-'"+%*)71'%-@&'-$&+-%-#3#'+)-,&-$&+#9%)-I&19*%+<#-%-'H
<\+ 4*9&',#'"+ @-%-+ ,-3-%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ 7*@<-9&Z+ %*%-3&+ (-)#$+
,&<*)$&(7-'+$*^-)-+%*)-%#)+$*%&-3+7-9&+,&"#'-7-'H
^\+ +_&7-+%*)8-,&+^&3)-%-'Z+(-)#$+$*"*)-+,&,*71'%-@&'-$&+,*'"-'+
,&$&':*7%-'+.-'"+%*3-%H

F-@<-)+PHLP+4*9&',#'"+5-8-(+,-'+3*9&',#'"+@-%-
=#@<*)e+6'%*)'*%+>%,K'(=.%*'

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
81
RH+ !9-$+7-7&
U$ !9-$+ 7-7&+ (-)#$+ ,&7*'-7-'+ ,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,-'+ (-)#$+
,&)-'^-'"a,&3&9&(+ -"-)+ ,-3-%+ @*@&'&@-97-'+ 7*^*9-7--'+
%*)3*9*$*%+-%-#+%*)7&9&)+,-'+,-3-%+@*'"#)-'"&+7*@#'"7&'-'+
^*,*)-+,-)&+7*8-%#(-'+<*',-+,-'+3-3-)-'+<-(-'+<&191"&$H+
U$ !9-$+7-7&+7(#$#$+[5'5"*%('5-$:#'$\+,&"#'-7-'+$--%+<*7*)8-+
,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H
U$ =*<-&7'.-+ 3*)$1'&9+ %&,-7+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -9-$+ 7-7&+ .-'"+
'-'%&'.-+-7-'+,&<-5-+7*+)#@-(H

F-@<-)+PHLR+!9-$+7-7&
=#@<*)e+6'%*)'*%+>%,K'(=.%*'

WH+ 4*9&',#'"+$*3-%#+[*#9',-$:#'$\
-H+ =*3-%#+ <*):#'"$&+ #'%#7+ @*9&',#'"&+ $*3-%#+ 3*'""#'-a
%*'-"-+7*$*(-%-'+,-)&+3*)^&7-'+^-&)-'a,-)-(H
<H+ =*3-%#+(-'.-+,&"#'-7-'+$-%#+7-9&H+

F-@<-)+PHLWH+4*9&',#'"+$*3-%#+[^1I*)+$(1*$\
=#@<*)e+6'%*)'*%+>%,K'(=.%*'

P E D OM A N
82 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
]H+ 4*9&',#'"+3*)'-3-$-'
-\+ 4-,-+ #@#@'.-+ <#7-'+ @*)#3-7-'+ <-"&-'+ #%-@-+ ,-)&+
3*)$.-)-%-'+ &'%&+ [<&9-+ 3*7*)8--'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,-9-@+ J=M+
.-'"+%*9-(+%*)I-9&,-$&\H
<\+ 4*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+(-)#$+,&9-7#7-'+#'%#7+@*'*'%#7-'+-3-7-(+
3*'""#'--'+ 3*9&',#'"+ 3*)'-3-$-'+ ,-'+ 8*'&$'.-+ [@-$7*)+
<*,-(Z+@-$7*)+/OWZ+-%-#+4!4C\Z+%*)#%-@-+7*%&7-+3)1$*,#)+
.-'"+ <*)31%*'$&+ @*'"(-$&97-'+ %',#$#.+ ,-'+ 5,#=.'(+ .-'"+
,&9-7#7-'+,&+9#-)+J=MZ+@&$-9'.-+
L\+ 7*"&-%-'+$*'%)&:#"-$&j
S\+ 3*'-'"-'-'++$3*$&@*'+.-'"+<1^1)j+
P\+ 4)1$*,#)+ 9-&'+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ @*'.*<-<7-'+ 3*)^&7-'Z+
@&$-9'.-+ @*@-$#77-'+ -%-#+ @*'"*9#-)7-'+ %-<#'"+
$3*$&@*'+,-)&+)1%1)+$*'%)&:#$+.-'"+@*@3#'.-&+%#%#3Z+
3)1$*$+3*'""*)#$-'Z+3)1$*$+@*@<9*',*)Z+3*'"1^17-'+
.-'"+ 7#-%+ ,-'+ $1'&7-$&+ $3*$&@*'Z+ $*)%-+ @*@<#7-+
5-,-(+<*)%*7-'-'+.-'"+@*'"-',#'"+<-(-'+&':*7$&#$H

F-@<-)+PHL]A-$7*)+<*,-(+,-'+@-$7*)+/OW
=#@<*)e+6'%*)'*%+>%,K'(=.%*'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
83
VH+ 4*9&',#'"+7*3-9-
+ 4*'#%#3+ 7*3-9-+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3*9&',#'"+ 7*3-9-+ ,-'+ )-@<#%+
%*'-"-+7*$*(-%-'+,-)&+3*)^&7-'+^-&)-'+&':*7$&#$+3-$&*'+$*9-@-+
@*9-7#7-'+ 3*)-5-%-'H+ 4*'#%#3+ 7*3-9-+ %*)<#-%+ ,-)&+ <-(-'+
%-(-'+^-&)-'Z+%&,-7+@#,-(+)1<*7+,-'+#7#)-'+'.-+3-$+,&+7*3-9-+
%*'-"-+7*$*(-%-'H+4*'#%#3+7*3-9-+&'&+,&"#'-7-'+$*7-9&+3-7-&H

F-@<-)+PHLV+4*9&',#'"+7*3-9-
=#@<*)e+6'%*)'*%+>%,K'(=.%*'L-SUSU

;F$ +%6$N.INK$%1.M4HQ3G4.$*L123H1.
4*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'+3*)'-3-$-'+[#$-3+'-$1:-)&'"+,-'+
1)1:-)&'"\
LH+ A-$7*)+/OW+-%-#+@-$7*)+.-'"+$*%-)-
SH+ _-$+9-<+<#7--'+<*9-7-'"+[.%2-/#;3\
PH+ J11%$a$*3-%#+7-)*%+,*'"-'+3*9&',#'"+$*3-%#
RH+ 4*9&',#'"+@-%-
WH+ O%*'-$:"'.5
]H+ =-)#'"+%-'"-'+7-)*%+$%*)&9+$*7-9&+3-7-&
VH+ 4*9&',#'"+7*3-9-
YH+ !3)1'

P E D OM A N
84 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'+/1'3*)'-3-$-'+
LH+ A-$7*)+<*,-(
SH+ _-$+9-<+<#7--'+<*9-7-'"+[.%2-/#;3\
PH+ 4*9&',#'"+@-%-+[3-,-+)&$&71+3*)^&7-'+^-&)-'+$-@3*9\+
RH+ =-)#'"+%-'"-'+7-)*%+$*7-9&+3-7-&+
WH+ 4*9&',#'"+7*3-9-

5F$ +%6$N.INK$%1H1E3K244.$*L123H1.
LH+ A-$7*)+/OW
SH+ _-$+9-<+<#7--'+<*9-7-'"+[.%2-/#;3\
PH+ =-)#'"+%-'"-'+7-)*%+$%*)&9+$*7-9&+3-7-&
RH+ 4*9&',#'"+@-%-+,-'a-%-#+3*9&',#'"+5-8-(+[&%*'-$:"'.5\
WH+ 4*9&',#'"+7*3-9-
]H+ 4*9&',#'"+$*3-%#

0H+ +%6$%1HQN4.M4.$-3HQ4P$*L123H1.$"._1K23N2
_*'&$+ !40+ ,&%*'%#7-'+ <*),-$-)7-'+ 3*'&9-&-'+ )&$&71+ %&-3N%&-3++
LQVWDQVL :+2   6HWLDS MHQLV$3' PHPSXQ\DL VSHVLʈNDVL
%*)%*'%#+ ,*'"-'+ %&'"7-%+ 3*)9&',#'"-'+ .-'"+ <*)<*,-N<*,-H+ T9*(+
7-)*'-+ &%#Z+ ,-9-@+ @*'*'%#7-'+ 8*'&$+!40Z+ 3*)9#+ ,&9&(-%+ + 7*@<-9&+
VSHVLʈNDVL WLDS $3' 'DODP NRQWHNV &RYLG  VSHVLʈNDVL
!40+ ,-3-%+ ,&9&(-%+ ,-9-@+ 4*,1@-'+ =%-',-)+!9-%+ 4*9&',#'"+ 0&)&+
[!40\+#'%#7+4*'-'"-'-'+MTX60NLO+,&+6',1'*$&-+[F#"#$+D#"-$+
4*)^*3-%-'+4*'-'"-'-'+MTX60NLOZSUSU\H+
_*'&$+!40+ .-'"+ <&-$-+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ 9&@<-(+ &':*7$&#$+ -,-9-(+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
LH+ %#%#3+7*3-9-j+
SH+ -3)1'+-%-#+8-$+9-<+-%-#+*#9',%..\
PH+ M#//.'+-%-#+&%*'-$:"'.5\
RH+ @-$7*)+@*,&$+-%-#+)*$3&)-%1)j

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
85
WH+ $-)#'"+%-'"-'+5"$=#$%2.'--%-#+$-)#'"+%-'"-'+%-(-'+3-'-$+$--%+
<*7*)8-+,*'"-'+%+(#*.%9'--%-#+$-)#'"+%-'"-'-:'%9)-5+()j
]H+ 2##($--%-#+^1I*)+$*3-%#+;%(',=,##&+,-'+%&,-7+@#,-(+)1<*7H

%0K0K$;4P424.$BF$%1.4.M4.4.$!NHL4P4.$/4.$D1W1G4K44.$D1EO4
;-9-#3#'+ 3*%#"-$+ + <*7*)8-+ + ,*'"-'+ -"*'+ &':*7$&#$+ <*)&$&71+
)*',-(+ + ,*'"-'+ @*'"&7#%&+ $*@#-+ 3)1$*,#)+ 3*'%&'"+ %*)7-&%+ + ,*'"-'+
7*$*9-@-%-'Z+&'$&,*'+-%-#+7*^*9-7--'+7*)8-+%*%-3+<&$-+%*)8-,&H+C*'^-'-+
%-'""-3+ ,-)#)-%+ (-)#$+ ,&<#-%+ #'%#7+ @*'"#)-'"&+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+
%*)8-,&'.-+ 3-8-'-'+ ,-)&+ -"*'+ &':*7$&#$+ .-'"+ %*)9*3-$+ -%-#+ #'%#7+
@*'"#)-'"&+71'$*7#*'$&+,-)&+&'$&,*'+%*)$*<#%H+D#8#-'++)*'^-'-+%-'""-3+
,-)#)-%+ -"-)+ <&$-+ @*9*'"7-3&+ 3*,1@-'+ 13*)-$&1'-9+ <-7#+ .-'"+ (-)#$+
,&&7#%&+ ,&+ $*%&-3+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+ $7*'-)&1+ 7*-,--'+ ,-)#)-%+ ,-'+ <*)9-7#+
3-,-+3*7*)8--'+,-'+9&'"7#'"-'+,&+$*7&%-)'.-H+=*9-&'+&%#Z+3*)$1'*9+(-)#$+
@*',-3-%+ 3*9-%&(-'+ #'%#7+ 3)1$*,#)+ %*)$*<#%+ ,-'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3*9-%&(-'+
<*)7-9-+#'%#7+@*@3*)%-(-'7-'+71@3*%*'$&'.-H
?1%-7+ 4P?Z+ %*)@-$#7+ 3-$17-'+ 7*<#%#(-'+ @*,&$Z+ $*3*)%&+ <1%19+
#'%#7+@*'^#^&+@-%-+,-'+$-<#'+-'%&$*3%&7+#'%#7+@*'^#^&+9#7-Z+39*$%*)+
(-)#$+ ,&$*,&-7-'+ ,-'+ @#,-(+ ,&8-'"7-#+ <-"&+ 3*)$1'*9H+ 4-$17-'+ &'&+
(-)#$+,&^*7+)#%&'+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+<-(5-+3-$17-'+&'&+@-$&(+,-9-@+
@-$-+<*)9-7#+,-'+,&$*,&-7-'+,*'"-'+8#@9-(+.-'"+^#7#3H
=*@#-+ &'$&,*'+ (-)#$+ ,&9-31)7-'+ 7*3-,-+ 3*'-'""#'"+ 8-5-<+
:-$&9&%-$Z+3*%#"-$+?P+[7*$*(-%-'+,-'+7*$*9-@-%-'+7*)8-\+-%-#+!"#$%&'()-
2IʈFHU%*3-%+5-7%#H+>-31)-'+%*)%#9&$Z+<-&7+7*^*9-7--'+@-#3#'+&'$&,*'Z+
(-)#$+ ,&)*7-@+ ,-'+ ,&3*)%-(-'7-'Z+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 3*)-%#)-'+ '-$&1'-9+
.-'"+<*)9-7#H+=*@#-+&'$&,*'+(-)#$+,&9-31)7-'+,-'+,&&'I*$%&"-$&+%*3-%+
5-7%#+ $*(&'""-+ ,-3-%+ ,&7*@<-'"7-'+ %&',-7-'+ 71)*7%&:+ ,-'+ 9-'"7-(N
9-'"7-(+ 3*'^*"-(-'+ ,&+ 7*@#,&-'+ (-)&+ $*)%-+ @*@3*)<-&7&+ )*'^-'-+
%-'""-3+,-)#)-%H

P E D OM A N
86 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
0="..-K"(Z+%*)@-$#7+,&$&':*7%-'Z+(-)#$+@#,-(+,&8-'"7-#+3*)$1'*9H+
9H++D*)"-'%#'"+3-,-++#7#)-'Z+917-$&Z+71'$*'%)-$&Z+,-'+I19#@*++%#@3-(-'Z+
,&3*)9#7-'+ 3)1%1719+ .-'"+ <*)<*,-+ ,-9-@+ @*'-'"-'&+ %#@3-(-'H+
4)1$*,#)+ %*)%#9&$+ #'%#7+ @*@<*)$&(7-'+ ,-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ %#@3-(-'+
(-)#$+ ,&<#-%+ ,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,-'+ ,&&7#%&+ 19*(+ 3*)$1'*9+ .-'"+ $#,-(+
,&9-%&(H

+F$ %1.4.M4.4.$!NHL4P4.
LH+ 4)1$*,#)+4*'-'"-'-'+D#@3-(-'+,&+0-9-@+J=M
-H+ D#%#3+-)*-+%#@3-(-',*'"-'+7-&'+7-&'+-%-#+7*)%-$+3*'.*)-3Z+
,-'+%#-'"7-'+,&$&':*7%-'+,&$&':*7%-'+.-'"+$*$#-&+,-)&+-)-(+
9#-)+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ ,-9-@H+ 4*)-9-%-'+ ,-'+ @-%*)&+ -3-3#'+ .-'"+
%*)7*'-+^&3)-%-'+(-)#$+,&<*)$&(7-'+,&<*)$&(7-'+[%*)@-$#7+
<-"&-'+ &'%*)&1)+ ,-'+ ,&',&'"+ ,&',&'"+ J=MZ+ -%-#+ $%&'()-
2+*K'($\H
<H+ J*)&7-'+ 5-7%#+ -"-)+ ,&$&':*7%-'+ <*7*)8-+ $*7&%-)+ PU`]U++
@*'&%+$*<*9#@+@*@<#-'"+@-%*)&+%*)$*<#%H
^H+ 0&+ ,-9-@+ J=M+ %*@3-%7-'+ $*@#-+ + 71'%-&'*)+ ,-'+ <#-'"+
@-%*)&-9+7*+7-'%1'"+39-$%&7+.-'"+,&$*,&-7-'+,-9-@+$="..-K"(+
7*@#,&-'+&7-%+7-'%1'"+,-'+%*@3-%7-'+,&+,-9-@+71'%-&'*)+
.-'"+.-'"+.-'"+-7-'+,&1%179-:H
,H+ F-'%&+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'+ 8&7-+ $#,-(+ %*)71'%-@&'-$&H+ J#-'"+
$-)#'"+%-'"-'+<*)$-@-+,*'"-'+9&@<-(+&':*7$&#$+%-,&H
*H+ =%-:+ .-'"+ .-'"+ %*)3-3-)+ %#@3-(-'+ (-)#$+ ,&)#8#7+ #'%#7+
3*@*)&7$--'+ @*,&$+ ,-'+ 7*8-,&-'+ + %*)3*)&'^&+ + %*'%-'"+
7*^*9-7--'+%*)$*<#%+(-)#$$I1EW4I4I$/3$7#0-!##AH

SH+ 4)1$*,#)+4*'-'"-'-'+D#@3-(-'+,&+>#-)+J=M
-H+ =*"*)-+ #'"$&7-'Z+ -@-'7-'+ 9-<Z+ ,-'+ &':1)@-$&7-'+ 7*+
@-'-8*)+9-<H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
87
<H+ J&-)7-'+I*'%&9-$&a$&$%*@-'Z:%+$(+,-9-@+9-<+%*%-3+@*'.-9-Z+
%*)@-$#7+,-9-@+J=MH
^H+ D#%#3+ %#@3-(-'+ ,*'"-'+ 7-&'+ -%-#+ 7*)%-$+ 3*'.*)-3Z+ ,-'+
)*',-@+ 7*)%-$a7-&'+ 3*'.*)-3+ ,&$&':*7%-'+ .-'"+ $*$#-&j+
%#-'"+,&$&':*7%-'+,-)&+9#-)+7*+,-9-@H
,H+ J*)&7-'+ 5-7%#+ #'%#7+ <*7*)8-+ 13%&@-9+ [@&'&@-9+ PU`]U++
@*'&%\+$*<*9#@+@-%*)&+&':*7$&#$+%-,&+,&<#-'"H
*H+ `4.M4.$H42NK$K1HQ4G3$K1$G4Q$H3.3H4G$@]$H1.3I+[%*@3*9+
%-',-+]4PM4P-H40S^\H
:H+ =*<*9#@++3*%#"-$+@-$#7+7*@<-9&+7*+9-<Z+MN.4K4.$24EN.M$
I4.M4.$Q1E23PJ$O42$G4Q$Q1E23PJ$/4.$E12L3E4I0EH
"H+ ?#@3#97-'+ $*@#-+ 71'%-&'*)+ ,-'+ <*)$&(7-'+ @-%*)&-9+
.-'"+ %*)71'%-@&'-$&+ %#@3-(-'+ ,-'+ %*@3-%7-'+ ,&+ ,-9-@+
7-'%1'"+.-'"+%*)$*,&-+,&+$="..-K"(H+?*@#,&-'+&7-%+7-'%1'"+
,-'+ %*@3-%7-'+ ,&+ 71'%-&'*)+ #'%#7+ ,&1%179-:+ ["#'-7-'+
71'%-&'*)+ .-'"+ $*$#-&+ #'%#7+ <*',-+ %-8-@+ %-8-@a3*^-(-'+
7-^-\H
(H+ F-'%&+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ %*)71'%-@&'-$&H+ J#-'"+
<*)$-@-+,*'"-'+9&@<-(+&':*7$&#$++%-,&H
&H+ J*)$&(7-'+,&$&':*7$&++-)*-+%#@3-(-'H
8H+ =%-:+ .-'"+ .-'"+ %*)3-3-)+ %#@3-(-'+ (-)#$+ ,&)#8#7+ #'%#7+
3*@*)&7$--'+ @*,&$+ ,-'+ 7*8-,&-'+ %*)3*)&'^&+ + %*'%-'"+
7*^*9-7--'+%*)$*<#%+(-)#$$I1EW4I4I$/3$7#0-!##AH

;F$ !4I4$-4K24.4$%4O4.4.$
D#8#-'+%-%-+9-7$-'-+3-8-'-'+-,-9-(+#'%#7+@*'"#)-'"&+5-7%#+
71'%-7+,*'"-'+,-)-(Z+^-&)-'+%#<#(Z+-%-#+8-)&'"-'+$#@<*)+3-8-'-'+

P E D OM A N
88 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
,-'+ #'%#7+ @*@<*)$&(7-'+ ,-'+ @*9-7#7-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ %*@3-%+
3-8-'-'H+D-%-+9-7$-'-'.-+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
LH+ J&9-+ %*)%#$#7+ 8-)#@Z+ $*"*)-+ <&9-$+ 8-)&+ .-'"+ %*)%#$#7+
,*'"-'+ -&)+ @*'"-9&)+ ,-'+ $-<#'a^-&)-'+ -'%&$*3%&7+
$-@3-&+<*)$&(H
SH+ J&9-+ ,-)-(a^-&)-'+ %#<#(+ @*'"*'-&+ 7#9&%+ .-'"+ #%#(+
%-'3-+9#7-+-%-#+%#$#7-'Z+^#^&+7#9&%+,*'"-'+$-<#'+,-'+
-&)+@*'"-9&)H
PH+ J&9-+ ,-)-(a^-&)-'+ %#<#(+ @*'"*'-&+ @#9#%Z+ 9#,-(7-'+
,-)-(+ &%#+ ,-'+ @#9#%+ <*)7#@#)N7#@#)+ ,*'"-'+ -&)+
<*<*)-3-+7-9&H
RH+ J&9-++@-%-+%*3*)^&7Z+^#^&9-(+@-%-+,*'"-'+-&)+@*'"-9&)+
[&)&"-$&\Z+ ,*'"-'+ 31$&$&+ 7*3-9-+ @&)&'"+ 7*+ -)-(+ @-%-+
.-'"++%*3*)^&7H+
WH+ J&9-+ ,-)-(+ @*@*)^&7+ 7*+ (&,#'"Z+ *@<#$7-'+ ,-)-(+
7*9#-)+,-'+<*)$&(7-'+(&,#'"+,*'"-'+-&)H
]H+ J-"&-'+ %#<#(+ .-'"+ %*)%#$#7+ %&,-7+ <19*(+ ,&%*7-'+ ,-'+
,&&$-3++,*'"-'+@#9#%H

D-%-+>-7$-'-+4-8-'-'+J-(-'+6':*7$&#$+,&+D*@3-%+?*)8-
>-'"7-(+Le+M#^&
-H+ D&',-7-'+,-)#)-%+3-,-+<-"&-'+.-'"+%*)3-8-'+$*3*)%&+%*)$*<#%+
,&+-%-$H
<H+ =*%&-3+ 3-8-'-'+ ,&^-%-%+ ,-'+ ,&9-31)7-'+ 7*3-,-+ .-'"+
<*)5*'-'"Z+ .-&%#+ -%-$-'+ 9-'"$#'"+ ,-'+ ?1@&%*+ 446+ -%-#+
?PH+ >-31)-'+ %*)$*<#%+ $-'"-%+ 3*'%&'"+ + ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+
@*'*'%#7-'+9-'"7-(+<*)&7#%'.-H+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
89
>-'"7-(+Se+D*9--(+3-8-'-'
-H+ 4-8-'-'
4-8-'-'+.-'"+@*@&9&7&+)&$&71+3*'#9-)-'+&':*7$&+-,-9-(
L\+ 3*)9#7--'+7#9&%j
S\+ 3-8-'-'+3-,-+$*9-3#%+@#71$-j
P\+ 3-8-'-'+@*9-9#&+7#9&%+.-'"+9#7-H
<H+ J-(-'+4-8-'-'
J-(-'+.-'"+@*@<*)&7-'+)&$&71+3*'#9-)-'+&':*7$&+-,-9-(++
L\+ ,-)-(
S\+ ^-&)-'+<*)^-@3#)+,-)-(+.-'"+7-$-%+@-%-
P\+ ^-&)-'+ .-'"+ 31%*'$&-9+ %*)&':*7$&e+ $*@*'Z+ ^-&)-'+
I-"&'-Z+ ^-&)-'+ $*)*<)1$3&'-9Z+ ^-&)-'+ $&'1I&-Z+ ^-&)-'+
39*#)-Z+ ^-&)-'+ 3*)&%1'*-9Z+ ^-&)-'+ 3*)&^7-),&-9Z+ ,-'+
^-&)-'-@'&1'j
R\+ I&)#$+.-'"+%*)71'$*'%)-$&H
^H+ =%-%#$+6':*7$&
D*'%#7-'+ $%-%#$+ &':*7$&+ $#@<*)+ 3-8-'-'+ [<&9-+ <*9#@+
,&7*%-(#&\H
,H+ ?*)*'%-'-'
D*'%#7-'+7*)*'%-'-'+1)-'"+.-'"+%*)3-8-'H

P E D OM A N
90 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+PHLYH+M1'%1(+:1)@#9&)+9-31)-'+3-8-'-'+[G1)@#9&)+!\
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
91
F-@<-)+PHLO+M1'%1(+:1)@#9&)+9-31)-'+3-8-'-'+[G1)@#9&)+J\
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
92 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
%0K0K$;4P424.$ZF$%1.M1G0G44.$-3HQ4P$;@
+F$ %1.M1EI34.$-3HQ4P$;@$XD1H1.I1E34.$-3.MKN.M4.$,3/NL$/4.$
D1PNI4.4.J$=]<Ba$%E123/1.$:"J$=]<AY
L\+ >&@<-(+-,-9-(+$&$-+,-)&+$#-%#+#$-(-+,-'a-%-#+7*"&-%-'H+
S\+ J-(-'+ J*)<-(-.-+ ,-'+ J*)-^#'+ [JP\+ -,-9-(+ i-%Z+ *'*)"&Z+ ,-'a
-%-#+ 71@31'*'+ 9-&'+ .-'"+ 7-)*'-+ $&:-%Z+ 71'$*'%)-$&+ ,-'a-%-#+
8#@9-('.-Z+ <-&7+ $*^-)-+ 9-'"$#'"+ @-#3#'+ %&,-7+ 9-'"$#'"Z+
,-3-%+ @*'^*@-)7-'+ ,-'a-%-#+ @*)#$-7+ 9&'"7#'"-'+ (&,#3Z+
,-'a-%-#+ @*@<-(-.-7-'+ 9&'"7#'"-'+ (&,#3Z+ 7*$*(-%-'Z+ $*)%-+
7*9-'"$#'"-'+(&,#3+@-'#$&-+,-'+@-7(9#7+(&,#3+9-&'H
P\+ >&@<-(+ JP+ -,-9-(+ $&$-+ $#-%#+ #$-(-+ ,-'a-%-#+ 7*"&-%-'+ .-'"+
@*'"-',#'"+JPH

;F$ %1E20.1G$%1.4.M4.4.$%1.M1G0G44.$-3HQ4P$;@$
D0HL1I1.23$%1E20.1G$X7,8J$=]=]Y
!"-)+ 3*)$1'*9+ 3*'"*919--'+ 9&@<-(+ @*'.-,-)&+ <-(-.-+ .-'"+
@#'"7&'+ %*)8-,&+ $--%+ <*7*)8-+ ,-'+ ,-3-%+ <*7*)8-+ ,*'"-'+ -@-'Z+
,&3*)9#7-'+(-9N(-9+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e++
L\+ 3*9-%&(-'+ #@#@e+ .%)#+(- 9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+ 71,*+ 3)-7%&7+ Z+
3*,1@-'+ 7*)8-+ $*%*@3-%Z+ @-'#-9+ $%&'()L- 3*'&9-&-'+ )&$&71Z+
3*)-%#)-'+ %*)7-&%+ + ,*'"-'+ %#"-$Z+ + ,-'+ 3)1$*,#)+ )*$31'$+
,-)#)-%j
  SHODWLKDQVSHVLʈNSHNHUMDDQ
P\+ + 3*',-@3&'"-'+ ,-'+ 3*'&9-&-'+ $*<*9#@+ <*7*)8-+ $*',&)&+
,&9-7#7-'+<-"&+3*%#"-$+<-)#j
R\+ *I-9#-$&+,-'+3*9-%&(-'+,'&,'$:',-<*)7-9-j+
W\+ 3*9-%&(-'+ 7*-@-'-'+ ,-'+ 7*$*9-@-%-'+ 7*)8-Z+ %*)@-$#7+
7*$&-3$&-"--'+%*)(-,-3+71',&$&+,-)#)-%j
]\+ $1$&-9&$-$&+&':1)@-$&+,-'++3)1$*,#)+%*)<-)#H+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
93
%1G3./N.M4.$$%1E20.1G
4-$-9+PP+4*)-%#)-'+?*@*'%*)&-'+>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*(#%-'-'+
/1HW]+%-(#'+SULW+@*'.-%-7-'+<-(5-+3*9&',#'"-'++3*)$1'*9+.-'"+
<*)(#<#'"-'+9-'"$#'"+,*'"-'+7*"&-%-'+3*'"*919--'+9&@<-(+(-)#$+
,&8-@&'+ 19*(+ $*%&-3+ &'$%&%#$&+ 3*'"(-$&9+ 9&@<-(+ <-(-'+ <*)<-(-.-+
,-'+ <*)-^#'H+ 0&+ 3-$-9+ .-'"+ $-@-+ ,&'.-%-7-'+ <-(5-+ 3*'8-@&'-'+
3*)9&',#'"-'+ @*9&3#%&+ -9-%+ 3*9&',#'"+ ,&)&Z+ :-$&9&%-$+ :)/"'3'-
3*)$*1)-'"-'-Z+&@#'&$-$&Z+3)1$*,#)+13*)-$&1'-9+$%-',-)+3*'"19-(-'+
9&@<-(+<-(-'+<*)<-(-.-+,-'+<*)-^#'Z+3*@*)&7$--'+@*,&$+7(#$#$+
)#%&'Z+,-'+3*@<*)&-'+@-7-'-'+%-@<-(-'H+

2-9+ .-'"+ %-7+ 7-9-(+ 3*'%&'"+ -,-9-(+ 3*)$1'*9+ (-)#$+ <*)-,-+ ,-9-@+
71',&$&+$*(-%+8-$@-'&+,-'+)1(-'&+$--%+@*9-7#7-'+3*7*)8--'H+_&7-+
SDGD KDUL LWX SHNHUMD WLGDN VHGDQJ GDODP NRQGLVL ʈW  SHUVRQHO
5-8&<+ @*9-31)7-'+ 7*3-,-+ @-'-8*@*'+ ,-'+ @*'"1'$#9%-$&7-'++
7*$*(-%-''.-+ 7*+ 71@&%*+ 7*$*9-@-%-'+ ,-'+ 7*$*(-%-'+ 7*)8-+ ,&+
%*@3-%+<*)%#"-$'.-H+H+4*)$1'*9+.-'"+<*)-,-+,-9-@+7-%*"1)&+)&$&71+
%&'""&+%*)(-,-3+$#-%#+3*'.-7&%+<*),-$-)7-'+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+%&,-7+
,&3*)<19*(7-'+#'%#7+<*7*)8-+@*'-'"-'&+9&@<-(+<-(-'+<*)<-(-.-+
,-'+<*)-^#'H+

& ,GHQWLʈNDVLGDQ3HPLODKDQ-HQLV/LPEDK%
4)1$*,#)+ 3*'-'"-'-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"*919--'+ 9&@<-(+ ,&9-7#7-'+
<*),-$-)7-'+ 8*'&$+ 9&@<-(H+ =*%&-3+ 8*'&$+ 9&@<-(+ @*@&9&7&+
7-)-7%*)&$%&7+,-'+%&'"7-%+<-(-.-+.-'"+<*)<*,-+$*(&'""-+7&%-+3*)9#+
PHODNXNDQ LGHQWLʈNDVL GDQ SHPLODKDQ MHQLV OLPEDK ,GHQWLʈNDVL
9&@<-(+,&9-7#7-'+,*'"-'+3*@<*)&-'+9-<*9Z+71,*Z+-%-#+5-)'-+#'&7+
#'%#7+ $*%&-3+ 8*'&$+ 9&@<-(H+ 4*@<*)&-'+ 9-<*9Z+ 71,*Z+ -%-#+ 5-)'-+
9-&''.-+ $*<-&7'.-+ @*'""#'-7-'+ &$%&9-(+ .-'"+ $#,-(+ %*)$%-',-)+
#'%#7+@*'"(&',-)&+7*$-9-(3-(-@-'+-'%-)-+3&(-7+.-'"+@*@<#-'"Z+

P E D OM A N
94 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
@*'"*919-Z+,-'++@*@#$'-(7-'+9&@<-(+.-'"+,-3-%+<*)-7&<-%+3-,-+
7*$-9-(-'+ 3*'"*919--'+ 9&@<-(H+ ?*91@317Z+ 71,*+ 5-)'-Z+ $&@<19Z+
5-,-(a7*@-$-'+,-'+3*'"*919--'+9&@<-(+@*,&$+%*9-(+,&-%#)+,-9-@+
4*)-%#)-'+?*@*'%*)&-'+>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*(#%-'-'+/1H+W]+
D-(#'+SULWH
&RQWRK LGHQWLʈNDVL GDQ SHPLODKDQ OLPEDK EDKDQ EHUEDKD\D GDQ
<*)-^#'+,-3-%+,&9-7#7-'+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
L\+ >&@<-(+ &':*7$&#$+ 3-,-%a7*)&'"+ ,&9*%-77-'+ ,-9-@+ 7-'%1'"+
39-$%&7+,*'"-'+9-<*9+!BN@4_4<DH
S\+ >&@<-(+ &':*7$&#$+ ^-&)+ ,&9*%-77-'+ ,-9-@+ 71'%-&'*)+ %&,-7+
@#,-(+ )1<*7+ 9-9#+ ,&@-$#77-'+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ 7-'%1'"+ 39-$%&7+
,*'"-'+9-<*9+!BN@4_4<DH+
P\+ >&@<-(+ 7&@&-5&+ '1'N)-,&1-7%&:+ ,&9*%-77-'+ ,-9-@+ 5-,-(+
-'%&+71)1$&:H
R\+ >&@<-(+7&@&-5&+)-,&1-7%&:+,&9*%-77-'+,-9-@+5-,-(+7(#$#$+
9&@<-(+)-,&1-7%&:+,-'+,&<*)&+9-<*9H+

6F$ %1HQN4.M4.$-3HQ4P$;@
0-9-@+@*'*'%#7-'+9-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+3*@<#-'"-'+9&@<-(+JP+.-'"+
<*)$&:-%+&':*7$&#$+3*)9#+,&9-7#7-'++-'-9&$&$+)&$&71+9*<&(+,#9#+,*'"-'+
@*@3*)(-%&7-'+ 3)&'$&3+ 7*-@-'-'+ ,-'+ 7*$*9-@-%-'+ 7*)8-+ %*)7-&%+
,*'"-'+ -"*'+ &':*7$&#$+ %*)$*<#%H+ A&$-9'.-Z+ ,-9-@+ (-9+ 3*@<#-'"-'+
9&@<-(+%*)7-&%+,*'"-'+M1I&,NLO++3*%#"-$+3*)9#+@*@3*)(-%&7-'+,-'+
@*@3*)%&@<-'"7-'+ 3*,1@-'+ 2"#$%&'()- M1I&,NLO+ ,-)&+ 3*@*)&'%-(+
3#$-%+,-'++$*%*@3-%Z+;2TZ+M0MZ+-%-#+9*@<-"-+9-&'+.-'"+71@3*%*'H+
0-9-@+ 71',&$&+ 8*'&$+ -"*'+ &':*7$&#$+ '>',/"3/Z+ 3*,1@-'+ ,-3-%+
<*)#<-(+$*5-7%#N5-7%#+$*&)&'"+,*'"-'+3*)7*@<-'"-'+3*'"*%-(#-'+
@*'"*'-&+ -"*'+ &':*7$&#$+ %*)$*<#%H+ T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#Z+ ,&$-)-'7-'+
-"-)+$*9-9#+@*@*)&7$-+3*@#%-7(&)-'+[+=5%('Q-3*,1@-'+8&7-+$%-%#$+
3*,1@-'+%*)$*<#%+@-$&(+<*)$&:-%+$*@*'%-)-+["3(',">-/+"5%3*'\+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
95
4)1$*,#)+ #@#@+ 3*@<#-'"-'+ 9&@<-(+ JP+ ,&$*$#-&7-'+ ,*'"-'+
7-%*"1)&+9&@<-(+@-$&'"N@-$&'"H+J*)&7#%+<*<*)-3-+8*'&$+9&@<-(+JP+
.-'"+<&-$-+,&(-$&97-'+,-9-@+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@e

LH+ >&@<-(+6':*7$&#$+4-,-%a?*)&'"
-H+ =*<*9#@+,&-#%179-:Z+9&@<-(+,&@-$#77-'+7*+,-9-@+7-'%1'"+
39-$%&7+ <*)9-<*9+ J&1(-i-),+ ,&%*@3*97-'+ %+(#*.%9'- (%='Z+
9-9#+9&@<-(+,-3-%+,&-#%179-:H
<H+ _&7-+:-$&9&%-$+%&,-7+@*@3#'.-&+-#%179-:Z+9&@<-(+&':*7$&#$+
3-,-%a7*)&'"+ ,-3-%+ + ,&)*',-@+ ,-9-@+ ,&$&':*7%-'+ [9-)#%-'+
791)&'+ LeLU\+ $*9-@-+ PU+ @*'&%H+ =*%*9-(+ 7*)&'"Z+ 9&@<-(+
,&@-$#77-'+,-9-@+7-'%1'"+39-$%&7+<*)9-<*9+J&1(-i-),H
^H+ >&@<-(+J*',-+D-8-@
>&@<-(+ <*',-+ %-8-@+ ,-3-%+ <*)#3-+ 8-)#@+ $#'%&7Z+ <-(-'+
3*^-(+<*9-(Z+,-'+%&3+3&3*%F$-3HQ4P$Q1./4$I4O4H$I1I4L$
/3L1EG4KNK4.$ 21Q4M43$ G3HQ4P$ 3._1K23N2$ L4/4IbK1E3.M$
@*$7&3#'+ %&,-7+ %*)3-3-)+ ,*'"-'+ -"*'a31%*'$&+ <&1)&$&71+
,-'+,&9*%-77-'+,-9-@+71'%-&'*)+7(#$#$+<*',-+%-8-@+-%-#+
71'%-&'*)+7*)-$+[%&,-7+@#,-(+)1<*7\+9-9#+,&@-$#77-'+7*+
,-9-@+7-'%1'"+39-$%&7+<*)9-<*9+J&1(-i-),H+H

SH+ >&@<-(+6':*7$&#$+M-&)
-H+ >&@<-(+^-&)+,&^-@3#)+,*'"-'++,&$&':*7%-'+[9-)#%-'+791)&'+
LeLU\+$*9-@-+PU+@*'&%+,-9-@+71'%-&'*)+.-'"+.'%K=,##&-,-'+
,&%#%#3+)-3-%H
<H+ ?1'%-&'*)+ <*)&$&+ ^-@3#)-'+ 9&@<-(+ ,-'+ ,&$&':*7%-'+
,&@-$#77-'+7*+,-9-@+7-'%1'"+39-$%&7+<*)9-<*9+J&1(-i-),+
Z+,&%#%#3+)-3-%Z+,-'+,&<#-'"H

P E D OM A N
96 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
PH+ >&@<-(+?&@&-5&+/1')-,&1-7%&:+
-H+ >&@<-(+.-'"+,-3-%+,&'*%)-97-'
L\+ _&7-+ + + ,-3-%+ ,&'*%)-97-'Z+ + 9&@<-(+ ,&'*%)-97-'+
%*)9*<&(+,-(#9#+$*^-)-+3*)9-(-'+,-'+(-%&N(-%&H
S\+ =*%*9-(+ ,&'*%)-97-'Z+ 9&@<-(+ ,-3-%+ + ,&%*@3-%7-'+
3-,-+ 5-,-(+ 8*)&"*'+ -%-#+ ,)#@+ 7*^&9+ -%-#+ 8&7-+
:-$&9&%-$+ %*)$*,&-Z+ 9&@<-(+ ,&<#-'"+ 7*+ &'$%-9-$&+
3*@<#-'"-'+-&)+9&@<-(+[64!>\H
<H+ >&@<-(+.-'"+%&,-7+,-3-%+,&'*%)-97-'
U$ _&7-++%&,-7+,-3-%+,&'*%)-97-'Z++9&@<-(+,&@-$#77-'+
7*+,-9-@+5-,-(+.-'"+-'%&71)1$&:++,-'+$*<-&7'.-+
%&,-7+%*)<#-%+,-)&+7-^-+-%-#+91"-@H

&F$ *I1E3G32423$-3HQ4P$;@
4)1$*$+$%*)&9&$-$&+<*)%#8#-'+@*'"(-'^#)7-'+$*@#-+@&7)11)"-'&$@*+
,-'+$31)-+[;2TZ+SUUR\H+4-,-+3)&'$&3'.-+$*@#-+9&@<-(+&':*7$&#$+
.-'"+7*9#-)+,-)&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$--'+$3*$&@*'+(-)#$+$#,-(+
,-9-@+71',&$&+$%*)&9H+4)&'$&3+$*)#3-+8#"-+<*)9-7#+#'%#7+8*'&$+9&@<-(+
<*)<-(-.-+,-'+<*)-^#'+9-&''.-Z++9&@<-(+%*)$*<#%+$#,-(+%&,-7+9-"&+
<*)<-(-.-Z+<-&7+<-"&+9&'"7#'"-'+@-#3#'+@-$.-)-7-%+$*7&%-)H+

