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Progresses and Prospects of Marine Geodetic Datum and Marine Navigation


in China
Yuanxi YANG 1ꎬ2 ꎬTianhe XU 3 ꎬShuqiang XUE 4
1. State Key Laboratory of Geo ̄information Engineeringꎬ Xi’ an 710054ꎬ Chinaꎻ 2. Xi’ an Research Institute of Surveying and
MappingꎬXi’ an 710054ꎬChinaꎻ 3. Institute of Space ScienceꎬShandong UniversityꎬWeihai 264209ꎬChinaꎻ 4. Chinese Academy of
Surveying and MappingꎬBeijing 100830ꎬChina

Abstract: Territorial water is a significant part of national sovereignty of Chinaꎬthus the infrastructures of national space datum and
location services should cover the sea areas except for the land areas.China has established relatively complete geodetic coordinate frame
in land areas over the past decadesꎬincluding the lastest developed China Geodetic Coordinate System 2000 ( CGCS 2000) with its
reference frame and the national gravity datum 2000.Howeverꎬthe currently used geodetic infrastructures have not well covered the sea
areas of China.The marine geodetic datum and marine navigation technologies need to be further developed and extended to satisfy the
national demands of marine environment and resources detectionꎬscientific investigation as well as marine economy development in new
era of China.This paper mainly reviews the development and the progress of Chinese marine geodetic datum and marine navigationꎬ
analyses related key technologies in establishing our national marine geodetic datum. Some current trends and future directions for
independently developing our national marine geodetic datum and marine navigation technologies are discussed.
Key words: marine surveyingꎻgeodesyꎻdatumꎻpositioningꎻunderwater navigation

Citation:Yuanxi YANGꎬ Tianhe XUꎬ Shuqiang XUE. Progresses and Prospects of Marine Geodetic Datum and Marine
Navigation in China[J]. Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Scienceꎬ 2018ꎬ 1(1): 16 ̄24.

After entering the 21st centuryꎬ the USꎬ


1  Introduction
CanadaꎬJapan and other developed countries devel ̄
The ocean has become an important field for human oped and improved their marine geodetic infrastruc ̄
sustainable development and resources exploitation. tures by constructing seafloor geodetic networks with
China is a big marine country with more than advanced technologies [1 ̄3]
.These efforts have greatly
3 000 000 km sea areas and rich marine resources.

promoted the Earth science researches and the moni ̄
To utilize the oceanꎬto enhance the marine economy toring ability of marine geological hazards [4 ̄7] .Mean ̄
developmentꎬto safeguard the maritime rights and in ̄ whileꎬmarine navigation technologies were gradually
terests and to ensure maritime security within the na ̄ innovated to support the security for various ocean
tional watersꎬwe need at first to provide supports to activities.Especially in recent yearsꎬthe US proposed
the maritime transport. In addition we need to a project to investigate the feasibility of developing a
strengthen the scientific research on the marine and global underwater positioning system similar to the
the relevant technology to support the environment GPS ( Global Position System) ꎬby constructing a set
monitoring and marine resources exploring and so of acoustic signal sources on the seafloor to realize
on.These aims and tasks have a wide range of de ̄ the underwater positioning of high precision for
mands in developing the marine geodetic infrastruc ̄ various underwater vehicles without surfacing [8]
.
tures and marine navigation of high precision. It will Techniques of establishing the marine geodetic
be a base for schematizing and performing all datum were developed relatively later compared to
national marine strategies. the ground ̄based datumꎬbut this technique was rap ̄
Received date: 2016 ̄11 ̄26ꎻ accepted date: 2017 ̄03 ̄09
Foundation support: Key R&D Program ‘Marine Geodetic Datum and Navigation Techniques’ (2016YFB0501700)
First author: YuanxiYANG(1956—)ꎬmaleꎬPhDꎬprofessorꎬacademician of Chinese Academy of Sciencesꎬmajors in dynamic geodetic data and satellite
navigation data processing.
Yuanxi YANGꎬet al:Progresses and Prospects of Marine Geodetic Datum and Marine Navigation in China 17