4*@&9&(-'+@*%1,*+$%*)&9&$-$&+9&@<-(+,&%*'%#7-'+<*),-$-)7-'+-'-9&$&$+
)&$&71Z+ %*)@-$#7+ 8*'&$+ 9&@<-(+ .-'"+ -7-'+ ,&$%*)&9&$-$&H+ A*'#)#%+
4*)-%#)-'+?*@*'%*)&-'+>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*(#%-'-'+[SULW\Z+
3*'"19-(-'+9&@<-(+<*)<-(-.-+,-'+<*)-^#'+,-3-%+,&9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+
%*)@-9+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -#%179-:+ %&3*+ -9&)+ ")-I&%-$&+ ,-'a-%-#+
%&3*+I-7#@Z+"*91@<-'"+@&7)1Z+&)-,&-$&+:)*7#*'$&++)-,&1+,-'a-%-#+
&'$&'*)-%1)H+G17#$+.-'"+,&<-(-$+,-9-@+@1,#9+&'&+-,-9-(+-#%179-:H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
97
4+(#K.%&
!#%179-:+ @*'""#'-7-'+ 3)&'$&3+ $%*)&9&$-$&+ #-3H+ 0*'"-'+
@*'""#'-7-'+ -#%179-:Z+ %*)8-,&+ 71'%-7+ 9-'"$#'"+ -'%-)-+ 9&@<-(+
,-'+ + #-3+ 3-,-+ $#(#+ ,-'+ %*7-'-'+ %*)%*'%#+ $*9-@-+ 5-7%#+ %*)%*'%#H++
D*@3*)-%#)+ .-'"+ <&-$-+ ,&"#'-7-'+ 3-,-+ $%*)&9&$-$&+ #-3+ -,-9-(+
LSL1M+,-'+LPS1HZ+;-7%#+@&'&@#@+71'%-7+.-'"+,&<#%#(7-'+-,-9-(+
PU+ @*'&%+ #'%#7+ $#(#+ LSL1M+ -%-#+ R+ @*'&%+ #'%#7+ LPS1M+ [C#%-9-+
-',+ ;*<*)Z+ SULW\H+ + Q'%#7+ -#%179-:+ %&3*+ -9&)+ ")-I&%-$&Z+ %*7-'-'+
.-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+ 3-,-+ $#(#+ LSL1M+ -,-9-(+ LW+ 3$&+ [?*@*'%*)&-'+
>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*$*(-%-'Z+SULW\H

J*<*)-3-+ (-9+ .-'"+ $*9-9#+ 3*)9#+ ,&3*)(-%&7-'+ $--%+ @*'""#'-7-'+


-#%179-:e
L\+ >-7#7-'+ -'-9&$&$+ )&$&71+ %*)(-,-3+ 9&@<-(+ .-'"+ -7-'+
,&-#%179-:4*)&7$-+ + -3-7-(+ @-%*)&+ 9&@<-(+ 71@3-%&<*9+
,*'"-'+ -#%179-:+ -%-#+ %&,-7H+ A-%*)&+ .-'"+ %&,-7+ ,-3-%+
,&-#%179-:+ -,-9-(+ @-%*)&+ @#,-(+ %*)<-7-)Z+ )*-7%&:Z+
71)1$&:Z+,-'+)-,&1-7%&:H+=*9-&'+&%#Z+%&,-7+$*@#-+@-%*)&+
39-$%&7+ ,-3-%+ ,&-#%179-:Z+ @&$-9'.-+ =#.)$(),'3'L-
=#.)'(:).'3'L- ,-'+ :"/:- 5'3$"()- =#.)'(:).'3'-
[E'I&)1'@*'%-9+2*-9%(+-',+=-:*%.+Q'&I*)$&%.+1:+615-Z+
SUSU\+
S\+ F#'-7-'+!40+$*$#-&+3*'&9-&-'+)&$&71+$--%+@*@-$#77-'+
7*+-#%179-:+,-'+@*'"*9#-)7-'+9&@<-(+,-)&+-#%179-:H
P\+ =*<-&7'.-+ 3&$-(7-'+ + -#%179-:+ #'%#7+ @*9-7#7-'+
$%*)&9&$-$&+ 3*)-9-%-'+ ,*'"-'+ -#%179-:+ #'%#7+ $%*)&9&$-$&+
9&@<-(
R\+ 4*)&7$-+ 71',&$&+ -#%179-:+ $*<*9#@+ @*'.-9-7-'+
-#%179-:+%*)9*<&(+,#9#Z+@&$-9'.-+-3-7-(+-,-+@-%*)&-9+

P E D OM A N
98 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
-%-#+9&@<-(+.-'"+%*)%&'""-9+,&+,-9-@+-#%179-:j+-3-7-(+
3*)$*,&--'+-&)+,-9-@+-#%179-:+@-$&(+^#7#3+3-,-+<-%-$+
%&'""&+-&)+.-'"+,&%*'%#7-'H
W\+ F#'-7-'+ 39-$%&7+ 3*'"*3-7-'+ 9&@<-(+ .-'"+ @-%*)&'.-+
,-3-%+ ,&-#%179-:+ #'%#7+ @*'"(&',-)&+ 7*@#'"7&'-'+
39-$%&7+ 3*'"*3-7-'+ 9&@<-(+ @*9*9*(+ 9-9#+ @*'.*'%#(+
,&',&'"+,-9-@+-#%179-:Z+.-'"+-7&<-%'.-+,-3-%+@*)#$-7+
&'%*)&1)+,-9-@+-#%179-:H+
]\+ >&@<-(+ <*',-+ %-8-@+ .-'"+ -7-'+ ,&$%*)&9+ (-)#$+
,&9*%-77-'+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ 71'%-&'*)+ .'%K=,##&- ,-'+ %&,-7+
@#,-(+)1<*7H+
V\+ D&,-7+ @*'"&$&+ 5-,-(+ -#%179-:+ (&'""-+ 3*'#(+ ,-'+
%&,-7+@*'"&7-%+2"#:%Y%,5-2%/-%*)9-9#+7*'^-'"H+=*9-9#+
@*'.&$-7-'+)#-'"+#'%#7+$&)7#9-$&+#-3H+
Y\+ 4-$%&7-'+ %&,-7+ -,-+ ',,#,- 3-,-+ @*$&'+ $*<*9#@+
@*'&'""-97-'+@*$&'+-#%179-:+$*%*9-(+@*'*7-'+%1@<19+
$(%,(Z
O\+ ".M4IJ$I1K4.4.$/3$/4G4H$4NI0KG4_$H423P$I3.MM3$244I$
I1HL1E4INE$ H423P$ I3.MM3F$ T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#Z+ (&',-)&+
@*@<#7-+ -#%179-:+ $--%+ %*@3*)-%#)+ @-$&(+ %&'""&+
@*$7&3#'+ 3)1$*$+ $%*)&9&$-$&+ $#,-(+ $*9*$-&H+ + 2&',-)&+
@*'.*'%#(+3*)@#7--'+<-,-'+-#%179-:+$--%+%*@3*)-%#)+
@-$&(+%&'""&H+
LU\+=*<*9#@+ @*'"*9#-)7-'+ 9&@<-(+ ,-)&+ ,-9-@+ -#%179-:Z+
3-$%&7-'+%+(#*.%9'-(%='-<*)#<-(+5-)'-H+_&7-+%&,-7+-,-+
3*)#<-(-'+5-)'-Z+-,-+7*@#'"7&'-'Z+3)1$*$+$%*)&9&$-$&+
<*9#@+<*)8-9-'+,*'"-'+<-&7Z+-#%179-:+9&@<-(+%*)$*<#%+
$*7-9&+9-"&H+
LL\+=*%*9-(+,&7*9#-)7-'Z+39-$%&7+5-,-(+9&@<-(+,&&7-%+7#-%+
,-'+ ,&3-$%&7-'+ %*)%#%#3+ )-3-%H+ + 4*)&7$-+ -3-7-(+ -,-+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
99
<-"&-'+ 39-$%&7+ 5-,-(+ .-'"+ $1<*7Z+ @&$-9'.-+ 7-)*'-+
%*)$-'"7#%+$--%+39-$%&7+,&%-)&7+7*9#-)H+_&7-+-,-Z+9-3&$&+
39-$%&7+9&@<-(+%*)$*<#%+,*'"-'+39-$%&7+2"#:%Y%,5-<-)#+
,-'+%#%#3+)-3-%H
LS\+4*@*)&7$--'+-#%179-:+$*^-)-+<*)7-9-+,&3*)9#7-'+#'%#7+
@*@-$%&7-'+71',&$&+[%*@3*)-%#)*Z+%*7-'-'Z+7*<*)$&(-'+
71@31'*'+ -#%179-:\+ ,-'+ :#'"$&+ $%*)&9&$-$&+ -#%179-:+
%*%-3+<-&7Z+@&$-9'.-+,*'"-'+#8&+<&1&',&7-%1)+-#%179-:H
LP\+4*@<*)$&(-'+ $*9#)#(+ 71@31'*'+ -#%179-:+ 8#"-+ 3*)9#+
,&9-7#7-'+<*)7-9-H

9F$ %1.V3HL4.4.$ 21H1.I4E4J$ %1.M4.MKNI4.J$ /4.$ %1HN2.4P4.$


-3HQ4P$;@
LH+ 4)1$*$+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ $*@*'%-)-Z+ 3*@<#-'"-'Z+ 3*'"-'"7#%-'Z+
,-'+3*@#$'-(-'+9&@<-(+JP+(-)#$+@*'"&7#%&+3*)-%#)-'+'-$&1'-9+
,-'+3*@*)&'%-(+$*%*@3-%H
SH+ _&7-+ %&,-7+ @*@&9&7&+ :-$&9&%-$+ 3*@#$'-(-'+ 9&@<-(+ $*',&)&Z++
,&3*)9#7-'+ 3&(-7+ 7*%&"-+ .-'"+ @*@&9&7&+ &i&'+ + ,-'+ %*))*"&$%)-$&++
,&+ + ?*@*'%*)&-'+ >&'"7#'"-'+ 2&,#3+ ,-'+ ?*(#%-'-'+ [?>2?\+
#'%#7+@*'"-'"7#%+,-'+@*@#$'-(7-'+9&@<-(+%*)$*<#%H
PH+ 4&(-7+3*'"(-$&9+9&@<-(Z+3*'"-'"7#%+9&@<-(Z+$*)%-+3*@#$'-(-'+
9&@<-(+ $-@-N$-@-+ <*)%-'""#'"+ 8-5-<+ %*)(-,-3+ 3)1$*$+
3*'"-'"7#%-'+(&'""-+3*@#$'-(-'+9&@<-(H+
RH+ 4*'""#'-+ 8-$-+ 3&(-7+ 7*%&"-+ 3*)9#+ @*9-7#7-'+ *I-9#-$&+ ,-'+
@*@-$%&7-'+ <-(5-+ 3&(-7+ 7*%&"-+ %*)$*<#%+ <*'-)N<*'-)+ %*9-(+
@*@#$'-(7-'+9&@<-(+%*)$*<#%H
WH+ 4)1$*$+3*'.&@3-'-'+$*@*'%-)-Z+3*'"-'"7#%-'Z+,-'+3*@#$'-(-'+
(-)#$+%*)^-%-%+,-9-@+,17#@*'+@-'&:*$H+H
4*'#@3#7-'+9&@<-(+JP+$*<-&7'.-+%&,-7+,&9-7#7-'+,-9-@+5-7%#+.-'"+
9-@-H

P E D OM A N
100 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
%0K0K$;4P424.$[F$;30E1L023I0E3$*L123H1.$58?"6S<T
+F$ %1.M1EI34.$;30E1L023I0E3
J&1)*31$&%1)&+ @*)#3-7-'+ 7*"&-%-'+ .-'"+ @*'^-7#3+ 3*'"#@3#N
9-'Z+ 3*@)1$*$-'Z+ 3*'.&@3-'-'Z+ ,-'+ 3*',&$%)&<#$&-'+ $3*$&@*'+
$*)%-+3)1,#7+%*)7-&%Z+$*3*)%&+0/!Z+C/!Z+3)1%*&'Z+,-'+71@31'*'+
@19*7#9*)+ 9-&'H+ D&'"7-%+ 7*-@-'-'+ .-'"+ <*)I-)&-$&+ ,&$*$#-&7-'+
GHQJDQIXQJVLGDQWXMXDQVSHVLʈNELRUHSRVLWRUL3HPEDWDVDQDNN
$*$++@*'*)-37-'+2"#$%&'()+,-'+2"#$'*+,"()+.-'"+7*%-%H+A-'-8*@*'+
<&1)*31$&%1)&+,-'+$#@<*)+,-.-+.-'"+%*)9&<-%+(-)#$+%*)#$+@*'*)-3N
7-'+3)-7%&7+7*$*9-@-%-'+,-'+3*,1@-'+13*)-$&1'-9+<-7#+[4TJ\+(-N
)#$+,&%*)-37-'+,*'"-'+,&$&39&'H+=*^-)-+#@#@Z+<&1)*31$&%1)&+%*),&)&+
-%-$++%&"-+7*91@317+&':1)@-$&+.-'"+)*9-%&:+<*)<*,-Z+.-&%#++
LH+ @-%*)&+<&191"&$+@-'#$&-j
SH+ &':1)@-$&+.-'"+%*)9-@3&)+-%-#+%*)(#<#'"j+,-'
PH+ @-$-9-(+(#7#@Z+$*3*)%&+3*)$*%#8#-'+3-$&*'+#'%#7+7*-@-'N
-'Z+3*)9&',#'"-'+,-%-+$*)%-+3*@-':--%-'+$3*$&@*'H

JH+ !NON4.$;30E1L023I0E3
J&1)*31$&%1)&+ <*)%#8#-'+ #'%#7+ @*'"-@-'7-'+ ,-'+ @*.*,&-7-'+
$3*$&@*'+<*)7#-9&%-$+%&'""&+#'%#7+@*@*'#(&+7*<#%#(-'+9-<1)-%1N
)&#@H+=3*$&@*'+(-)#$+,&7#@3#97-'Z+,&%-'"-'&Z+,-'+,&3)1$*$+$*^-)-+
$*)-"-@H+J&1)*31$&%1)&+,-3-%+,&(#<#'"7-'+,*'"-'+&':1)@-$&+79&'&$+
,-'+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+&'%*")&%-$+
$3*$&@*'H+?*3-%#(-'+%*)(-,-3+4TJ+$-'"-%+3*'%&'"+#'%#7+7*<*)N
9-'"$#'"-'+,-'+7*<*)(-$&9-'+<&1)*31$&%1)&H

MH+ #4.4O1H1.$;30E1L023I0E3
L\+ G-$&9&%-$+ <&1)*31$&%1)&+ (-)#$+ @*@&9&7&+ $%)#7%#)+ 1)"-'&$-$&+
\DQJWHUGHʈQLVLGHQJDQEDLN
S\+ !$3*7+@-'-8*@*'+$3*$&@*'+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+3*)-%#)-'+.-'"+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
101
%*9-(+,&<#-%H+
P\+ =#@<*)+,-.-+$*<-"-&+$-9-(+$-%#+-$*%+%*)<*$-)+#'%#7+<&1)*N
31$&%1)&+(-)#$+@*9-7#7-'+:#'"$&+,*'"-'+<-&7H+
R\+ M-7#3-'+,-'+8*'&$+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+-7-'+,&7#@3#97-'+(-N
)#$+,&%*'%#7-'+#'%#7+@*'*%-37-'+7*<#%#(-'+&':)-$%)#7%#)H+
W\+ J&1)*31$&%1)&+ (-)#$+ ,&7*919-+ ,*'"-'+ <-&7+ ,-9-@+ )-'"7-+
@*@*'#(&+7*<#%#(-'+71@#'&%-$+&9@&-(H

6F$ +GNE$;30$*L123H1.

F-@<-)+PHSU+!9#)+J&1+=3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
102 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
&F$ %1.1E3H44.$*L123H1.
LH+ !9#)+4*'*)&@--'+=3*$&@*'

F-@<-)+PHSL+?1@31'*'+3-,-+!9#)+4*'*)&@--'+=3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

SH+ 4*)$&-3-'+4*'*)&@--'+=3*$&@*'
-H+ 4*'*)&@--'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+ 3*%#"-$+ 3*'*)&@-+
$3*$&@*'+,&+917*%+3*'*)&@--'H
<H+ 4*%#"-$+ @*'""#'-7-'+ !40+ [8-$+ 9-<Z+ $-)#'"+ %-'"-'Z+
@-$7*)Z+,-'+$*3-%#+%*)%#%#3\H
L\+ _-$+ 9-<+ ,&"#'-7-'+ $*9-@-+ ,&+ )#-'"-'+
3*'*)&@--'+$3*$&@*'H
S\+ =-)#'"+ %-'"-'+ $*9-9#+ ,&"#'-7-'+ $*<*9#@+
@#9-&+@*'-'"-'&+$3*$&@*'H
P\+ A-$7*)+ ,&3-$-'"+ $#3-.-+ %*)9&',#'"+ ,-)&+ "-$+
<*)<-(-.-Z+<-(-'+3-%191"&Z+-%-#3#'+3*)^&7-'+
i-%+7&@&-H
R\+ 0&9*'"7-&+ $*3-%#+ .-'"+ <*)%#%#3+ <-"&-'+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
103
,*3-''.-H
^H+ !971(19+ VUk+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ @*8-+ ,-'+
2'3*:H

SH+ 4*'*)&@--'+=3*$&@*'
-H+ =3*$&@*'+,&%*)&@-+,&+,-9-@+*#.5-2#Z+-%-#+$(),#&#%>H
<H+ =3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&<-5-+9-'"$#'"
L\+ 4*%#"-$+ 3*@<-5-+ $3*$&@*'+ @*'"&$&+ ,-%-+
3*'*)&@--'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&+ <#7#+ 91"+ [%-'""-9+
7*,-%-'"-'Z+ -$-9Z+ 8*'&$Z+ 8*'&$+ 3*@*)&7$--'Z+ ,-'+
9-&'N9-&'+\H
S\+ 4*%#"-$+3*'*)&@-+@*@*)&7$-+7*9*'"7-3-'+,-%-+,&+
<#7#+91"H
^H+ =3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&7&)&@+19*(+8-$-+7#)&)+
L\+ 1#.5-2#Z+,&%*)&@-+3*%#"-$H
S\+ !,-+:1)@#9&)+,&+9#-)+*#.5-2#Ze+4*%#"-$+3*'*)&@-+
PHQJLGHQWLʈNDVLGRNXPHQXQWXNPHQJLVLGDWDGL
<#7#+91"H
P\+ D&,-7+ -,-+ :1)@#9&)+ ,&+ 9#-)+ *#.5- 2#Ze+ 4*%#"-$+
3*'*)&@-+ @*'#9&$+ ,-%-+ .-'"+ %*)%*)-+ ,&+ *#.5- 2#Z+
$*3*)%&+ -$-9+ $3*$&@*'Z+ %-'""-9+ %*)&@-Z+ ,-'+ 9-&'N
9-&'H+
,H+ 4*'*)&@--'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ SR+ 8-@H+ _&7-+ $3*$&@*'+
,&%*)&@-+ ,&+ 9#-)+ 8-@+ 7*)8-Z+ $*7#)&%&+ @*@<-'%#+ @*'*)&@-+
$3*$&@*'+ ,-'+ @*'^-%-%+ ,&+ <#7#+ 91"H+ =3*$&@*'+ $*"*)-+
,&@-$#77-'+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ $*@*'%-)-+
[,'&,"/',%(#,+ SNYvM\H+ =*7#)&%&+ @*'"&':1)@-$&7-'+ 7*+
3*%#"-$+ 3*'*)&@--'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&+ (-)&+ 7*)8-+ 7**$17-'+
(-)&'.-H

P E D OM A N
104 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
PH+ J#7#+>1"+[T#/2##K\+4*'*)&@--'+=3*$&@*'
U$ J#7#+91"+<*)&$&
1+ %-'""-9+a(-)&a5-7%#+[3#7#9\j+
1+ -$-9+$3*$&@*'j
1+ '-@-+3*'"-'%-)+$3*$&@*'+,-'+'1@1)+71'%-7j+
1+ 8*'&$+$3*$&@*'j
1+ 8#@9-(+$3*$&@*'j+,-'
1+ %-',-+%-'"-'j
U$ J#7#+ 91"+ ,&&$&+ 19*(+ 3*%#"-$+ 3*'"-'%-)+ $3*$&@*'+ -%-#+
3*%#"-$+3*'*)&@-+$3*$&@*'H
U$ J#7#+ 91"+ (-)#$+ ,&&$&+ $*^-)-+ 9*'"7-3+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+
&':1)@-$&+.-'"+-,-H

9F$ %1.V3HL4.4.$*1H1.I4E4$%4K1I$*L123H1.
L\+ 4*%#"-$+(-)#$+@*'""#'-7-'+!40+3-,-+$--%+@*9-7#7-'+
3*'.&@3-'-'+$*@*'%-)-+3-7*%+$3*$&@*'H
S\+ =3*$&@*'+,&$&@3-'+$*@*'%-)-+3-,-+,'&,"/',%(#,+SNYvMH

F-@<-)+PHSS+4*'.&@3-'-'+$*@*'%-)-+3-7*%+$3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
105
CF$ %1HQ0.MK4E4.$%4K1I$*L123H1.
L\+ 4*%#"-$+ (-)#$+ @*'""#'-7-'+ !40+ 3-,-+ $--%+
@*@<1'"7-)+3-7*%+$3*$&@*'H
S\+ 4*@<1'"7-)-'+ 3-7*%+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,&+ )#-'"+
$3*$&@*'H

F-@<-)+PHSP+4*@<1'"7-)-'+3-7*%+$3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

,F$ %1G4Q1G4.$*L123H1.$/4.$90EHNG3E
L\+ 4*%#"-$+ (-)#$+ @*'""#'-7-'+ !40+ 3-,-+ $--%+ @*9-7#7-'+
3*9-<*9-'+$3*$&@*'+,-'+:1)@#9&)H
S\+ 4*9-<*9-'+$3*$&@*'+,&9-7#7-'+,&+,-9-@+J=MH
P\+ =3*$&@*'+.-'"+$#,-(+,&<*)&+9-<*9+,&7&)&@+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@H
R\+ G1)@#9&)+,&7&)&@7-'+7*+<-"&-'+'3(,)-,-%-H

F-@<-)+PHSR+4*9-<*9-'+$3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
106 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
"F$ %1.V3HL4.4.$*L123H1.$$%42W4L1H1E3K244.$
-H+ 4*%#"-$+ (-)#$+ @*'""#'-7-'+ !40+ 3-,-+ $--%+ @*9-7#7-'+
3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'H
<H+ 4*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'+,&9-7#7-'+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+,17#@*'+
71@3#%*)&$-$&H

F-@<-)+PHSW+4*%-+3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+017#@*'%-$&+J-,-'+>&%<-'"+?*$*(-%-'Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
107
B ab I V M ate r i Int i 2

PENATALAKSANAAN
SPESIMEN UNTUK DETEKSI
PCR COVID-19
B A B IV M ate r i Int i 2

PENATALAKSANAAN SPESIMEN
UNTUK DETEKSI PCR COVID-19

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
=3*$&@*'+ -,-9-(+ %-)"*%+ #%-@-+ ,-)&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+ =3*$&@*'+
,&3*)&7$-+ #'%#7+ @*',-3-%7-'+ (-$&9+ -%-#+ $&@3#9-'+ + $#-%#+ 3*'.-7&%H+
Q'%#7+M1I&,NLO++7&%-+(-)#$+@*@-(-@&+$*@#-+3*,1@-'+&'%*)'-$&1'-9+
,-'+ '-$&1'-9+ ,*'"-'+ <*'-)+ -"-)+ @*'"*)%&+ 8*'&$Z+ 5-7%#+ 3*'"-@<&9-'Z+
3*9-<*9-'Z+3*'.&@3-'-'Z+3*'"*@-$-'Z+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+$3*$&@*'+-"-)+
GDSDWPHQJRQʈUPDVLNDVXV&RYLG
D-(-3-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ @*)#3-7-'+ :-$*+ N3)*-'-9&%&7+
.-'"+-7-'+@*'*'%#7-'+7#-9&%-$+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+
@*',#7#'"+ *3&,*@&191"&$%+ ,-'+ 79&'&$&+ ,-9-@+ @*@-$%&7-'+ 7-$#$+
M1I&,NLOH+ + 4)1$*,#)+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ $-'"-%+ 3*'%&'"+ $*(&'""-+
3*%#"-$+3*'"-@<&9+$3*$&@*'+(-)#$+$#,-(+@*'"&7#%&+3*9-%&(-'+,*'"-'+
<-&7+,-'+@*@-(-@&+3)1$*,#)Z+5-7%#Z+-9-%+,-'+<-(-'a@*,&-Z+$*)%-+%-%-+
^-)-+3*'"*',-9&-'+&':*7$&+,*'"-'+<-&7H
=*%*9-(+<*)(-$&9+,&-@<&9+,*'"-'+3)1$*,#)+.-'"+%*3-%Z++$3*$&@*'+
KDUXV GLEHUL LGHQWLʈNDVL VHVXDL GHQJDQ GDWD&#,>+ 3-$&*'+ ,-'+ (-)#$+
,&$&@3-'+3-,-+$#(#+.-'"+%*3-%+7*@#,&-'+,&7*@-$+,*'"-'+<*'-)+3-,-+
$#(#+.-'"+%*3-%+,-'+,&7&)&@+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+4*@1'&%1)-'+[>#3"(#,"3/\+
7#-9&%-$+$3*$&@*'+$-'"-%+3*'%&'"+#'%#7+@*'8-@&'+$3*$&@*'+,&%*)&@-+
,-9-@+ 71',&$&+ <-&7+ ,-'+ %&,-7+ )#$-7+ $*(&'""-+ <&$-+ @*@<*)&7-'+ (-$&9+
3*@*)&7$--'+.-'"+-7#)-%+,-'+%*)3*)^-.-H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
111
!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+ @*@3*9-8-)&+ + @-%*)&+ &'&Z+ 3*$*)%-+ @-@3#+ @*9-7#7-'+
%-%-+9-7$-'-+=3*$&@*'+#'%#7+,*%*7$&+4MC+M1I&,NLOH+

!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&+++@-%*)&+&'&Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#+++
LH+ @*9-7#7-'+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'+MTX60NLO+#'%#7+
3*@*)&7$--'+,&-"'1$%&7j
SH+ @*9-7#7-'+3*'"*@-$-'+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+
$*$#-&+,*'"-'++M1I&,NLO++7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@+)#8#7-'H
PH+ @*9-7#7-'+3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H

%0K0K$;4P424.
LH+ 4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'
SH+ 4*'"*@-$-'+,-'+4*'"&)&@-'+=3*$&@*'
PH+ 4*'.&@3-'-'+=3*$&@*'+,&+>-<1)-%1)&#@

)E434.$#4I1E3
%0K0K$;4P424.$<F$%1.M4HQ3G4.$*L123H1.
+F$ 74KIN$%1.M4HQ3G4.$*L123H1.
;-7%#+3*'"-@<&9-'+,-'+"*8-9-+79&'&$+.-'"+@*'.*)%-&+3-$&*'+
$-'"-%+3*'%&'"+#'%#7+@*'*'%#7-'+8*'&$+$3*$&@*'+M1I&,NLO++.-'"+

P E D OM A N
112 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
3*)9#+,&-@<&9H

F-@<-)+RHL+4*)7&)--'+A-$-+6':*7$&+X&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS
#'%#7+A*'*'%#7-'+_*'&$+=3*$&@*'+.-'"+4*)9#+0&-@<&9
=#@<*)e+=*%(#)-@-''(-%.HZ+SUSU

;F$ `1.32$*L123H1.
0-)&+ $3*$&@*'+ %#'""-9Z+ %*)#%-@-+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ <*)-$-9+
,-)&+ $-9#)-'+ 3*)'-3-$-'+ -%-$Z+ (-$&9+ '*"-%&:+ <*9#@+ %*'%#+
@*'"&',&7-$&7-'+ 7*%&-,--'+ &':*7$&H+ T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#Z+ ,&3*)9#7-'+
3*'"#9-'"-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"#8&-'+ $3*$&@*'H+ =3*$&@*'+
$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+<-"&-'+<-5-(+[.#;',-,'$=",%(#,)-(,%*(\+$-'"-%+
,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'+ ,*'"-'+ "*8-9-+ 79&'&$+ .-'"+ 3-)-(+
-%-#+3)1")*$&:H+J&9-+.-'"+,&%*@#7-'+3-%1"*'+9-&'+.-'"+31$&%&:Z+%&,-7+
@*'#%#3+7*@#'"7&'-'+-,-'.-+&':*7$&+M1I&,NLO++7-)*'-+$*8-#(+&'&+
3*)-'+71&':*7$&+<*9#@+,&7*%-(#&+[;2TZSUSU-\H
4*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ #'%#7+ $#$3*7+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3-,-+ (-)&+
7*NL+,-'+7*NS+,*'"-'+$*9-'"+5-7%#+rSR+8-@+$*)%-+<&9-++@*@<#)#7Z++

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
113
$*,-'"7-'+ @*9-7#7-'+ 71'%-7+ *)-%+ [7(#$#$+ #'%#7+ 3*%#"-$+
7*$*(-%-'\+ $*"*)-+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ CDN4MC+ $*8-7+ 7-$#$+
,&'.-%-7-'+$*<-"-&+7-$#$+=,#2%2.'DWDXNRQʈUPDVL .HPHQWHULDQ
?*$*(-%-'+C6Z+SUSU\H
_*'&$+=3*$&@*'
LH+ =3*$&@*'+$-9#)-'+'-3-$++<-"&-'+-%-$

-H+ Q$-3+'-$1:-)&'"+,-'+1)1:-)&'"
<H+ J&9-$-'+'-$1:-)&'"+-%-#+3%$#=:,)3/'%.-%$=",%('

SH+ =3*$&@*'+$-9#)-'+'-3-$++<-"&-'+<-5-(

=3*$&@*'+ $-9#)-'+ '-3-$+ + <-"&-'+ <-5-(+ ,&-@<&9+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'+


,*'"-'+71',&$&+71@39&7-$&+.-'"+9*<&(+<*)-%H
-H+ =3#%#@
<H+ A35#(,%*:'%.-%$=",%('
^H+ !,#3*:#%.9'#.%,-.%9%/'
,H+ C,%*:'%.-%$=",%('
*H+ M-&)-'+3-)#
:H+ J&13$&+3-)#

D-<*9+RHL_+*'&$+=3*$&@*'Z+=#(#+3*'.&@3-'-'Z+,-'+4*'"&)&@-'+6,*-9
=#@<*)e+;2TZSUSU
;4P4.$ *NPN$
`1.32$2L123H1. %1.V3HL4.4. D1I1E4.M4.
%1.M4HQ3G4. %1.M3E3H4.
Q$-3+'-$1:-)&'"+ 0-^)1'+$;%2+ SNY1M ȸKDUL1M ?*,#-+$;%2- ;!_6J+
,-'+1)1:-)&'" -%-#+O.#*K'5- rLS+(-)&e+NVU M+ &'&+(-)#$+
1
06!AJ6>
0;%2+w+I",+$- [5,)-"*'Q ,&%*@3-%7-'+
C,%3$=#,(- ,&+%-<#'"+.-'"+
H'5"+>+ $-@-+#'%#7+
[XDA\+-%-#+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+
$-9&'*+$%*)&9x 9",%.-.#%5
=3#%#@ ?1'%-&'*)+ SNY M
1
ȸKDUL M 4-$%&7-'+
1
;!_6J+
$%*)&9 rW+(-)&e+NVU1M+ $3#%#@+<*)-$-9+ 06!AJ6>
[5,)-"*'Q ,-)&+=-9#)-'+
4*)'-3-$-'+
J-5-(+
[JQ?!/+9&#)\

P E D OM A N
114 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
J)1'^(1-9I*19-)+ ?1'%-&'*)+ SNY1M ȸMDP1M ;!_6J+J6>!+
>-I-"* =%*)&9 rRY+8-@e+NVU1M+ AEAQ/F?6/?!/
[5,)-"*'Q
C,%*:'%.- ?1'%-&'*)+ SNY1M ȸMDP1M ;!_6J+J6>!+
%$=",%('L- $%*)&9 rRY+8-@e+NVU1M+ AEAQ/F?6/?!/
3%$#=:%,)3/'%.- [5,)-"*'Q
%$=",%('+-%-#+
3%$%.-;%$:+
,-9-@+XDA
_-)&'"-'+<&13$&+ ?1'%-&'*)+ SNY1M ȸMDP1M
-%-#+-#%13$&+ $%*)&9+w+$-9&'* rSR+8-@e+NVU1M+
%*)@-$#7+,-)&+ [5,)-"*'Q
3-)#N3-)#+,-9-@+
XDA+-%-#+
$-9&'*
=*)#@+[S+ =*)#@+ SNY1M ȸKDUL1M 4*'"-@<&9-'+S+ ;!_6J+
$-@3*9Z+.-&%#+ $*3-)-%1)+ rW+(-)&e+NVU1M+ $-@3*9e 06!AJ6>
-7#%+,-'+ %#<*$+ [5,)-"*'Q !7#%e+@&'""#+
71'I-9*$*'\+ [0*5-$-+PNW+ 3*)%-@-+$--%+
#'%#7+ @9+;:#.'- $-7&%
3*@*)&7$--'+ 2.##5\ ?1'I-9*$*$'e+
=*)191"& SNP+@&'""#+
$*%*9-('.-

?*%*)-'"-'e+x=%-<&9&%-$+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XS+,&+,-9-@+=-9&'*+=%*)&9+-%-#+XDA+
,-3-%+ <*)%-(-'+ $*9-@-+ LR+ (-)&+ 3-,-+ $#(#+ SNY1MH+ =*<-"-&+ 3*'""-'%&Z+ $-9&'*+
$%*)&9+,-3-%+,&"#'-7-'+4J=+[?:#$=:%('-!+&&',-0%."3'\H

5F$ %1.W1M4P4.$/4.$%1.M1./4G34.$"._1K23$K1I3K4$%1.M4HQ3G4.$
*L123H1.
=*<*9#@+ 7*"&-%-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&9-7$-'-7-'Z+
3*)$1'*9+ (-)#$+ @*@3*)(-%&7-'+ +3"9',$%.- =,'*%+("#3- -%-#+
7*5-$3-,--'+ #'&I*)$-9+ #'%#7+ @*'^*"-(+ %*)8-,&'.-+ 3*'#9-)-'+
3*'.-7&%Z+ <-&7+ ,-)&+ 3-$&*'+ 7*+ 3-)-@*,&$+ @-#3#'+ 9&'"7#'"-'+
$*7&%-)H+2-9+%*)$*<#%+@*9&3#%&+++
LH+ $*9-9#+@*'^#^&+%-'"-'+,*'"-'+@*'""#'-7-'+$-<#'a,&$&':*7%-'+
$'2'.+>+,-'+$'$+5%:+%&',-7-'+,-'+
SH+ @*'""#'-7-'+!40H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
115
6F$ +G4I$/4.$;4P4.$21EI4$%E021/NE$%1.M4HQ3G4.$*L123H1.
LH+ !9-%+,-'+J-(-'+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'

-H+ G1)@#9&)+4*'.*9&,&7-'+E3&,*@&191"&
4*'"&)&@-'+$3*$&@*'+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@+(-)#$+,&$*)%-&+
,*'"-'+:1)@#9&)+3*'.*9&,&7-'H+E3&,*@&191"&+%*)9-@3&)+
$*$#-&+,*'"-'+5-7%#+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'H

<H+ =3*$&@*'+=-9#)-'+4*)'-3-$-'+[<'$=",%(#,)-C,%*(Q

L\+ I",+$-C,%3$=#,(-H'5"%-[XDA\+[LNS+@9\

J*<*)-3-+ @*)*7+ 71@*)$&-9+ + .-'"+ $#,-(+ $&-3+ 3-7-&+


,-3-%+ ,&"#'-7-'+ -%-#+ ,*'"-'+ @*'^-@3#)+ <*<*)-3-+
<-(-'+ [2-'7$+ J==j+ -'%&:#'"-9+ ,-'+ -'%&<&1%&7+ ,*'"-'+
71@31$&$&+%*)%*'%#\+#'%#7+,&$-%#7-'+,-9-@+$-%#+5-,-(+
$%*)&9H+ 2&',-)&+ 3*'""#'--'+ + XDA+ .-'"+ @*'"-',#'"+
<-(-'+@*'"&'-7%&:-$&+I&)#$+-%-#+9&$&$+<#::*)H
S\+ O.#*K'5-$;%2a5%*,#3-$;%2
P\+ C#3/+'-$=%('.
R\+ ?1'%-&'*)+$%*)&9+#'%#7+$3#%#@
  3DUDʈOP
]\+ 49-$%&7+79&3
V\+ A-)7*)+-%-#+9-<*9+60

P E D OM A N
116 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+RHS+!9-%+,-'+J-(-'+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z+SUSU

^H+ =3*$&@*'+0-)-(a$*)#@

L\+ D1)'&b#*%
S\+ 0=+"(-5"$=#$%2.'+-%-#+W+@9+$)$('>-9%*+(%"3',
P\+ U"3/-3''5.'+[8&7-+,&3*)9#7-'\
R\+ ?-3-$+-971(19+VUk
W\+ ?-3-$+7*)&'"
]\+ X&-9+ LZY+ @9+ -%-#+ %-<#'"+ %#%#3+ #9&%+ [5-,-(+ $3*$&@*'+
$*)#@\
V\+ A-)7*)+-%-#+9-<*9+60

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
117
,H+ J-(-'+4*'"*3-7-'a4*'"&)&@-'+=3*$&@*'

L\+ B*'-=%*K+,-'+1#.5-!#Z
- B*'- =%*K+ ,-'+ 1#.5- !#Z+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ <&9-+ %*@3-%+
3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ %*)3&$-(+ ,-)&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
4-$%&7-'+"*'-=%*K+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+<*'-)N<*'-)+<*7#H
S\+ >-<*9+!9-@-%
P\+ 4*)*7-%+a+>-7<-'

SH+ 4)1$*,#)+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'

-H+ =3*$&@*'+$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+-%-$
L\+ =&-37-'+*,)#(+2'+.-'"+<*)&$&+LZW+@9+XDA+[<*)&$&+2-'7$+
J==+w+-'%&:#'"-9+w+-'%&<&1%&7\Z+,-3-%+8#"-+@*'""#'-7-'+
XDA+71@*)$&-9++.-'"+$&-3+3-7-&H+J*)&9-<*9+.-'"+<*)&$&+
'-@-+ 3-$&*'+ ,-'+ 71,*+ + '1@1)+ + $3*$&@*'H+ >-<*9+ &'&+
(-)#$+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ &,*'%&%-$+ 3-$&*'+ 3-,-+ :1)@#9&)+
3*'.*9&,&7-'+*3&,*@&191"&+3-$&*'H+
S\+ _&7-+ 9-<*9+ <*)'1@1)+ %&,-7+ %*)$*,&-Z+ + 3*'-@--'+ <&$-+
@*'""#'-7-'+ @-)7*)+ 3*)@-'*'+ 3-,-+ <-"&-'+ 3#%&(+
,&',&'"+ *,)#(+2'H+ _-'"-'+ "#'-7-'+ XDA+ [2-'7$\+ <&9-+
%*9-(+<*)#<-(+5-)'-+@*'8-,&+7#'&'"H
P\+ F#'-7-'+ $;%2+ .-'"+ %*)<#-%+ ,-)&+ <-(-'+ ,-^)1'a)-.1'a
$&'%*'%&7+ ʈEHU+ $%*)&9+ ,*'"-'+ %-'"7-&+ 39-$%&7+ -%-#+ 8*'&$+
O.#*K'5- 0;%2H+ _-'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ $;%2+ 7-3-$+ -%-#+
$;%2+ .-'"+ @*'"-',#'"+ 1%.*"+>- 4./"3%('+ -%-#+ $;%2+
7-3-$+,*'"-'+%-'"7-&+7-.#+7-)*'-+@#'"7&'+@*'"-',#'"+
$#<$%-'$&+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ @*'"&'-7%&I-$&+ I&)#$+ ,-'+ ,-3-%+

P E D OM A N
118 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
@*'"(-@<-%+3)1$*$+3*@*)&7$--'+$*^-)-+@19*7#9*)H
-\+ Q$-3+'-$1:-)&'"
LH+ 4-$%&7-'+%&,-7+-,-+1<$%)#7$&+[(-@<-%-'+3-,-+
9#<-'"+(&,#'"\H
SH+ A-$#77-'+ ʉRFNHG VZDE+ @*9-9#&+ 9#<-'"+
(&,#'"+ $*8-8-)+ ,*'"-'+ 9-'"&%N9-'"&%+ @#9#%+
[%&,-7+ 7*+ -%-$\+ $-@3-&+ %*)8-,&+ )*$&$%*'$&+ -%-#+
8-)-7+.-'"+$*%-)-+,*'"-'+8-)-7+,-)&+%*9&'"-+7*+
9#<-'"+ (&,#'"+ 3-$&*'+ .-'"+ @*'"&',&7-$&7-'+
71'%-7+,*'"-'+'-$1:-)&'"H+
PH+ M-)-+ #$-3+ (-)#$+ @*'^-3-&+ 7*,-9-@-'+ .-'"+
$-@-+ ,*'"-'+ 8-)-7+ ,-)&+ 9#<-'"+ (&,#'"+ 7*+
9#<-'"+ 9#-)+ %*9&'"-+ "1$17+ ,-'+ 3#%-)+ ,*'"-'+
9*@<#%H+ J&-)7-'+ $;%2+ ,&+ %*@3-%+ $*9-@-+
<*<*)-3-+,*%&7+#'%#7+@*'.*)-3+$*7)*$&H+D-)&7+
$;%2+ 3*)9-(-'+ $--%+ @*@#%-)'.-H+ =3*$&@*'+
#$-3+'-$1:-)&'"+^#7#3+,&-@<&9+,-)&+$-9-(+$-%#+
'1$%)&9+$-8-H+
x+ /-@#'Z+ 8&7-+ ,&)-$-7-'+ 3*)9#Z+ ,-3-%+
@*'"-@<&9+ ,-)&+ 7*,#-+ '1$%)&9+ @*'""#'-7-'+
$;%2+ .-'"+ $-@-Z+ %*%-3&+ %&,-7+ 3*)9#+
@*'"#@3#97-'+$3*$&@*'+,-)&+7*,#-+$&$&+8&7-+
$;%2+ %*9-(+ 8*'#(+ ,*'"-'+ ^-&)-'+ ,-)&+ 719*7$&+
3*)%-@-H+_&7-+-,-+$#@<-%-'+,-)&+$-%#+9#<-'"+
(&,#'"Z+ "#'-7-'+ $;%2+ .-'"+ $-@-+ #'%#7+
@*',-3-%7-'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,-)&+ 9#<-'"+ (&,#'"+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
119
9-&''.-H

F-@<-)+RHP+>17-$&+4*'"-@<&9-'+/-$1:-)&'"
=#@<*)e+M0MZ+SUSU

RH+ ?*@#,&-'+@-$#77-'+$;%2+7*+,-9-@-*,)#(+2'+
<*)&$&+XDA+$*$*"*)-+@#'"7&'H
WH+ !'"7-%+$*,&7&%+$;%2+,-)&+,-$-)+*,)#(+2'+9-9#+
3-%-(7-'+ %-'"7-&+ 39-$%&7+ ,&+ ,-*)-(+ @#9#%-
*,)#(+2'+-"-)-*,)#(+2'-,-3-%+,&%#%#3+,*'"-'+
)-3-%H

F-@<-)+R+R+A*@-$#7-'+0;%2+7*+,-9-@+XDA
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
120 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
<\+ Q$-3+T)1:-)&'"
LH+ F#'-7-'+(#3/+'-$=%('.+8&7-+,&3*)9#7-'+#'%#7+
@*'-(-'+ 9&,-(+ 7*%&7-+ -7-'+ @*'"-@<&9+ #$-3+
1)1:-)&'"H

SH+ A-$#77-'+$5-<+7*+:-)&'"+31$%*)&1)+,-'+-)*-+
%1'$&9H+ F1$177-'+ -3#$-'+ 3-,-+ 7*,#-+ 3&9-)+
%1'$&9+ ,-'+ 1)1:-)&'"+ 31$%*)&1)+ ,-'+ (&',-)&+
@*'.*'%#(+9&,-(Z+"&"&Z+,-'+"#$&H

F-@<-)+RHW+>17-$&+4*'"-@<&9-'+1)1:-)&'"
=#@<*)e+A#))-.'(-%.HZ+SULR

PH+ ?*@#,&-'+ @-$#77-'+ $;%2+ 7*+ ,-9-@+


*,)#(+2'+<*)&$&+XDA+.-'"+$-@-+,*'"-'+$;%2+
'-$1:-)&'"+$*$*"*)-+@#'"7&'H
RH+ !'"7-%+ $*,&7&%+ $;%2+ ,-)&+ ,-$-)+ *,)#(+2Z+ 9-9#+
3-%-(7-'+ %-'"7-&+ 39-$%&7+ ,&+ ,-*)-(+ @#9#%+
*,)#(+2'+-"-)+*,)#(+2'-,-3-%+,&%#%#3+,*'"-'+
)-3-%H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
121
F-@<-)+RH]+A*@-$#7-'+0;%2+7*+,-9-@+XDA
.-'"+=-@-+,*'"-'+=5-<1)1:-)&'"
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z+SUSU

WH+ 4-$%&7-'+9-<*9+71,*+$3*$&@*'+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+
71,*+ .-'"+ -,-+ ,&+ :1)@#9&)+ 3*'.*9&,&7-'+
*3&,*@&191"&H
]H+ 1),#(+2' NHPXGLDQ GLOLOLW SDUDʈOP GDQ
@-$#77-'+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ 39-$%&7+ 79&3a*,)#2#ZH+
_&7-+ -,-+ 9*<&(+ ,-)&+ L+ 3-$&*'Z+ + 39-$%&7+ 79&3+
,&<*,-7-'a%*)3&$-(+ #'%#7+ @*'"(&',-)&+
71'%-@&'-$&+$&9-'"H

F-@<-)+RHV+4*'"*@-$-'+=3*$&@*'
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
122 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
<H+ =3*$&@*'+$-9#)-'+3*)'-3-$-'+<-5-(
=3#%#@
4-$&*'+,&<*)&+%-(#+++3*)<*,--'+$3*$&@*'+$3#%#@+,-'+$-9&I-+
[-&)+ 9&#)\H+ 4-$&*'+ <*)7#@#)+ %*)9*<&(+ ,-(#9#+ ,*'"-'+ -&)+
7*@#,&-'+3-$&*'+,&@&'%-+@*'"*9#-)7-'+,-(-7'.-+,*'"-'+
^-)-+ <-%#7+ .-'"+ ,-9-@H+ =3#%#@+ ,&%-@3#'"+ 3-,-+ 5-,-(+
$%*)&9+.-'"+-'%&+<1^1)H+4*'"-@<&9-'+$-@3*9+$3#%#@+,*'"-'+
^-)-+&',#7$&+,-3-%+@*'&@<#97-'+)&$&71+&':*7$&+%-@<-(-'+
<-"&+3*%#"-$+7*$*(-%-'H

^H+ =3*$&@*'+9-&''.-
=*)#@
=*3-$-'"+$-@3*9+$*)#@+[-7#%+,-'+71'I-9*$*'\+,&3*)9#7-'+
XQWXN NRQʈUPDVL 6HUXP DZDO GLNXPSXONDQ GL PLQJJX
3*)%-@-+ 3*'.-7&%+ ,-'+ $*)#@+ .-'"+ 7*,#-+ &,*-9'.-+
,&7#@3#97-'+S`P++@&'""#+7*@#,&-'H+J&9-+$*)#@+%#'""-9Z+
3*'"-@<&9-'+ (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*%&,-7'.-+ LR+ (-)&+ $*%*9-(+
1'$*%+"*8-9-+#'%#7+3*'*'%#-'+7*@#'"7&'-'+7-$#$H+
M-)-+@*',-3-%7-'+$*)#@+$*<-'.-7+LZW`P++@>+,&<#%#(7-'+
P`W+ + @>+ ;:#.'- 2.##5L+ <-&7+ #'%#7+ -'-7N-'-7+ @-#3#'+
,*5-$-+,-'+@&'&@-9+L+@9+;:#.'-2.##5+#'%#7+<-.&H+=-@3*9+
,-)-(+7*@#,&-'+,&$*'%)&:#$+#'%#7+@*',-3-%7-'+$*)#@'.-H+
_&7-+,&@#'"7&'7-'Z+,&7#@3#97-'++L+@>+$*)#@H

&F$ 60KNH1.I423$*L123H1.$/4.$64I4$%4231.
4*'^-%-%-'+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'+3-$&*'+,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+
-,-+ ,&+ .#/2##KH+ =*@#-+ 3-$&*'+ + ,&-@<&9+ $3*$&@*''.-+ %*)^-%-%+
,*'"-'+ <-&7+ ,-'+ )-3&Z+ $*3*)%&+ ,-%-+ '-@-+ 3-$&*'Z+ '1@1)+ )*7-@+
@*,&7Z+%-'""-9+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'Z+8*'&$+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+,-3-%+
,&-@<&9Z+ 71,*+ 3*'-@--'+ &,*'%&%-$+ 3-$&*'Z+ %-'""-9+ 3*'"&)&@-'+
$3*$&@*'+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+,-'+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'H
P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
123
9F$ %1.V3HL4.4.$21H1.I4E4$2L123H1.$21Q1GNH$L1.M3E3H4.$
2L123H1.
=3*$&@*'+,-)&+$#$3*7+M1I&,+LO++(-)#$+,&$&@3-'+,-'+,&7&)&@+
3-,-+ $#(#+ .-'"+ $*$#-&+ [9&(-%+ D-<*9+ PHL\H+ =3*$&@*'+ (-)#$+ %&<-+ ,&+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ $*"*)-+ $*%*9-(+ 3*'"-@<&9-'H+ J&9-+ 7-)*'-+ -9-$-'++
%*)%*'%#+3*'"&)&@-'+(-)#$+,&%#',-Z+$3*$&@*'+(-)#$+,&$&@3-'+3-,-+
$#(#+ + SNNY1MH+ D*@3-%+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ $3*$&@*'+ (-)#$+ %*)$*',&)&Z+
%*)3&$-(+,-)&+3*'.&@3-'-'+)*-"*'$&-H+J&9-+@*'""#'-7-'+9*@-)&+*$+
,1@*$%&7Z+(&',-)&+@*'.&@3-'+$3*$&@*'Z+<-&7+,&+3&'%#Z+)-7+*:"..',+
@-#3#'+&,''Y',+#'%#7+@*'^*"-(+7*)#$-7-'+$3*$&@*'H

F-@<-)+RHY+D*@3-%+4*'.&@3-'-'+=3*$&@*'+=*@*'%-)-+=*<*9#@+4*'"&)&@-'
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z+SULL

P E D OM A N
124 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
%0K0K$;4P424.$=F$%1.M1H424.$/4.$%1.M3E3H4.$*L123H1.
!H+%E3.23L$:4.I43$/3.M3.$/4G4H$%1.M1H424.$/4.$%1.M3E3H4.$
*L123H1.
=3*$&@*'+ #'%#7+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ =!C=NM1XNS+ @*)#3-7-'+
@-%*)&-9+ <&191"&+ .-'"+ $-'"-%+ 3*7-+ %*)(-,-3+ 3*)#<-(-'+ $#(#H+
=%-<&9&%-$+ I&)#$+ =!C=NMTXNS+ $-'"-%+ ,&3*'"-)#(&+ 19*(+ $#(#+
3*'.&@3-'-'+ ,-'+ $#(#+ $*9-@-+ %)-'$31)%-$&H+ A-7&'+ %&'""&+ $#(#+
3*'.&@3-'-'+,-'+%)-'$31)%-$&Z+$%-<&9&%-$+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+@-7&'+
@*'#)#'H+4-,-+$#(#+R1M+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+<&$-+<*)%-(-'+(&'""-+
LS+(-)&H

D-<*9+RHS+=%-<&9&%-$+X&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+3-,-+J*<*)-3-+=#(#
=#@<*)e+M(&'+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#,-9-@+ + 3*'"*@-$-'+ ,-'+ '+ 3*'"&)&@-'+


$3*$&@*'+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ @-'-8*@*'+ )-'%-&+ ,&'"&'+ #'%#7+ @*@-$%&7-'+
7#-9&%-$+ $3*$&@*'+ %*%-3+ %*)8-"-+ $-@3-&+ 3-,-+ %-(-3+ 3*@*)&7$--'H+
0HQXUXWGHʈQLVLGDUL:+2UDQWDLGLQJLQDGDODKVXDWXVLVWHP\DQJ
<*)3*)-'+ @*@3*)%-(-'7-'+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ ,-'+ %)-'$31)%-$&+ <-(-'+
<&191"&a$-@3*9a$3*$&@*'+ 3-,-+ 71',&$&+ ,-'+ $#(#+ 13%&@-9+ .-'"+
,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+[;2TZ+SUSU^\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
125
A-'-8*@*'+)-'%-&+,&'"&'+<*)%#8#-'+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+<-(5-+
$3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&-@<&9+,&+:-$.-'7*$+%*)8-"-+@#%#'.-+$-@3-&+,*'"-'+
,&9-7#7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+)#8#7-'+$*(&'""-+,&,-3-%7-'+
(-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ .-'"+ -7#)-%+ ,-'+ %*)3*)^-.-H+ 4*)#<-(-'+ $#(#+
,-)&+ <-%-$+ .-'"+ ,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+ $*9-@-+ 3)1$*$+ 3*'.&@3-'-'Z+
%)-'$31)%-$&Z+$-@3-&++,*'"-'+-'-9&$&$+,-3-%+@*@*'"-)#(&++I&-<&9&%-$a
@#%#+ $3*$&@*'+ $*(&'""-+ ,-3-%+ @*'.*<-<7-'+ (-$&9+ .-'"+ %&,-7+
-7#)-%H+
A*'#)#%+ C1,)&"#*+ ,-'+ /1%%*<11@+ [SUSU\+ ,-9-@+ <#7#+ .-'"+
<*)8#,#9+C:'-1#.5-1:%"3-%35-"($-T#/"$("*$Z+-,-+*@3-%+*9*@*'+#%-@-+
)-'%-&+,&'"&'Z+.-&%#++$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e

LH+ $&$%*@+3*',&'"&'+[*##."3/-$)$('>$\e+$#-%#+$&$%*@+-%-#+:-$&9&%-$+
.-'"+ @*'.*,&-7-'+ $#(#+ .-'"+ %*3-%+ #'%#7+ 3*'"19-(-'Z+
3*'.&@3-'-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ 3)1,#7+ ,-9-@+ (-9+ &'&+ -,-9-(+
@-%*)&-9+<&191"&j

SH+ $&$%*@+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ <*)3*',&'"&'- W*#.5- $(#,%/'\+ e+ :-$&9&%-$+


3*'.&@3-'-'+ <*)3*',&'"&'Z+ <-&7+ .-'"+ + ,&"#'-7-'+ $*@*'%-)-+
$*<*9#@+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ 3)1,#7+ @-#3#'+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ .-'"+
$&:-%'.-+9*<&(+9-@-+[.#3/-(',>\+@&$-9'.-+$*3*)%&+<&1)*31$&%1)&j

PH+ $&$%*@+%)-'$31)%-$&+<*)3*',&'"&'-W*#.5-(,%3$=#,(Q-e+$&$%*@+.-'"+
@-@3#+ @*'8-"-+ 7*$%-<&9-'+ $#(#Z+ 7*9*@<-3-'+ + 13%&@-9+ ,-'+
&'%*")&%-$+3)1,#7+$*9-@-+3)1$*$+3*'"&)&@-'j

RH+ 3*@)1$*$-'+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+[*#.5-=,#*'$$"3/-%35-5"$(,"2+("#3QJ-
%*)$*,&-'.-+:-$&9&%-$+#'%#7+3*@)1$*$-'+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+3)1,#7+H

P E D OM A N
126 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
0-9-@+ + 3*'"*@-$-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&3*)9#7-'+
<*<*)-3-+3*)-9-%-'+.-'"+,-3-%+@*@*9&(-)-+,-'+@*@-'%-#+71',&$&+
3*'.&@3-'-'+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+$3*$&@*'H+4*)-9-%-'+&'&+,&7-%*"1)&7-'+
@*'8-,&+%&"-+7*91@317Z+.-&%#+%*("9'-*#.5-*:%"3Z+=%$$"9'-*#.5-*:%"3+
,-'+('>=',%(+,'->#3"(#,"3/-(##.$H

-H+ 4*("9'- *#.5- *:%"3- -,-9-(+ 3*)-9-%-'+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ @*'"(-$&97-'+


$#(#+ ,&'"&'+ #'%#7+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ $3*$&@*'Z+ @&$-9'.-+ &,''Y',-
,-'+ ,'&,"/',%(#,H+ J*<*)-3-+ (-9+ .-'"+ (-)#$+ ,&3*)%&@<-'"7-'+
,-9-@+ @*@&9&(+ &,''Y',+ -%-#+ ,'&,"/',%(#,L+ -'%-)-+ 9-&'+ -,-9-(+
7-3-$&%-$Z+ 8*'&$+ 9*@-)&+ 3*',&'"&'+ [%+(#R>%3+%.- 5'&,#$(\Z+ $*)%-+
-,-'.-+ $&$%*@+ 3*@1'&%1)-'+ [>#3"(#,"3/\+ $#(#H+ O,''Y',+ -%-#+
,'&,"/',%(#,+ 8*'&$+ %+(#65'&,#$("3/+ %&,-7+ ,&-'8#)7-'+ #'%#7+
3*'.&@3-'-'+ $3*$&@*'+ 7-)*'-+ -,-'.-+ $&$%*@+ 3*@-'-$+ .-'"+
-7-'+ <*7*)8-+ $*^-)-+ 1%1@-%&$+ @*@<*)$&(7-'+ <#'"-+ *$+ .-'"+
%*)<*'%#7+$*(&'""-+<*)&$&71+@*'&@<#97-'+7*)#$-7-'+$3*$&@*'H

<H+ ?%$$"9'-*#.5-*:%"3+-,-9-(+3*)-9-%-'+.-'"+,-3-%+@*'8-"-+$#(#+
,&'"&'+ ,-9-@+ 5-7%#+ .-'"+ %*)<-%-$+ ,-'+ %&,-7+ @*@<#%#(7-'+
$#@<*)+ *'*)"&+ #'%#7+ 3*@-':--%-''.-Z+ ^1'%1('.-+ *##.- 2#ZL-
"*'-=%*KL-5,)-"*'H+B*'-=%*K+.-'"+-7-'+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+3)1$*$+
%)-'$31)%-$&+$3*$&@*'+(-)#$+<*'-)N<*'-)+,-9-@+7*-,--'+<*7#H+
_#@9-(+"*'-=%*K+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+(-)#$+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+$3*$&@*'+
.-'"+,&7&)&@+,-'+#7#)-'+*##.-2#Z-.-'"+,&"#'-7-'H+D,)-"*'-,-3-%+
,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+ -3-<&9-+ ,&3*)7&)-7-'+
$3*$&@*'+<-)#+-7-'+$-@3-&+,-9-@+5-7%#+9*<&(+,-)&+P+(-)&H

^H+ C'>=',%(+,'->#3"(#,"3/-(##.$+-,-9-(+3*)-9-%-'+#'%#7+3*@-'%-#-'+
$#(#Z+<-&7+$*9-@-+3*'.&@3-'-'+@-#3#'+3*'"&)&@-'+$3*$&@*Z'+
@&$-9'.-+ %*)@1@*%*)+ ,-'+ 5%(%- .#//',H+ J*),-$-)7-'+ 3*)&1,*+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
127
3*@-'%-#-'+ $#(#'.-Z+ ,&7*'-9+ ,#-+ @-^-@+ -9-%+ 3*@-'%-#-'+
$#(#Z+ .-&%#+ -9-%+ 3*@-'%-#-'+ $#(#+ $*$--%+ ,-'+ -9-%+ 3*@-'%-#-'+
$#(#+<*)7*9-'8#%-'H+!9-%+3*@-'%-#-'+$#(#+$*$--%+(-'.-+,-3-%+
@*'"#7#)+ $#(#+ 3-,-+ $#-%#+ $--%+ %*)%*'%#Z+ + @&$-9'.-+ $#(#+ $--%+
$3*$&@*'+ ,&7&)&@+ -%-#+ $--%+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&%*)&@-H+ =*@*'%-)-+ &%#Z++
-9-%+ 3*@-'%-#-'+ $#(#+ <*)7*9-'8#%-'+ ,-3-%+ @*'^-%-%+ )&5-.-%+
3*)#<-(-'+$#(#+$*9-@-+3*)8-9-'-'+$3*$&@*'+@#9-&++3*'"&)&@-'+
$-@3-&+3*'*)&@--'+$3*$&@*'+,&+%#8#-'+[D15'$*',Z+SULP\H

F-@<-)+RHO+!9-%+4*@-'%-#+=#(#+=*$--%+[!\+,-'+J*)7*9-'8#%-'+[J\
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$Z+SULU

;F$%1.M1H424.$/4.$%1.M3E3H4.$*L123H1.
=3*$&@*'+ M1I&,NLO+ + @*)#3-7-'+ s=#<$%-'$&+ J&191"&$Z+
?-%*"1)&+JtZ+,-'+(-)#$+,&7*@-$+<*),-$-)7-'+%-%-+9-7$-'-+Q/PPVP+
7*%&7-+ -7-'+ ,&-'"7#%a,&%)-'$31)%-$&7-'+ ,*'"-'+ %#8#-'+ ,&-"'1$%&7+
-%-#+ &'I*$%&"-$&H+ ?-%*"1)&+ &'&+ @*9&',#'"&+ $3*$&@*'Z+ 3*%#"-$+
9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+,-'+8#"-+-"*'+3*'"&)&@-'+$3*$&@*'H+=*@#-+$3*$&@*'+
(-)#$+ ,&7*@-$+ #'%#7+ @*'^*"-(+ 7*)#$-7-'+ ,-'+ %#@3-(-'H+ =&$%*@+
.-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+ -,-9-(+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ %&"-+ 9-3&$+ [C:,''-
T%)',-?%*K%/"3/\+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+3*,1@-'+;2T+,-'+B3(',3%("#3%.-
4",-C,%3$=#,(-4$$#*"%("#3-[6!D!\[;2TZ+SUSU<\H

P E D OM A N
128 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+RHLU+M1'%1(+4*'"*@-$-'+D&"-+>-3&$
=#@<*)e+U@N6M+"5%3*'-#3-,'/+.%("#3$-&#,-(:'-(,%3$=#,(-#&-"3&'*("#+$-
$+2$(%3*'$-EF786EFEF

=&$%*@+ 3*'"*@-$-'+ %&"-+ 9-3&$+ %*),&)&+ -%-$+ + %&"-+ 9-3&$-'Z+


.-&%#+ 9-3&$+ 3)&@*)Z+ $*7#',*)Z+ ,-'+ %*)$&*)H+ >-3&$-'+ 3)&@*)+ + -,-9-(++
%-<#'"+7*,-3+-&)+%*@3-%+@*'-@3#'"+$3*$&@*'H+>-3&$-'+$*7#',*)+
<*)#3-+ 39-$%&7+ Y"=.#*Ka*,)#2#Za2"#2#((.'+ .-'"+ ,&%-@<-(7-'+ <-(-'+
-<$1)<*'Z+ $*3*)%&+ ("$$+'- (#;'.H+ >-3&$-'+ 7*%&"-+ -,-9-(+ *##.- 2#Za
$='$">'3-*%,,"',+$*3*)%&+$(,)#&#%>+-%-#+Q/+2#ZH+

=--%+ 3*'"&)&@-'Z+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&%*@3-%7-'+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ *##.- 2#Z-


,*'"-'+ 71',&$&+ $#(#+ SNYvMH+ 4*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'Z+ <-&7+ 7-$#$+
$#$3*7+ M1I&,NLO+ + @-#3#'+ 71'%-7+ *)-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+ 3*%#"-$+
0&'-$+ ?*$*(-%-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*'.*)%-7-'+ :1)@#9&)+ 3*'.*9&,&7-'+
*3&,*@&191"&H+ 4*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+ ,&%#8#7-'+ 7*+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-+.-'"+%*9-(+@*@*'#(&+3*)$.-)-%-'+.-'"+,&%*%-37-'+19*(+
A*'%*)&+?*$*(-%-'+-%-#+3*8-<-%+.-'"+,&%#'8#7H+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
129
J-(-'N<-(-'+.-'"+,&<#%#(7-'+#'%#7+3*'"*@-$-'+,-'+3*'"&)&@-'+
$3*$&@*'+-,-9-(++
-H+ 39-$%&7+79&3a*,)#2#Za2"#2#((.'\
<H+ <-(-'+-<$1)<*'%e+("$$+'-(#;'.\
^H+ "*'-=%*K$\-
,H+ "3$+.%(#,\
*H+ 9-<*9+-9-@-%+,-'+9-<*9+Q/PPVPj
:H+ 9-7<-'a3*)*7-%j
"H+ 39-$%&7+<*$-)+#'%#7+&#,>G

=*^-)-+ ,*%-&9Z+ 3)1$*,#)+ 3*'"*@-$-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+


M1I&,NLO+++-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
LH$ A-$#77-'+*,)#(+2'+.-'"+<*)&$&+$3*$&@*'+7*+,-9-@+39-$%&7+79&3+
.-'"+%*9-(+,&<*)&+%&$#H
SH$ A-$#77-'+ 39-$%&7+ 79&3+ <*)&$&+ $3*$&@*'+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ *,)#2#Za2"#-
2#((.'H
PH$ =#$#'+ "*'- =%*K+ <*7#+ @&'&@-9+ ]+ <#-(+ 3-,-+ <-"&-'+ <-5-(Z+
$-@3&'"Z+ ,-'+ -%-$+ *,)#2#Za2"#2#((.'+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ *##.- 2#ZH+ J&9-+
3*)8-9-'-'+rSR+8-@Z+9*<&(+<-&7+@*'-@<-(+8#@9-(+"*'-=%*K+.-'"+
,&@-$#77-'+7*+,-9-@+*##.-2#ZH+
RH$ A-$#77-'+*,)#2#ZR2"#-2#((.'+7*+,-9-@+*##.-2#Z+,-'+%#%#3+<-"&-'+
-%-$+,*'"-'+$-%#+<#-(+"*'-=%*KH+>*%-77-'+%*)@1@*%*)+,&+,-9-@'.-H
WH$ >*%-77-'+&'$#9-%1)H+
]H$ A-$#77-'+ :1)@#9&)+ %*)7-&%+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ 39-$%&7+ %*)3&$-(Z+ $*)%-7-'+
,-9-@+*##.-2#ZH
VH$ D#%#3+*##.-2#Z+,-'+9-7<-'H
YH$ J*)&+9-<*9+-9-@-%+&'$%&%#$&+3*'"&)&@+$3*$&@*'+,-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-+
OH$ =3*$&@*'+ $&-3+ ,&7&)&@H+ =3*$&@*'+ ,-9-@+ *##.- 2#Z+ ,*'"-'+ "*'-

P E D OM A N
130 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
=%*K- <*7#+ ,-3-%+ <*)%-(-'+ @-7$&@-9+ $*7&%-)+ RY+ 8-@+ [,-9-@+
)*'%-'"+ 5-7%#+ &'&Z+ ,&(-)-37-'+ $#(#+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ *##.- 2#Z+ @-$&(+
<*)7&$-)+SNN+Y1M\H

4*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+ 7*+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ ,-3-%+


@*'""#'-7-'+ 8-$-+ 7#)&)+ 5##,- (#- 5##,G- 4-,-+ 71',&$&+ .-'"+
@*@*)9#7-'+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ =#,(- (#- =#,(Z+ 3*%#"-$+ 0&'-$+ ?*$*(-%-'+
,-3-%+<*)711),&'-$&+,*'"-'+3*%#"-$+??4+$*%*@3-%+,-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-H+=3*$&@*'+$*"*)-+,&7&)&@7-'+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+
3-9&'"+9-@-+LKSR+8-@H

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$%1.V3HL4.4.$*L123H1.$/3$-4Q0E4I0E3NH
+F$ *1Q1GNH$L1H1E3K244.$%5:
=3*$&@*'+<-&7'.-+,&3*)&7$-+9-'"$#'"+$--%+%&<-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
/-@#'Z+ 8&7-+ $3*$&@*'+ @-$&(+ @*'"-'%)*+ + #'%#7+ <&$-+ ,&7*)8-7-'Z++
@*'"-^#+7*3-,-+D-<*9+RHLZ+3*'.&@3-'-'+$3*$&@*'+#$-3+'-$1:-)&'"+
,-'+1)1:-)&'"Z+<&$-+,&$&@3-'+%*)9*<&(+,-(#9#+3-,-+$#(#e
LH+ SNY1MZ+(&'""-+LS+(-)&+$*8-7+%-'""-9+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'j+
SH+ NVU1MZ+8&7-+$#,-(+9*<&(+,-)&+LS+(-)&+$*8-7+%-'""-9+3*'"-@<&9-'+
$3*$&@*'H+
2&',-)&+ @*9-7#7-'+ <*7#N^-&)+ 3-,-+ $3*$&@*'+ #$-3+ '-$1:-)&'"+
,-'+ 1)1:-)&'"+ $*<*9#@+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MCH+ 4)1$*$+ <*7#+ ^-&)+ 3-,-+
$3*$&@*'+,-3-%+@*'#)#'7-'+7#-9&%-$+$3*$&@*'+[;2TZ+SUSU\H

;F$ *1I1G4P$L1H1E3K244.$%5:
?*%&7-+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'+4MC+%*9-(+$*9*$-&+,-'+,&$&@3#97-'+
$*^-)-+ I-9&,Z+ + $-@3*9+ $&$-+ ,&$&@3-'+ 3-,-+ $#(#+ NVU1MH+ C/!+ (-$&9+
*7$%)-7$&+(-)#$+,&$&@3-'+3-,-+$#(#+NVU1M+#'%#7+3*'.&@3-'-'+9-@-H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
131
B ab V M ate r i Int i 3

PROSEDUR
PEMERIKSAAN
RRT-PCR COVID-19
BAB V M ate r i Int i 3

PROSEDUR PEMERIKSAAN RRT-PCR COVID-19

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
1XFOHLF $FLG $PSOLʈFDWLRQ 7HVW 1$$7  ,-9-@+ (-9+ &'&+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
)*-9%&@*+<'9',$'-C,%3$*,"=("#3?#.)>',%$'-1:%"3-<'%*("#3+[)CDN4MC\+
@*)#3-7-'+ %*$+ .-'"+ ,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+ 19*(+ ;2T+ #'%#7+ ,&-"'1$&$+
MTX60NLO+ [;2TZ+ SUSU\H+ D*7'&7+ 4MC+ @*',*%*7$&+ @-%*)&+ "*'*%&7+
YLUXV6$56&R9VHKLQJJDPHWRGHLQLVDQJDWVHQVLWLIVSHVLʈNGDQ
^*3-%H+ =*<*9#@+ @*@-$#7&+ %-(-3+ 4MCZ+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ %-(-3-'+ 3*)$&-3-'+
$3*$&@*'Z+ .-&%#+ *7$%)-7$&+ -$-@+ '#7*9-%+ ,-)&+ $3*$&@*'+ 79&'&$+ .-'"+
<*)-$-9+ ,-)&+ $-9#)-'+ 3*)'-3-$-'+ + <*)#3-+ $;%2+ '-$1:-)&'"a1)1:-)&'"+
-%-#+$3#%#@+,&+,-9-@+:-$&9&%-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+J&1$-:*%.+>*I*9+S+[J=>N
S\H+ 4-,-+ @1,#9+ &'&+ -7-'+ ,&8*9-$7-'+ 9*<&(+ %*)3*)&'^&+ + %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+
3)&'$&3+ ,-$-)+ )CDN4MCZ+ *7$%)-7$&+ C/!Z+ ,-'+ 3)1$*,#)+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+,*'"-'+@*%1,*+)CDN4MCH

!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++@-%*)&+&'&Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#+@*9-7#7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+
)CDN4MC+#'%#7+,*%*7$&+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNSH

!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++@-%*)&Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#++
LH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+3)&'$&3+,-$-)+CDN4MC+,-'+)CDN4MCj
SH+ @*9-7#7-'+*7$%)-7$&+C/!j
PH+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ M1I&,NLO+ + ,*'"-'+ @*%1,*+ @*%1,*+
)CDN4MCH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
135
%0K0K$;4P424.
<F$ 4)&'$&3+0-$-)+CDN4MC+,-'+)CDN4MC+
=F$ E7$%)-7$&+C/!
@F$ 4)1$*$+4*@*)&7$--'+)CDN4MC+X&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS

)E434.$#4I1E3
%0K0K$;4P424.$<F$%E3.23L$6424E$:!S%5:$/4.$:14GI3H1$:!S%5:

+F$ %E3.23L$/424E$1XFOHLF$FLG$PSOLʈFDWLRQ7HVW 1$$7


D*7'&7+4MC+@*)#3-7-'+%*7'&7+.-'"+@*'""#'-7-'+3)1$*$+$&'%*$&$+
HQ]LPDWLN XQWXN PHQJDPSOLʈNDVL DWDX PHPSHUEDQ\DN '1$
$*^-)-+ "3- 9"(,#- [X&*)$%)-*%*Z+ LOOO\H+ A-%*)&+ "*'*%&7+ I&)#$Z+ .-&%#+
C/!Z+,&,-3-%7-'+@*9-9#&+3)1$*$+&$19-$&+-%-#+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+I&)#$+
,-)&+ $3*$&@*'+ 79&'&$H+ X&)#$+ =!C=NM1XNS+ @*)#3-7-'+ I&)#$+ C/!+
$*(&'""-+ ,*%*7$&+ I&)#$+ =!C=NM1XNS+ ,-3-%+ @*'""#'-7-'+ %*7'&7+
CDN4MC+ [;2TZ+ SUSU\H+ 0-9-@+ 31717+ <-(-$-'+ &'&+ 3)&'$&3+ ,-$-)+
4MC+-7-'+,&8*9-$7-'+%*)9*<&(+,-(#9#H

;F$ %E3.23L$%5:$/4.$:!S%5:
LH+ 4MCe+?#.)>',%$'-1:%"3-<'%*("#3
?#.)>',%$'- 1:%"3- <'%*("#3+ [4MC\+ @*)#3-7-'+ @*%1,*+
3*)<-'.-7-'+('>=.%('-0/!+-%-#+*#>=.'>'3(%,)+0/!+[^0/!\+
,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ *'i&@+ C%X- ?#.)>',%$'- $*^-)-+ "3- 9"(,#+
[X&*)$%)-*%*Z+ LOOO\G- J*)&7#%+ &'&+ -7-'+ ,&8-<-)7-'+ 71@31'*'+
.-'"+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ ,-9-@+ @*%1,*+ ,-'+ 3)1$*$+ 4MC+ [X&*)$%)-*%*Z+
LOOO\H
+ -H+ ?1@31'*'+)*-7$&+4MC+%*),&)&++-%-$++
L\+ C%X- ?#.)>',%$'J- E'i&@+ DP4- =#.)>',%$'+ 6+ .-'"+
<*)$&:-%+ $%-<&9+ 3-,-+ )*'%-'"+ $#(#+ .-'"+ <*)-"-@+ ,-'+

P E D OM A N
136 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
<*):#'"$&+#'%#7+@*@<*'%#7+#'%-&+0/!+71@39*@*'%*)+
3-,-+('>=.%('+0/!j
S\+ A"M>+Se+ A*'.*,&-7-'+ &1'+ .-'"+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ #'%#7+
)*-7$&+*'i&@-%&$j
P\+ 5PC?`$- W5'#Z)3+*.'#("5'- (,"=:#$=:%('$Qe+ <-(-'+
/#79*1%&,-+ #'%#7+ @*@<*'%#7+ #'%-&+ 0/!+ <-)#+
[!,*'&'*Z+1)(#$"3'Z+F#-'&'*Z+C:)>"3'\j
R\+ !+&&',J-A*@*9&(-)-+32+13%&@-9+#'%#7+7*)8-+*'i&@j
W\+ ?,">',$- e+ @*)#3-7-'+ 19&"1'#79*1%&,-+ 3*',*7+ .-'"+
71@39*@*'+ ,*'"-'+ %-)"*%+ 0/!+ ('>=.%('H+ 4)&@*)+
EHUVLIDWVSHVLʈNWHUKDGDS'1$WDUJHWGDQWHUGLULGDUL
8*'&$+3)&@*)e
-\+ O#,;%,5- =,">',e+ A*'*@3*9+ 3-,-+ DP4- %3("6
$'3$'\
<\+ <'9',$'-=,">',eA*'*@3*9+3-,-+0/!+$*'$*H
]\+ C'>=.%('\DQJDNDQGLSHUEDQ\DNGLDPSOLʈNDVL'1$
^0/!H

F-@<-)+WHLH+4)1$*$+4MC+,-9-@+$-%#+$&79#$
=#@<*)e+X&*)$%)-*%*Z+LOOO

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
137
+ <H+ 4)1$*$+4MC+
3URVHV DPSOLʈNDVL '1$ WHUGLUL DWDV  EHEHUDSD VLNOXV
<*)#9-'"+[#@#@'.-+PU`RU++$&79#$\+#'%#7+@*',-3-%7-'+
0/!+ -@39&71'H+ $=%#+ $&79#$+ 4MC+ %*),&)&+ -%-$+ + <*<*)-3-+
%-(-3+[F-@<-)+WHL\Z+.-&%#
L\+ D-(-3+Le+0*'-%#)-$&
4*@&$-(-'+ #'%-&+ "-',-+ 0/!+ @*'8-,&+ #'%-&+ %#'""-9+
,*'"-'+3)1$*$+3*@-'-$-'H+
Q@#@'.-+,*'"-'+71',&$&+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
-\+ =#(#++ e+OUNNOW1M
<\+ ;-7%#+ e+]U+,*%&7

S\+ D-(-3+Se+!''*-9&'"
4*'*@3*9-'+3)&@*)+G1)5-),+,-'+C*I*)$*+3-,-+#'%-&+
%#'""-9+0/!+%-)"*%H
Q@#@'.-+,*'"-'+71',&$&+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
-\+ =#(#++ e+WUNN]U1M
<\+ ;-7%#+ e+PUNNRW+,*%&7

P\+ D-(-3+Pe+E91'"-$&
4*)3-'8-'"-'+ #'%-&+ 0/!+ <-)#+ 19*(+ *'i&@+ C%X-
?#.)>',%$'-@*'""#'-7-'+5PC?`$+[!,*'&'Z+1)(#$"3'Z+
F#-'&'*Z+ C:)>"3'\Z+ ,&@#9-&+ ,-)&+ 31$&$&+ 3)&@*)+ .-'"+
%*9-(+@*'*@3*9+,&+#)#%-'+<-$-+'#79*1%&,-+0/!+%-)"*%Z+
-7-'+<*)"*)-7+,-)&+#8#'"+Wf+@*'#8#+#8#'"+Pf+,-)&+#'%-&+
%#'""-9+0/!H+
Q@#@'.-+,*'"-'+71',&$&+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
-\+ =#(#+ e+VS1M
<\+ ;-7%#+ e+L`S++@*'&%

P E D OM A N
138 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
0-9-@+ $-%#+ $&79#$+ 4MCZ+ #)#%-'+ <-$-+ '#79*1%&,-+
\DQJ GLDPSOLʈNDVL DNDQ PHQMDGL GXD NDOL MXPODK
-5-9+ $*(&'""-+ ,-9-@+ $*%&-3+ .+ $&79#$+ 4MC+ -7-'+
,&3*)19*(+=.+7-9&+<-'.-7'.-+0/!+%-)"*%H+F-@<-)+WHS+
@*'"&9#$%)-$&7-'+ 8#%--'+ 713&+ [$-9&'-'\+ + 0/!+ .-'"+
%*)<*'%#7+ ,-9-@+ PW+ $&79#$+ 4MC+ [X&*)$%)-*%*Z+ LOOO\H+
?*@-@3#-'+ 4MC+ #'%#7+ @*'"(-$&97-'+ 8#%--'+ 713&+
[$-9&'-'\+ 0/!+ [-@39&^1'\+ ,-9-@+ 5-7%#+ .-'"+ $-'"-%+
$&'"7-%+ @*'8-,&7-'+ @*%1,*+ + %*)$*<#%+ $-'"-%+ $*'$&%&:H+
!7-'+%*%-3&Z+7*@-@3#-'+%*)$*<#%+<&$-+@*'"-7&<-%7-'+
%&@<#9'.-+ 71'%-@&'-$&+ $*<-"-&+ (-$&9+ 31$&%&:+ 3-9$#+
[&%.$'-=#$"("9'QG

*DPEDU3URVHV$PSOLʈNDVLGDODP3&5
=#@<*)e+X&*)$%)-*%*Z+LOOO

SH+ CDN4MCe+<'9',$'-C,%3$*,"=("#36?#.)>',%$'-1:%"3-<'%*("#3
4)1$*$+4MC+(-'.-+,-3-%+@*@3*)<-'.-7+0/!+%-)"*%+,-'+%&,-7+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
139
GDSDWPHQJDPSOLʈNDVL51$VHKLQJJDGHWHNVLPDWHULJHQHWLN
<*)#3-+ C/!+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ %-(-3-'+ %-@<-(-'+ $*<*9#@+ 3)1$*$+
4MCH+ 4-,-+ 3)1$*$+ CDN4MCZ+ @-%*)&-9+ "*'*%&7+ C/!+ ,&#<-(+
@*'8-,&+ ^0/!+ @*9-9#&+ 3)1$*$+ ,'9',$'- (,%3$*,"=("#3+ [CD\H+
G1)@-$&+ (&<)&,&$-$&+ C/!+ -7-'+ @*@<*'%#7+ #'%-&+ 3*)%-@-+
F'1$XQWXNNHPXGLDQDNDQGLDPSOLʈNDVLSDGDSURVHV3&5
D*7'&7+CDN4MC+#@#@'.-+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+C/!+
VSHVLʈNDQWDUDODLQDGDODKGLDJQRVLVSHQ\DNLWEDLNPDXSXQ
,*%*7$&+@C/!+,-9-@+$%#,&+*7$3)*$&+"*'+[0*-'+G)-"-Z+SULR\H+
D*7'&7+CDN4MC+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+C/!+,-)&+I&)#$+
=!C=NM1XNS+[;2TZ+SUSU\H