idly developed over the last decades.As early as the etc.As to the underwater positioning and navigationꎬ
end of 1980sꎬscholars had ever considered and pro ̄ nowadays it still seriously relies on the acoustic
posed the conception of constructing the seafloor ge ̄ signals for easily penetrating the water. This is very
odetic control network [9ꎬ10]
ꎬbut nowadaysꎬonly a few different to that of ground ̄based positioning and nav ̄
developed countries have formed the ability and ma ̄ igation based on electromagnetic signals. This differ ̄
ture techniques in establishing and maintaining the ence can lead to a number of new challenges for the
seafloor geodetic stations. As is well knownꎬ the shortages in the acoustic communication and data
marine underwater location is generally based on the transmission.Besidesꎬthere is still a lack of high ̄pre ̄
GNSS / acoustic technique [7ꎬ11 ̄14]
ꎻthus one can estab ̄ cision models that can be applied in the underwater
lish the marine geodetic datum and perform the positioning and navigation with high precision.Just in
over / underwater seamless navigation by acoustic recent yearsꎬ marine navigation instruments have
connection measurements between the sea surface been innovated and hardware instrument series were
GNSS buoys or ship’ s control lines with the seafloor proposed and updated rapidly in the past.New trends
geodetic stations. This has recently become a hot in navigation instrument innovation mainly are of the
topic and frontier research direction in the field of machinery combinationꎬmulti ̄functional integrationꎬ
marine surveyingꎬpositioning and navigation. wide ̄band signalꎻ thusꎬ multi ̄sensor integration has
Since the 1970sꎬthe satellite altimetry has been become a hot direction in seamless over / underwater
utilized to determine the mean sea surface level and positioning and navigation [20ꎬ21] . Nowadaysꎬ widely
marine geoidꎬ and to calculate the marine gravity applied underwater positioning systems are mainly
field by the inversion methods [15ꎬ16]
. The new trends divided into three groupsꎬ the LBL systemꎬ Short
in geodesy are embodied in establishing the ocean baseline system and Ultra ̄Short baseline system
tide model with high precision and high resolutionꎬ [22ꎬ23]
ꎬand there are a series of mature products in a ̄
developing the vertical datum model and realizing broad as well as at home.
the seamless vertical datum transformation of high Differential underwater positioning model is
precision [17]
. By assimilating the observations from helpful to reduce the positioning influences from va ̄
tide gauge stations and the satellite altimetry data to rious systematic errors and spatial correlated errors.
the tide wave modeꎬ the ocean tide model of high This technique uses the single / double differential
precision was realized [18]
. Besidesꎬ scholars also de ̄ observations of acoustic distances from the sea
veloped high ̄precision water ̄level calculation surface acoustic ranging equipment to the seafloor
methods by combining the ocean tide model with the geodetic station to precisely calculate the three ̄di ̄
surrounding tide station observations [19]
. Currentlyꎬ mensional coordinates of the seabed transponders.
the USꎬCanada and other developed countries have The differential technique has been rapidly
made great achievements in the marine vertical concerned and developed since it was proposed [24] .
datum establishmentꎬ unification and transformation During the 1990sꎬBell Aerospace Textron suc ̄
between different vertical datum typesꎬ and this cessfully developed the gravity gradiometer for sub ̄
seems meaningful for reference in developing marine vehicle navigationꎬof which the accuracy for
Chinese marine geodetic datum architecture. both in ̄line and cross gradient measurements was on
Underwater positioning / navigation and marine the order of 1 E ( where E denotes an Eotvos unit of
LBS ( location based services) has gradually become 10 -9 m / s2 ) ꎬ and the navigation precision 62 m / 8 h
more and more significant in implementing the na ̄ were achieved. Lockheed Martin Inc. developed a
tional oceanic developing strategy including various navigation system add ̄on called the Universal
ocean activitiesꎬ securityꎬ rescueꎬ law ̄enforcementꎬ Gravity Module ( UGM ) containing two types of
exploring oceanic resources and protecting the gravity sensors ( a gravimeter and three
oceanic environment as well as disaster mentoringꎬ gradiometers) satisfying the 14 ̄day sub ̄surface nav ̄
18 Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science 2018 First Issue