-H+ ?1@31'*'+CDN4MC++
L\+ <'9',$'-(,%3$*,"=(%$'J+E'i&@+.-'"+-7-'+@*'.&'%*$&$++
^0/!+,-)&+('>=.%('+C/!+,*'"-'+@*'-@<-(7-'+
,/D4$j
S\+ 4)&@*)+,-9-@+3)1$*$+CD+,-3-%+<*)#3-+
-H+ T9&"1+,D+3)&@*)+-7-'+<*)&7-%-'+,*'"-'+C/!+
=#.)-4-(%".\
<H+ C-',1@+2*K-@*)j
^H+ Q'&I*)$-9+3)&@*)H
P\+ 5PC?$-[!,*'&'Z+1)(#$"3'Z+F#-'&'*Z+C:)>"3'\j
R\+ A"M>+Sj
W\+ !+&&',- #'%#7+ @*@*9&(-)-+ 32+ 13%&@-9+ #'%#7+ 7*)8-+
*'i&@j
]\+ C%X- ?#.)>',%$'e+ *'i&@+ .-'"+ <*):#'"$&+ #'%#7+
@*@<*'%#7+#'%-&+0/!+71@39*@*'%*)+3-,-+%*@39-%*+
^0/!j
V\+ C'>=.%('e+C/!H+

P E D OM A N
140 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
<H+ 4)1$*$+CDN4MC

4)1$*$+ CD+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3)1$*$+ 3*@<*'%#7-'+ ^0/!+ ,-)&+


%*@39-%*+ C/!+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ *'i&@+ ,'9',$'-
(,%3*,"=(%$'H+ 4-,-+ #@#@'.-+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3-,-+ $#(#+ WUUM+
$*9-@-+PU+@*'&%H+^0/!+.-'"+%*9-(+%*)<*'%#7+-7-'+@*'8-,&+
^*%-7-'+-%-#+('>=.%('+#'%#7+3)1$*$+4MC+$*9-'8#%'.-+,-'+
8#@9-(+ 0/!+ %-)"*%+ -7-'+ @*'&'"7-%+ $*^-)-+ *7$31'*'$&-9+
[F-@<-)+WHP\H+6$%&9-(+CDN4MC+-7-'+,&"#'-7-'+$*9-'8#%'.-+
,-9-@+@1,#9+&'&+%*)7-&%+,*'"-'+,*%*7$&+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+
@*'""#'-7-'+3)&'$&3+CDN4MCH

F-@<-)+WHP+4)1$*$+CDN4MC
=#@<*)e+G)-"-'(-%.HZ+SULR

5F$ :!S%5:$D0.R1.230.4G$/4.$:14G$!3H1$:!S%5:
+DVLO DPSOLʈNDVL '1$ WDUJHW GDSDW GLDQDOLVLV SDGD VDDW SURVHV
CDN4MC+ $*9*$-&+ ['356=#"3(+ 4MC\+ .-'"+ ,&7*'-9+ $*<-"-&+ CDN4MC+
71'I*'$&1'-9+ ,-'+ 3-,-+ $--%+ )*-7$&+ CDN4MC+ <*)9-'"$#'"+ -%-#+
,'%.(">'+CDN4MC+[)CDN4MC\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
141
LH+ CDN4MC+71'I*'$&1'-9+-%-#+/'.-2%$'5
D 'HʈQLVL
4-,-+ CDN4MC+ 71'I*'$&1'-9Z+ 3)1$*$+ CDN4MC+ ,&9-7#7-'+
@*'""#'-7-'+-9-%+%(*)@-9+^.^9*)H+Q'%#7+3)1$*$+-'-9&$&$++
(-$&9Z++,&3*)9#7-'+%-(-3-'+*9*7%)1:1)*$&$+3-,-+"*9+-"-)1$-+
GDQ YLVXDOLVDVL DPSOLʈNDVL '1$ GL EDZDK ODPSX 89
E9*7%)1:1)*$&$+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3)1$*$+ 3*@&$-(-'+ @19*7#9+
<*)@#-%-'+<*),-$-)7-'+3*)<*,--'+%&'"7-%+@&")-$&+,-9-@+
$*<#-(+ @*,-'+ 9&$%)&7H+ !@39&71'+ 0/!+ (-$&9+ CDN4MC+
@*)#3-7-'+ @19*7#9+ <*)@#-%-'+ '*"-%&:+ $*(&'""-+ 7*%&7-+
,&-9&)&+ -)#$+ 9&$%)&7+ -7-'+ <*)"*)-7+ 7*+ -)-(+ 7#%#<+ 31$&%&:H+
4)1$*$+*9*7%)1:1)*$&$+#@#@'.-+,&9-7#7-'+3-,-+%*"-'"-'+
LUU+ I19%+ $*9-@-+ PU`RU+ @*'&%+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ #7#)-'+
0/!+ %-)"*%H+ 4&%-+ -@39&71'+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ %*)3&$-(+ ,-9-@+
3)1$*$+*9*7%)1:1)*$&$+-7-'+<*)3*',-)+,&+<-5-(+$&'-)+QX+
7-)*'-+-,-'.-+$*'.-5-+&'%*)^-9-%&'"+,.*+.-'"+<*)&7-%-'+
,-'"-'+ 0/!+ #'%-&+ "-',-H+ 2-$&9+ *9*7%)1:1)*$&$+ ,-3-%+
,&,17#@*'%-$&7-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ 7-@*)-+ .-'"+ %*9-(+
%*)&'%*")-$&+ ,*'"-'+ -9-%+ QX+ %)-'$&9#@&'-%1)+ [X1.%-$Z+
SUUL\H+ ?*9*<&(-'+ 4MC+ 71'I*'$&1'-9+ -,-9-(+ <&-.-+
.-'"+ 9*<&(+ @#)-(Z+ $*,-'"7-'+ 7*7#)-'"-''.-+ -,-9-(++
@*@<#%#(7-'+5-7%#+9*<&(+9-@-+7-)*'-+-,-'.-+%-(-3-'+
*9*7%)1:1)*$&$+#'%#7+-'-9&$&$+(-$&9H

<H+ 4)1$*$+CDN4MC+71'I*'$&1'-9e
L\+ 4*)$&-3-'+$3*$&@*'e+E7$%)-$&+C/!
S\+ CDN4MC+3-,-+(:',>%.-*)*.',
-\+ D-(-3+CD
<\+ D-(-3+4MC+.-'"+%*),&)&+-%-$++%-(-3+0*'-%#)-$&Z+
433'%."3/L-E91'"-$&

P E D OM A N
142 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
P\+ E9*7%)1:1)*$&$+"*9+,-'+I&$#-9&$-$&+,&+<-5-(+$&'-)+QX
?1@31'*'+.-'"+-7-'+,&3*)9#7-'+,-9-@+@*9-7#7-'+
"*9+*9*7%)1:1)*$&$+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
-\+ F*9+-"-)1$-+[LNSk+N+%*)"-'%#'"+#7#)-'+0/!+
WDUJHW\DQJGLDPSOLʈNDVL 
<\+ J#::*)+D!EaDJE+LKj
^\+ 0/!+.%55',\
,\+ T#%5"3/-<#::*)j+
*\+ B3(',*%.%("3/-5)'e+*%(&,&#@+<)1@&,*+-%-#3#'+
F*9+C*,j
:\+ E9*7%)1:1)*$&$+*:%>2',\
"\+ ?#;',-$+==.)\
(\+ QX+D)-'$&9#@&'-%1)+[M'.-D#*\H

F-@<-)+WHR+4)1$*$+CDN4MC+?1'I*'$&1'-9
=#@<*)e+4-5*$%)&'(-%.HZ+SULP

R\+ !'-$9&$&$+(-$&9+CDN4MC+?1'I*'$&1'-9

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
143
CDN4MC+ 71'I*'$&1'-9+ ,&'.-%-7-'+ I-9&,+ 8&7-+ %&,-7+
WHUGDSDW SLWD '1$ DPSOLʈNDVL SDGD NRQWURO QHJDWLI
GDQ PHPLOLNL SLWD '1$ DPSOLʈNDVL VHVXDL GHQJDQ
#7#)-'+ [3-$-'"+ <-$-a2%$'- =%",\+ %-)"*%+ 0/!+ 3-,-+
71'%)19+31$&%&:H+0/!+>-,,*)+-%-#+A-)7*)+@*)#3-7-'+
0/!+.-'"+%*9-(+,&7*%-(#&+#7#)-'+3-'8-'"+<-$-+,-'+
,&"#'-7-'+$*<-"-&+3*'-',-H+2-$&9+,&'.-%-7-'+31$&%&:+
<&9-+#7#)-'+3&%-+0/!+$-@3*9+@*@&9&7&+3-'8-'"+<-$-+
.-'"+$-@-+,*'"-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:H+2-$&9+,&'.-%-7-'+
'*"-%&:+ 8&7-+ %&,-7+ %*),-3-%+ 3&%-+ 0/!+ $*3*)%&+
,&%#'8#77-'+3-,-+71'%)19+'*"-%&:+[F-@<-)+WHW\H

F-@<-)+WHW+2-$&9+CDN4MC+?1'I*'$&1'-9
/1@1)+L+,-'+S+-,-9-(+$-@3*9Z+/M+-,-9-(+71'%)19+'*"-%&:Z+4M+-,-9-(+71'%)19+
31$&%&:Z+A+-,-9-(+LUU+<3+A-)7*)
=#@<*)e+!"#$%&'&'"$&(+'(-%.HZ+SUL]

P E D OM A N
144 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
SH+ C*-9+D&@*+CDN4MC+-%-#+)CDN4MC
D 'HʈQLVL
E U573&5DGDODKWHNQLNDPSOLʈNDVL SHUEDQ\DNDQ '1$
\DQJ SURGXN DPSOLʈNDVL GDSDW GLDQDOLVLV SDGD VHWLDS
$&79#$'.-+ @*'""#'-7-'+ ʉXRURJHQLF SUREHH+ 4-,-+ )CDN
4MC+ ,&"#'-7-'+ -9-%+ (:',>%.- *)*.',- .-'"+ ,&9*'"7-3&+
GHQJDQ GHWHNWRU XQWXN PHPEDFD VLQ\DO ʉXRUHQVHQVL
,-'+ @*'"#<-('.-+ @*'8-,&+ $&'.-9+ ,&"&%-9+ $*(&'""-+
,-3-%+ ,&-'-9&$&$+ 19*(+ 71@3#%*)H+ + !7&<-%'.-Z+ + 3)1$*$+
*9*7%)1:1)*$&$+ #'%#7+ &'%*)3)*%-$&+ (-$&9+ %&,-7+ ,&3*)9#7-'H+
?*9*<&(-'+ )CDN4MC+ -,-9-(+ @*@&9&7&+ $*'$&%&I&%-$+ %&'""&+
,-'+5-7%#+3*'"*)8--'+9*<&(+^*3-%+$*,-'"7-'+7*7#)-'"-'+
)CDN4MC+ @*@*)9#7-'+ %(*)@-9+ ^.^9*)+ .-'"+ ,&9*'"7-3&+
7-@*)-+ ,*%*7%1)+ $*)%-+ <-(-'+ .-'"+ 9*<&(+ @-(-9+ [G)-"-'(-
%.HZ+SULR\

F-@<-)+WH]+4)1$*$+C*-9+D&@*+4MC
=#@<*)e+4-5*$%)&'(-%.HZ+SULP+,-'++SUSU

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
145
4*)<*,--'+ 71@31'*'+ )CDN4MC+ ,*'"-'+ CDN4MC+
71'I*'$&1'-9+ -,-9-(+ -,-'.-+ 3*'-@<-(-'+ 3)1<*+
ʉXRUHJHQLF GDODP U573&5 3UREH ʉXRURJHQLF
@*)#3-7-'+$*7#*'+19&"1'#7*91%&,-+3*',*7+.-'"+,&,*$-&'+
#'%#7+ <*)(&<)&,&$-$&+ ,*'"-'+ $*7#*'+ %-)"*%H+ D*),-3-%+ S+
8*'&$+3)1<*+,-9-@+)CDN4MC+.-'"+$*)&'"+,&"#'-7-'Z+.-&%#+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+

L\+ 6WUDQG6SHVLʈF3UREHZ+$*<-"-&+^1'%1(+.-&%#+D-b@-'+
3)1<*a(&,)19&$&$+3)1<*

D-b@-'+ 3)1<*+ ,&9-<*9+ 19*(+ S+ @-^-@+ ,.*Z+ .-&%#+


C*31)%*)+ [C\+ ,-'+ p#*'^(*)+ [p\H+ 4-,-+ $--%+ %-(-3+
%33'%."3/Z+ D-b@-'+ 3)1<*+ -7-'+ <*)&7-%-'+ ,*'"-'+
('>=.%('+0/!+,-'+3-,-+3)1$*$+*91'"-$&+0/!+#'%-&+
<-)#Z+&7-%-'+(&,)1"*'+-'%-)<-$-++3*'.#$#'++D-b@-'+
3)1<*+ -7-'+ %*)3#%#$+ [%*)(&,)19&$&$\+ 19*(+ *'i&@+ C%X-
?#.)>',%$'H+2&,)19&$&$+D-b@-'+3)1<*+@*'.*<-<7-'+
DGDQ\DSHQGDUDQʉXRURJHQLFGDUL5HSRUWHUG\H\DQJ
-7-'+,&%-'"7-3+19*(+7-@*)-+[F-@<-)+WHV\H+4)1$*$+&'&+
<*)9-'"$#'"+ <*)#9-'"+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 8#@9-(+ $&79#$+
3)1$*$+)CDN4MC+[M-1+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H

P E D OM A N
146 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+WHVH+D-b@-'+3)1<*a(&,)19&$&$+3)1<*
=#@<*)e+M-1+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

S\+ 1RQ6SHFLʈF 3UREH .-&%#+ $*<-"-&+ ^1'%1(+ -,-9-(+


0a!<-M,''3-B

=gJC+ F)**'+ 6+ @*)#3-7-'+ "3(',*%.%("3/- 5)'- .-'"+


-7-'+ <*)3*',-)+ 8&7-+ <*)&7-%-'+ ,*'"-'+ 0/!+ #'%-&+
"-',-+,-'+%&,-7+<*)&7-%-'+$*)%-++<*)3*',-)+3-,-+0/!+
#'%-&+%#'""-9H+4-,-+%-(-3-'+,*'-%#)-$&Z+=gJC+F)**'+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
147
6+%&,-7+<*)&7-%-'+,-'+<*)3*',-)Z++%*%-3&+3-,-+%-(-3-'+
%33'%."3/+,-'+*91'"-$&+=gJC+F)**'+6+-7-'+<*)&7-%-'+
,*'"-'+ 0/!+ #'%-&+ "-',-+ ,-'+ <*)3*',-)H+ 4*',-)-'+
=gJC+F)**'+6+-7-'+%*)%-'"7-3+19*(+7-@*)-+,*%*7%1)+
3-,-+$*%&-3+$&79#$+4MC+[F-@<-)+WHY\H+4)1$*$+&'&+-7-'+
<*)9-'"$#'"+ <*)#9-'"N#9-'"+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 8#@9-(+
$&79#$+3)1$*$+)CDN4MC+[M-1+'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H

F-@<-)+WHYH+=.<)+F)**'+6
=#@<*)e+M-1+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

P E D OM A N
148 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
^H+ 4)1$*$+)CDN4MCe

+ L\+ 4*)$&-3-'+$3*$&@*'e+E7%)-7$&+C/!

+ S\+ CDN4MC+3-,-+(:',>%.-*)*.',

-\+ CD

<\+ =&79#$+ 4MC+ .-'"+ %*),&)&+ -%-$+ + %-(-3+ ,*'-%#)-$&Z+


%33'%."3/-,-'+*91'"-$&a'Z('3("#3
 3DGD WDKDS HORQJDVL WHUMDGL GHWHNVL ʉXRUHVHQ
,-'+ 3)1$*$+ &'&+ <*)9-'"$#'"+ <*)#9-'"N#9-'"+
$*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 8#@9-(+ $&79#$+ 4MCH+ =&'.-9+
ʉXRUHVHQYVVLNOXV3&5DNDQGLUHNDPGDODP
EHQWXNNXUYDDPSOLʈNDVL

SH+ 4)1$*$+ 4MC+ ,-'+ 3*)7*@<-'"-'+ 7#)I-+


DPSOLʈNDVL GDSDW GLOLKDW VHWLDS VDDW 1DPXQ
-'-9&$&$+ + (-$&9+ (-'.-+ ,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*%*9-(+
3)1$*$+4MC+$*9*$-&H

+ P\+ !'-9&$&$+,-%-+,-'+&'%*3)*%-$&+'&9-&+1)*.'-(:,'$:#.5+[MD\

.XUYD DPSOLʈNDVL 3&5 \DQJ EHUEHQWXN- $"/>#"5+


%*),&)&+ + -%-$+ + P+ :-$*Z+ .-&%#+ 'K$=#3'3$"%9Z+ ."3'%,L+ ,-'+
=.%('+L+ $*3*)%&+ 3-,-+ F-@<-)+ RHLLH+ 2-$&9+ -7(&)+ )CDN
4MC+ <*)#3-+ '&9-&+ M%+ .-'"+ @*)#3-7-'+ 3*)31%1'"-'+
-'%-)-+ "-)&$+ (:,'$:#.5 GDQ  NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL *DULV
C:,'$:#.5+@*)#3-7-'+"-)&$+.-'"+<*)-,-+,&+-%-$+2%$'."3'+
$&'.-9+ ʉXRUHVFHQF+ $*(&'""-+ + $&'.-9+ ʉXRUHVFHQFH
.-'"+ %*),*%*7$&+ ,&+ -%-$+ (:,'$:#.5+ -,-9-(+ $&'.-9+ .-'"+
,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+@*'*'%#7-'+'&9-&+M%+[F-@<-)+RHO\H+
4*'"-%#)-'+(:,'$:#.5+,-3-%+,&9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+@-'#-9Z+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
149
.-&%#+,&9*%-77-'+,&+-%-$+3#"$'+-%-#+<-^7")1#',+7#)I-+
DPSOLʈNDVL &DR'(-%.HZ+SUSU\H

*DPEDU.XUYDDPSOLʈNDVLGDQ7KUHVKROGF\FOH &7
=#@<*)e+M-1+'(-%.HZ+SUSU

,H+ 6'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9+

+ L\+ !'-9&$-+7#-9&%-%&:

A*$7&3#'+ )CDN4MC+ ,&-)%&7-'+ 7#-'%&%-%&:+ CDN4MCZ++


&$%&9-(+ &'&+ %&,-7+ $*3*'#('.-+ <*'-)H+ 0-9-@+ <*)<-"-&+
71',&$&Z+ )CDN4MC+ @-$&(+ <*)$&:-%+ 7#-9&%-%&:Z+ .-&%#+
,-9-@+ 3*'*'%#-'+ (-$&9+ 31$&%&:+ -%-#+ '*"-%&:+ ,-)&+ '&9-&+
M%+.-'"+%*),*%*7$&H+=-@3*9+,*'"-'+'&9-&+M%+,&+<-5-(-
*+(-#&&-@*'-',-7-'+%-)"*%+-'%&"*'+,-)&+I&)#$+%-)"*%+-,-+
,&+ ,-9-@+ $-@3*9Z+ $*,-'"7-'+ $-@3*9+ ,*'"-'+ '&9-&+ M%+
,&+ -%-$+ *+(- #&& DWDX WLGDN PHPLOLNL NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL

P E D OM A N
150 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
@*'-',-7-'+ %&,-7+ ,&%*@#7-'+ %-)"*%+ -'%&"*'+ I&)#$+
%-)"*%+,&+,-9-@+$-@3*9+%*)$*<#%H+A-7&'+<-'.-7+0/!+
713&+('>=.%('+[^*%-7-'\Z+@-7&'+-5-9+$&'.-9+%*),*%*7$&Z+
,-'+@-7&'+)*',-(+'&9-&+M%+[T"&'6C'*:3#.#/"'$\H

F-@<-)+WHLUH+69#$%)-$&+-'-9&$-+7#-9&%-%&:+)CDN4MC

X-9&,-$&+(-$&9+)CDN4MC+7#-9&%-%&:e

 D  7LGDNWHUEHQWXNNXUYDDPSOLʈNDVLSDGDNRQWURO
'*"-%&:H

 E  7HUEHQWXNNXUYDDPSOLʈNDVLSDGDNRQWUROSRVLWLI
,-'+'&9-&+M%+,-9-@+7&$-)-'+.-'"+,&(-)-37-'H

 F  .XUYD DPSOLʈNDVL KDUXV EHUEHQWXN VLJPRLG


#'%#7+(-$&9+31$&%&:H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
151
+ ,\+ 4*@*)&7$--'+ :#+$'K''="3/+ "*'*+ + @*)#3-7-'+
"*'+.-'"+%*),-3-%+,&+,-9-@+$*9+*3&%*9+@-'#$&-H

+ *\+ 2-$&9+:#+$'K''="3/+31$&%&:+@*'#'8#77-'+<-(5-+
3)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&+-$-@+'#79*-%+,-'++3*'"-@<&9-'+
$3*$&@*'+%*9-(+,&9-7#7-'+,*'"-'+<*'-)H

+ S\+ !'-9&$&$++7#-'%&%-%&:

!'-9&$&$+ 7#-'%&%-%&:+ ,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+


C*-9+ D&@*+ 4MC+ ,*'"-'+ @*'.*)%-7-'+ $',"%.- 5".+("#3+
[3*'"*'^*)-'+ <*)%&'"7-%\+ ,-)&+ 9-)#%-'+ $%-',-)+ .-'"+
71'$*'%)-$&'.-+ $#,-(+ ,&7*%-(#&+ ,-'+ ,&I-9&,-$&+
VHKLQJJD WHUEHQWXN NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL VHSHUWL SDGD
F-@<-)+WHLL+!H+X-)&-$&+71'$*'%)-$&+9-)#%-'+$%-',-)+<&$-+
<*)7&$-)+,-)&+LU+(&'""-+rLHUUUHUUU+0/!+713&H+?*%&7-+
ODUXWDQ VWDQGDU GDQ VDPSOHO GLODNXNDQ DPSOLʈDNVL
@*9-9#&+3)1$*$+4MC+Z++3-,-+$--%+-'-9&$&$++(-$&9Z+7#)I-+
)*")*$&+ 9&'*-)+ ,-)&+ 9-)#%-'+ $%-',-)+ -7-'+ %*)<*'%#7+
[F-@<-)+ WHLL+ J\+ $*(&'""-+ 71'$*'%)-$&+ $-@3*9+ ,-3-%+
,&(&%#'"+ <*),-$-)7-'+ 7#)I-+ )*")*$&+ 9&'*-)+ %*)$*<#%+
[T"&'6C'*:3#.#/"'$\H

P E D OM A N
152 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
*DPEDU,OXVWUDVLDQDOLVDNXDQWLWDʈI
0+>2',J->6:*ND*^('191"&*$H^1@

%0K0K$;4P424.$=F$&K2IE4K23$:'+
+F$ %E3.23L$6424E$&K2IE4K23$:'+
 'HʈQLVL
+ E7$%)-7$&+-$-@+'#79*-%+<*)#3-+0/!+,-'+C/!+-,-9-(+3)1$*$+
-5-9+ <-"&+ $%#,&+ <&1@19*7#9*)H+ 4)1$*$+ *7$%)-7$&+ -$-@+ '#7*9-%+
.-'"+ *:*7%&:+ (-)#$+ @*@3*)(-%&7-'+ <*<*)-3-+ (-9+ $*<-"-&+
<*)&7#%e
-H+ 7*-@-'-'+3*'"*)8--'Z
E VHQVLWLYLWDVGDQVSHVLʈNDVL
^H+ )*3)1,#$&<&9&%-$+,-'+7*-@-'-'Z
,H+ 7*^*3-%-'+3*'"*)8--'Z+,-'
*H+ <&-.-+.-'"+,&7*9#-)7-'H

SH+ 4)&'$&3+0-$-)
+ =*^-)-+ #@#@Z+ 3)&'$&3+ ,-9-@+ *7$%)-7$&+ @-%*)&-9+ "*'*%&7+
<*)#3-+0/!+,-'+C/!+-,-9-(+,*'"-'+@*9-7#7-'+3*@*^-(-'+
$*9+,-'+@*@&$-(7-'+@-%*)&-9+"*'*%&7+.-'"+-,-+,&+,-9-@+$*9Z+
<-&7+<*)#3-+0/!++@-#3#'+C/!+,-)&+71@31'*'+$*9#9-)+9-&'+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
153
<*)#3-+ 9*@-7Z+ 3)1%*&'Z+ 7-)<1(&,)-%Z+ ,-'+ i-%+ 9-&'H+ ?1@31'*'+
9-&'+ %*)$*<#%+ ,-3-%+ @*@*'"-)#(&+ + 7*@#)'&-'+ ,-'+ 7*#%#(-'+
@-%*)&-9+ "*'*%&7+ .-'"+ ,&*7$%)-7$&H+ + =*%*9-(+ ,&,-3-%7-'+ C/!+
.-'"+ ,&&'"&'7-'Z+ <-$-+ C/!+ + %*)$*<#%+ (-)#$+ ,&$&@3-'+ ,-9-@+
@*,&-+.-'"+%*3-%++#'%#7+@*'8-"-+7*#%#(-'+,-'+7#-9&%-$+C/!+
%*)$*<#%H+ + 4)&'$&3+ %*)$*<#%+ $*<-"-&@-'-+ ,&8*9-$7-'+ $*$#-&+
,*'"-'+%-(-3-'+<*)&7#%H

+ -H+ A*@*^-(a@*9&$&$7-'+8-)&'"-'+-%-#+$*9+

4)1$*$+ &'&+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*%1,*+ *'i&@-%&7Z+


7&@&-Z+,-'+@*7-'&7H+=*^-)-+#@#@Z+@*%1,*+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+
,*'"-'+ 7&%+ 71@*)$&9+ -,-9-(+ @*'""#'-7-'+ <-(-'+ 7&@&-Z+
$*3*)%&+D)&$Z+A"M9SZ+E0D!Z+=0=Z+MD!JZ++,-'+D)&%1'+dLUUH+
J*<*)-3-+ 7&%+ 71@*)$&-9+ + .-'"+ 9-&'+ 8#"-+ @*'-@<-(7-'+
*'i&@+$*3*)%&+4)1%*&'-$*+?+[=#)i.7&Z+SUUUj+?()1$)-I&'&-Z+
SUUVj+=5&%i*)Z+LOOOj+J*%%*9(*&@+y+>-'$<*)"Z+SUUV\H

+ <H+ 4*@#)'&-'+C/!+,-)&+71'%-@&'-'+

?1'%-@&'-'+ .-'"+ -7-'+ @*'"1%1)&+ ,-'+ @*)#$-7+


-$-@+ '#7*9-%+ .-'"+ ,&*7$%)-7$&+ + <*)#3-+ 3)1%*&'a'3Y">Z+
9*@-7Z+,-'+71'%-@&'-'+9-&'+.-'"+<*)-$-9+,-)&+$*9H+J*<*)-3-+
8*'&$+ <-(-'+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ @*@&$-(7-'+ -$-@+
'#79*-%+,-)&+71'%-@&'-'+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%+[=#)i.7&Z+
SUUUj+ ?()1$)-I&'&-Z+ SUUVj+ =5&%i*)Z+ LOOOj+ J*%%*9(*&@+ y+
>-'$<*)"Z+SUUV\e
L\+ -"*'+4)1%*19&$&$Z
<*)#3-+ <-(-'+ 7&@&-+ $*3*)%&+ 1C4!L- 0D0L- =:'3#.L-
*:.#,#&#,>L- P#3"5'(- ?bFL- 5"&&','3(- *:%#(,#="*L- +,'%L-
/+%3"5"+>- "$#(:"#*)%3%('L- /+%3"5"+>- (:"#*)%3%('L-
P6T%+,#).L-$%,*#$"3'

P E D OM A N
154 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
S\+ -"*'+ 4)*$&3&%-$&+ .-&%#+ <*)#3-+ B$#=#=%3#.L'(%3#.L-
>'(:%3#.L-/-M9Z+0#5"+>-%$'(%(L-,-'

P\+ <-(-'-;%$:"3/L+.-&%#+<*)#3-+-971(19H

+ ^H+ 4*'.&@3-'-'+-$-@+'#79*-%

=*%*9-(+ -$-@+ '#79*-%+ ,&3&$-(7-'+ ,-)&+ -"*'N-"*'+


71'%-@&'-'Z+ -$-@+ '#7*9-%+ -7-'+ ,&%)-'$:*)+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ -&)+
-%-#+ 9-)#%-'+ <#::*)+ %*)%*'%#+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ @*'"-5*%7-''.-+
[*9#*'\H+E9#*'+.-'"+<-'.-7+,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+@*'.&@3-'+
-$-@+'#7*9-%+-,-9-(+DE+J#::*)+,-'+-&)+,&$%&9*,H+4*'""#'--'+
*9#*'+&'&+%*)"-'%#'"+3-,-+%#8#-'+3*'""#'--'+-$-@+'#79*-%+
&'&H+

=*^-)-+ #@#@Z+ %-(-3-'+ *7$%)-7$&+ -$-@+ '#79*-%+ -,-9-(+


VHEDJDLPDQDGLMHODVNDQGLDWDV1DPXQEHEHUDSDPRGLʈNDVL
,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+ <*),-$-)7-'+ 8*'&$+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ -7-'+
,&*7$%)-7$&H

PH+ D#8#-'
+ D#8#-'++<-<+&'&+-,-9-(+-"-)+3*@<-^-+,-3-%+@*@-(-@&+3)&'$&3+
,-$-)+ ,-9-@+ @*9-7#7-'+ *7$%)-7$&+ C/!H+ 0*'"-'+ ,*@&7&-'Z+
C/!+ .-'"+ ,&,-3-%7-'+ @*@&9&7&+ 7#-9&%-$+ ,-'+ 7#-'%&%-$+ .-'"+
<-&7+ $*)%-+ <*<-$+ 71'%-@&'-$&H+ 0*'"-'+ 7#-9&%-$+ ,-'+ 7#-'%&%-$+
.-'"+<-&7Z++3*'""#'--'+C/!+#'%#7+<*)<-"-&+%#8#-'+9-&'+,-3-%+
%*)^-3-&H

RH+ A-':--%
+ A-':--%++3*@-(-@-'++3)&'$&3+,-'+%*7'&7+*7$%)-7$&+.-'"+<-&7+
@*)#3-7-'+%-(-3+-5-9+<-"&+<*)<-"-&+@-^-@+$%#,&+@19*7#9*)+
.-'"+@*9&3#%&++(-9N(-9+<*)&7#%e
-H+ )&$*%+*7$3*)&@*'%-9j

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
155
<H+ 3*'.*9&,&7-'+:1)*'$&7j
^H+ @#%-"*'*$&$j
,H+ 0/!+)*71@<&'-'j
*H+ 3)1,#7+I-7$&'j
:H+ %*)-3&+"*'j
"H+ -39&7-$&+,&-"'1$%&7H

;F$ #1I0/1$&K2IE4K23$:'+
D*7'&7+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+,-9-@+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+<*),-$-)7-'+
<-(-'+ *7$%)-7$&'.-Z+ %*),&)&+ -%-$+ + ,#-+ @-^-@Z+ .-&%#+ *7$%)-7$&+
<*)<-$&$+ <-(-'+ 7&@&-+ 9&b#&,+ [$#.+("#3- 2%$'5L- 0%>2,##K- '(- %.L-
EFF7\- !+(.',L- EFFc\+ ,-'+ <*)<-$&$+ 3*@&$-(-'+ #7#)-'+ [$#.+("#3-
?:%$'- 2%$'5L- P"/'.- '(- %.L- EFFF\- A.K"3$L- EF7[\H+ M1'%1(+ @*%1,*+
*7%)-7$&+.-'"+<-'.-7+,&"#'-7-'+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e+

LH+ 0#.+("#362%$'5H+=*^-)-+#@#@Z+%*7'&7+*7$%)-7$&+<*)<-$&$+9&b#&,+
$19#%&1'Z+@*@<#%#(7-'+5-7%#+.-'"+9-@-Z+%-(-3-'+7*)8-+.-'"+
3-'8-'"+,-'+)&$&71+71'%-@&'-$&H+
-H+ F#-'&,&'+%&1$&-'-%N:*'19N791)1:1)@
<H+ MD!J
^H+ !97-9&'*
,H+ E%J)+l+M$M9+

SH+ 0#."56=:%$'- 2%$'5G- A*%1,*+ &'&+ <-'.-7+ ,&"#'-7-'+ 3-,-+


<*)<-"-&+7&%+71@*)$&9+7-)*'-+@*@&9&7&+5-7%#+.-'"+)*9-%&:+9*<&(+
^*3-%+,-'+$*,*)(-'-+,-'+9*<&(+^1^17+#'%#7+*7%)-7$&+C/!H+
-H+ =&9&^-+7191@
<H+ 4-)%&7*9+7-^-
^H+ D"%(#>%*'#+$-'%,(:

P E D OM A N
156 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
,H+ H%/3'("*-2'%5
*H+ 43"#3-'Z*:%3/'

J*),-$-)7-'+ %*7'191"&+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'Z+ @*%1,*+ *7$%)-7$&+ ,-3-%+


,&<*,-7-'+-'%-)-+@*%1,*+*7$%)-7$&+@-'#-9+,*'"-'+@*'""#'-7-'+
%*'-"-+ @-'#$&-+ ,-'+ @*%1,*+ *7$%)-7$&+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+
@*%1,*+ 1%1@-%&$+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ )1<1%+ [J*^(9&-'+ *%+ -9Z+
SUUO\H

LH+ A*%1,*+A-'#-9
-H+ 4*)$1'*9++9-<1)-%1)&#@+@*9-7#7-'+%-(-3+3*)+%-(-3+3)1$*$+
*7$%)-7$&+,*'"-'+@*'"&7#%&+@-'#-9+7&%H
<H+ +D*'-"-+>-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+%*9-(+%*)9-%&(+$-'"-%+,&3*)9#7-'H+
F -LNDVDPSHO\DQJDNDQGLSHULNVDVHGLNLWKDOLWXOHELKHʈVLHQ

SH+ A*%1,*+T%1@-%&$H+A*%1,*+&'&+$*',&)&+%*)<-"&+,-9-@+,#-+8*'&$Z+
.-&%#+
4+(#>%('5-AZ(,%*("#3-W<#2#("*Qe+9&b#&,+(-',9&'"+)1<1%$H
-H+ 1%,(,"5/'$-2%$'5-
L\+ =-@3*9+ ,&@-$#77-'+ 7*+ ,-9-@+ *%,(,5"/'$+ 7*@#,&-'+
,&^-@3#)7-'+,*'"-'+<#::*)+9&$&$Z+9-9#+,&@-$#77-'+7*+
,-9-@+-9-%H
S\+ =*@#-+ 2+&&',+ .-'"+ ,&<#%#(7-'+ %*)$*,&-+ ,&+ *%(,"5/'$+
,-'+ @*$&'+ -7-'+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*7*)8--'+ <*),-$-)7-'+
%-(-3-'+3)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&H
P\+ J&-$-'.-+ *%,(,"5/'$+ ,-'+ 3&3*%+ %&3$'.-+ 7(#$#$+
,&3)1,#7$&+19*(+3*)#$-(--'+-9-%H
R\+ T#%5-$-@3*9+<*)I-)&-$&+@#9-&+,-)&+Y`O]++-%-#+9*<&(+
3*)+$-%#+7-9&+,+3H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
157
F-@<-)+WHLSH+J*<*)-3-+M1'%1(+!9-%+E7$%)-7$&+1%,(,"5/'$-!%$'5
=#@<*)e+J&1%-"*H^1@Z+$-I.1',&-"'1$%&^$H^1@Z+"&9$1'H^1@

<H+ <#2#("*-2%$'5
L\+ N='3-$)$('>+[$*@&+13*'\+@*)#3-7-'+$&$%*@+*7$%)-7$&+
,#2#("*- .-'"+ @*'""#'-7-'+ <-(-'+ (-<&$+ 3-7-&+
#'%#7+ *7$%)-7$&+ @-'#-9+ .-'"+ #@#@+ ,&"#'-7-'+ ,&+
9-<1)-%1)&#@H
S\+ 1.#$'5- $)$('>+ @*)#3-7-'+ $&$%*@+ *7$%)-7$&+ ,#2#("*-+
.-'"+ @*'""#'-7-'+ <-(-'+ (-<&$+ 3-7-&+ .-'"+
,&7(#$#$7-'+#'%#7+-9-%+*7$%)-7$&+%*)$*<#%H

F-@<-)+WHLPH+!9-%+E7$%)-7$&+<#2#("*-!%$'5
6XPEHU%DGDQ/LWEDQJNHV4LDJHQFRPWKHUPRʈVKHUFRP

5F$ %E0212$&KIE4K23$:'+
4)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+%*),&)&+-%-$++*@3-%+%-(-3+#%-@-+.-'"+%*)$#$#'+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+

P E D OM A N
158 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
LH+ D-(-3+4*)$&-3-'+

D-(-3+&'&+<*):17#$+#'%#7+@*'.&-37-'+7*9-'^-)-'+3)1$*$+
*7$%)-7$&+C/!Z+<-&7+,-9-@+3*'.&-3-'+)*-"*'$&-Z+<-(-'+(-<&$+
3-7-&Z+@-#3#'3*'.&-3-'+%*@3-%H+D-(-3+&'&+3*)9#+,&3*)(-%&7-'+
,*'"-'+ <-&7+ 7-)*'-+ $--%+ $*,-'"+ @*'8-9-'7-'+ 3)1%1719+
*7$%)-7$&+ (-)#$+ @*@&'&@-9&$-$&+ + )&$&71+ 71'%-@&'-$&+ ,-'+
7*$*9-@-%-'+ 7*)8-H+ =*@#-+ )*-"*'$&-+ ,-'+ + <-(-'+ (-<&$+ 3-7-&+
.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+(-)#$+,&$*$#-&7-'+,*'"-'+8#@9-(+$-@3*9+,-'+
%&,-7+<19*(+%*)9-9#+<-'.-7+7*9#-)+@-$#7+J=M+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'H+

4*'.&-3-'+ %*@3-%+ #'%#7+ *7$%)-7$&+ <-(-'+ &':*7$&#$Z+


$*3*)%&+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNSZ+(-)#$+,&9-7#7-'+,&+J=M+?*9-$+66H+
=*<*9#@+ @*9-7#7-'+ *7$%)-7$&Z+ (-)#$+ ,&3-$%&7-'+ J=M+ ?*9-$+
66+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+ $#,-(+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,*71'%-@&'-$&+ ,*'"-'+
@*'""#'-7-'+ QX+ ,-'+ -971(19+ $*%&-3+ 7-9&+ -7-'+ ,&"#'-7-'H+
2-9+&'&+,&9-7#7-'+#'%#7+@*'"#)-'"&+)&$&71+71'%-@&'-$&+.-'"+
,-3-%+@*'""-'""#+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'H+

SH+ 4)1%1719+*7$%)-7$&+C/!

4)1%1719+ *7$%)-7$&+ C/!+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 7&%+


.-'"+,&"#'-7-'Z+8*'&$+$3*$&@*'Z+,-'+8#"-+%*7'191"&+*7$%)-7$&+
.-'"+ ,&9-7#7-'+ [@-'#-9+ -%-#+ )1<1%&7\H+ =*@#-+ %-(-3-'+
3)1$*,#)+*7$%)-7$&+(-)#$+,&&7#%&+,*'"-'+<-&7+-"-)+(-$&9+C/!+
.-'"+,&,-3-%7-'+@*@&9&7&+7#-'%&%-$+.-'"+^#7#3+,-'+7#-9&%-$+
.-'"+<-&7H

PH+ Q8&+7#-9&%-$+,-'+7#-'%&%-$+(-$&9+*7$%)-7$&

2-$&9+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+3*)9#+,&9-7#7-'+3*'"#8&-'+7#-9&%-$+
,-'+ 7#-'%&%-$Z+ <-&7+ $*^-)-+ )#%&'+ @-#3#'+ <*)7-9-H+ 0*'"-'+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
159
,*@&7&-'Z+ 8&7-+ -,-+ (-$&9+ .-'"+ @*)-"#7-'Z+ + ,-3-%+ ,&9-7#7-'+
*I-9#-$&H+Q8&+7#-9&%-$+,-'+7#-'%&%-$+,&9-7#7-'+,*'"-'+@*%1,*+
<*)&7#%H++
-H+ Q8&+ 7#-'%&%-$+ 71'$*'%)-$&+ 0/!aC/!+ + @*'""#'-7-'+
-9-%+ <*)<-$&$+ $3*7%)1:1%1@*%*)+ ,*'"-'+ <*<*)-3-+ 3-'8-'"+
"*91@<-'"H+
U$ !$-@+'#7*9-%+[0/!Z+C/!Z+'#79*1%&,-\e+S]U+'@
U$ 4)1%*&'e+SYU+'@
U$ ?1'%-@&'-'+9-&'e+SPU+'@
<H+ 4*'*'%#-'+ 71'$*'%)-$&+ -$-@+ '#7*9-%+ ,&'.-%-7-'+ ,-9-@+
$-%#-'+'"az9+-%-#+z"a@9H
U$ 0/!e+WU+z"a@9
U$ C/!e+RU+z"a@9
^H+ Q8&+7#-9&%-$+,&'.-%-7-'+,*'"-'+7*@#)'&-'+-$-@+'#79*-%H+
?*@#)'&-'+ C/!+ -%-#+ 0/!+ ,&'.-%-7-'+ ,*'"-'+ )-$&1+
3-'8-'"+ "*91@<-'"+ $3*7%)1:1%1@*%*)+ 3-,-+ )*'%-'"+
<*)&7#%e
U$ 0/!e+!S]Ua!SYUȹ
U$ C/!e+!S]Ua!SYUȹ
U$ 0/!aC/!e+!S]Ua!SPUȹ

RH+ 4*'.&@3-'-'+C/!

=3*$&@*'+ C/!+ .-'"+ $#,-(+ ,&*7$%)-7$&+ ,-)&+ $3*$&@*'+


79&'&$+ 3*)9#+ ,&$&@3-'+ <-&7+ #'%#7+ 7*3*)9#-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
@-#3#'+7*3*)9#-'+9-&'+3-,-+@-$-+,*3-'H+J-$-+C/!+@*)#3-7-'+
)-'%-&+#'%-&+%#'""-9+-$-@+'#79*-%+.-'"+%&,-7+$%-<&9+$*(&'""-+
3*'.&@3-'-'+ .-'"+ ,&9-7#7-'+ <*)<*,-+ ,*'"-'+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+
0/!+-%-#+3)1%*&'H+?*@-@3#-'+$*<#-(+)*-"*'$&-+-%-#+9&b#&,+
,-9-@+ 5-7%#+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ C/!+ <*)<*,-N<*,-H+ 4*@<-"&-'+
8*'&$+)*-"*'+<*),-$-)7-'+-"*'+3*'.&@3-'Z+7&%+71@*)$&-9+,-'+

P E D OM A N
160 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
8-'"7-+ 5-7%#+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ C/!+ -"-)+ $%-<&9+ ,-9-@+ 5-7%#+
%*)%*'%#+ ,&$-,#)+ ,-)&+ <*<*)-3-+ $#@<*)+ [J#$(^+ '(- %.HZ+ LOOSj+
A#%%*)+'(-%.HZ+SUURj+T9&I&*)&+'(-%.HZ+SULRj+;2TZ+SUSU\+-,-9-(+
$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
+ -H+ _-'"7-+3-'8-'"e+5,"'5-#,-.)#=:"."Y'5+[w0(%2"."Y"3/-%/'3(\
L\+ C,':%.#$'
S\+ 1#>>',*"%..)-%9%".%2.'-$(%2"."Y',$
P\+ 0/!$%-<9*+[J&1@-%)&^-\
R\+ p6!$-:*+0/!+[p&-"*'\
W\+ F*'D*")-+0/!+[&'%*"*'d\
+ <H+ _-'"7-+3*',*7a5".+("#3-3''5'5e+"3-$#.+("#3
U$ P+*.'%$'-&,''-;%(',
U$ DENJ#::*)
+ ^H+ =#(#+3*'.&@3-'-'
U$ D&,-7+@*'.&@3-'+(-$&9+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+3-,-+$#(#+
)#-'"
U$ 4*'.&@3-'-'+ 3-,-+ $#(#+ R1M+ 8&7-+ C/!+ -7-'+
9-'"$#'"+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+4MCH
U$ 4*'.&@3-'-'+3-,-+$#(#+NSU1M+8&7-+-7-'+,&"#'-7-'+
,-9-@+5-7%#+SR+8-@H
U$ 4*'.&@3-'-'+3-,-+$#(#+NYU1M+8&7-+-7-'+,&$&@3-'+
,-9-@+8-'"7-+5-7%#+LNN++]+<#9-'
U$ 4*'.&@3-'-'+3-,-+$#(#+9&b#&,+'&%)1"*'+8&7-+-7-'+
,&$&@3-'+9*<&(+,-)&+]+<#9-'H

6F$ ,4GSP4G$ G43.$ V4.M$ P4EN2$ /3L1EP4I3K4.$ /4G4H$ H1G4KNK4.$


1K2IE4K23$:'+
LH+ 2-i-),+ 9*I*9+ $3*$&@*'e+ 3*@&9&(-'+ J=M+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ 9*I*9+
<&1$-:*%.+,-)&+3-%1"*'+.-'"+,&3*)&7$-H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
161
SH+ !9&)-'+ #,-)-+ J=M+ (-)#$+ %*%-3+ %*)8-"-+ ,*'"-'+ <-&7+ ,-'+ %&,-7+
-,-+3*'-(-'++-9&)-'+#,-)-+$--%+<*7*)8-H
PH+ 4*%#"-$+@*'""#'-7-'+$-)#'"+%-'"-'+,*'"-'+<-&7+,-'+<*'-)H+
RH+ {+@*'8-"-+-)*-+7*)8-+<*<-$+C/-$*+$*9-@-+3)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&H
WH+ 4*%#"-$+ @*'*)-37-'+ M##5- T%2#,%(#,)- ?,%*("*'+ [F>4\+ -"-)+
%*)(&',-)+,-)&+71'%-@&'-$&H
]H+ 4*%#"-$+ @*@3*)(-%&7-'+ 7*$*9-@-%-'+ ,-'+ 7*-@-'-'+ 7*)8-+
[!"#$%&'()+,-'-!"#$'*+,"()\H

D-<*9+WHL+4*)@-$-9-(-'+,-'+4*'.*<-<+(-$&9+*7$%)-7$&+C/!+%&,-7+13%&@-9
#424G4P %1.V1Q4Q
C/!+$*,&7&%+-%-#+%&,-7+-,-+ >&$&$+%&,-7+$*@3#)'-+7-)*'-+$#@<-%-'+3-,-+
7191@
?1'$*'%)-$&+I&)#$+)*',-(
J*7#+^-&)+$-@3*9+9*<&(+$-%#+7-9&
?1',&$&+2"35"3/+-%-#+*9#$&+%&,-7+$*$#-&
E%-'19+%&,-7+,&%-@<-(7-'+3-,--;%$:-2+&&',
E9#$&+%*)9-9#+<-'.-7
C/!+%*),*")-,-$& ?1'%-@&'-$&+19*(+C/-$*
?#-9&%-$+$-@3*9+)*',-(

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$%E0212$%1H1E3K244.$E:!S$%5:$?3EN2$*+:*S
50?S=
=--%+ &'&Z+ @*%1,*+ + 4MC+ ,&"#'-7-'+ $*<-"-&+ @*%1,*+ ,*%*7$&+
^*3-%+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+ @-%*)&+ "*'*%&7+ C/!+ -%-#+ 0/!+ #'%#7+
@*'*'%#7-'+*%&191"&+$#-%#+-"*'+&':*7$&H+!7-'+%*%-3&Z++@*%1,*+@*%1,*+
%*)$*<#%+@*@&9&7&+)&$&71+71'%-@&'-$&+,-)&+3)1,#7+(-$&9+4MCN'.-+$*',&)&+
$*(&'""-+ 3*)9#+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 9-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+ #'%#7+ @*'"*',-9&7-'+
71'%-@&'-$&+4MC+<*$*)%-+7#-9&%-$+71'%)19'.-+[X&981*'+'(-%.HZ+SUUW\H

P E D OM A N
162 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
+F$ +GNE$%1H1E3K244.$-4Q0E4I0E3NH
0*$-&'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ #'%#7+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ @*'8-,&+ (-9+
.-'"+3*'%&'"+#'%#7+@*'8-"-+3*):1)@-+.-'"+<-&7+$*(&'""-+,-3-%+
@*@&'&@-9&$-$&+ + )&$&71+ 71'%-@&'-$&H+ =*^-)-+ #@#@Z+ 7*"&-%-'+
,&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 4MC+ @*9&3#%&+ 3*)$&-3-'+ $-@3*9Z+ 3*)$&-3-'+
)*-"*'+ )*-7$&+ 4MCZ+ 3)1$*$+ 4MCZ+ ,-'+ -'-9&$&$+ 3-$^-N4MCH+
?*%&7-+ ,&%-@3&97-'+ ,-9-@+ @1,*+ 9&'&*)+ &'&Z+ 7*"&-%-'+ &'&+ ,-3-%+
,&7*91@3177-'+7*+,-9-@+,#-+7*91@317+#%-@-Z+7*"&-%-'+3)-N4MC+
[3*)$&-3-'+ $-@3*9+ ,-'+ 3*)$&-3-'+ )*-"*'$&-+ 4MC\+ ,-'+ 7*"&-%-'+
3-$^-N4MC+[3*9-7$-'--'+,-'+-'-9&$&$+4MC\+[F-@<-)+RHLR\H+Q'%#7+
@*'"(&',-)&+71'%-@&'-$&Z+3*7*)8--'+4MC+5-8&<+,&9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+
9&'&*)a$*-)-(+ ,&@#9-&+ ,-)&+ -)*-+ 3)-N4MC+ 7*+ -)*-+ 3-$^-N4MCZ+
3*%#"-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%&,-7+,&3*)<19*(7-'+#'%#7+7*@<-9&+7*+-)*-+
3)*N4MC+$*%*9-(+@*9-7#7-'+3*7*)8--'+,&+-)*-+3-$^-N4MC+[X&981*'+
'(-%.HZ+SUUW\H

F-@<-)+WHLR+4*@<-"&-'+!)*-+?*)8-+4*@*)&7$--'+4MC
,-'+!9#)+?*)8-+=-%#+!)-(
=#@<*)e+X&981*'+'(-%.HZ+SUUW

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
163
J*)&7#%+&'&+-,-9-(+3*'8*9-$-'+$&'"7-%+@*'"*'-&+%&-3N%&-3++-)*-+
<*),-$-)7-'+"-@<-)+WHLRH+
LH+ !)*-+?,'64MC
+ !)*-+ &'&+ @*)#3-7-'+ -)*-+ #'%#7+ 3*)$&-3-'+ $*<*9#@+ 3)1$*$+
4MCZ+ %*)@-$#7+ -)*-+ )*-"*'$&-+ [*.'%3- ,##>\+ ,-'+ -)*-+ 3)1$*$+
$3*$&@*'Z+ $*)%-+ ,-'+ 3*'-@<-(-'+ C/!H+ J*)&7#%+ 31&'N31&'+
3*'8*9-$-'+#'%#7+%&-3N%&-3++)#-'"-'e
-H+ !)*-+>-<+Le+C#-'"+<*)$&(+a+*.'%3-,##>
L\+ !)*-+&'&+A*)#3-7-'+-)*-+3*)$&-3-'+)*-"*'$&-+CDN4MC+
>%$(',->"ZH
S\+ !)*-+ <*)$&(+ &'&+ &,*-9'.-+ @*)#3-7-'+ )#-'"-'+
<*)%*7-'-'+31$&%&:H
P\+ !9-%+7*-@-'-'+.-'"+,&3*)9#7-'+,&+)#-'"-'+&'&++-,-9-(++
T%>"3%,-4",-O.#;-[>!G\+#'%#7+@*'"(&',-)&+)*-"*'$&-+
,-)&+71'%-@&'-'+9&'"7#'"-'+$*7&%-)H
R\+ Q'%#7+ @*'"(&',-)&+ 71'%-@&'-$&Z+ 3*%#"-$+
@*'""#'-7-'+!40+.-'"+7(#$#$+,&$&@3-'+,-'+,&3-7-&+
,&+)#-'"-'+<*)$&(a*.'%3-,##>G
W\+ =*@#-+3*)-9-%-'+,-'+)*-"*'+.-'"+,&$&@3-'+,&+)#-'"+
*.'%3-,##>+D60!?+,&3*)<19*(7-'+#'%#7+<*)3&',-(+7*+
)#-'"-'+9-&'H
]\+ 0&+,-9-@+-)*-+<*)$&(Z+$3*$&@*'Z+C/!a0/!Z+71'%)19+
31$&%&:+,-)&+)#-'"-'+9-&'+D60!?+,&3*)<19*(7-'+@-$#7H+
V\+ D*@3-%+&'&+@*)#3-7-'+-)*-+3*'-@<-(-'+71'%)19+'*"-%&:+
#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+-,-+-%-#+%&,-7'.-+71'%-@&'-'+3-,-+
)#-'"+<*)$&(H

<H+ !)*-+>-<+Se+3)1$*$+$3*$&@*'+,-'+3*'-@<-(-'+C/!
L\+ !)*-+ &'&+ @*)#3-7-'+ -)*-+ 3*)$&-3-'+ $3*$&@*'+ <*)#3-+
3)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&+C/!H

P E D OM A N
164 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
S\+ 0&+ -)*-+ &'&+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3*'-@<-(-'+ $3*$&@*'+ C/!+
.-'"+ $#,-(+ ,&*7%)-7$&+ [,&9-7#7-'+ + ,&+ J=M+ 7*9-$+ 66+
.-'"+ <*)<*,-+ ,*'"-'+ J=M+ 7*9-$+ 66+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+
#'%#7+*7$%)-7$&+C/!\H
P\+ !)*-+&'&+&,*-9'.-+-,-9-(++)#-'"-'+<*)%*7-'-'+'*"-%&:
R\+ !9-%+7*-@-'-'+.-'"+,&3*)9#7-'+,&+,-9-@+)#-'"-'+&'&+
<*)3)&'$&3+#'%#7+@*9&',#'"&+3*7*)8-+,-)&+71'%-@&'-$&+
$3*$&@*'Z+.-&%#
U$ J=M+?*9-$+66Z
U$ 1.#$'5-,#(#,-*'3(,"&+/'+[8&7-+-,-\Z+
U$ I#,('ZL
U$ 0%&'()- $(%("#3J- 0%&'()- $:#;',- 5%3- ')'- ;%$:-
$(%("#3G-,-'
U$ 0="..-K"(-(##.$
W\+ Q'%#7+ @*'"(&',-)&+ 71'%-@&'-$&Z+ ,&"#'-7-'+ + !40+
.-'"+7(#$#$+,&$&@3-'+,-'+,&3-7-&+,&+)#-'"-'+&'&
]\+ =*@#-+3*)-9-%-'+,-'+)*-"*'+.-'"+,&$&@3-'+,&+)#-'"-'+
&'&+D60!?+,&3*)<19*(7-'+#'%#7+<*)3&',-(+7*+)#-'"-'+
9-&'H+

SH+ !)*-+4MC
+ !)*-+ 4MC+ @*)#3-7-'+ -)*-+ 9-<+ 7*NPH+ 0&+ -)*-+ &'&+ ,&9-7#7-'+
3)1$*$+)CDN4MC+-%-#+-)*-+3*)<-'.-7-'+0/!+,&+,-9-@+@*$&'+
C:',>%.- 1)*.',Z+ $*)%-+ -'-9&$&$+ (-$&9+ )CD+ 4MCH+ 4*'-@<-(-'+
71'%)19+ 31$&%&:+ ,-3-%+ 8#"-+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,&+ -)*-+ &'&+ [,&+ @*8-+ 9-<+
%*)<#7-+ -%-#+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ J=M+ ?*9-$+ 66\H+ C#-'"-'+ &'&+ &,*-9'.-+
<*)%*7-'-'+ '*"-%&:+ $#3-.-+ %&,-7+ %*)8-,&+ -9&)-'+ 71'%-@&'-$&+
0/!+ (-$&9+ 4MC+ [-@39&71'\+ 7*+ )#-'"-'+ 9-&'H+ =*@#-+ !40+
,&3-7-&+,-'+,&$&@3-'+7(#$#$+,&+)#-'"-'+&'&H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
165
;F$ `1.32$%E3H1Eb=5#!'
_*'&$+ =,#2'+ .-'"+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ ,*%*7$&+ =!C=NM1XNS+ -,-9-(+
(&,)19&$&$+ =,#2'aD-b@-'+ =,#2'- [;2TZ+ SUSU\G+ >-<*9+ =,#2'+ .-'"+
,&"#'-7-'+ <*)"-'%#'"+ 3-,-+ ,*$-&'+ =,#2'+ .-'"+ ,&<#-%+ -%-#+ ,-)&+
7&%+ .-'"+ %*)$*,&-+ ,&+ 3-$-)-'H+ 4-,-+ #@#@'.-Z+ 9-<*9+ =,#2'+ .-'"+
,&,*$-&'+-7-'+,&$*$#-&7-'+,*'"-'+,*%*7%1)+.-'"++%*),-3-%+,-9-@+
@*$&'+ C:',>%.- *)*.',+ .-'"+ ,&@&9&7&+ ,&+ %&-3N%&-3+ + + 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
D*),-3-%+<*)<-"-&+@-^-@+9-<*9+=,#2'-.-'"+%*)$*,&-H+J*)&7#%+9-<*9+
=,#2'+.-'"+^1^17+,*'"-'+@*$&'+,'%.-(">'+4MC++.-'"+-,-+[F-@<-)+
WHLW\H

F-@<-)+WHLWH+?*^1^17-'+9-<*9+3)1<*+,*'"-'+%&3*+@*$&'+,'%.-(">'-4MC
=#@<*)e+A-'&%+'(-%.HZ+SUUWj+60D/!+SUSU

P E D OM A N
166 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
5F$ %E021/NE$:14G$!3H1$:!S%5:$/1.M4.$H1I0/1$$?"/07'+7'B$/4.$
237("+7'B$X#4.3I$'(-%7CJ$=]]BY
A*%1,*++@*',*%*7$&+"*'+%-)"*%++$#-%#+-"*'+3*'.-7&%+,*'"-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+CDN4MCZ+$--%+&'&+,&7*%-(#&+-,-+<*<*)-3-+
3*',*7-%-'Z+.-&%#+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H+
LH+ A*%1,*+0"3/.'=.'Z
+ D*7'&7+ 4MC+ $*^-)-+ $"3/.'=.'Z- ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+ @*',*%*7$&+
$-%#+ #)#%-'+ %-)"*%+ 0/!+ -%-#+ C/!+ ,-9-@+ $-%#+ )*-7$&+ 4MC+
GHQJDQ PHQJJXQDNDQ VDWX SHZDUQD ʉXRUHVHQVL .HOHELKDQ
@*%1,*+%*)$*<#%+-,-9-(+9*<&(+$*'$&%&:Z+$*,-'"7-'+7*7#)-'"-'.-+
-,-9-(+ )*-"*'$&-+ .-'"+ ,&3*)9#7-'+ 9*<&(+ <-'.-7+ $*)%-+ 5-7%#+
.-'"+,&3*)9#7-'+#'%#7+3)1$*$+CDN4MC+9*<&(+9-@-H

SH+ A*%1,*+H+.("=.'Z
+ A*%1,*+&'&+,&$*<#%+@#9%&39*7$+7-)*'-+<&$-+@*',*%*7$&+,#-+-%-#+
9*<&(+ 0/!+ %-)"*%+ ,-9-@+ L+ )*-7$&+ 4MC+ ,*'"-'+ @*'""#'-7-'+
@*%1,*+ CDN4MCH+ D)'- [3*)5-)'-\+ 3-,-+ <-"&-'+ ,'=#,(',+ -7-'+
<*)3*',-)+ 3-,-+ $--%+ 3)1<*+ %*)(&,)19&$&$+ ,-'+ $&'.-9+ *@&$&+
-7-'+%*)%-'"7-3+19*(+7-@*)-+3-,-+-9-%+C*-9+%&@*+4MCH+D&-3N
WLDSSUREHVSHVLʈNXQWXNWDUJHW'1$WHUWHQWXGLODEHOGHQJDQ
,'=#,(',-5)'+.-'"+<*)<*,-Z+@&$-9'.-+3*5-)'-+G!A+#'%#7+%-)"*%+
"*'+ C,C4Z+ 3*5-)'-+ 2Ed+ #'%#7+ %-)"*%+ "*'+ EZ+ $*)%-+ 3*5-)'-+
M.W+ #'%#7+ "*'+ C4+ ["-@<-)+ WHL]+ ,-'+ WHLV\H+ J*)&7#%+ -,-9-(+
31&'N31&'+3*'8*9-$-'+<*<*)-3-+7*7#)-'"-'+,-'+7*9*<&(-'+,-)&+
@*%1,*+@#9%&39*K+4MCe

D1G1Q3P4.>
U$ A*%1,*+&%#+@*',*%*7$&+,#-+-%-#+9*<&(+0/!+%-)"*%+
,-9-@+$-%#+3*@*)&7$--'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
167
U$ =3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&3*)&7$-+9*<&(+<-'.-7+8&7-+
,&<-',&'"7-'+,*'"-'+$"3/.'=.'Z+[@"/:-(:,#+/:6=+(QG
U$ A*%1,*+&%#+9*<&(+*71'1@&$H
U$ 0HWRGHLWXHʈVLHQNHWLNDYROXPH('>=.%('+%*)<-%-$H

D1KNE4.M4.>
U$ 4*)9#+-,-'.-+13%&@-$&+,-'+I-9&,-$&+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+
HʈVLHQVLGDULDPSOLʈNDVLSDGDWLDSWLDSWDUJHW'1$
U$ ?*<#%#(-'+-7-'+C*-"*'$&-+<'%.(">'++{+|,*'"-'+
7*@-@3#-'+:"/:-(:,#+/:6=+(H
U$ A*%1,*+&%#+@*@*)9#7-'+&'$%)#@*'+,*'"-'+<*<*)-3-+
,*%*7$&+5-)'-H

F-@<-)+WHL]+69#$%)-$&+4*@*)&7$--'+H+.("=.'Z-<'%.6(">'+CDN4MC
=#@<*)+e+4)*@&*)+J&1$1:%Z+SUSU

P E D OM A N
168 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+WHLV+M1'%1(+4*5-)'-+H+.("=.'Z+[C,C4+c++G!AZ+E+c+2EdZ+
C4cM.W\

6F$ %E021/NE$E:!S%5:
0-9-@+ @1,#9+ &'&+ ,&8*9-$7-'+ 9-'"7-(N9-'"7-(+ ^1'%1(+ 3*'"*)8--'+
,*%*7$&+ I&)#$+ =!C=NMUXNS+ @*'""#'-7-'+ @*%1,*+ $"3/.'=.'Z+
<*),-$-)7-'+ 3)1$*,#)+ M0M+!%9-'%-+ Q=H+ =*@*'%-)-+ -&%#Z+ + ^1'%1(+
3*'"*)8--'+ >+.("=.'Z+ )CDN4MC+ @*'""#'-7-'+ ?&%+ 71@*)$&-9+
<'%.6d- EF78631#I- 5'('*("#3- ^"(- W!"#0';##>L- ?1)*-\H+ =*<-"-&+
)*:*)*'$&Z+ ;2T+ %*9-(+ @*'"*9#-)7-'+ ,-:%-)N,-:%-)+ 7&%+ 71@*)$&-9+
.-'"+<&$-+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+@*',*%*7$&+I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNS+[;2TZ+
SUSU\H+J*<*)-3-+3)1$*,#)+7&%+%*)$*<#%+%*)9-@3&)+,-9-@+@1,#9+&'&H+
J*)&7#%+(-9N(-9+.-'"+3*)9#+,&3*)(-%&7-'+,&+,-9-@+3*'"*)8--'+)CDN
4MCH+

LH+ 4*'.&@3-'-'+,-'+3*'-'"-'-'+)*-"*'+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC
-H+ C*-"*'+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC+,&$&@3-'+,&+,-9-@+)*:)&"*)-%1)+
,-'+&,''Y',+,&+-)*-+L+[*.'%3-,##>QG
<H+ C*-"*'+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC+(-)#$+,&+-9&7#1%+,-9-@+I19#@*+
7*^&9+#'%#7+@*'"(&',-)&+71'%-@&'-$&H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
169
^H+ C*-"*'+$%17+(-)#$+,&$&@3-'+3-,-+$#(#+NSU1MH
,H+ C*-"*'+7*)8-+[;#,K"3/-$#.+("#3Q+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+,*'"-'+
:)*7#*'$&+(-)&-'+,-3-%+,&$&@3-'+3-,-+$#(#+SNY1M+
[%*)"-'%#'"+7*%*'%#-'\H
*H+ 4*)$&-3-'+4MC+@-$%*)+@&K
?1@31'*'+)CDN4MCe
E'i&@+%*)@1$%-<&9+(%X-DP4- ^1'%1(+)*-"*'+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC
=#.)>',%$'-,-'+,'9',$'-(,%3$*,"=(%$'
0*17$&)&<1'#79*1%&,-+%)&:1$:-%+[,/D4\
61'+A"Sw
J#::*)

4)&@*)+&#,;%,5 6SHVLʈNXQWXN6$56&R9
4)&@*)+<'9',$'
4)1<*

L\+ =*@#-+ 3*)-9-%-'Z+ )*-"*'+ ,-'+ !40+ ,&$&@3-'+ 7(#$#$+


#'%#7+ )#-'"-'+ *.'%3- ,##>- D60!?+ ,&3*)<19*(7-'+
#'%#7+<*)3&',-(+7*+)#-'"-'+9-&'H

S\+ J*<*)-3-+)*71@*',-$&+;2T+#'%#7+3)&@*)+,-'+3)1<*+
$*%+,&"#'-7-'+#'%#7+3*@*)&7$--'+=!C=NM1XNS+[D-<*9+
WHS\H
".2I3INI1 C1.1$!4EM1I2
M(&'-+M0MZ+M(&'- TCGL-<+-',+/
6'$&%#%+4-$%*#)Z+4-)&$Z+G)-'^* D51+%-)"*%$+&'+C,C4
Q=+M0MZ+Q=! D51+%-)"*%$+&'+/+"*'*
/-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+6':*^%&1#$+ 4-'^1)1'-+-',+@#9%&39*+%-)"*%$Z+
0&$*-$*$Z+_-3-' $3&7*+3)1%*&'
M(-)&%nZ+F*)@-'. C,C4Z+E+/
2?QZ+21'"71'"+=!C TCGL<N'$3LRZ+/
/-%&1'-9+6'$%&%#%*+1:+2*-9%(Z+ /
D(-&9-',
D-<*9+WHS+C*71@*',-$&+;2T+#'%#7+4)&@*)+,-'+4,#2'+='(+#'%#7+
4*@*)&7$--'+=!C=NM1XNS
=#@<*)e+;2TZ+SUSU

P E D OM A N
170 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
SH+ 4*)$&-3-'+@-$%*)+@&K+)CDN4MC
-\+ 4*)$&-3-'+@-$%*)+@&K+,&9-7#7-'+,&+,-9-@+T%>"3%,-4",-
O.#;+[>!G\+)#-'"+<*)$&(+[*.'%3-,##>\+-)*-+9-<+LH
<\+ 4*)$&-3-'+@*'"*9#-)7-'+@-$%*)+@&K+,-)&+)*:)&"*)-%1)a
:)**i*)H
^\+ A*@-$%&7-'+$*@#-+)*-"*'$&-+%*)^-@3#)+,*'"-'+<-&7+
,*'"-'+^-)-+I1)%*K+^*3-%+,-'+$3&'+,15'+#'%#7+$*@#-+
<-(-'+@-$%*)+@&KH
,\+ A*'.&-37-'+4MC+;#,K$:''(+#'%#7+@*'"(&%#'"+8#@9-(+
)*-7$&+@-$%*)+@&K+.-'"+,&<#%#(7-'+#'%#7+$-@3*9+C/!Z+
/M+[P'/%("9'-1#3(,#.\Z+,-'+4M+[?#$"("9'-1#3(,#.\H
*\+ A*@3*)(-%&7-'+&'$%)#7$&+,-)&+)*-"*'+)CDN4MC+.-'"+
,&"#'-7-'+@*'"*'-&+)*71@*',-$&+71',&$&+$#(#+$--%+
@*'^-@3#)+@-$%*)+[$#(#+)#-'"+-%-#+,&'"&'+RNYɼM\
:\+ ?-)*'-+3)1$*$+3*'^-@3#)-'+@-$%*)+@&K+@*'""#'-7-'+
I19#@*+9-)#%-'+.-'"+$-'"-%+7*^&9Z++%*7'&7+@*@&3*%+(-)#$+
,&7#-$-&+,*'"-'+<-&7+19*(+3*%#"-$
"\+ J*)&7#%+-,-9-(+^1'%1(+3)*3-)-$&+@-$%*)+@&K+)CDN
4MC+<*),-$-)7-'+3)1%1719+=,">',+,-'+=,#2'-.-'"+
,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+19*(+;2TH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
171
50.I0P$LE0I0K0G-?"/07'+7'B 50.I0P$LE0I0K0G$237("+7'B
4)1%1719+Q=NM0M ?&%+C*-9Np+SULON'M1X+,*%*^%&1'+
+D-)"*%+"*'+e+/LZ+/S+C4x ?&%+[+!"#0';##>L-?1)*-\
x"*'+C4+-,-9-(+"*'+.-'"+%*),-3-%+,&+,-9-@+ D-)"*%e+C,C4Z+EZ+C4
$*9+*3&%*9+@-'#$&-H
x"*'+C4+<*):#'"$&+$*<-"-&+71'%)19+7#-9&%-$+ M1'%1(+7&%+>+.("=.'Z+9-&''.-+
3)1$*$+*7$%)-7$&H %*)$*<#%+,&+9-@3&)-'H
C*-"*'$&-e+0+=',$*,"=(-BBB-N3'-0('=-,<C6?1<-
;"(:-?.%("3+>-C%X
x=#,-(+,&I-9&,-$&+19*(+J-9&%<-'"7*$
A*9-7#7-'+$*@#-+3*7*)8--'+,&+-%-$Z+,&)*71@*',-$&7-'+#'%#7+,&9-7#7-'+,&+,-9-@+
>!G-\DQJWHUVHUWLʈNDVL6HEHOXPPHPXODLSHNHUMDDQ/$)WHUOHELKGDKXOX
,&<*)$&(7-'+,*'"-'+@*'""#'-7-'+-971(19+VUk+,-'+$*@#-+-9-%+,-'+<-(-'+.-'"+
-7-'+,&@-$#77-'+7*+,-9-@+>!G+,&<*)$&(7-'+,*'"-'+-971(19+VUkH
M1'%1(e+
_#@9-(+$3*$&@*'++LL+w+L+)*-7$&+/DM+w+L+)*-7$&+71'%)19+31$&%&:+[4M\+w++L+)*-7$&+
="='(("3/-',,#,-c+<A$E14K23
G1)@#9-e
M1'%1(+3*)(&%#'"-'+)*-7$&e

x!7-'+-,-+P+>%$(',->"ZZ+>%$(',->"Z+/LZ++++++x!7-'+-,-+L+>%$(',->"Z+$-8-H+
+->%$(',->"Z+/S+,-'->%$(',->"Z+C4H

P E D OM A N
172 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
D&-3N%&-3++>%$(',->"Z+,&<-"&+}SU+z9+7*+ H%$(',->"Z-,&<-"&+}SU+z9+7*+,-9-@+
,-9-@+O]+4MC+;'..-=.%('+-%-#+4MC+$%)&3$+Y+ O]+4MC+;'..-=.%('+-%-#+4MC+$%)&3$+Y+
$*$#-&+4MC+;#,K$:''(H+0-9-@+$-%#+O]+4MC+ $*$#-&+4MC+;#,K$:''(H+0-9-@+$-%#+
;'..-=.%('Z+@-7$&@-9+,-3-%+@*@*)&7$-+PU+ O]+4MC+;'..-=.%('+$*%&,-7'.-+<&$-+
$-@3*9+7-)*'-+$*%&-3++>%$(',->"Z+[/La/Sa @*@*)&7$-+OR+$-@3*9H
C4\+(-)#$+,&&$&+,&+;'..-.-'"+<*)<*,-H

F-@<-)+O]+4MC+;'..-=.%(' F-@<-)+4MC+$%)&3$+Y

A*'-@<-(7-'++W+z9+3+*.'%$'6&,''-;%(',+7*+,-9-@+;'..+/DMZ+$*<*9#@+
7*9#-)+,-)&+*.'%3-,##>H+U'..+/DM+<19*(+,&%#%#3+)-3-%+8&7-+@*@#'"7&'7-'H
A*'#%#3++4MC+39-%*+@*'""#'-7-'+#=("*%.-*%=$-$(,"=L--%*%-3&-+8-'"-'+
%*)9-9#+)-3-%+7-)*'-+-7-'+,&<#7-+#'%#7+@*'-@<-(7-'+C/!+$-@3*9+
,&+)#-'"+3*'-@<-(-'+C/!H+!D!Q+<&$-+8#"-+,&%#%#3+@*'""#'-7-'+
-9#@#'&#@+:1&9+$*9-@-+<*)3&',-(+)#-'"-'H
A*9*3-$7-'+_-$+9-<+7(#$#$+)#-'"+*.'%3-,##>L-%*%-3&++%*%-3+7*'-7-'+/.#9'$+
[7-)*'-+<*)$&(\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
173
L S P R W ] V Y O LU LL LS
! /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
J /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
M /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
0 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
E /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
G /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
F /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4
2 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4 /L /S C4

F-@<-)+WHLY+69#$%)-$&+3*@<-"&-'+>%$(',->"Z-0BPMTA?TAe
7*+,-9-@+O]+4MC+;'..-=.%('

+ L S P R W ] V Y O LU LL LS
! A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
J A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
M A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
0 A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
E A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
G A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
F A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K
2 A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K A&K

F-@<-)+WHLO++69#$%)-$&+3*@<-"&-'+)*-"*'$&-+>%$(',->"Z-HSTCB?TAe
7*+,-9-@+O]+4MC+;'..-=.%('

PH+ 4*'-@<-(-'+ C/!+ ,-'+ 71'%)19+ 31$&%&:+ 7*+ ,-9-@- >%$(',- >"Z+
3*)9#+@*@3*)(-%&7-'+(-9N(-9+<*)&7#%e
-H+ 2-9+&%#+,&9-7#7-'+,&+-)*-+9-<+SZ+,&+,-9-@+J=M+?*9-$+66+
[D&3*+!S\H
<H+ +A%$(',->"Z-4MC++,&$&@3-'++,&+,-9-@+7#97-$+$#(#+SNY1MH+
^H+ {+@*'"*'-7-'+!40+7(#$#$+-)*-+SH
,H+ =*<*9#@+<*7*)8-Z++3*%#"-$+@*@<*)$&(7-'+J=M+

P E D OM A N
174 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
@*'""#'-7-'+(&31791)&%+Lk+,-'+-971(19+VUkH
*H+ 4*%#"-$+@*'"-@<&9+>%$(',->"Z+,-)&+,-9-@+7#97-$+,-'+
C/!H+_&7-+@*@#'"7&'7-'Z+$&@3-'+C/!+,-9-@+*##.',-
,%*K+[-"-)+%*%-3+,&'"&'\+$*9-@-+3)1$*$+3*'-@<-(-'+C/!+
7*+,-9-@+@-$%*)+@&KH
:H+ {+@*'-@<-(7-'+W+z9+C/!+$-@3*9+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+3*%-+
$-@3*9+,-9-@+4MC+;#,K$:''(G+4*'-@<-(-'+C/!+$-@3*9+
,&9-7#7-'+,&+,-9-@+J=M+?*9-$+66+[D&3*+!S\H

  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A NC NC NC S8 S8 S8 S16 S16 S16 S24 S24 S24
B S1 S1 S1 S9 S9 S9 S17 S17 S17 S25 S25 S25
C S2 S2 S2 S10 S10 S10 S18 S18 S18 S26 S26 S26
D S3 S3 S3 S11 S11 S11 S19 S19 S19 S27 S27 S27
E S4 S4 S4 S12 S12 S12 S20 S20 S20 S28 S28 S28
F S5 S5 S5 S13 S13 S13 S21 S21 S21 S29 S29 S29
G S6 S6 S6 S14 S14 S14 S22 S22 S22 S30 S30 S30
H S7 S7 S7 S15 S15 S15 S23 S23 S23 PC PC PC

F-@<-)+WHSU+69#$%)-$&+3*'-@<-(-'+$-@3*9+C/!Z+71'%)19+'*"-%&:Z
,-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:+7*+,-9-@+>%$(',->"Z+4MC+@*%1,*+0BPMTA?TAe

+ L S P R W ] V Y O LU LL LS
! /M+ =Y =L] =SR =PS =RU =RY =W] =]R =VS =YU =YY
J =L =O =LV =SW =PP =RL =RO =WV =]W =VP =YL =YO
M =S =LU =LY =S] =PR =RS =WU =WY =]] =VR =YS =OU
0 =P =LL =LO =SV =PW =RP =WL =WO =]V =VW =YP =OL
E =R =LS =SU =SY =P] =RR =WS =]U =]Y =V] =YR =OS
G =W =LP =SL =SO =PV =RW =WP =]L =]O =VV =YW =OP
F =] =LR =SS =PU =PY =R] =WR =]S =VU =VY =Y] =OR$
2 =V =LW =SP =PL =PO =RV =WW =]P =VL =VO =YV 4M+

F-@<-)+WHSL+69#$%)-$&+3*'-@<-(-'+$-@3*9+C/!Z+71'%)19+'*"-%&:Z
,-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:+7*+,-9-@+>%$(',->"Z+4MC+@*%1,*+HSTCB?TAe

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
175
"H+ {+@*'#%#3+4MC+O]+;'..-=.%('+,*'"-'+#=("*%.-*%=$-$(,"=$+
,*'"-'+)-3-%H+_&7-+!',-+@*'""#'-7-'+#=("*%.-%5:'$"9'-
ʈOPZ+%#'""#+(&'""-+4M+$*9*$-&+,&%-@<-(7-'H+4-$%&7-'+
@*'.*"*9+)-3-%+#=("*%.-*%=$-$(,"=$R#=("*%.-%5:'$"9'-
ʈOP+#'%#7+@*'"(&',-)&+3*'"#-3-'+9-)#%-'+@-$%*)+@&K+
4MC+,-'+C/!H+4*'"#-3-'+$*9-@-+3)1$*$+4MC+-7-'+
@*'"-7&<-%7-'+)*-7$&+4MC+.-'"+"-"-9H
(H+ {+@*'-@<-(7-'+71'%)19+31$&%&:+,&+-)*-+PH+J*<*)-3-+13$&+
-)*-+3*'-@<-(-'+=#$"("9'-*#3(,#.+[4M\e
U$ J=M+.-'"+9-&'+[8&7-+-,-\

U$ A*8-+9-<+%*)<#7-

&H+ D-@<-(7-'+W+z9+4MH+=*"*)-+%#%#3+;'..+4M+,*'"-'+#=("*%.-
FDSVVWULSVRSWLFDODGKHVLYHʈOPH

RH+ 4)1%1719+3*'"-%#)-'+@*$&'+)*-9+%&@*+4MC
4*'"-%#)-'+$#(#Z+5-7%#Z+,-'+$&$%*@+,*%*7$&+,-9-@+3*@*)&7$--'+
<*)<*,-+ #'%#7+ $*%&-3+ 3)1%1719+ )CDN4MC+ $*(&'""-+ ,&3*)9#7-'+
7*%*9&%&-'+ 3*@<-^--'+ 3)1%1719+ 7*)8-H+ 4*'"-%#)-'+ ,*%*7%1)+
#'%#7+719*7$&+,-%-+8#"-+,&3*'"-)#(&+19*(+3*'""#'--'+,'=#,(',-
5)'+3-,-+=,#2'H

D-<*9+WHP+M1'%1(+3*'"-%#)-'+$#(#+@*$&'+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC
*I1L *NPN 74KIN *3KGN2 #0/1
LH+CD WU1M PU+@*'&% L N
SH+21%+=%-)% OW1M LW+@*'&% L N
$PSOLʈNDVL OW1M LW+,*%&7 RW ?19*7$&+,-%-+
WW1M RW+,*%&7 [G!A\

P E D OM A N
176 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
WH+ 6'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC
=*%*9-(+ 3)1$*$+ CDN4MC+ $*9*$-&Z+ -'-9&$&$+ ,-%-+ ,&9-7#7-'+
<*),-$-)7-'+ 3*%#'8#7+ ,-)&+ 3)1$*,#)+ )*-"*'$&-+ -%-#+ 7&%+ .-'"+
,&"#'-7-'H+ !'-9&$&$+ (-)#$+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*^-)-+ %*)3&$-(+ #'%#7+
$*%&-3+ "*'+ %-)"*%+ @*'""#'-7-'+ 3*'"-%#)-'+ "-)&$+ (:,'$:#.5-
[-@<-'"+ <-%-$\+ $*^-)-+ @-'#-9H+ F-)&$+ (:,'$:#.5- (-)#$+
,&$*$#-&7-'+ -"-)+ <*)-,-+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ )*'%-'"+ :-$*+ *7$31'*'$&-9+
SDGD NXUYD ʉXRUHVHQVL VHUWD GL DWDV VLQ\DO- 2%*K/,#+35- [9-%-)+
<*9-7-'"\H

F-@<-)+WHSS+4*'"-%#)-'+"-)&$+C:,'$:#.5+#'%#7+-'-9&$-+(-$&9+CDN4MC
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$

J*<*)-3-+(-9+.-'"+(-)#$+,&3*)(-%&7-'+,&+,-9-@+@*'"-'-9&$&$++
(-$&9+CDN4MCe

-H+ 2-$&9+ /M+ (-)#$+ '*"-%&:+ ,-'+ %&,-7+ @*'#'8#77-'+ 7#)I-+


DPSOLʈNDVL -LND 1& PHQXQMXNNDQ NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL
&',&7-$&+-,-'.-+71'%-@&'-$&H+=*"*)-+9-7#7-'+3*'"#9-'"-'+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
177
3*'.&-3-'+ )*-"*'$&-+ >%$(',- >"Z+ ,*'"-'+ @*@3*)(-%&7-'+
7*%*9&%&-'+,-'+7*@-'-'-'+71'%)19+7#-9&%-$+)*-"*'$&-H

E +DVLO3&PHQXQMXNNDQNXUYDDPSOLʈNDVLGHQJDQUHQWDQJ
7&$-)-'+'&9-&+M%++,&+-'%-)-+PU`PW+H+_&7-+4M+@*'#'8#77-'+
NXUYDDPSOLʈNDVLQLODL&W!DWDXQHJDWLIVHJHUDODNXNDQ
3*'"#9-'"-'+ 3*'.&-3-'+ )*-"*'$&-+ >%$(',- >"Z+ ,*'"-'+
@*@3*)(-%&7-'+7*%*9&%&-'+,-'+7*@-'-'-'+71'%)19+7#-9&%-$+
)*-"*'$&-H

F +DVLO 53 PHQXQMXNNDQ NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL GHQJDQ QLODL &W


mPWZ+ @*'"&',&7-$&7-'+ -,-'.-+ @-%*)&-9+ "*'*%&7-+ C/!+ ,-)&+
$3*$&@*'+ @-'#$&-H+ /&9-&+ C4+ @*'#'8#77-'+ <-(5-+ 3)1$*$+
-$-@+ '#79*-%+ ,-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ %*9-(+ ,&9-7#7-'+
,*'"-'+ <*'-)H+ _&7-+ '&9-&+ C4+ '*"-%&:+ 8#"-+ @*'#'8#77-'+
7*@#'"7&'-'+)*-"*'$&-+>"Z+.-'"+7#)-'"+<-&7H

,H+ =-@3*9+@*'#'8#77-'+(-$&9+31$&%&:+,&%-',-&+,*'"-'+-,-'.-+
NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL GHQJDQ QLODL FW EHUGDVDUNDQ SURVHGXU
)*-"*'$&-+-%-#+7&%+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'H
*H+ M1'%1(+ &'%*)3)*%-$&+ (-$&9+ )CDN4MC+ $"3/.'=.'Z+ ,*'"-'+
3)1%1719+Q=+M0M+He

D-<*9+WHR+6'%*)3)*%-$&+2-$&9+)CDN4MC+,*'"-'+4)1%1719+M0M
=]<T.50?c'< =]<T.50?c'= :% ".I1ELE1I423$,423G
w w w 41$&%&:+=!C=NM1XNS
w N w B3*#3*.+$"9'e+9-7#7-'+
N w w 3*@*)&7$--'+#9-'"
N N w /*"-%&:+=!C=NM1XNS
N N N 6'I-9&,
x1+(-#&&-9%.+'+#'%#7+'&9-&+31$&%&:+<*)<*,-+#'%#7+$*%&-3+3)1%1719H
8QWXN3URWRNRO86&'&KDVLOGLQ\DWDNDQSRVLWLIELOD&Wȸ

P E D OM A N
178 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+WHSPH+6'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9+)CDN4MC+0BPMTA?TAe
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$

:H+ Q'%#7+ -'-9&$&$+ + (-$&9+ )*-9+ %&@*+ CDN4MC+ H+.("=.'ZZ+


3*'"-%#)-'+ (:,'$:#.5+ ,-'+ 3*@<-^--'+ '&9-&+ M%+ (-)#$+
,&9-7#7-'+#'%#7+$*%&-3+5)'ʉXRUHVHQVLVHVXDLGHQJDQWLDS
%&-3++3)1%1719+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'H

F-@<-)+WHSRH+4*@<-^--'+'&9-&+M%+H+.("=.'Z
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$

"H+ M1'%1(+&'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9+)*-9+%&@*+CDN4MC+,*'"-'+C*-9Np+
SULON'M1X+,*%*^%&1'+?&%+[!"#0';##>\

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
179
D-<*9+WHW+6'%*)3)*%-$&+(-$&9+)CDN4MC+,*'"-'+3)1%1719+M0M
:/:% & :% ".I1ELE1I423$,423G
w w w 41$&%&:+=!C=NM1XNS
w N w B3*#3*.+$"9'e+9-7#7-'+
N w w 3*@*)&7$--'+#9-'"
N N w /*"-%&:+=!C=NM1XNS
N N N 6'I-9&,
x1+(-#&&-9%.+'+#'%#7+'&9-&+31$&%&:+<*)<*,-+#'%#7+$*%&-3+3)1%1719H
xJ*),-$-)7-'+4)1%1719+C*-9Np+SULON'M1X+,*%*^%&1'+?&%+[+!"#0';##>\Z+
KDVLOGLQ\DWDNDQSRVLWLI6$56&R9ELOD&Wȸ53JHQH&Wȸ

*DPEDU.XUYDDPSOLʈNDVLSRVLWLIXQWXNNHWLJDJHQGDODPVDWXVDPSHO
[C,C4+c++G!AZ+E+c+2EdZ+C4cM.W\
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$

(H+ 2-$&9+B39%."5-,-'+"3*#3*.+$"9'

+ 4-,-+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ CDN4MC+ (-$&9+ %&,-7+ I-9&,+ -%-#+ %&,-7+


,-3-%+,&$&@3#97-'+,-3-%+,&$*<-<7-'+19*(+(-9N(-9+<*)&7#%e

U$ ?#)I-+.-'"+%*)<*'%#7+%&,-7+<*)#3-++$&"@1&,+5-9-#3#'+
'&9-&+ ^%+ %*)<*'%#7+ ,-'+ @*@1%1'"+ "-)&$+ (:,'$:#.5H++

P E D OM A N
180 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
.XUYD DPSOLʈNDVL QRUPDO KDUXV EHUEHQWXN VLJPRLG
\DQJ PHQXQMXNNDQ DGDQ\D DPSOLʈNDVL VHFDUD
*7$31'*'$&-9H+ Q'%#7+ 7-$#$+ &'&Z+ $*<-&7'.-+ (:,'$:#.5+
,&-%#)+,&+-%-$+7#)I-+&'&+[8&7-+@*@#'"7&'7-'\H

U$ 1LODL 53 QHJDWLI DWDX WLGDN DGD NXUYD DPSOLʈNDVL


2-9+ &'&+ @*'#'8#77-'+ %&,-7+ -,-'.-+ @-%*)&-9+ "*'*%&7+
@*'"&',&7-$&7-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+
7#)-'"+ <-&7H+ 2-$&9+ %&,-7+ I-9&,+ <&$-+ 8#"-+ ,&$*<-<7-'+
19*(++)*-"*'$&-+.-'"+)#$-7Z+<-&7+)*-"*'$&-+@-$%*)+@&K+
@-#3#'++*7$%)-7$&H

U$ /&9-&+$-9-(+$-%#+"*'+%-)"*%+'*"-%&:+-%-#+%&,-7+-,-+7#)I-+
DPSOLʈNDVLSDGDPHWRGHU573&5H+.("=.'ZH+

+
&H+ Q'%#7+ 9*<&(+ 8*9-$+ ,-'+ )&'"7-$Z+ 3*'.*<-<+ 7*"-"-9-'+ CDN
4MC+,-3-%++,&9&(-%+3-,-+%-<*9+,-'+"-@<-)+<*)&7#%+&'&H+

D-<*9+WH]+4*'.*<-<+?*"-"-9-'+)CDN4MC+,-'+A-$-9-('.-
#424G4P D1HN.MK3.4.$L1.V1Q4Q
7LGDNDGDDPSOLʈNDVL ?1@31$&$&+@-$%*)@&K+%&,-7+13%&@-9
=#(#+4MC+%&,-7+13%&@-9
!,-+&'(&<&%1)
D*@39-%*+C/!a0/!+)#$-7
4)1<*+%*),*")-,-$&
=&'.-9+3-,-+71'%)19+'*"-%&: ?1'%-@&'-$&
4)1<*+%*),*")-,-$&
4)&@*)+0&@*)
=&'.-9+%*),*%*7$&+%*)9-9#+-5-9 ?1'$*'%)-$&+%*@39-%*+%*)9-9#+%&'""&
4)1<*+%*),*")-,-$&
4)&@*)+0&@*)

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
181
*DPEDU&RQWRKNXUYD121$PSOLʈNDVL WLGDNVLJPRLG
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$

F-@<-)+WHSV+M1'%1(+7#)I-+'1'+$&"@1&,
=#@<*)e+J-,-'+>&%<-'"7*$

P E D OM A N
182 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
B ab V I M ate r i Int i 4

PENCATATAN
DAN PELAPORAN
PEMERIKSAAN
PCR COVID-19
B A B VI M ate r i Int i 4

PENCATATAN DAN PELAPORAN


PEMERIKSAAN PCR COVID-19

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
4*'^-%-%-'+,-'+3*9-31)-'+7-$#$+%*)7-&%+,*'"-'+M1I&,NLO+(-)#$+
@*'8-,&+ -9-%+ 71@#'&7-$&+ *:*7%&:+ -'%-)-+ 3*%#"-$+ 7*$*(-%-'+ <-&7+ ,&+
,-*)-(+ @-#3#'+ ,&+ 3#$-%+ -"-)+ %*)8-,&+ 7*$&'-@<#'"-'+ &':1)@-$&+ ,-'+
#3-.-+ 3*'"*',-9&-'+ 7-$#$+ ,-3-%+ %*)^-3-&H+ T9*(+ 7-)*'-+ &%#Z+ $&$%*@+
3*'^-%-%-'+,-'+3*9-31)-'+M1I&,N++NLO+(-)#$+,&9-7$-'-7-'+$*^-)-+^*3-%Z+
%*3-%Z+ 9*'"7-3Z+ ,-'+ I-9&,+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ &',&7-%1)+ 7&'*)8-+ $#)I*&9-'$+
7*9*'"7-3-'+,-'+7*%*3-%-'+9-31)-'H+=-9-(+$-%#+#'&%+.-'"+@*9-7#7-'+
3*'^-%-%-'+ ,-'+ 3*9-31)-'+ M1I&,+ NLO+ -,-9-(+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+
4MC+ M1I&,+ NLOH+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ 5-8&<+ @*9-31)7-'+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
,-9-@+ 5-7%#+ LKSR+ 8-@+ 7*+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ @*9-9#&+ -39&7-$&+
4..,'*#,56(*78H

!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++@-%*)&+&'&Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#+@*9-7#7-'+
3*'^-%-%-'+,-'+3*9-31)-'+3*@*)&7$--'+4MC+M1I&,+NLOH

!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++@-%*)&Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#
LH+ @*'"*%-(#&+:1)@#9&)+%*)7-&%+3*'.*9&,&7-'+*3&,*@&191"&j
SH+ @*9-7#7-'+3*'^-%-%-'+,-'+3*9-31)-'+@*'""#'-7-'+-39&7-$&+
4..,'*#,56(*78j
PH+ @*9-7#7-'+@1'&%1)&'"+4..,'*#,56(*78H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
185
%0K0K$;4P424.
LH+ G1)@#9&)+4*'.*9&,&7-'+E3&,*@&191"&
SH+ 4*'^-%-%-'+,-'+4*9-31)-'+>-<1)-%1)&#@+A*9-9#&+!39&7-$&+
4..,'*#,56(*78
PH+ 4*@1'&%1)-'+[H#3"(#,"3/\+4..,'*#,56(*78

)E434.$#4I1E3
%0K0K$;4P424.$<F$90EHNG3E$%1.V1G3/3K4.$&L3/1H30G0M3
G1)@#9&)+ 3*'.*9&,&7-'+ *3&,*@&191"&+ [4E\+ ,&"#'-7-'+ #'%#7+
3*'.*9&,&7-'+*3&,*@&191"&+3-,-+$*%&-3+7-$#$+$#$3*7Z+7-$#$+=,#2%2.'L+
GDQNDVXVNRQʈUPDVL&RYLG)RUPXOLU3(WHUGLULDWDVOLPDEDJLDQ
.-&%#
LH+ &,*'%&%-$+3-$&*'j
SH+ &':1)@-$&+79&'&7j
PH+ &':1)@-$&+3*@*)&7$--'+3*'#'8-'"j
RH+ :-7%1)+)&5-.-%+3*)8-9-'-'+,-'+:-7%1)+71'%-7a3-3-)-'j
WH+ ,-:%-)+71'%-7+*)-%+7-$#$H
G1)@#9&)+4E+,&<*)&7-'+7*3-,-+0&'-$+?*$*(-%-'+%*)7-&%H+

P E D OM A N
186 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
187
P E D OM A N
188 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
189
F-@<-)+]HL+G1)@#9&)+3*'.*9&,&7-'+*3&,*@&191"&
=#@<*)e+?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-Z+SUSU

%0K0K$;4P424.$=F$%1.W4I4I4.$/4.$%1G4L0E4.$-4Q0E4I0E3NH$
H1G4GN3$+LG3K423$.775'4#5,8(4DE
=*9#)#(+ :-$&9&%-$+ 7*$*(-%-'+ .-'"+ %*)9&<-%+ ,-9-@+ @*9-7#7-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+ #8&+ CDN4MC+ =!C=NM1XNS+ ,&5-8&<7-'+ @*9-31)7-'+ (-$&9+
3*@*)&7$--'+ ,-9-@+ 5-7%#+ LKSR+ 8-@+ 7*+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+
@*9-9#&+ -39&7-$&+ 4..,'*#,56(*78H+ + 2-9+ &%#+ <*)9-7#Z+ <-&7+ + :-$&9&%-$+

P E D OM A N
190 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
3*9-.-'-'+ 7*$*(-%-'+ .-'"+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"&)&@-'+
$3*$&@*'+ ,&+ 9&'"7#'"-'+ 5&9-.-(+ 3#$7*$@-$Z+ 79&'&7+ ,-'+ )#@-(+ $-7&%+
@-#3#'+ :-$&9&%-$+ 7*$*(-%-'+ .-'"+ @*)#3-7-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+
,&+9&'"7#'"-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+)#@-(+$-7&%+-%-#+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+
9-&''.-H
+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ )#@-(+ $-7&%+ .-'"+ ,&%#'8#7+ #'%#7+ @*9-7#7-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+M1I&,NLO++,*'"-'+@*'""#'-7-'+-9-%+DMA+D#<*)7#91$&$+
@*9-31)7-'+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ ,-'+ 3*'""#'--'+ )*-"*''.-+ @*9-9#&+
$&$%*@+ &':1)@-$&+ D#<*)7#91$&$+ [=6DJ\+ ,-'+ @*9*'"7-3&+ )*"&$%*)+
3*@*)&7$--'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+ + >-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ M1I&,NLO++
.-'"+ @*'""#'-7-'+ -9-%+ CDN4MC+ @*9-31)7-'+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ ,-'+
3*'""#'--'+ )*-"*''.-+ $*$#-&+ ,*'"-'+ -9#)+ 3*9-31)-'+ CDN4MC+ ,-'+
@*'"&)&@7-'+ 9-31)-'+ 3*@-':--%-'+ .-'"+ @*9&3#%&+ 71',&$&+ -9-%+ ,-'+
7*%*)$*,&--'+)*-"*'H

%E0212$%1.W4I4I4.$.775'4#5,8(4DE

4)1$*$+3*'^-%-%-'+,-%-+M1I&,NLO+@*9-9#&+-39&7-$&+-99)*^1),+%^NLO+,&@#9-&+
,-)&+ :-$7*$+ 3*'"-@<&9+ ,-'+ 3*'"&)&@+ $3*$&@*'+ + .-'"+ <*)7*5-8&<-'+
@*@-$#77-'+,-%-+&,*'%&%-$+3-$&*'+,-'+)&5-.-%+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'H+
=*%*9-(+:-$7*$+3*'"-@<&9+$3*$&@*'+@*@-$#77-'+,-%-Z++,-%-+%*)$*<#%+
,-3-%+,&^*%-7++,-'+-7-'+,&7&)&@7-'+<*)$-@-+$3*$&@*'+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-H+ =*<*9#@+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 3*'"&'3#%-'+ (-$&9Z+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ -7-'+
PHPYHULʈNDVL NHFRFRNDQ GDWD \DQJ DGD GDODP- &#,>+ 3*'"-'%-)+ .-'"+
,&7&)&@+ :-$7*$+ 3*'"-@<&9+ $3*$&@*'+ ,-'+ ,-%-+ .-'"+ -,-+ ,&+ -39&7-$&+
-99)*^1),N%^LOH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
191
+F$ &.IEV$64I4$%4231.$0G1P$942V4.K12
LH+ A-$#77-'++$',3%>'+,-'+=%$$;#,5H

SH+ 4-,-+@*'#Z+3&9&(+64I4$%4231.

P E D OM A N
192 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
PH+ ?9&7+!4HQ4P$64I4$%4231.

RH+ 6$&+,-%-+3-$&*'

U$ J&9-+,-%-+
U$ J&9-+,-%-+3-$&*'+$#,-(+-,-+,-9-@+=6C=+,-)&'"+[#3."3'QZ+
&':1)@-$&+ ,-%-+ &,*'%&%-$+ 3-$&*'+ $*<-"&-'+ -7-'+ %*)&$&+
1%1@-%&$H+6$&+&':1)@-$&+.-'"+@-$&(+71$1'"+7*@#,&-'+
79&7+ $&@3-'+ ,-'+ ,&9-'8#%7-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*'"&$&+ O#,>-
C&5-.-%+3*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'H
U$ J&9-+ ,-%-+ 3-$&*'+ %&,-7+ -,-+ ,&+ =6C=+ ,-)&'"+ [#3."3'QZ++
,-%-+<&$-+,&%-@<-(+@-'#-9H+6$&7-'+$*9#)#(+,-%-+.-'"+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
193
,&<#%#(7-'+ 7*@#,&-'+ 79&7+ $&@3-'+ ,-'+ ,&9-'8#%7-'+
,*'"-'+ @*'"&$&+ O#,>+ C&5-.-%+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+
=3*$&@*'H
U$ J&9-+ ,-%-+ 3-$&*'+ %&,-7+ -,-+ ,&+ =6C=+ ,-)&'"+ [#3."3'\Z+
,-'+ $--%+ ,&%-@<-(+ @-'#-9+ ,&':17-'+ <-(5-+ /6?+
$#,-(+%*)3-7-&Z++9-7#7-'+3*'^-)&-'+,*'"-'+@*'"*79&7++
%1@<19+M-)&+0-%-+.-'"+-,-+,-9-@+D%(%2%$'+7*@#,&-'+
9*'"7-3&+ &':1)@-$&+ .-'"+ 71$1'"Z+ + 79&7+ $&@3-'+
,-'+ ,&9-'8#%7-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*'"&$&+ O#,>+ C&5-.-%+
3*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'H
U$ Q'%#7+@*9-7#7-'+3*'"&'3#%-'+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'+
7*,#-+ ,-'+ $*%*)#$'.-Z+ + 9-7#7-'+ 3*'^-)&-'+ ,*'"-'+
@*'"*79&7+ + %1@<19+ ^-)&+ ,-%-+ ,-)&+ 5%(%2%$'- .-'"+
$#,-(+%*)$&@3-'+7*@#,&-'+@-$#7-'+/6?Z+79&7+%1@<19+
3&9&(+ ,-'+ ,&9-'8#%7-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*'"&$&+ :#,>+ C&5-.-%+
4*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'
U$ 4*'^-)&-'+,-%-+3-$&*'+,-)&+:-$7*$+C=+,-3-%+,&9-7#7-'+
,*'"-'+@*@-$#77-'+,-%-+3)1I&'$&Z+/6?+-%-#+'-@-H
U$ 4-,-+3*'"&$&-'+,-%-+@-'#-9+8&7-+3-$&*'+%&,-7+@*@&9&7&+
/6?Z++/6?+,&&$&+,*'"-'+
R+,&"&%+3*)%-@-+&$&7-'+OOOO
S+,&"&%+$*9-'8#%'.-+71,*+3)1I&'$&
S+,&"&%+$*9-'8#%'.-+71,*+7-<#3-%*'+71%-
S+,&"&%+$*9-'8#%'.-+71,*+7*^-@-%-'
L+ ,&"&%+ $*9-'8#%'.-+ 8*'&$+ 7*9-@&'+ [Lc+ 9-7&N9-7&Z+ Sc+
3*)*@3#-'\
W+,&"&%+<*)&7#%'.-+<*<-$[-^-7\+
Q'%#7+/6?+<#-%-'+.-'"+$#,-(+%*)&$&+,&+-39&7-$&Z+%&,-7+
3*)9#+,&#<-(+7*@<-9&H
?1,*+ ,-*)-(+ ,-3-%+ ,&#',#(+ 3-,-+ 9&'7+ (%%3$eaa555H

P E D OM A N
194 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
NHPHQGDJULJRLGPHGLDʈOHPDQDJHUEX
<#7#u&',#7u71,*u,-%-u,-'u5&9-.-(uSULPH3,:
U$ Q'%#7+ 3*'"&$&-'+ %-'""-9+ "*8-9-+ 3-,-+ 3-$&*'+ %-'3-+
"*8-9-+ @-7-+ %-'""-9+ "*8-9-+ ,&&$&+ ,*'"-'+ %-'""-9+
3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'H

WH+ ?9&7+D-@<-(+C&5-.-%+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'H

]H+ 6$&+,-%-+)&5-.-%+3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
195
_&7-+3-,-+8*'&$+:-$7*$+['-@-+:-$7*$\+%&,-7+,&%*@#7-'+3-,-+C=+
,-)&'"++[#3."3'\Z+#<-(+8*'&$+:-$7*$+@*'8-,&+0&'-$+?*$*(-%-'+
7*@#,&-'+7*%&77-'+'-@-+:-$7*$+3-,-+7191@+7*%*)-'"-'H

VH+ ?9&7+0-%-+4-$&*'H+0-%-+4-$&*'+.-'"+$#,-(+,&&'3#%+-7-'+%-@3&9+
3-,-+ 9-.-)H+ 4-,-+ $*<*9-(+ 7-'-'+ ,-%-+ 3-$&*'+ %*),-3-%+ 7191@+
D&',-7-'+ + .-'"+ + <*)&$&+ s=,"3(L- '5"(L+ 9&(-%+ ,-'+ (-3#$tH+ J&9-+
,-%-+3-$&*'+$#,-(+<*'-)Z+9-7#7-'+=,"3(+[^*%-7\H+2-$&9+^*%-7-'+
[=,"3(\+,-%-+3-$&*'++,&$*)%-7-'+<*)$-@-+3-,-+$--%+3*'"&)&@-'+
$3*$&@*'+7*+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-H
64I4$ L4231.$ I3/4K$ Q324$ /3P4LN2$ /4.$ /4I4$ *L123H1.$ I3/4K$
ELVD GLKDSXV GDQ GLHGLW DSDELOD VXGDK GLYHULʈNDVL ROHK
G4Q0E4I0E3NH$L1H1E3K24F

YH+ 4)1$*$- '3(,)+ ,-%-+ 3-$&*'+ ,-'+ '3(,)- C&5-.-%+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+


$3*$&@*'+$*9*$-&H

P E D OM A N
196 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
;F$ &.IE3- $ 64I4$ -4Q0E4I0E3NH$ %1H1E3K24$ V4.M$ #1.1E3H4$
*L123H1.$/4E3$942V4.K12
LH+ A-$#77-'++$',3%>'-5%3-=%$$;#,5H

SH+ 4-,-+@*'#Z+3&9&(+64I4$*4HL1G

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
197
PH+ ?9&7+ %E0212$ %1H1E3K244.$ *4HL1GH+ >-7#7-'+ 3*'^-)&-'+
<*),-$-)7-'+ &,*'%&%-$+ 3-,-+ &#,>- 3*'"-'%-)+ $*(&'""-+ ,&,-3-%+
SDVLHQ\DQJGLWXMXGDQNOLNYHULʈNDVL
+

RH+ >-7#7-'+ 3*'^1^17-'+ ,-%-+ 7*@<-9&Z+ -3-7-(+ $-@-+ ,-%-+ .-'"+


,&+-39&7-$&+,*'"-'+,-%-+3-,-+&#,>+3*'"-'%-)H+J&9-+,-%-+$#,-(+
^1^17Z+ @-$#77-'+ /1@1)+ =-@3*9+ >-<Z+ D-'""-9+ 0&%*)&@-Z+
D-'""-9+ 0&3*)&7$-Z+ 2-$&9+ 4*@*)&7$--'Z+ =&@3#9-'+ ,-'+
?*%*)-'"-'H+ Q'%#7+ 7191@+ .-'"+ 9-&'Z+ 1%1@-%&$+ -7-'+ %*)&$&+
VHQGLULNHPXGLDQNOLNYHULʈNDVL
+

P E D OM A N
198 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
WH+ 4)1$*$+*'%)&++(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'+$*9*$-&H

MH+ &.IE3- $ 64I4$ -4Q0E4I0E3NH$ O3K4$ %4231.$ -4.M2N.M$ 64I4.M$ K1$


-4Q0E4I0E3NH$%1H1E3K24
LH+ 4)1$*$+ + *'%)&+ + ,-%-+ 3-$&*'+ $-@-+ ,*'"-'+ .-'"+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+
:-$.-'7*$H
SH+ =*%*9-(+ ,-%-+ 3-$&*'+ %*)&$&Z+ 9-'8#%7-'+ ,*'"-'+ 3)1$*$+ sC&5-.-%+
3*'"-@<&9-'+$3*$&@*'tH
PH+ =*%*9-(+ $*9*$-&+ 3)1$*$+ sC&5-.-%+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'t+
ODQMXWNDQ ȆYHULʈNDVLȇ XQWXN PHQJLVL KDVLO SHPHULNVDDQ
$3*$&@*'H
RH+ 4)1$*$+*'%)&++$*9*$-&H

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$#0.3I0E3.M$.775'4#5,8(4DE
J-9&%<-'"7*$+ $*<-"-&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ )#8#7-'+ '-$&1'-9+ #'%#7+
3*@*)&7$--'+ 4MC+ M1I&,NLO+ @*9-7#7-'+ 3*@1'&%1)-'+ [>#3"(#,"3/\+
%*)(-,-3+3*'"&$&-'+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'+.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+19*(+9-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$--'+4MC+M1I&,NLO++=*9-&'+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+3*'"&$&-'+,-%-+
%*)$*<#%Z+ 3*@1'&%1)-'+ [@1'&%1)&'"\+ 8#"-+ ,&9-7#7-'+ #'%#7+ @*9&(-%+
7-3-$&%-$+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+
4-,-+ -39&7-$&+ -99)*^1),+ DMLO+ &'&+ 0&'-$+ ?*$*(-%-'+ 5&9-.-(+
$*%*@3-%Z+ <-&7+ 0&'-$+ ?*$*(-%-'+ ?-<a?1%-+ @-#3#'+ 0&'-$+ ?*$*(-%-'+
4)1I&'$&+ %*9-(+ ,&$*,&-7-'+ @*'#+ #'%#7+ @*@1'&%1)+ 5&9-.-('.-+ <-&7+
#'%#7+ @*@1'&%1)+ 3*'"-@<&9-'+ $3*$&@*'+ + ,-'+ @*@1'&%1)+ (-$&9+
3*@*)&7$--'+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ ,&&'3#%+ 19*(+ :-$&9&%-$+ 7*$*(-%-'+
3*'"&)&@+$3*$&@*'+,-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+3*@*)&7$-+$3*$&@*'H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
199
LH+ A-$#7-'+S$',3%>'+,-'+?%$$;#,5-
-

SH+ A*'#+D%$:2#%,5+6':1)@-$&+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'+
+

P E D OM A N
200 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
PH+ A*'#+0-$(<1-),+D)*'+4*@*)&7$--'+=3*$&@*'
+ +

RH+ A*'#+0-$(<1-),+A1'&%1)&'"+4*@*)&7$--'+=3*$&@*'
+

WH+ A*'#+0*%-&9+0-%-+4-$&*'
+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
201
]H+ A*'#+0-$(<1-),+A1'&%1)&'"+4*'"-@<&9-'+=3*$&@*'
+

P E D OM A N
202 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
B ab V II M ate r i Int i 5

KENDALI MUTU
PEMERIKSAAN
PCR COVID-19
BAB VII Mate r i Int i 5

KENDALI MUTU PEMERIKSAAN PCR COVID-19

612KE3L23$*3.MK4I
_-@&'-'+ @#%#+ @*)#3-7-'+ 7*"&-%-'+ .-'"+ ,&9-7#7-'+ 19*(+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+#'%#7+3*'^*"-(-'+,-'+ 3*'"-5-$-'+ ,-9-@+3*@*)&7$--'+
,-'+,&9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+)#%&'H+0*'"-'+@*9-7#7-'+3)1")-@+8-@&'-'+@#%#Z+
7*$-9-(-'+ .-'"+ %*)8-,&+ ,-'+ 3*'.*<-<+ %&@<#9'.-+ 7*$-9-(-'+ %*)$*<#%+
,-3-%+$*"*)-+,&7*%-(#Z+$*(&'""-+,-3-%+,&#3-.-7-'+%&',-7-'+3*)<-&7-'+
.-'"+ ^*3-%+ ,*'"-'+ 9-'"7-(+ .-'"+ %*3-%+ -"-)+ 7*$-9-(-'+ %*)$*<#%+ %&,-7+
%*)#9-'"+ 7*@<-9&H+ 0*'"-'+ ,*@&7&-'Z+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ %*)$*<#%+ ,-3-%+
@*@<*)&7-'+ 8-@&'-'+ @#%#+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@'.-+ ,-'+
(-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ -7#)-%+ ,-'+ ,-3-%+ ,&3*)^-.-+ $*3*'#('.-+ [;2TZ+
SULL\H+ Q'%#7+ 7#-9&%-$+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ .-'"+ <*'-)Z+ 8-@&'-'+ ,-'+ 71'%)19+
7#-9&%-$+$-'"-%+3*'%&'"H+4*@*)&7$--'+.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+$-9-(Z+9*<&(+
<#)#7+,-)&3-,-+3*@*)&7$--'+.-'"+%&,-7+,&9-7#7-'H+4*@-'%-3-'+@#%#+
3*@*)&7$--'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*^-)-+ &'%*)'-9+ ,-'+ *7$%*)'-9H+
4*'"*',-9&-'+ @#%#+ .-'"+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*^-)-+ &'%*)'-9+ ,&$*<#%+ ,*'"-'+
4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+6'%*)'-9+[4A6\Z+,-'+.-'"+,&9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+*7$%*)'-9+
,&$*<#%+ ,*'"-'+ 4*@-'%-3-'+ A#%#+ E7$%*)'-9+ [4AE\+ [?*@*'%*)&-'+
?*$*(-%-'+C6Z+SULY\H

!NON4.$)HNH
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++&@-%*)&Z+3*$*)%-+@-@3#+@*9-7#7-'+7*',-9&+@#%#+
3*@*)&7$--'+4MC+MTX60NLOH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
205
!NON4.$DPN2N2
=*%*9-(+@*@3*9-8-)&++&@-%*)&+3*$*)%-+@-@3#
LH+ @*'8*9-$7-'+$&$%*@+@-'-8*@*'+@#%#H
SH+ @*9-7#7-'+4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+6'%*)'-9+[4A6\H
PH+ @*9-7#7-'+4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9+[4AE\H

%0K0K$;4P424.
LH+ =&$%*@+A-'-8*@*'+A#%#
SH+ 4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+6'%*)'-9+[4A6\
PH+ 4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9+[4AE\

)E434.$#4I1E3
%0K0K$;4P424.$<F$*32I1H$#4.4O1H1.$#NIN
6LVWHPPDQDMHPHQPXWXGDSDWGLGHʈQLVLNDQVHEDJDLȆNHJLDWDQ
%*)711),&'-$&+ #'%#7+ @*'"-)-(7-'+ ,-'+ @*'"*',-9&7-'+ 1)"-'&$-$&+
%*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ 7#-9&%-$tH+ 0-9-@+ $&$%*@+ @-'-8*@*'+ @#%#Z+ $*@#-+
-$3*7+13*)-$&+9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+%*)@-$#7+$%)#7%#)+1)"-'&$-$&Z+3)1$*$Z+,-'+
3)1$*,#)+3*)9#+,&%-'"-'&+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+@#%#+.-'"+<-&7+-"-)+(-$&9+
3*@*)&7$--'+-7#)-%+,-'+%*)3*)^-.-+[;2TZ+SULL\H

P E D OM A N
206 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+VHL+E9*@*'+3*'%&'"+$&$%*@+@-'-8*@*'+@#%#
=#@<*)e+;2TZ+SULL

=&$%*@+@-'-8*@*'+@#%#+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%*),&)&+-%-$++LS+*9*@*'+3*'%&'"+
[;2TZ+SULL\Z+.-&%#+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%H
LH+ T)"-'&$-$&
T)"-'&$-$&+-,-9-(+7*3*@&@3&'-'+-%-#+%-'""#'"+8-5-<+#'%#7+
@*'*'%#7-'+ ,-'+ @*'"-%#)+ $*9#)#(+ $&$%*@H+ =&$%*@+ 8-@&'-'+
@#%#+ (-)#$+ <*)-5-9+ ,-)&+ 1)"-'&$-$&H+ + Q'%#7+ @*@-$%&7-'+
7*$#9#)#(-'+@#%#+9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+1)"-'&$-$&+(-)#$++
-H+ @*@<#-%+7*<&8-7-'+,-'+$%-',-)+@#%#j
<H+ @*@-':--%7-'+ $#@<*)+ ,-.-+ .-'"+ ^#7#3+ #'%#7+
@*@*'#(&+7*<#%#(-'+@#%#j

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
207
F PHQGHʈQLVLNDQ SHUDQ GDQ WDQJJXQJMDZDE GHQJDQ
8*9-$j+,-'+
,H+ @*'^&3%-7-'+<#,-.-+<*)71@&%@*'+%*)(-,-3+@#%#H

SH+ =%-:
=%-:+ @*)#3-7-'+ <-"&-'+ %*)3*'%&'"+ ,&+ ,-9-@+ $&$%*@+ 8-@&'-'+
@#%#+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 7-)*'-+ $%-:+ <*)(#<#'"-'+ ,*'"-'+ $*@#-+
71@31'*'H+ Q'%#7+ @*'^-3-&+ @#%#+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ <-&7Z+
7&%-+(-)#$+@*@3#'.-&+1)-'"+.-'"+%*3-%+#'%#7+3*7*)8--'+.-'"+
%*3-%Z+<*)@1%&I-$&Z+,-'+<*)71@3*%*'+%&'""&H+4*)%&@<-'"7-'
U$ 4*)*'^-'--'+$#@<*)+%*'-"-
?*@-@3#-'+ -3-+ .-'"+ !',-+ <#%#(7-'|+ J*)-3-+
<-'.-7+ 1)-'"+ .-'"+ !',-+ <#%#(7-'|+ ?-3-'+ -',-+
@*@<#%#(7-'+@*)*7-|
U$ 4*'""-8&-'
J*)-3-+ "-8&+ .-'"+ ^1^17+ #'%#7+ @*)*7-|+ 2-9+ &'&+
(-)#$+ ,&@#9-&+ ,*'"-'+ ,*7$)&3$&+ 3*7*)8--'+ .-'"+
8*9-$+ @*'^-7#3+ 7*5-8&<-'Z+ %-'""#'"+ 8-5-<Z+ ,-'+
7*%*)-@3&9-'+.-'"+,&<#%#(7-'H
U$ C*%*'$&
!3-+ .-'"+!',-+ )*'^-'-7-'+ #'%#7+ @*@<#-%+ $%-:+!',-+
<*%-(+ 7*%&7-+ @*)*7-+ <*7*)8-|+ J-"-&@-'-+ !',-+ -7-'+
@*'"(-,-3&+@-$-9-(+%*'%-'"+3*)"-'%&-'+$%-:+.-'"+%&'""&|
U$ 4*'"-5-$
4*'"-5-$+ $-'"-%+ ,&<#%#(7-'+ 7-)*'-+ @*)*7-+ ,-3-%+
@*'.1$&-9&$-$&7-'+ + 3*'"(-)-3-'Z+ @*'8-,&+ -'#%-'+
Z+ @*@<*)&7-'+ #@3-'+ <-9&7Z+ ,-'+ @*@1%&I-$&+ $%-:H+
A*)*7-+ @*@-$%&7-'+ $%-:+ @*',-3-%7-'+ ,#7#'"-'Z+
.-'"+ @*9&3#%&+ &':1)@-$&Z+ 3*)-9-%-'Z+ ,-'+ 71'$#9%-$&+
3*@*^-(-'+@-$-9-(H

P E D OM A N
208 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
U$ 4*9-%&(-'
=*<*9#@+ <*7*)8-Z+ $%-:+ (-)#$+ <*)1)&*'%-$&+ ,&)&+ ,*'"-'+
7*<&8-7-'+ ,-'+ 7*"&-%-'+ %*7'&$+ 7-)*'-+ 3*)"-'%&-'+ $%-:+
$*)&'"+%*)8-,&Z++3*9-%&(-'+,&<#-%+#'%#7+@*@#%-7(&)7-'+
7*%*)-@3&9-'+ $%-:H+ 4*'&9-&-'+ 71@3*%*'$&+ ,&+ -5-9+
,-'+ $*5-7%#+ <*7*)8-+ ,&<#%#(7-'+ #'%#7+ @*9&(-%+
7*@-@3#-'+$%-:H
A*@-$%&7-'+3*7*)8--'+$%-:+ .-'"+ 3)&@-+ %*)@-$#7+ 3*'^-3-&-'+
%#8#-'Z+#@3-'+<-9&7Z+3*'"(-)"--'+,-'+3*'"#7#)-'+3*'&'"7-%-'H

PH+ 4*)9*'"7-3-'
>-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ 4MC+ M1I&,NLO+ (-)#$+ @*@-$%&7-'+
3*)9*'"7-3-'+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+$#,-(+%*3-%+,-'+,&3-7-&+$*^-)-+
13%&@-9H+2-9+&'&+,-3-%+,&^-3-&+,*'"-'+^-)-+<*)&7#%e
-H+ @*@&9&(+3*)9*'"7-3-'+.-'"+%*3-%j+71'%)-7+3*'"-,--'+
-9-%+@*'^-7#3+3*@-$-'"-'+,-'+7-9&<)-$&j+3*'"*^*7-'+
%*)-%#)j+,-'+3*9-%&(-'+@*'"13*)-$&7-'+3*)9*'"7-3-'j
<H+ @*'.#$#'+@*7-'&$@*+3*@*9&(-)--'+.-'"+%*)-%#)+,-'+
)#%&'+#'%#7+@*@-$%&7-'+3*9-.-'-'+%&,-7+%*)3#%#$+,-'+
@*@3*)3-'8-'"+@-$-+7*)8-+3*)9*'"7-3-'j
^H+ @*@-$%&7-'+ %*'-"-+ -(9&+ %*)$*,&-+ #'%#7+ @*@3*)<-&7&+
7*)#$-7-'j
,H+ @*'.&@3-'+ 3*)$*,&--'+ $#7#+ ^-,-'"+ ,-)&+ 3*)-9-%-'+
.-'"+$*)&'"+)#$-7j
*H+ @*@<#-%+3)1$*,#)+3*@*^-(-'+@-$-9-(j
:H+ @*@<#-%+ + <#7#+ (-)&-'+ [.#/2##K\+ %*'%-'"+ ^-%-%-'+
3*@*9&(-)--'+,-'+@*'&'8-#+^-%-%-'+$*^-)-+<*)7-9-j
"H+ @*@-$%&7-'+ 3*)9*'"7-3-'+ ,*'"-'+ %*3-%H+ 2-9+ &'&+
@*'^-7#3+ <-"-&@-'-+ @*'*@#7-'+ $&'.-9+ 7*)#$-7-'Z+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
209
@*'.&'"7&)7-'+<-"&-'+.-'"+)#$-7+,-'+@*'.*9-@-%7-'+
<-"&-'+.-'"+@-$&(+,-3-%+,&"#'-7-'H

RH+ 4*'"-,--'+,-'+6'I*'%-)&$-$&
4*'"-,--'+<&-$-'.-+,&%-'"-'&+@*9-9#&+3*'"-,--'+%*)3#$-%+,-'+
3)1$*$+ &'I*'%-)&$-$&H+ =%-:+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ (-)#$+ %*)9&<-%+ $*9-@-+
3)1$*$+3*'*'%#-'+7)&%*)&-+7*<#%#(-'+-9-%+,-'+3*)9*'"7-3-'H
4*'"-,--'+,-'+&'I*'%-)&$-$&+@*'^-7#3+(-9+<*)&7#%+&'&e
-H+ @*'*'%#7-'+ 7)&%*)&-+ -9-%+ ,-'+ 9-.-'-'+ .-'"+ -7-'+
,&-,-7-'
<H+ @*'*'%#7-'+ $&$%*@+ 3*'*)&@--'Z+ 3*'"-5-$-'Z+
3*'.&@3-'-'+-9-%
^H+ @*@*9&(-)-+&'I*'%-)&$-$&H
,H+ @*@<-'"#'+ $&$%*@+ .-'"+ @*'"(#<#'"7-'+ -9-%+ .-'"+
,&3*)9#7-'+ ,*'"-'+ 3-$&*'Z+ 7*"&-%-'Z+ -%-#+ 3*'^-%-%-'+
.-'"+ %*3-%H+ 2-9+ &'&+ 3*'%&'"+ 3-,-+ 7*8-,&-'+ + $--%+ -,-+
3*@<*)&%-(#-'+,-)&+3-<)&7+-%-$+-,-'.-+@-$-9-(+31%*'$&-9+
3-,-+ '1@1)+ 91%+ 7&%+ %*)%*'%#H+ !',-+ -7-'+ @*'"*%-(#&+
'1@1)+91%++.-'"+,&"#'-7-'+8&7-+&':1)@-$&+%*)^-%-%H

WH+ 4)1$*$+?1'%)19
4)1$*$+ 71'%)19+ @*'"-^#+ 7*3-,-+ 7*"&-%-'+ ,-'+ %*7'&7+ #'%#7+
@*@-$%&7-'+
-H+ 3)1$*,#)+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ $#,-(+ ,&8-9-'7-'+ ,*'"-'+
<*'-)
<H+ 9&'"7#'"-'+ .-'"+ ^1^17+ #'%#7+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
%*)3*)^-.-j+,-'
^H+ 3*)-9-%-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ <*7*)8-+ $*3*)%&+ .-'"+
,&(-)-37-'+#'%#7+@*',-3-%7-'+(-$&9+3*@*)&7$--'+
.-'"+-7#)-%+,-'+%*3*)^-.-H

P E D OM A N
210 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
4)1$*$+ 3*'"-5-$-'+ @*'&%&7<*)-%7-'+ $*@#-+ -$3*7+ ,-)&+
7*"&-%-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%&,-7++$*7-,-)++3)1$*,#)+3*@*)&7$--'H+
M1'%1('.-e
-H+ A*%1,*+3*@*)&7$--'+,&*I-9#-$&+,*'"-'+%*3-%H
<H+ >17-$&+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ @*@3#'.-&- 0(%35%,5-
N=',%("3/-?,#*'5+,'+[=T4\+%*)<-)#H
^H+ =*%&-3+ $%-:+ @*'"&7#%&+ =4T+ .-'"+ %*)%#9&$+ $*^-)-+
%*3-%H
,H+ =3*$&@*'+ ,&7#@3#97-'Z+ ,&3)1$*$Z+ ,&7&)&@Z+ ,-'+
,&<#-'"+,*'"-'+%*3-%H
*H+ ?1'%)19+@#%#+,&9-7#7-'+,-'+,&-5-$&H

]H+ 017#@*'+,-'+4*'^-%-%-'
017#@*'+,-'+3*'^-%-%-'+<&$-+<*)<*'%#7+7*)%-$+-%-#+71@3#%*)H+
D-'3-+@*@-',-'"+<*'%#7+3*'^-%-%-'Z+$&$%*@+(-)#$+,&%*'%#7-'+
@*9&3#%&+(-9+<*)&7#%+&'&e
-H+ @*@<#-%+:1@#9&)+.-'"+$%-',-)j
<H+ @*'"-%#)+ )*I&$&Z+ 3*'.*%#8#-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"&)&@-'+
,17#@*'j
^H+ @*'"-%#)+)*7-@+@*,&7+3-$&*'j+$*)%-
,H+ @*@*9&(-)-+3*'.&@3-'-'Z+3*'"-@<&9-'+7*@<-9&Z+
,-'+3*'"(-'^#)-'+,17#@*'H

VH+ 4*'"-%#)-'+6':1)@-$&
4*'"-%#)-'+&':1)@-$&+@*'"-^#+7*3-,-+7*"&-%-'e
-H+ @*'"-%#)+&':1)@-$&+.-'"+@-$#7+,-'+7*9#-)j
<H+ @*'*'%#7-'+3*'"#@3#9-'+&':1)@-$&+.-'"+$%-',-)j
^H+ @*@-$%&7-'+7*)-(-$&--'+&':1)@-$&+3-$&*'H
?*"&-%-'+ &'&+ ,-3-%+ @*'""#'-7-'+ 71@3#%*)H+ _&7-+ 71@3#%*)+
,&"#'-7-'Z+$%-:+(-)#$+,&9-%&(+@*'""#'-7-'+71@3#%*)H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
211
YH+ 4*'"-%#)-'+?*8-,&-'
4*'"-%#)-'+7*8-,&-'+<*)7-&%-'+,*'"-'+@-$-9-(+,-'+7*$-9-(-'+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 7*%&7-+ (-9+ &'&+ %*)8-,&H+ !',-+ (-)#$+ @*'^-%-%+
$*@#-+ 7*-,--'+ .-'"+ %*)7-&%+ ,*'"-'+ 7*$-9-(-'+ -%-#+ @-$-9-(+
.-'"+%*)8-,&+,-'+@*@<&^-)-7-'+%&',-7-'+.-'"+-7-'+,&9-7#7-'+
,*'"-'+ 1)-'"+ .-'"+ @*'"-9-@&+ 3*)&$%&5-+ %*)$*<#%H+ 6':1)@-$&+
&'&+<*)"#'-+#'%#7+1)-'"+.-'"+@*'8-9-'7-'+3*@*)&7$--'Z+,-'+
#'%#7+3-$&*'+-%-#+,17%*)H

OH+ 4*'&9-&-'
4*'&9-&-'+ -,-9-(+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ ,-'+ 3*@1'&%1)-'+ [>#3"(#,"3/\+
3*)&1,&7+ 7*"&-%-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ %*)(-,-3+ $%-',-)H+ 4*'&9-&-'+
@*9&<-%7-'+*I-9#-$&+*7$%*)'-9+,-'+&'%*)'-9H+2-9+&%#+@*)#3-7-'+
*I-9#-$&+3*)&1,&7+%*)(-,-3+,&)&+$*',&)&+#'%#7+7*"&-%-''.-+8&7-+
,&<-',&'"7-'+ ,*'"-'+ 3*)$.-)-%-'+ @#%#+ @*)#3-7-'+ 9-%&(-'+
.-'"+ <-&7H+ =*%&-3+ 7*7#)-'"-'+ .-'"+ ,&%*@#7-'+ ,-3-%+ $*"*)-+
,&%-'"-'&H+!,-+,#-+%&3*+3*'&9-&-'+-%-#+*I-9#-$&+*7$%*)'-9e
U$ G-$.-'7*$+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ ,-3-%+ ,&@1'&%1)+ $*^-)-+ )#%&'+
,-9-@+<*'%#7+7#'8#'"-'+$#3*)I&$&H
U$ 4*'&9-&-'+*7$%*)'-9+<&$-+,&9-7#7-'+19*(+9*@<-"-+9#-)+
#'%#7+%#8#-'+-7)*,&%-$&H+2-9+&'&+<&-$-+,&7*)8-7-'+19*(+
9*@<-"-+ &',*3*',*'+ #'%#7+ 3*'&9-&-'+ .-'"+ 1<.*7%&:+
$*$#-&+,*'"-'+3*)$.-)-%-'+@#%#+.-'"+%*9-(+,&<#-%+-%-#+
$%-',-)+.-'"+%*9-(+,&%*)<&%7-'H

LUH+ 4*)<-&7-'+4)1$*$
4*)<-&7-'+3)1$*$+@*)#8#7+3-,-+7*"&-%-'+.-'"+,&,*$-&'++#'%#7+
PHQJLGHQWLʈNDVL GDQ PHQJHOLPLQDVL SHQ\HEDE PXWX \DQJ
7#)-'"+ <-&7+ [<#)#7\Z+ ,-'+ #'%#7+ @*'#)#'7-'+ (-9N(-9+ .-'"+

P E D OM A N
212 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
WLGDN EHUJXQD VHUWD PHQLQJNDWNDQ HʈVLHQVL PHODOXL HOLPLQDVL
7*"&-%-'+.-'"+%&,-7+<*)"#'-H

LLH+ >-.-'-'+4*9-'""-'
?1'$*3+ 9-.-'-'+ 3*9-'""-'+ $*)&'"+ ,&-<-&7-'+ ,-9-@+ 3)-7%&7+
9-<1)-%1)&#@H+ /-@#'Z+ 3*'%&'"+ #'%#7+ ,&^-%-%+ <-(5-+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+-,-9-(+1)"-'&$-$&+9-.-'-'H+T9*(+7-)*'-+&%#Z+$-'"-%+
3*'%&'"+<-(5-+79&*'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+@*'*)&@-+-3-+.-'"+@*)*7-+
<#%#(7-'H+>-<1)-%1)&#@+(-)#$+@*@-(-@&+$&-3-+3*9-'""-''.-Z+
,-'+(-)#$+@*'&9-&+7*<#%#(-'+@*)*7-+,-'+@*'""#'-7-'+#@3-'+
<-9&7+3*9-'""-'+#'%#7+@*9-7#7-'+3*)<-&7-'H

LSH+ G-$&9&%-$+,-'+?*$*9-@-%-'
J-'.-7+ :-7%1)+ .-'"+ (-)#$+ @*'8-,&+ <-"&-'+ ,-)&+ @-'-8*@*'+
@#%#+:-$&9&%-$+,-'+7*$*9-@-%-'Z+$*3*)%&+<*)&7#%+&'&e
-H+ 7*-@-'-'e+ 3)1$*$+ @*'^*"-(+ )&$&71+ ,-'+ <-(-.-+ .-'"+
%&,-7+,&&'"&'7-'+@*@-$#7&+)#-'"+9-<1)-%1)&#@j
<H+ 3*'-(-'-'e+ #3-.-+ @*@&'&@-97-'+ )&$&71+ ,-'+
@*'^*"-(+ <-(-.-+ .-'"+ ,-3-%+ %*)8-,&+ ,&9-<1)-%1)&#@+
,-'+@*@<-(-.-7-'+@-$.-)-7-%j
^H+ 7*$*9-@-%-'e+@*'^-7#3+7*<&8-7-'+,-'+3)1$*,#)+#'%#7+
@*'^*"-(+ <-(-.-+ <-"&+ 3*7*)8-Z+ 3*'"#'8#'"Z+ ,-'+
@-$.-)-7-%j
,H+ *)"1'1@&e+ -,-3%-$&+ :-$&9&%-$+ ,-'+ 3*)-9-%-'+ #'%#7+
@*@#'"7&'7-'+71',&$&+7*)8-+.-'"+-@-'+,-'+$*(-%+,&+
917-$&+9-<1)-%1)&#@H

%0K0K$;4P424.$=F$%1H4.I4L4.$#NIN$".I1E.4G$X%#"Y
4*@-'%-3-'+ @#%#+ &'%*)'-9+ -,-9-(+ 7*"&-%-'+ 3*'^*"-(-'+ ,-'+
3*'"-5-$-'+ .-'"+ ,&9-7$-'-7-'+ 19*(+ %&-3N%&-3+ + 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ $*^-)-+

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
213
%*)#$N@*'*)#$+ -"-)+ %&,-7+ %*)8-,&+ -%-#+ @*'"#)-'"&+ 7*$-9-(-'+ -%-#+
3*'.&@3-'"-'+ $*(&'""-+ ,&3*)19*(+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ .-'"+ %*3-%H+
4*@-'%-3-'+ @#%#+ &'%*)'-9+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ [4A6\+ ,&9-7#7-'+ #'%#7+
@*'"*',-9&7-'+ (-$&9+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ $*%&-3+ (-)&+ ,-'+
#'%#7+ @*'"*%-(#&+ 3*'.&@3-'"-'+ (-$&9+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ -"-)+ $*"*)-+
,&3*)<-&7&H+ A-':--%+ @*9-7$-'-7-'+ 7*"&-%-'+ 3*@-'%-3-'+ @#%#+
&'%*)'-9+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@Z+ -'%-)-+ 9-&'Z+ -,-9-(+ @#%#+ 3)*$&$&+ ,-'+ + -7#)-$&+
(-$&9+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ -7-'+ @*'&'"7-%Z+ 7*3*)^-.--'+ ,17%*)+ %*)(-,-3+
(-$&9+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ -7-'+ @*'&'"7-%H+ 2-$&9+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ 7#)-'"+
%*3-%+-7-'+@*'.*<-<7-'+7*$-9-(-'+,-9-@+3*'-%-9-7$-'--'+3*'""#'-+
9-<1)-%1)&#@H+A-':--%+9-&'++-,-9-(+3&@3&'-'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+-7-'+@#,-(+
@*9-7$-'-7-'+3*'"-5-$-'+%*)(-,-3+(-$&9+9-<1)-%1)&#@H+?*3*)^-.--'+
.-'"+%&'""&+%*)(-,-3+(-$&9+9-<1)-%1)&#@+&'&+-7-'+@*@<-5-+3*'"-)#(+
3-,-+ @1)-9+ 3*%#"-$+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+ -7-'+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ ,&$&39&'+
7*)8-+,&+9-<1)-%1)&#@+%*)$*<#%+[?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'Z+SULY\H

D-(-3-'+3*@-'%-3-'+@#%#+&'%*)'-9+%*),&)&+-%-$+
LH+ %-(-3+3)--'-9&%&7Z
SH+ %-(-3+-'-9&%&7Z+,-'
PH+ %-(-3+3-$^--'-9&%&7H

D#8#-'e
D#8#-''.-+-,-9-(+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
LH+ @*@-'%-37-'+ + ,-'+ @*'.*@3#)'-7-'+ + @*%1,*+ 3*@*)&7$--'+
,*'"-'+@*@3*)%&@<-'"7-'+-$3*7+-'-9&%&7+,-'+79&'&$j
SH+ @*'&'"7-%7-'+ 7*$&-"--'+ %*'-"-Z+ $*(&'""-+ 3*'"*9#-)-'+
(-$&9+ .-'"+ $-9-(+ %&,-7+ %*)8-,&+ ,-'+ 3*)<-&7-'+ 7*$-9-(-'+ ,-3-%+
,&9-7#7-'+$*"*)-j
PH+ @*@-$%&7-'+ <-(5-+ $*@#-+ 3)1$*$+ @#9-&+ + 3*)$&-3-'+ 3-$&*'Z+
3*'"-@<&9-'Z+ 3*'"&)&@-'Z+ 3*'.&@3-'-'+ ,-'+ 3*'"19-(-'+

P E D OM A N
214 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
$3*$&@*'+ $-@3-&+ ,*'"-'+ 3*'^-%-%-'+ ,-'+ 3*9-31)-'+ %*9-(+
,&9-7#7-'+,*'"-'+<*'-)j
RH+ @*',*%*7$&+7*$-9-(-'+,-'+@*'"*%-(#&+$#@<*)'.-j+,-'
WH+ @*@<-'%#+ 3*)<-&7-'+ 3*9-.-'-'+ @*9-9#&+ 3*'&'"7-%-'+ @#%#+
3*@*)&7$--'H

%0K0K$;4P424.$@F$%1H4.I4L4.$#NIN$&K2I1E.4G$X%#&Y
4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9+[4AE\+-,-9-(+7*"&-%-'+3*@-'%-3-'+
@#%#+ .-'"+ ,&$*9*'""-)-7-'+ $*^-)-+ 3*)&1,&7+ 19*(+ 3&(-7+ 9-&'+ ,&+ 9#-)+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+<*)$-'"7#%-'+#'%#7+@*@-'%-#+,-'+@*'&9-&+7&'*)8-+
$#-%#+9-<1)-%1)&#@+,&+<&,-'"+3*@*)&7$--'+%*)%*'%#H

?*"&-%-'+4AE+M1I&,NLO+@*9&3#%&+(-9+<*)&7#%+&'&H+
LH+ Q8&+X-9&,-$&
Q8&+ X-9&,-$&+ ,&9-7#7-'+ ,*'"-'+ @*'"&)&@7-'+ $3*$&@*'+ 7*+
>-<1)-%1)&#@+C#8#7-'+/-$&1'-9+M1I&,+NLO+[4#$9&%<-'"+J&1@*,&$+
,-'+ D*7'191"&+ 0-$-)+ ?*$*(-%-'Z+ J-9&%<-'"7*$Z+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+
?*$*(-%-'Z+ SUSU\H+ =3*$&@*'+ 79&'&7+ .-'"+ ,&7&)&@7-'+ -,-9-(++
$3*$&@*'+ '-$1:-)&'"a1)1:-)&'"+ ,-'+ $3#%#@H+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+
3*@*)&7$-+4MC+M1I&,+NLO+,*'"-'+@*%1,*+CDN4MC+@*'"&)&@7-'+
LU+[$*3#9#(\+$3*$&@*'+79&'&7+'*"-%&:+,-'+SU+[,#-+3#9#(\+$3*$&@*'+
79&'&7+31$&%&:H+=*@*'%-)-+&%#Z++#'%#7+9-<1)-%1)&#@+.-'"+@*9-7#7-'+
3*@*)&7$--'+M1I&,+NLO+.-'"+@*'""#'-7-'+D*$+M*3-%+A19*7#9-)+
[DMA\+ ,&(-)-37-'+ @*'"&)&@7-'+ W+ [9&@-\+ $3*$&@*'+ 79&'&7+
31$&%&:+,-'+LU+[$*3#9#(\+$3*$&@*'+'*"-%&:H+=3*$&@*'+79&'&7+.-'"+
,&7&)&@7-'+ ,&$*)%-&+ ,*'"-'+ :1)@#9&)+ 3*@-'%-3-'+ @#%#+ *7$%*)'-9H+
4)1$*$+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+ $*<-&7'.-+ ,&7&)&@7-'+ $*%*9-(+
@*'^-3-&+ PU+ -%-#+ SU+ $3*$&@*'H+!7-'+ %*%-3&Z+ 8&7-+ %&,-7+ <&$-+ -%-#+
-,-+71',&$&+%*)%*'%#Z++,-3-%+,&7&)&@$*8#@9-(+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+-,-H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
215
C&'^&-'+6'$%)#7$&+?*)8-+Q8&+X-9&,-$&+=3*$&@*'
-H+ J-(-'
U$ =3*$&@*'+=5-<++M1I&,+NLO+31$&%&:+,-'+'*"-%&:

<H+ 4*)-9-%-'+?*)8-
L\+ !9-%+ 4*9&',#'"+ 0&)&+ [_-$+ >-<a!3)1'Z+ ?-^-@-%-aF1""9*Z+
=-)#'"+D-'"-'Z+A-$7*)+/OW\
S\+ G1)@#9&)+Q8&+X-9&,-$&
P\+ X&-9aD-<#'"+Q9&)+9#-)+[%*)<#-%+,-)&+49-$%&7\
R\+ 0&$&':*7%-'+[!971(19+VUk+,-'+-%-#+2&31791)&%+Lk\
W\+ ;-,-(+4*@<#-'"-'+>&@<-(

^H+ 4*9-7$-'-
U$ >-<1)-%1)&#@+_*8-)&'"+4*@*)&7$-+MTX60NLO

,H+ D-(-3-'+?*)8-
L\+ 4*)$&-3-'
-\+ =&-37-'+3*)-9-%-'+7*)8-+.-'"+(*',-7+,&3-7-&H
<\+ F#'-7-'+ + 3-7-&-'+ 3*9&',#'"+ $*3*)%&8-$+ 9-<Z+
$-)#'"%-'"-'Z+,-'+@-$7*)+/OWH
^\+ =*@#-+3)1$*$+,&9-7#7-'+3-,-+!"#$%&'()-1%2"3'(+7*9-$+
66H!

S\+ 4*'"&$&-'+G1)@+4AE
-\+ =*@#-+,-%-+.-'"+,&3*)9#7-'+,&*'%)&++7*+,-9-@+:1)@#9-)+
Q8&+X-9&,-$&+.-'"+$#,-(+,&3*)$&-37-'H+G1)@#9&)+,-3-%+
,&+#',#(+,&+9&'7+(%%3$eaa<&%H9.a4AEMTX60LOH
<\+ 0-%-++.-'"+,&3*)9#7-'+-,-9-(+
U$ LGHQWLʈNDVL5HDJHQ(NVWUDNVLGDQ,VRODVL51$
U$ LGHQWLʈNDVL^"(<'%.-C">'

P E D OM A N
216 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
U$ LGHQWLʈNDVL $ODW 0HVLQ <'%.(">'+ .-'"+
,&"#'-7-'
U$ '&9-&+ M%+ I-9#*+ @-$&'"N@-$&'"+ $3*$&@*'+ .-'"+
-7-'+,&7&)&@+$*<-"-&+Q8&+X-9&,-$&
^\+ 4*'"&$&-'+ :1)@#9&)+ + W&#,>Q+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*^-)-+
71@3#%*)&$-$&+;)D+'$!)-"*+'$!+'C+'H
O#,>+.-'"+%*9-(+,&&$&+,&7&)&@+@*9-9#&+31$N*9+[*@-&9\+7*+INK4LN2QI/Kd
MH43GFW0H+ ,-'+ LN2G3IQ4.MQI/KdMH43GFW0H$ VHUWD NRQʈUPDVL NH
?*%#-+0&I&$&+J&1)*31$&%1)&+4#$9&%<-'"+J&1@*,&$+,-'+D*7'191"&+0-$-)+
?*$*(-%-'+[J-3-7+H+?-@<-'"Z+=H+AHJ&1@*,+[UYLSNOUSRNVWPL\
O#,>+.-'"+$#,-(+,&&$&+,&^*%-7+[,&N=,"3(Q+#'%#7+,&$-@3-&7-'+<*)$-@--'+
,*'"-'+$#)-%+3*'"-'%-)+,-'+$3*$&@*''.-H

P\+ 4*'-%-9-7$-'--'+=3*$&@*'+Q8&+X-9&,-$&
-\+ =3*$&@*'+ 41$&%&:+ .-'"+ -7-'+ ,&9-7#7-'+ Q8&+ X-9&,-$&+
(-)#$+@*@*'#(&+$.-)-%+$*<-"-&+<*)&7#%e
~+ =3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ ,&7&)&@7-'+ <*)#3-+ 0;%2+ -%-#+
=3#%#@+ [=3*$&@*'+ .-'"+ $#,-(+ ,&9-7#7-'+
3*@*)&7$--'\
~+ X19#@*+=3*$&@*'+.-'"+,&7&)&@+@&'&@-9+WUU+z9
~+ =-@3*9+/*"-%&:+(-)#$+@*@<*)&7-'+'&9-&+M%+X-9N
#*+#'%#7+6M+-%-#3#'+C4
~+ 4)1$*$+4*'"&)&@-'+=3*$&@*'+$*<-&7'.-+,&7&)&@N
7-'+$*%*9-(+@*'^-3-&+PU+$-@3*9Z+%*%-3&+$*7&)-'N
.-+%&,-7+<&$-+,-'+71',&$&+%*)%*'%#+,-3-%+,&7&)&@N
7-'+$*8#@9-(+$3*$&@*'+.-'"+-,-H
~+ =3*$&@*'+ $*<-&7'.-+ ,&7&)&@7-'+ ,-9-@+ <*'%#7+
X&-9+,*'"-'+D#%#3+Q9&)+9#-)+[LZWNSZU+@9\

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
217
<\$ =3*$&@*'+.-'"+-7-'+,&7&)&@+(-)#$+@*@*'#(&+7-&,-(+
3*'"&)&@-'+ $*3*)%&+ .-'"+ $#,-(+ ,&8*9-$7-'+ 3-,-+
3*,1@-'+ 4*,1@-'+ 4*'^*"-(-'+ ,-'+ 4*'"*',-9&-'+
1#,#3%9",+$-D"$'%$Z+)*I&$&+W+[?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'+
C6Z+SUSU\
^\$ 4*'"&)&@-'+ $3*$&@*'+ ;!_6J+ ,&$*)%-7-'+ O#,>+ Q8&+
X-9&,-$&
,\$ ?1':)&@-$&+ 3*'"&)&@-'+ ,-3-%+ ,&$-@3-&7-'+ 7*+ J37H+
?-@<-'"+=H+AHJ&1@*,+[UYLSNOUSRNVWPL\
*\+ 2-$&9+ Q8&+ X-9&,-$&+ -7-'+ ,&$-@3-&7-'+ 8&7-+ %*9-(+
@*@*'#(&+ $.-)-%+ 8#@9-(+ .-'"+ %*9-(+ ,&%*'%#7-'+ [SU+
=3*$&@*'+41$&%&:+,-'+LU+=3*$&@*'+/*"-%&:\+$*)%-+%*9-(+
@*'"&$&+O#,>+$*^-)-+>*'"7-3H

R\H++2-$&9+Q8&+X-9&,-$&
-\+ 2-$&9+ Q8&+ X-9&,-$&+ -7-'+ ,&$-@3-&7-'+ 7*+ 3&(-7+
>-<1)-%1)&#@+3*'"&)&@Z+<-&7+@*9-9#&+$#)-%+E9*7%)1'&7+
@-#3#'+?1'%-7+;(-%!33$H
<\+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ MTX60NLO+ ,&-'""-3+ 9#9#$+
#8&+ I-9&,-$&+ <&9-+ 7*$*$#-&-'+ 3*@*)&7$--'+ $3*$&@*'+
31$&%&:+ ,-'+ $3*$&@*'+ '*"-%&:+ ,*'"-'+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+
5XMXNDQ1DVLRQDO&29,'VHEHVDUȹ$SDELOD
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ MTX60NLO+ @*@3*)19*(+
(-$&9+ 4AE+ m+ OUk+ @-7-+ ,&(-)-37-'+ @*'"&)&@7-'+
7*@<-9&+$-@3*9+#8&+I-9&,-$&+7*+>-<1)-%1)&#@+C#8#7-'+
/-$&1'-9+ MTX60NLOH+ =*,-'"7-'+ <&9-+ (-$&9+ 4AE+
mVUkZ+$*9-&'+@*'"&)&@7-'+#9-'"+$-@3*9+#8&+I-9&,-$&Z+
(-)#$+,&9-7#7-'+$#3*)I&$&+#9-'"+19*(+0&'-$+?*$*(-%-'+
4)1I&'$&+ -%-#+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ C#8#7-'+ /-$&1'-9+
MTX60NLOH

P E D OM A N
218 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
F-@<-)+VHS+G1)@#9&)+#8&+I-9&,-$&

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
219
4*%#'8#7+4*'"&$&-'+G1)@#9&)+Q8&+X-9&,-$&+4*@-'%-3-'+A#%#+E7$%*)'-9+
[4AE\+N+M1I&,+LO
+F$"6&'!"!+*$%&'C":"#
D&3*+G-$.-'7*$ ?9&7+%&3*+:-$.-'7*$+.-'"+$*$#-&
/-@-+6'$%&%#$& D#9&$+'-@-+9*'"7-3+&'$%&%#$&
?1'%-7+4*)$1' D#9&$+71'%-7+3*)$1'+9-<1)-%1)&#@+[/-@-+T)-'"\
E@-&9 D#9&$+-9-@-%+*@-&9+-7%&:
?-<a?1%- D#9&$+'-@-+7-<a71%-
4)1I&'$& D#9&$+'-@-+3)1I&'$&
/1H+D*93a24 6$&+,*'"-'+'1H+%*93a24+.-'"+,-3-%+,&(#<#'"&
;F$:&+C&'$6+'$+-+!$(+'C$6"C)'+D+'
D"!$&D*!:+D*"b"*8-+*"$:'+
/-@-+?&% D#9&$+'-@-+7&%+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'
>1%+/#@<*) D#9&$+91%+@#@<*)+.-'"+%*)%*)-+,&+7*@-$-'+7&%+
*7$%)-7$&a&$19-$&+C/!
EK3H+0-%* D#9&$+*K3H+0-%*+.-'"+%*)%*)-+,&+7*@-$-'+7&%+
*7$%)-7$&a&$19-$&+C/!
A*$&'+C*-9%&@*+4MC+ 6$&+,*'"-'+@*)*7+@*$&'+C*-9%&@*+4MC+.-'"+
.-'"+,&"#'-7-'e ,&"#'-7-'
/&9-&+J-%-$+MD+41$&%&: D#9&$+'&9-&+<-%-$+MD+31$&%&:+.-'"+%*)%*)-+,&+&'$*)%+
7&%
D"!$:14GI3H1$:!S%5:
_*'&$ ?9&7+8*'&$+7&%+C*-9%&@*+CDN4MC+.-'"+
,&"#'-7-'H
_&7-+>-<1)-%1)&#@+@*'""#'-7-'+?&%+4MC+
%*)3&$-(+@*)7+-'%-)-+4)&@*)a4)1<*+,-'+
@-$%*)@&K'.-Z+@-7-+4&9&(+"',8)*&Z+
_&7-+>-<1)-%1)&#@+@*'""#'-7-'+?6D+4MC+[$-%#+
-37*%+-'%-)-+E'i.@+,-'+4)&@*)a4)1<*Z+@-7-+
4&9&(+%+;:"D+'
/-@-+?&% D#9&$+'-@-+7&%-+4MC+.-'"+,&"#'-7-'
>1%+/#@<*) D#9&$+91%+'#@<*)+.-'"+%*)%*)-+,&+7*@-$-'+7&%+
C*-9%&@*+CDN4MC
EK3H+0-%* D#9&$+*K3H+0-%*+.-'"+%*)%*)-+,&+7*@-$-'+7&%+
C*-9%&@*+CDN4MC
F*'+.-'"+,&,*%*7$& D#9&$+"*'+.-'"+,&,*%*7$&+[<&$-+9*<&(+,-)&+$-%#\

P E D OM A N
220 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
5F$6+!+$*%&*"#&'
/1@1)+>-< D#9&$+'1@1)a71,*+9-<+$*$#-&+,*'"-'+
?E4QDQ=!/+AE/DEC6+?E=E2!D!/
CE4QJ>6?+6/0T/E=6!+/TATC+2?HULHUVa
AE/?E=aRUWaSUSU
/&9-&+MD+F*' D#9&$+'&9-&+MD+#'%#7+@-$&'"N@-$&'"+"*'
/&9-&+MD+6MaC4 D#9&$+'&9-&+MD+6'%*)'-9+M1'%)19+[6M\+a+C&<1+
/#^*9-$*+4)1%*&'+[C4aC/4\
/&9-&+MD+41$HM1'%)19 D#9&$+'&9-&+MD+31$&%&I*+^1'%)19

 7HVSDQHO XMLSURʈVLHQVL


D*$+3-'*9+@*)#3-7-'+$-9-(+$-%#+7*"&-%-'+3*@-'%-3-'+@#%#+
*7$%*)'-9+ .-'"+ ,&$*9*'""-)-7-'+ ,-9-@+ 8*8-)&'"+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@H+D*$+
3-'*9+ ,&<*)&7-'+ 7*3-,-+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-+ + M1I&,+ NLO+ 19*(+
3*'.*9*'""-)-+ 3-'*9H+ 4-,-+ 5-7%#+ @*9-7$-'-7-'+ 7*"&-%-'+ &'&+
%&,-7+<19*(+,&3*)9-7#7-'+$*^-)-+7(#$#$+_-,&Z++3*@*)&7$--'+(-)#$+
,&9-7$-'-7-'+19*(+3*%#"-$+.-'"+<&-$-+@*9-7$-'-7-'+3*@*)&7$--'+
%*)$*<#%+ $*)%-+ @*'""#'-7-'+ 3*)-9-%-'a)*-"*'a@*%1,*+ .-'"+ <&-$-+
,&"#'-7-'+ $*(&'""-+ (-$&9+ 3*@-'%-3-'+ @#%#+ *7$%*)'-9+ %*)$*<#%+
<*'-)N<*'-)+ ,-3-%+ @*'^*)@&'7-'+ 7&'*)8-+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ %*)$*<#%+
.-'"+$*<*'-)'.-+[;2TZ+SUL]\H

PH+ J&@<&'"-'+%*7'&$a=#3*)I&$&
J&@<&'"-'+ %*7'&$a$#3*)I&$&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,&9-7#7-'+
$*^-)-+ %*)*'^-'-+ ,*'"-'+ @*'*'%#7-'+ $-$-)-'+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ .-'"+
-7-'+ ,&$#3*)I&$&+ <*),-$-)7-'+ *I-9#-$&+ 7&'*)8-+ ,-'+ @*'*'%#7-'+
8-,5-9+ $#3*)I&$1)H+ =#3*)I&$&+ ,&9-7#7-'+ $*^-)-+ <*)8*'8-'"+ ,-)&+
#'&%+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ )#8#7-'+ + M1I&,+ N+ LO+ ,&+ %&'"7-%+ '-$&1'-9+ ,-'+
9-<1)-%1)&#@+ ,&+ %&'"7-%+ )*"&1'-9+ $-@3-&+ 9-<1)-%1)&#@+ 3*@*)&7$-++
M1I&,+NLO+,&+3)1I&'$&a7-<#3-%*'a71%-+[;2TZ+SUL]\H

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
221
P E D OM A N
222 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
6+9!+:$%)*!+D++

M)*-%&I*<&1@-)%H+C*-9N%&@*+p#-'%&%-%&I*+4MCH+D*)$*,&-+,-)&e+(%%3$eaa555H^)*-%&I*<&1@-)%H
'*%a)*$1#)^*a3)&'^&39*N3)1%1^19N)*-9N%&@*Nb#-'%&%-%&I*N3^)NP]VH(%@Z+ ,&-7$*$+ %-'""-9+ SL+
=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

F91<-9+M19,+M(-&'+!99&-'^*H+!<1#%+D(*+M19,+M(-&'H+D*)$*,&-+,-)&e++(%%3$eaa555H"^^-H1)"a
-<1#%a-<1#%N^19,N^(-&'H+0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+O+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

!"*'^.+4-A0H+4A0!f$+E::1)%$+%1+M1@<-%+MTX60NLO+SUSU+D*)$*,&-+,-)&e+(%%3$eaa555H
3@,-H"1H83a*'"9&$(a-<1#%N3@,-aUUUSH(%@9H+0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+S+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

!"#$%&'&'"$&(Z+!HZ+D)&@-)$-'%1Z+2HZ+=*%&-5-%.Z+XHZ+!)%&7-Z+6H+AH+y+A#981'1Z+0H+2H+4)&@*)+
GHYHORSPHQWWRREWDLQFRPSOHWHFRGLQJVHTXHQFHRI+$DQG1$JHQHVRILQʉXHQ]D$+1
I&)#$H+JAM+C*$+/1%*$H+SUL]j+OZ+RSPH

!'-5-+ J&1@*,&^-9+ =*)I&^*$+ -',+ 4)1,#^%$H+ =!C=NM1XNS+ [M1I&,NLO\e+ 0&-"'1$&$+ <.+ 6"Fa
6"A+ C-3&,+ D*$%H+ SUSUH+!I-&9-<9*+ -%+ (%%3$eaa555H-'-5-H^(a)*-,a'*5$9*%%*)NS]a$-)$N^1INSN
^1I&,NLON,&-"'1$&$N<.NSS]RH(%@9H+!^^*$$*,+LV+=*3%*@<*)+SUSUH

$URQV00+DWʈHOG.05HGG\6&.LPEDOO$-DPHV$-DFREV-5HWDO3UHV\PSWRPDWLF
=!C=NM1XNS+ 6':*^%&1'$+ -',+ D)-'$@&$$&1'+ &'+ -+ =7&99*,+ /#)$&'"+ G-^&9&%.H+ P';- A3/.%35-
]#+,3%.-#&-H'5"*"3'H+SUSUjPYS[SS\eSUYLNOUH

J-,-'+ =%-',-),&$-$&+ /-$&1'-9H+ ?'5#>%3- H%3%f'>'3- !"#,"$"K#- T%2#,%(#,"+>- C',K%"(-


1NIBD678H+_-7-)%-e+J-,-'+=%-',-),&$-$&+/-$&1'-9j+SUSUH

J*^(9&-'Z+ 0&,&*)Z+ *%+ -9HtC/!+ *K%)-^%*,+ :)1@+ <911,+ $-@39*$+ 5&%(+ -+ )-3&,+ -#%1@-%*,+
SURFHGXUHLVʈWIRUPROHFXODUGLDJQRVLVRUPLQLPDOUHVLGXDOGLVHDVHPRQLWRULQJLQSDWLHQWV
5&%(+-+I-)&*%.+1:+@-9&"'-'%+<911,+,&$1),*)$Ht+!"#=,'$',9%("#3-%35-!"#2%3K"3/+VHS+[SUUO\e+
LSPNLSYH

J*%%*9(*&@+y+>-',*$<*)"H+>-<1)-%1).+*K3*)&@*'%$+:1)+"*'*)-9+1)"-'&^+-',+<&1^(*@&$%).H+
M*'"-"*+>*-)'&'"j+SUUVH

J9-&)1'+>Z+A17)-'*+=Z+;&9@*%+!Z+0*$$&99.+FZ+?-<-@<-NA#7-,&+JZ+J*#7&'"-+6Z+*%+-9H+>-)"*N
$^-9*Z+@19*^#9-)+-',+$*)191"&^-9+=!C=NM1XNS+$^)**'&'"+1:+(*-9%(^-)*+51)7*)$+&'+-+RN$&%*+
3#<9&^+(1$3&%-9+&'+J*9"&#@+-:%*)+MTX60NLO+1#%<)*-7H+]-B3&'*(H+SUSUe=UL]PN+RRWP[SU\PUWLRN
RH

J#99-),+_Z+0#$%+?Z+G#'7+0Z+=%)1'"+_EZ+!9*K-',*)+0Z+F-)'*%%+>Z+*%+-9H+4)*,&^%&'"+&':*^%&1#$+
6$56&R9IURPGLDJQRVWLFVDPSOHV&OLQLFDOLQIHFWLRXVGLVHDVHVDQRIʈFLDOSXEOLFDWLRQ
1:+%(*+6':*^%&1#$+0&$*-$*$+=1^&*%.+1:+!@*)&^-H+SUSUe^&--]PYH

J#%9*)+_AH-O#,'3$"*-DP4-()="3/J-2"#.#/)L-('*:3#.#/)L-%35-/'3'("*$-#&-0C<->%,K',$-WE35-
'5GQH+!@$%*),-@e+E9$*I&*)+!^-,*@&^+4)*$$j+SUUWH

M-1Z+ gHZ+ gQZ+ AHZ+ 01'"Z+ FHZ+ M(*'Z+ JH+ y+ B(-'"Z+ JH+ SUSUH+ 0&"&%-9+ 4MC+ -$+ -'+ E@*)"&'"+
D119+:1)+A1'&%1)&'"+1:+A&^)1<&-9+J&1,*")-,-%&1'H+H#.'*+.'$+SUSUZ+Ec[P\Z+VU]j+(%%3$eaa,1&H
1)"aLUHPPOUa@19*^#9*$SWUPUVU]

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
223
M-$^*99-+ AZ+ C-8'&7+ AZ+ M#1@1+ !Z+ *%+ -9H+ SUSUH+ G*-%#)*$Z+ EI-9#-%&1'+ -',+ D)*-%@*'%+
M1)1'-I&)#$+[MTX60NLO\+Q3,-%*,+SUSU+_#9+RÄH+6'e+=%-%4*-)9$+6'%*)'*%ÄH+D)*-$#)*+6$9-',+
[G>\e+ =%-%+ 4*-)9$+ 4#<9&$(&'"H+ !I-&9-<9*+ :)1@e+ (%%3$eaa555H'^<&H'9@H'&(H"1Ia<117$a
/J?WWRVV]aH+0&#',#(+%-'""-9+S+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

M0MH+ 6'%*)&@+ F#&,*9&'*$+ :1)+ M199*^%&'"Z+ 2-',9&'"Z+ -',+ D*$%&'"+ M9&'&^-9+ =3*^&@*'$+
:1)+ MTX60NLOH+ SUSUH+ D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&e+ (%%3$eaa555H^,^H"1Ia^1)1'-I&)#$aSULON'^1Ia9-<a
"#&,*9&'*$N^9&'&^-9N$3*$&@*'$H(%@9+0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+O+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

M0MH+ =!C=NM1XNS+ X&)-9+ M#9%#)&'"+ -%+ M0MH+ SUSUH+ !I-&9-<9*+ -%+ (%%3$eaa555H^,^H"1Ia
^1)1'-I&)#$aSULON'^1Ia9-<a")15$NI&)#$N^*99N^#9%#)*H(%@9H+!^^*$$*,+SU+=*3%*@<*)+SUSUH

M(&'Z+!H+;H+2HZ+_#9&*+D+=+M(#Z+A-(*'+C+!+4*)*)-Z+?*')&*+4+g+2#&Z+2#&N>&'"+g*'Z+A&^(-*9+
M+ ;+ M(-'Z+ A-9&7+ 4*&)&$Z+ x>*1+ >+ A+ 411'H+ SUSUH+ =%-<&9&%.+ 1:+ =!C=NM1XNS+ &'+ ,&::*)*'%+
*'I&)1'@*'%-9+ ^1',&%&1'$H+ (%%3$eaa555H%(*9-'^*%H^1@a3,:$a81#)'-9$a9-'@&^a466=S]]]N
WSRV[SU\PUUUPNPH3,:+0&#',#+%-'""-9+S+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

0&-1+ JZ+ ;*'+ ?Z+ M(*'+ _Z+ >&#+ gZ+ g#-'+ BZ+ 2-'+ MZ+ *%+ -9H+ 0&-"'1$&$+ 1:+!^#%*+ C*$3&)-%1).+
=.',)1@*+ M1)1'-I&)#$+ S+ 6':*^%&1'+ <.+ 0*%*^%&1'+ 1:+ /#^9*1^-3$&,+ 4)1%*&'H+ >'5<Z"9H+
SUSUeSUSUHUPHUVHSUUPSWSRH

'LQQHV-'HHNV--$GULDQR$%HUKDQH6'DYHQSRUW&'LWWULFK6HWDO5DSLGSRLQWRI
FDUHDQWLJHQDQGPROHFXODUEDVHGWHVWVIRUGLDJQRVLVRI6$56&R9LQIHFWLRQ&RFKUDQH
0-%-<-$*+1:+=.$%*@-%&^+C*I&*5$H+SUSU[Y\H

E97&'$+?AH+s0/!+EK%)-^%&1'tH+G1)*'$&^+0/!+J&191".H+SULP+e+POlWS

E'I&)1'@*'%-9+ 2*-9%(+ -',+ =-:*%.+ Q'&I*)$&%.+ 1:+ 615-H+!#%1^9-I&'"+ F#&,*9&'*$H+ D*)$*,&-+


,-)&e+ (%%3$eaa*($H)*$*-)^(H#&15-H*,#a<&191"&^-9a-#%1^9-I&'"N"#&,*9&'*$+ 0&-7$*$+ %-'""-9+ SL+
=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

G1#',-%&1'+ :1)+ 6''1I-%&I*+ /*5+ 0&-"'1$%&^$H+ =!C=N+ M1XNS+ 0&-"'1$%&^+ 4&3*9&'*+ SUSU+
D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&e+ KWWSVZZZʈQGG[RUJFRYLGSLSHOLQHH+ 0&-7$*$+ %-'""-9+ S+ =*3%*@<*)+
SUSU

G)-"-Z+0HZ+A*#9&-Z+DH+y+G*'$%*)Z+=H+C*-9ND&@*+4MCH+M#))*'%+4)1%1^19$+E$$*'%&-9+>-<1)-%1).+
D*^('&b#*$H+ ;&9*.+ T'9&'*+ >&<)-).j+ SULRH+ D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&e+ + (%%3$eaa^#))*'%3)1%1^19$H
1'9&'*9&<)-).H5&9*.H^1@a,1&a-<$aLUHLUUSaOVYURVUUYOORLH*%LUUP$UU+ 0&-7$*$+ %-'""-9+ SL+
=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

F6=!60H+M9-,*+-',+9&'*-"*+'1@*'^9-%#)*+-&,$+&'+"*'1@&^+*3&,*@&191".+$%#,&*$+1:+-^%&I*+
(M1XNLO+ I&)#$*$H+ + SUSUH+ + !I-&9-<9*+ -%+ (%%3$eaa555H"&$-&,H1)"a)*:*)*'^*$a$%-%*@*'%$N
FODULʈFDWLRQVFODGHDQGOLQHDJHQRPHQFODWXUHDLGVLQJHQRPLFHSLGHPLRORJ\RIDFWLYH
(^1INLONI&)#$*$aH+!^^*$$*,+SP+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

F#"#$+D#"-$+4*)^*3-%-'+4*'-'"-'-'+MTX60NLOH+=%-',-)+!9-%+4*9&',#'"+0&)&+[!40\+#'%#7+
4*'-'"-'-'+ MTX60NLO+ ,&+ 6',1'*$&-+ C*I&$&+ P+ [LL+!"#$%#$+ SUSU\H+ _-7-)%-e+ F#"#$+ D#"-$+
4*)^*3-%-'+4*'-'"-'-'+MTX60NLOj+SUSUH

P E D OM A N
224 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
2-)^1#)%+_Z+D-@&'+!Z+>#+dZ+?-@&9&+=Z+=-7%(&I*9+=?Z+A#))-.+_Z+*%+-9H+SUSUH+=*I*)*+!^#%*+
C*$3&)-%1).+=.',)1@*+M1)1'-I&)#$+S+:)1@+4-%&*'%+5&%(+M1)1'-I&)#$+0&$*-$*Z+Q'&%*,+=%-%*$H+
A>',/-B3&'*(-D"$H+S][]\eLS]]NLSVPH+(%%3$eaa,KH,1&H1)"aLUHPSULa*&,S]U]HSUUWL]H

6':*7$&+E@*)"&'"H+MTX60NLOH+SUSUH+D*)$*,&-+,-)&+e+(%%3$eaa&':*7$&*@*)"&'"H7*@7*$H"1H&,a+
,&-7$*$+LV+_#9&+SUSUH

6'%*")-%*,+0/!+D*^'191"&*$H+sb4MC+4)1<*$`$*9*^%&'"+%(*+<*$%+)*31)%*)+,.*+-',+b#*'^(*)t+
SUSUH+ :)1@+ (%%3$eaa$"H&,%,'-H^1@a3-"*$a*,#^-%&1'a,*^1,*,a-)%&^9*ab3^)N3)1<*$N$*9*^%&'"N
%(*N<*$%N)*31)%*)N,.*N-',Nb#*'^(*)+0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+SL+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU+

_-'&^*+ AH+ >*#'"Z+ M(*'+ dH+ g-'"Z+ !'%(1'.+ D-@Z+ *%+ -9H+ !MENS+ EK3)*$$&1'+ &'+ %(*+ =@-99+
!&)5-.+E3&%(*9&-+1:+=@17*)$+-',+MT40+4-%&*'%$e+6@39&^-%&1'$+:1)+MTX60NLOH+A+,#='%3-
<'$=",%(#,)-]#+,3%.H+SUSUH+0T6e+LUHLLYPaLPOOPUUPHUU]YYNSUSU

?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C*3#<9&7+ 6',1'*$&-H+ ^'35%."- H+(+J- !%:%3- %f%,- C'K3#.#/"-


T%2#,%(#,"+>- H'5"KH+ _-7-)%-e+ J-,-'+ 4*'"*@<-'"-'+ ,-'+ 4*@<*),-.--'+ =#@<*)+ 0-.-+
A-'#$&-+?*$*(-%-'+4)*$$j+SULYH

?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-H+H#5+.-!%:%3-4f%,-1'(%K-O%,>%$"J-^'$':%(%3-
5%3-^'$'.%>%(%3-^',f%H+_-7-)%-e+4#$,&7+=0A+?*$*(-%-'j+SUL]H

?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C*3#<9&7+ 6',1'*$&-H+ ?'5#>%3- !"#,"$"K#- T%2#,%(#,"+>- B3$("(+$"J-


B3$("(+("#3- !"#,"$K- T%2#,%(#,)- H%3+%.H+ _-7-)%-e+ J-,-'+ 4*'*9&%&-'+ ,-'+ 4*'"*@<-'"-'+
?*$*(-%-'j+SULOH

?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C*3#<9&7+ 6',1'*$&-H+ ?'5#>%3- ?'3*'/%:%3- D%3- ?'3/'35%."%3-


1#,#3%9",+$- D"$'$%$'- W1NIBD678Q- A5"$"- cH+ _-7-)%-e+ ?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C*3#<9&7+
6',1'*$&-j+SUSUH

?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C*3#<9&7+ 6',1'*$&-H+ ?'(+3f+K- C'K3"$- ?'3//+3%%3- 4?D- 5%.%>-


H'3/:%5%="-U%2%:-1#9"5678H+_-7-)%-e+?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-j+SUSUH

?*@*'%*)&-'+>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*(#%-'-'+C6H+4*)-%#)-'+A*'%*)&+>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+
/1@1)+ 4HW]aAE/>2?N=ED_E/aSULWe+ D-%-+ M-)-+ ,-'+ 3*)$.-)-%-'+ D*7'&$+ 4*'"*919--'+
>&@<-(+J*)<-(-.-+,-'+J*)-^#'+,-)&+G-$&9&%-$+4*9-.-'-'+?*$*(-%-'H+_-7-)%-e+?*@*'%*)&-'+
>&'"7#'"-'+2&,#3+,-'+?*(#%-'-'+C6j+SULWH

?*@*'%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'+ C6H+ ?*3@*'7*$+ '1@1)+ 2?ZULHUVaA*'7*$aSL]aSUSU+ %*'%-'"+


4*'*%-3-'+ >-<1)-%1)&#@+ 4*@*)&7$-+ M1)1'-+ X&)#$+ 0&$*-$*NLO+ [MTX60NLOH+ _-7-)%-+ e+
?*@*'%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'+C6j+SUSUH

?*3#%#$-'+A*'%*)&+?*$*(-%-'+/1@1)+2?HULHUVaA*'7*$aRLPaSUSUH+4*,1@-'+4*'^*"-(-'+
,-'+4*'"*',-9&-'+M1)1'-I&)#$+0&$*-$*+[MTX60NLO\

?*3#%#$-'+4)*$&,*'+/1H+V+D-(#'+SUSU+%*'%-'"+F#"#$+D#"-$+4*)^*3-%-'+4*'-'"-'-'+M1)1'-+
X&)#$+0&$*-$*+SULO+[MTX60NLO\H+_-7-)%-+e+=*7)*%-)&-%+/*"-)-j+SUSUH

?(-&9-'.+C!Z+=-:,-)+AZ+Ti-$9-'+AH+F*'1@&^+^(-)-^%*)&i-%&1'+1:+-+'1I*9+=!C=NM1XNSH+
SUSUH+ + M'3'- <'=H+ LOeLUU]YSH+ ,1&e+ LUHLUL]a8H"*')*3HSUSUHLUU]YSH+ E3#<+ -(*-,+ 1:+ 3)&'%H+
4A60e+PSPUU]VPj+4AM60e+4AMVL]LRYLH

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
225
.KRVUDYLQLD+ 5DPHVKD.3,QʉXHQFHRI('7$DQGPDJQHVLXPRQ'1$H[WUDFWLRQ
IURP EORRG VDPSOHV DQG VSHFLʈFLW\ RI SRO\PHUDVH FKDLQ UHDFWLRQ 4&,"*%3- ]#+,3%.- #&-
!"#('*:3#.#/)H+SUUVj++]+[P\Z+33H+LYRNLYV

?91@3-$+AHZ+J-7*)+AH+!HZ+C(**+MH+!&)<1)'*+D)-'$@&$$&1'+1:+=!C=NM1XNSe+D(*1)*%&^-9+
M1'$&,*)-%&1'$+-',+!I-&9-<9*+EI&,*'^*H-]4H4H+4#<9&$(*,+1'9&'*+_#9.+LPZ+SUSUH+,1&eLUHLUULa
8-@-HSUSUHLSRWYH

>-@<*)%N/&^91%+ =Z+ M#::*9+!Z+ >*+ 4-3*+ =Z+X-#91#3N+ G*991#$+ MZ+ A1)-',N_1#<*)%+ >Z+ C1b#*N
!:1'$1+!AZ+*%+-9H+EI-9#-%&1'+1:+-+C-3&,+0&-"'1$%&^+!$$-.+:1)+0*%*^%&1'+1:+=!C=NM1XNS+
!'%&"*'+&'+/-$13(-).'"*-9+=5-<$H+]-1."3-H"*,#2"#.H+SUSUjWY[Y\H

>**+=Z+?&@+DZ+>**+EZ+>**+MZ+?&@+2Z+C(**+2Z+*%+-9H+SUSUH+M9&'&^-9+M1#)$*+-',+A19*^#9-)+X&)-9+
=(*,,&'"+!@1'"+!$.@3%1@-%&^+-',+=.@3%1@-%&^+4-%&*'%$+;&%(+=!C=NM1XN+S+6':*^%&1'+&'+
-+M1@@#'&%.+D)*-%@*'%+M*'%*)+&'+%(*+C*3#<9&^+1:+?1)*-H-]4H4-B3(',3%.-H'5"*"3'H+SUSUH

>&+ pHZ+ F#-'+ dHZ+ ;#+ 4HZ+ *%+ -9H+ E-)9.+ %)-'$@&$$&1'+ ,.'-@&^$+ &'+ ;#(-'Z+ M(&'-Z+ 1:+ '1I*9+
^1)1'-I&)#$+ &':*^%*,+ 3'*#@1'&-H+ SUSUH+ PA]HH+ PYS[LP\eLLOOlLSUVH+ ,1&e+ LUHLUW]a
/E_A1-SUULPL]H

>&Z+pH+*%+-9H+E-)9.+%)-'$@&$$&1'+,.'-@&^$+&'+;#(-'Z+M(&'-Z+1:+'1I*9+^1)1'-I&)#$l&':*^%*,+
3'*#@1'&-H+SUSUH+/H+E'"9H+_H+A*,H+(%%3$eaa,1&H1)"aLUHLUW]a/E_A1-SUULPL]

>&:*ND*^('191"&*$H+ C*-9N%&@*+ 4MC+ 2-',<117H+ SULRH+ D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&e+ + (%%3$eaa555H


WKHUPRʈVKHUFRPFRQWHQWGDP/LIH7HFKJOREDO)RUPV3')UHDOWLPHSFUKDQGERRNSGI+
0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+SL+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

A-7+FMZ+M(*'"+4?Z+>-#+==Z+;1'"+??Z+>-#+M=Z+>-@+EDZ+*%+-9H+EI-9#-%&1'+1:+)-3&,+-'%&"*'+
%*$%+:1)+,*%*^%&1'+1:+=!C=NM1XNS+I&)#$H+-RXUQDORIFOLQLFDOYLURORJ\WKHRIʈFLDOSXEOLFDWLRQ
#&-(:'-?%3-4>',"*%3-0#*"'()-&#,-1."3"*%.-I",#.#/)H+SUSUjLSOeLURWUUNH

A-'&%H+ !H+ y+ =(*)"&99Z+ 6b<-9+ y+ ;&99&-@$1'Z+ A-"-9&+ y+ F1@@*)$-99Z+ >.',1'+ y+ !).-Z+


/**(-)+y+4-%*9Z+2&%*',)-H+J-$&^+3)&'^&39*$+1:+)*-9N%&@*+b#-'%&%-%&I*+4MCH+AZ=',(-,'9"';-#&-
>#.'*+.%,-5"%/3#$("*$H+SUUWHWH+SUONLOH+LUHLWY]aLRVPVLWOHWHSHSUOH

A*)%*'$+4Z+0*+X1$+/Z+A-)%&'.+0Z+_-$$1.+MZ+A&)-i&@&+!Z+M#.3*)$+>Z+*%+-9H+0*I*913@*'%+
-',+41%*'%&-9+Q$*:#9'*$$+1:+%(*+MTX60NLO+!"+C*$3&N=%)&3+0&-"'1$%&^+!$$-.+&'+-+4-',*@&^+
M1'%*K%H+O,#3(-H'5-WT%+$%33'QH+SUSUjVeSSWNH

A#))-.Z+A-)%(-+y+=^(#9iZ+>1)&*+y+G#)$%Z+_1$*3(+y+21@@*Z+_-$1'+y+_*'7&'$Z+=-)-(+y+Q(9Z+
_-@*$+y+4-%*9Z+C1'&$(+y+M1^7*)&99Z+G)-'79&'+y+A.*)$Z+_-'*+y+4)&%%Z+J1<<&H+SULRH+Eb#-9+
4*):1)@-'^*+ 1:+ =*9:NM199*^%*,+ -',+ 2*-9%(+ M-)*+;1)7*)NM199*^%*,+ 4(-).'"*-9+ =5-<$+ :1)+
F)1#3+!+ =%)*3%1^1^^#$+ D*$%&'"+ <.+ 4MCH+ ]#+,3%.- #&- *."3"*%.- >"*,#2"#.#/)H+ WPH+ LUHLLSYa
_MAHUSWUUNLRH

/-"#)-N67*,-+ AZ+ 6@-&+ ?Z+ D-<-%-+ =Z+ A&.1$(&+ ?Z+ A#)-(-)-+ /Z+ A&i#'1+ DZ+ *%+ -9H+ M9&'&^-9+
*I-9#-%&1'+1:+$*9:N+^199*^%*,+$-9&I-+<.+CDNb4MCZ+,&)*^%+CDNb4MCZ+CDN>!A4Z+-',+-+)-3&,+
-'%&"*'+%*$%+%1+,&-"'1$*+MTX60NLOH+]-1."3-H"*,#2"#.H+SUSUe_MAHULRPYNSUH

/*K%)-&'H+ F*'1@&^+ *3&,*@&191".+ 1:+ '1I*9+ ^1)1'-I&)#$+ l+ F91<-9+ $#<$-@39&'"H+ SUSUH+


!I-&9-<9*+-%+(%%3$eaa'*K%$%)-&'H1)"a'^1Ia"91<-9H+!^^*$$*,+SP+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

/&"*9+ _H?H+ =&@3$1'H+ =19&,N4(-$*+ EK%)-^%&1'e+ 4)&'^&39*$Z+ D*^('&b#*$Z+ -',+ !339&^-%&1'$H+


G91)&,-+e+MCM+4)*$$j++SUUU

P E D OM A N
226 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
T@&+ ?Z+ D-7*,-+ gZ+ A1)&+ AH+ =!C=NM1XNS+ bCDN4MC+ M%+ I-9#*+ ,&$%)&<#%&1'+ &'+ _-3-'+ -',+
31$$&<9*+#%&9&%.+1:+)-3&,+-'%&"*'+%*$%&'"+7&%H+@*,CK&IH+SUSUeSUSUHU]HL]HSULPLSRPH

T',*)+FZ+C*ii-+FZ+J)#$-:*))1+=H+M-$*NG-%-9&%.+C-%*+-',+M(-)-^%*)&$%&^$+1:+4-%&*'%$+0.&'"+
&'+C*9-%&1'+%1+MTX60NLO+&'+6%-9.H+]4H4H+4#<9&$(*,+1'9&'*+A-)^(+SPZ+SUSUH+,1&eLUHLUULa
8-@-HSUSUHR]YP

4-5*$%)&Z+2H+!HZ+67-5-%&Z+2H+0HZ+!),&-'$.-(Z+!H+y+=*%&-5-%.Z+XH+SULPH+4-',#-'+6'$%)#7$&+
.HUMD,GHQWLʈNDVL0ROHNXOHU9LUXV,QʉXHQ]D

4*)-%#)-'+4)*$&,*'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-+/1@1)+YS+D-(#'+SUSU+%*'%-'"+?1@&%*+4*'-'"-'-'+
M1)1'-+X&)#$+0&$*-$*+SULO+[M1I&,NLO\+,-'+4*@#9&(-'+E71'1@&+/-$&1'-9H+_-7-)%-+e++$H'HÄj+
SUSUH

41)%*+>Z+>*"-))-"-+4Z+X199)-%(+XZ+!"#&9*)-+dZ+A#'&%-+_AZ+!)-1$+CZ+*%+-9H+EI-9#-%&1'+1:+'1I*9+
-'%&"*'N<-$*,+)-3&,+,*%*^%&1'+%*$%+:1)+%(*+,&-"'1$&$+1:+=!C=NM1XNS+&'+)*$3&)-%1).+$-@39*$H-
B3(-]-B3&'*(-D"$H+SUSUe=LSULN+OVLS[SU\PURUWNVH

4)*@&*)+J&1$1:%H+SUSUH+sA#9%&39*K+4MC+s+:)1@+(%%3eaa555H3)*@&*)<&1$1:%H^1@a%*^(u'1%*$a
@#9%&39*KN3^)H(%@9

4)*$&,*'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-H+4*)-%#)-'+4*@*)&'%-(+/1@1)+LULaSULR+%*'%-'"+4*'"*919--'+
>&@<-(+J-(-'+J*)<-(-.-+,-'+J*)-^#'H+_-7-)%-e+4)*$&,*'+C*3#<9&7+6',1'*$&-j+SULRH

C-<&+GH+!HZ+-9+B1#<&+AH+=HZ+?-$-$<*(+FH+!HZ+=-9-@*(+0H+AHZ+-9N/-$$*)+!H+0H+=!C=NM1XNS+
-',+ ^1)1'-I&)#$+ ,&$*-$*+ SULOe+ 5(-%+ 5*+ 7'15+ $1+ :-)H+ ?%(:#/'3$H+ SUSUj+ O[P\e3H+ SPLH+ ,1&e+
LUHPPOUa3-%(1"*'$OUPUSPLH+

5HKPDQ 6 6KDʈTXH / ,KVDQ $ /LX 4  (YROXWLRQDU\ 7UDMHFWRU\ IRU WKH
E@*)"*'^*+1:+/1I*9+M1)1'-I&)#$+=!C=NM1XNSH+4-%(1"*'$H+OZ+SRUH

C1,)&"#*Z+_*-'N4-#9+y+D(*1+/1%%*<11@H+D(*+M19,+M(-&'+-',+&%$+>1"&$%&^$H+D(*+F*1")-3(.+
1:+ D)-'$31)%+ =.$%*@$H+ SUSU+ D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&+ (%%3$eaa%)-'$31)%"*1")-3(.H1)"a|3-"*u&,c]WYW+
0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+O+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

C#%-9-+!;Z+;*<*)+0_Z+-',+%(*+2*-9%(^-)*+6':*^%&1'+M1'%)19+4)-^%&^*$+!,I&$1).+M1@@&%%**+
[26M4!M\HH+F#&,*9&'*+:1)+0&$&':*^%&1'+-',+=%*)&9&i-%&1'+&'+2*-9%(^-)*+G-^&9&%&*$Z+#3,-%*,+
A-.+SULOH+/1)%(+M-)19&'-e+M0Mj+SUUYH

C#%-9-Z+;H+!HZ+ y+;*<*)Z+ 0H+ _H+ SULWH+ 0&$&':*^%&1'Z+ =%*)&9&i-%&1'Z+ -',+ M1'%)19+ 1:+ 21$3&%-9+
;-$%*H+ A-',*99Z+ 01#"9-$Z+ -',+ J*''*%%f$+ 4)&'^&39*$+ -',+ 4)-^%&^*+ 1:+ 6':*^%&1#$+ 0&$*-$*$Z+
PSORlPPUOH*RH+(%%3$eaa,1&H1)"aLUHLUL]aJOVYNLNRWWVNRYULNPHUUPULNW

=-@<)117Z+_1$*3(j+C#$$*99Z+0-I&,+;H+sM1@@1'9.+Q$*,+D*^('&b#*$+&'+A19*^#9-)+M91'&'"t+
/*5+g1)7+e+M=2>+4)*$$j+SUULH

=^1(.+ !Z+ !'-'%(-)-8-(+ !Z+ J1,n#$+ AZ+ ?-<-@<-N+ A#7-,&+ JZ+ X*))17*'+ !Z+ C1,)&"#*iN
X&99-91<1$+ 2H>15+ 3*):1)@-'^*+ 1:+ )-3&,+ -'%&"*'+ ,*%*^%&1'+ %*$%+ -$+ :)1'%9&'*+ %*$%&'"+ :1)+
MTX60NLO+,&-"'1$&$H+]-1."3-I",#.H+SUSUjLSOeLURRWWH

=*%(#)-@-'+/Z+_*)*@&-(+==Z+C.1+!H+6'%*)3)*%&'"+0&-"'1$%&^+D*$%$+:1)+=!C=NM1XNSH+]4H4H+
SUSUj+PSP[SS\eSSROlSSWLH+,1&eLUHLUULa8-@-HSUSUHYSWO

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
227
=(*)**'+AH+!HZ+?(-'+=HZ+?-i@&+!HZ+J-$(&)+/HZ+=&,,&b#*+CH+MTX60NLO+&':*^%&1'e+1)&"&'Z+
%)-'$@&$$&1'Z+-',+^(-)-^%*)&$%&^$+1:+(#@-'+^1)1'-I&)#$*$H+]G-459G-<'$H+SUSUj+SReOLlOYH+,1&e+
LUHLUL]a8H8-)*HSUSUHUPHUUWH

=#Z+ =HZ+;1'"Z+ FHZ+ =(&Z+;HZ+ >&#Z+ _HZ+ >-&Z+!HMHZ+ B(1#Z+ _HZ+ F-1Z+ FHGH+ E3&,*@&191".Z+ "*'*%&^+
)*^1@<&'-%&1'Z+-',+3-%(1"*'*$&$+1:+^1)1'-I&)#$*$H+C,'35$-H"*,#2"#.H+SUL]H+SRZ+ROUlWUSH

=#)-%+E,-)-'+A*'%*)&+0-9-@+/*"*)&+=#)-%+E,-)-'+/1@1)+RRUaS]SSa=_+%*'%-'"+4*@<*'%#7-'+
=-%#-'+ D#"-$+ 4*)^*3-%-'+ 4*'-'"-'-'+ M1)1'-+ X&)#$+ 0&$*-$*$+ SULO+ [MTX60NLO\+ ,-9-@+
?*3#%#$-'+ A*'%*)&+ ?*$*(-%-'+ '1@1)e+ 2?HULHUVaA*'7*$aSLRaSUSU+ %*'%-'"+ _*8-)&'"+
>-<1)-%1)&#@+M1)1'-I&)#$+0&$*-$*+l+LO+[MTX60NLO\H+_-7-)%-+e+?*@*@%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'j+
SUSU

=#)-%+E,-)-'+A*'%*)&+?*$*(-%-'+/1H+SPR+D-(#'+SUSUZ+$*)%-+?*3@*'7*$+/1@1)+2?HULHUVa
A*'7*$aRUWaSUSU+%*'%-'"+_*8-)&'"+>-<1)-%1)&#@+4*@*)&7$--'+M1)1'-I&)#$+0&$*-$*+SULO+
[M1I&,NLO\H+_-7-)%-+e+?*@*@%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'j+SUSU

=#)-%+ E,-)-'+ A*'%*)&+ ?*$*(-%-'+ /1@1)+ 2?HUSHULaA*'7*$aPYSaSUSU+ D*'%-'"+ 4)1%1719+


4*'"-5-$-'+ 4*9-7#+ 4*)8-9-'-'+ 0-9-@+ /*"*)&+ 0&+ J-',-)+ Q,-)-+ 0-'+ 4*9-<#(-'+ 0-9-@+
C-'"7-+ 4*'*)-3-'+ ?*(&,#3-'+ A-$.-)-7-%+ 4)1,#7%&:+ 0-'+!@-'+ D*)(-,-3+ M1)1'-+ X&)#$+
0&$*-$*+SULO+[MTX60NLO\H+_-7-)%-+e+?*@*@%*)&-'+?*$*(-%-'j+SUSU

=#)-%+E,-)-'+/1@1)+2?HUSHULaA*'7*$aPPSaSUSU+%*'%-'"+4)1%1719+?*$*(-%-'+4*'-'"-'-'+
?*3#9-'"-'+;/6+,-'+?*,-%-'"-'+;/!+,-)&+>#-)+/*"*)&+,&+4&'%#+A-$#7+/*"-)-+,-'+,&+
;&9-.-(+3-,-+=&%#-$&+4*@<-%-$-'+=1$&-9+J*)$7-9-+J*$-)+[4=JJ\+,-9-@+C-'"7-+4*'^*"-(-'+
4*'.*<-)-'+ M1)1'-+ X&)#$+ 0&$*-$*+ SULO+ [M1I&,NLO\H+ _-7-)%-+ e+ ?*@*@%*)&-'+ ?*$*(-%-'j+
SUSU

=#)i.^7&Z+ =H+ J-$&^+ %*^('&b#*$+ &'+ @19*^#9-)+ <&191".H+ J*)9&'+ e+ =3)&'"*)NX*)9-"+ J*)9&'+
2*&,*9<*)"j+SUUUH

=5&%i*)H+LOOOH+EK3*)&@*'%-9+<&1^(*@&$%).H+=-'+G)-'^&$^1+e+;H+2H+G)**@-'j+LOOOH

D15'$*',Z+AH+1#.5-1:%"3-H%3%/'>'3(-M+"5'."3'G-7$(-'5"("#3H+F*'*I-e+A=GNTMFj+SULPH

QH=H+G11,+y+0)#"+!,@&'&$%)-%&1'H+6'+X&%)1+0&-"'1$%&^$+EQ!$+SUSU+D*)$*,&-+,-)&e+(%%3$eaa
555H:,-H"1Ia@*,&^-9N+ ,*I&^*$a^1)1'-I&)#$N,&$*-$*NSULON^1I&,NLON*@*)"*'^.N#$*N+
-#%(1)&i-%&1'$N@*,&^-9N,*I&^*$aI&%)1N,&-"'1$%&^$N*#-$H+0&-7$*$+%-'""-9+S+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

Q/6MEGH+SUSUH+;(-%+&$+^19,+^(-&'H+(%%3$eaa555H#'&^*:H1)"a$#339.a5(-%N^19,N^(-&'

Q=+0*3-)%@*'%+1:+2*-9%(+-',+2#@-'+=*)I&^*$Z+M0MH+F#&,*9&'*$+:1)+=-:*+;1)7+4)-^%&^*$+
&'+2#@-'+-',+!'&@-9+A*,&^-9+0&-"'1$%&^+>-<1)-%1)&*$H+!%9-'%-e++Q=+0*3-)%@*'%+1:+2*-9%(+
-',+2#@-'+=*)I&^*$Z+M0MHj+SULSH

X&*)$%)-*%*Z+ !H+ LOOOH+ 4)&'^&39*+ 1:+ %(*+ 4MCH+ LOOOH+ D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&e+ (%%3$eaa#$*)$H#"*'%H
<*aÅ-I&*)$%)a3)&'^&39*$a3^)H(%@9+0&-7$*$+SL+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU+

X&981*'Z+FH+_HZ+/*9Z+>H+2HZ+y+M)15%(*)Z+_H+CH+SUUWH+A19*^#9-)+0&-"'1$%&^+4MC+2-',<117H+
=3)&'"*)+ /-%#)*+ =5&%i*)9-',+!FH+ (%%3$eaa,1&H1)"aLUHLUUVaLNRUSUNPRURNU+ 0&-7$*$+ %-'""-9+
SL+=*3%*@<*)+SUSU

X1.%-$H+!"-)1$*+"*9+*9*^%)13(1)*$&$H+M#))+4)1%1^+6@@#'19H+SUULj+M(-3%*)+LUZ+Q'&%+LU+RH

P E D OM A N
228 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
;*&$$+!Z+_*99&'"$Ç+AZ+=1@@*)+AT!H+=3-%&-9+-',+%*@31)-9+,.'-@&^$+1:+=!C=NM1XNS+&'+
MTX60NLO+3-%&*'%$e+!+$.$%*@-%&^+)*I&*5+-',+@*%-N-'-9.$&$H+EJ&1A*,&^&'*H+SUSUjWYH

;*&%i*9+DZ+>*"-))-"-+4Z+6)#)*%-"1.*'-+AZ+4&i-))1+FZ+X199)-%(+XZ+!)-1$+CZ+*%+-9H+2*-,N%1N(*-,+
^1@3-)&$1'+1:+:1#)+-'%&"*'N<-$*,+)-3&,+,*%*^%&1'+%*$%$+:1)+%(*+,&-"'1$&$+1:+=!C=NM1XNS+&'+
)*$3&)-%1).+$-@39*$H+<&1CK&IH+SUSUeSUSUHUWHSVHLLOSWWH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ + T%2#,%(#,)- !"#$%&'()- H%3+%.- [,5- A5"("#3Z+ X&*'-e+
;2TZ+SUURH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ H%"3('3%3*'- H%3+%.- &#,- T%2#,%(#,)- AX+"=>'3(H+


=3-&'e+;2Tj+SUUY

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ T%2#,%(#,)- X+%."()- >%3%/'>'3(- $)$('>J- :%352##KH


F*'*I-e+;2T+4)*$$j+SULL

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+C+2',*+.#$"$-.%2#,%(#,)-2"#$%&'()->%3+%.H+6%-9&e+F4=+
4#<9&$(&'"j+SULSH

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+T%2#,%(#,)-!"#$%&'()-H%3+%.-C:",5-A5"("#3H+F*'*I-e+
;2Tj+SULRH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ ?#$(6>%,K'(- $+,9'"..%3*'- #&- "369"(,#- 5"%/3#$("*$H+


F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SULWH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ H%3+%.- &#,- #,/%3"Y"3/- %- 3%("#3%.- 'Z(',3%.- X+%."()-
%$$'$$>'3(-=,#/,%>>'-&#,-:'%.(:-.%2#,%(#,"'$-%35-#(:',-('$("3/-$"('$H+F*'*I-e+;2T+4)*$$j+
SUL]H

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+!,I&^*+1'+%(*+#$*+1:+31&'%N1:N^-)*+&@@#'1,&-"'1$%&^+
WHVWVIRU&29,'6FLHQWLʈFEULHI$SULO*HQHYD:+2

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ !$$*$$@*'%+ %119+ :1)+ 9-<1)-%1)&*$+ &@39*@*'%&'"+


MTX60NLO+ I&)#$+ %*$%&'"H+ Y+ !3)&9+ SUSUH+ F*'*I-e+ ;2Tj+ SUSUH+ (%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a&()a
3#<9&^-%&1'$a9-<1)-%1).u%119a*'aH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ M1)1'-I&)#$+ ,&$*-$*+ SULO+ [MTX60NLO\+ =&%#-%&1'+


C*31)%+l+LVVH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++(%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a,1^$a,*:-#9%N$1#)^*a^1)1'-I&)#$*a
$&%#-%&1'N)*31)%$aSUSUUVLWN^1I&,NLON$&%)*3NLVVH3,:|$:I)$'c<L-LOP:PuSH

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH+0&-"'1$%&^+D*$%&'"+:1)+=!C=N
M1XNSH++(%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a&a&%*@a,&-"'1$%&^N%*$%&'"N:1)N$-)$N^1INS

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ F#&,-'^*+ :1)+ 9-<1)-%1)&*$+ $(&33&'"+ $3*^&@*'$+ %1+
:+2UHIHUHQFHODERUDWRULHVWKDWSURYLGHFRQʈUPDWRU\WHVWLQJIRU&29,'YLUXV,QWHULP
"#&,-'^*Z+PL+A-)^(+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+>-<1)-%1).+<&1$-:*%.+"#&,-'^*+)*9-%*,+%1+^1)1'-I&)#$+
,&$*-$*+[MTX60NLO\e+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LP+A-.+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+>-<1)-%1).+<&1$-:*%.+"#&,-'^*+)*9-%*,+%1+^1)1'-I&)#$+
,&$*-$*+[MTX60NLO\e+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LO+A-)^(+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
229
;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+>-<1)-%1).+<&1$-:*%.+"#&,-'^*+)*9-%*,+%1+^1)1'-I&)#$+
,&$*-$*+SULO+[MTX60NLO\e+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LS+G*<+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+>-<1)-%1).+%*$%&'"+:1)+^1)1'-I&)#$+,&$*-$*+[MTX60NLO\+
&'+$#$3*^%*,+(#@-'+^-$*$e+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LO+A-)^(+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ >-<1)-%1).+ %*$%&'"+ :1)+ ^1)1'-I&)#$+ ,&$*-$*+ SULO+
[MTX60NLO\+&'+$#$3*^%*,+(#@-'+^-$*$e+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+S+A-)^(+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+
SUSUH++

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+>-<1)-%1).+%*$%&'"+1:+SULO+'1I*9+^1)1'-I&)#$+[SULON
'M1X\+&'+$#$3*^%*,+(#@-'+^-$*$e+&'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LV+_-'#-).+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++
;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ >-<1)-%1).+ %*$%&'"+ $%)-%*".+ )*^1@@*',-%&1'$+ :1)+
MTX60NLOe+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+SS+A-)^(+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

:RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ :+2 :+2 UHIHUHQFH ODERUDWRULHV SURYLGLQJ FRQʈUPDWRU\


%*$%&'"+:1)+MTX60NLOe+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LO+!3)&9+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH++

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+SUSUH+;2T+D&@*9&'*+N+MTX60NLOH+;2T+/*5$9*%%*)H+
!I-&9-<9*+ -%+ (%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a'*5$N)11@a,*%-&9aSVNURNSUSUN5(1N%&@*9&'*NNN^1I&,NLOH+
!^^*$$*,+SU+=*3%*@<*)+SUSUH

:RUOG+HDOWK2UJDQL]DWLRQ :+2 &29,'7DUJHWSURGXFWSURʈOHVIRUSULRULW\


,&-"'1$%&^$+%1+$#331)%+)*$31'$*+%1+%(*+MTX60NLO+3-',*@&^+IHUHL+SUSU+,&@#%-7(&)7-'+PL+
_#9&+SUSUH+D*)$*,&-+,-)&e+(%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a@a&%*@a^1I&,NLON%-)"*%N+3)1,#^%N
SURʈOHVIRUSULRULW\GLDJQRVWLFVWRVXSSRUWUHVSRQVHWRWKHFRYLGSDQGHPLFYH

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+SUSUH+C-%&1'-9+#$*+1:+3*)$1'-9+3)1%*^%&I*+*b#&3@*'%+
[44E\+:1)+^1)1'-I&)#$+,&$*-$*+[MTX60NLO\+SUSU+,&@#%-7(&)7-'+R+!3)&9+SUSUH+D*)$*,&-+,-)&e+
(%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a&a&%*@a)-%&1'-9N#$*N1:N+ 3*)$1'-9N3)1%*^%&I*N*b#&3@*'%N
:1)N^1)1'-I&)#$N,&$*-$*N+[^1I&,NLO\N-',N^1'$&,*)-%&1'$N,#)&'"N$*I*)*N$(1)%-"*$H

:RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQL]DWLRQ :+2   :+2 &29,' &DVH GHʈQLWLRQ 
,&@#%-7(&)7-'+ V+ !"#$%#$+ SUSUH+ D*)$*,&-+ ,-)&e+ (%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a&a&%*@a
:+2Q&R96XUYHLOODQFHB&DVHB'HʈQLWLRQ

;1)9,+2*-9%(+T)"-'&i-%&1'+[;2T\H+SUSU-H+F#&,-'^*+:1)+9-<1)-%1)&*$+$(&33&'"+$3*^&@*'$+
WR :+2 UHIHUHQFH ODERUDWRULHV WKDW SURYLGH FRQʈUPDWRU\ WHVWLQJ IRU &29,' YLUXV
6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+PL+A-)^(+SUSUH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ SUSU-H+ D)-'$@&$$&1'+ 1:+ =!C=NM1XNSe+ &@39&^-%&1'$+


IRULQIHFWLRQSUHYHQWLRQSUHFDXWLRQV:+26FLHQWLʈF%ULHI$YDLODEOHDWKWWSVZZZZKR
&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a&a&%*@a@1,*$N1:N%)-'$@&$$&1'N1:NI&)#$N^-#$&'"N^1I&,NLON&@39&^-%&1'$N:1)N
&3^N3)*^-#%&1'N)*^1@@*',-%&1'$H+!^^*$$*,+SU+=*3%*@<*)+SUSUH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ SUSU<H+ !,I&^*+ 1'+ %(*+ #$*+ 1:+ 31&'%N1:N^-)*+
LPPXQRGLDJQRVWLF WHVWV IRU &29,' :+2 6FLHQWLʈF EULHI$FFHVVHG  -XO\ 
!I-&9-<9*+ -%+ (%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a'*5$N)11@a^1@@*'%-)&*$a,*%-&9a-,I&^*N1'N%(*N#$*N1:N
31&'%N1:N^-)*N&@@#'1,&-"'1$%&^N%*$%$N:1)N^1I&,NLOH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ SUSU<H+ >-<1)-%1).+ <&1$-:*%.+ "#&,-'^*+ )*9-%*,+ %1+
^1)1'-I&)#$+,&$*-$*e+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*Z+LP+A*&+SUSUH+F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SUSUH+++

P E D OM A N
230 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ SUSU^H+ E46+ >1"&$%&^H+ (%%3$eaa555H5(1H&'%a^1#'%)&*$a
*%(a-)*-$a&@@#'&i-%&1'a*3&u91"&$%&^$a*'a&',*KLH(%@9
;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ SUSU^H+ >-<1)-%1).+ <&1$-:*%.+ "#&,-'^*+ )*9-%*,+ %1+
^1)1'-I&)#$+,&$*-$*+[MTX60NLO\H+6'%*)&@+"#&,-'^*+LW+A-.+SUSUH+!I-&9-<9*+-%+(%%3$eaa555H
5(1H&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a&a&%*@a9-<1)-%1).N<&1$-:*%.N"#&,-'^*N)*9-%*,N%1N^1)1'-I&)#$N,&$*-$*N
[^1I&,NLO\H+!^^*$$*,+SU+=*3%*@<*)+SUSUH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ SUSU,H+ 4MC+ 4)1%1^19H+ !I-&9-<9*+ -%+ (%%3$eaa555H
5(1H&'%a3#<9&^-%&1'$a@a&%*@a@19*^#9-)N-$$-.$N%1N,&-"'1$*N^1I&,NLON$#@@-).N%-<9*N1:N
-I-&9-<9*N3)1%1^19$H+!^^*$$*,+SU+=*3%*@<*)+SUSUH

;1)9,+ 2*-9%(+ T)"-'&i-%&1'+ [;2T\H+ X-^^&'*+ A-'-"*@*'%+ 2-',<117+ A1,#9*+ XA2NES+


2T;+DT+AT/6DTC+DEA4EC!DQCE=+6/+D2E+X!MM6/E+=Q44>g+M2!6/+_#9.+SULWH+
F*'*I-e+;2Tj+SULW

;#+ MZ+ M(*'+ dZ+ M-&+ gZ+ *%+ -9H+ C&$7+ G-^%1)$+ !$$1^&-%*,+ 5&%(+ !^#%*+ C*$3&)-%1).+ 0&$%)*$$+
=.',)1@*+ -',+ 0*-%(+ &'+ 4-%&*'%$+ 5&%(+ M1)1'-I&)#$+ 0&$*-$*+ SULO+ 4'*#@1'&-+ &'+ ;#(-'Z+
M(&'-H+]4H4-B3(',3-H'5H+SUSUj+LYU[V\eOPRlORPH+,1&eLUHLUULa8-@-&'%*)'@*,HSUSUHUOOR

;#+ BZ+ A^F11"-'+ _AH+ M(-)-^%*)&$%&^$+ 1:+ -',+ 6@31)%-'%+ >*$$1'$+ :)1@+ %(*+ M1)1'-I&)#$+
0&$*-$*+SULO+[MTX60NLO\+T#%<)*-7+&'+M(&'-e+=#@@-).+1:+-+C*31)%+1:+VS+PLR+M-$*$+:)1@+
%(*+M(&'*$*+M*'%*)+:1)+0&$*-$*+M1'%)19+-',+4)*I*'%&1'H+]4H4H+SUSUjPSP[LP\eLSPOlLSRSH+
,1&eLUHLUULa8-@-HSUSUHS]RY

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
231
-+#%":+'

P E D OM A N
232 P E M E R I KS A A N P C R SA R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
-+#%":+'$""

4*)$.-)-%-'+>-<+4*@*)&7$-+MTX60NLO
(%%3eaa<&%H9.a$.-)-%N9-<N^1I&,NLO

-+#%":+'$"""+

4*)$.-)-%-'+=%-',-)+>-<+J*)"*)-7+#'%#7+MTX60NLO
(%%3eaa<&%H9.a$.-)-%N9-<N^1I&,NLON<*)"*)-7

P E D OM A N
P E M ER I K S A A N P C R S A R S - C oV- 2 B AG I P E T UG A S L A B O R ATO R I UM
233

You might also like