igation requirement [25ꎬ26] . With the rapid Planꎬ the national geoid model was established by
developments in acoustic positioningꎬ the INS the multi ̄source gravity data fusion [32] .
( Inertial Navigation System) and gravity matching In recent yearsꎬ seamless vertical datum con ̄
navigationꎬ and the multi ̄sensor integrated struction technique becomes a hot topic in marine
underwater navigation are gradually mature and be ̄ geodesy and the relevant issues are gradually con ̄
come a new trend in underwater navigation system cerned by scholars of China [33 ̄40]
. The systematic
development. bias in the mean surface level of China and the
datum difference between the 1985 National Height
2  Research Progresses of China’s Marine
Datum and the Global Quasigeoid were preliminarily
Geodetic Datum
studied [41] . Both the Global height datum and local
As early as in the 1990sꎬChinese scholars initiated height datum unification issues were highly
to discuss the seafloor datum transfer method by recognized and widely discussed [42ꎬ43]
. Under the
combining the shipbone GNSS positioning with the a ̄ support of National 863 Project “ Key technologies of
coustic ranging technique to realize the location and island ( reef) surveying and mapping demonstration
orientation of a seafloor geodetic network [27]
. Subse ̄ applications” ꎬtechnologies for establishing the seam ̄
quentlyꎬChina made a series of satisfactory achieve ̄ less marine vertical datum were developed to realize
ments and progresses in developing the SBL system the marine vertical datum transformation [44ꎬ45] . Ac ̄
and LBL system [28ꎬ29] . Latest studies further cording to an uncompleted statisticꎬthere are at least
discussed the seafloor datum transformation method 70 coastal long ̄term tidal stations in Chinaꎬ they
and the seafloor geodetic network data processing is ̄ have played an important role in determining the
sues for improving the precision of datum definition multi ̄year mean sea level and the seamless chart da ̄
and realizationꎬby improving the array configuration tum as well as in revealing the tidal processes sur ̄
of GNSS buoys or the ship’ s control linesꎬand by u ̄ rounding the China ’ s offshore. Precise ocean tide
sing the free / constrained network adjustment [28ꎬ30]
. model of China was also established by combining
Technical architecture for establishing and multi ̄altimeter data with the coastal long ̄term tidal
maintaining the seafloor geodetic datum and new observation data [18] . Besideꎬby comprehensively uti ̄
models and algorithms for precisely processing the lizing the local tie between the GNSS CORS stations
marine geodetic network are desired to be deeply and and the long ̄term tidal stationsꎬthe precise transfor ̄
systematically studied in the future. mation model between the national height datum and
Over the last two decadesꎬ the precision of the chart datum was established in China [46ꎬ47] .How ̄
marine geoid and ocean tide model covering the everꎬthe precision of the national vertical datum over
China Sea has been greatly improved. The gravity a ̄ the sea area needs to be improved in the futureꎬand
nomaly digital model with resolution 2′ × 2′ was es ̄ the technology for completely realizing and dynami ̄
tablished over the China’ s offshore and Chinese ter ̄ cally maintaining the vertical datum need to be
ritorial watersꎬ and the model precision reaches 3 ̄ further developed.
5mGal.A series of global mean surface height models
3   Progresses in Underwater Positioning
with resolution 2′ × 2′ were realized and the precision
and Navigation Technology in China
was better than 4cm. The trend characters of the
global sea level change over the past sixty years were Over the past two decadesꎬ China made great a ̄
analyzed to quantify the main influence factors. chievements in developing the equipments used in
Global seafloor digital terrain model was obtained by underwater positioning and navigation. In the aspect
applying the ocean inversion approachesꎻ Global of developing underwater acoustic devicesꎬthe tech ̄
ocean tide model of 15′ × 15′ resolution was also es ̄ nical gap between China and developed countries
tablished [31]
. During the 12th National Five ̄Year was gradually reduced. During the 12th Five ̄Year
Yuanxi YANGꎬet al:Progresses and Prospects of Marine Geodetic Datum and Marine Navigation in China 19

Plan of Chinaꎬ the long range and ultra short navigation system [53 ̄58] . The gravity ̄aided navigation
baseline positioning system was successfully devel ̄ system was preliminarily developed and its perform ̄
oped.This system can realize the underwater beacon ance had been passed the marine test [59] . Howeverꎬ
location of 3800m water depth. By combining the most of studies were based on the simulations to vali ̄
GPS technique with acoustic techniqueꎬ the long date the system.There are also explorative studies in
baseline system and the underwater DGPS system the underwater magnetic matching navigation [60 ̄62] ꎬ
were also developed [22ꎬ48ꎬ49]
. GRAT LBL is the first but because of the lack of high ̄resolution
set of underwater positioning system using the radio ̄ geomagnetic dataꎬthe rapid time ̄variation of the ter ̄
controlled GNSS buoys array [50]
. The underwater restrial magnetic field and the easily ̄influenced fea ̄
DGPS system adopts the advanced differential tech ̄ turesꎬthere is still a great gap for practical applica ̄
nique to reduce the acoustic signal accumulated and tions.
systematic errorsꎬ but the positioning performance To summarizeꎬ in the past decades great a ̄
may be limited to the number of the used GNSS bu ̄ chievements have been made not only in developing
oysꎻ meanwhileꎬ the vertical positioning precision a series of underwater navigation equipments but also
needs to be further improved.Although in ideal situa ̄ in developing underwater positioning techniques.
tionsꎬthese systems could be used to achieve under ̄ Howeverꎬthese self ̄developed underwater positioning
water there ̄dimensional positioning and navigation of equipments need to be further improved and
meter ̄level precisionꎬ the overall positioning per ̄ developed in the directions of the product serializa ̄
formanceꎬengineering applications and their practi ̄ tionꎬintegration miniaturization and standardization.
cality need to be further enhanced. As to the aspect The comprehensive marine navigation system inte ̄
of LBL data processingꎬ there are great number of grated with acoustic / gravimetric / inertial sensors
simulation studies and engineering experiences that needs to be developed in the future to realize the
can be referenced in the future studiesꎬsuch as the seamless underwater navigation.
array measuring and calibration technique for the
4  Key Techniques for Developing the
long baseline array [51] . Howeverꎬ there are still a
Marine Geodetic Datum and Under ̄
number of advanced technologies developed in the
last years that need to be further developed by ab ̄
water Positioning and Navigation
sorbing and digesting the new achievements abroad. As the GNSS / acoustic technique is applied to a
Many advancements and experiences in large ̄scaled geodetic network for establishing and
applying the ocean acoustic positioning has been ac ̄ maintaining the marine geodetic datumꎬ or for
cumulated to support the detection of resources over realizing the underwater navigation over a large
the deep ̄sea and shallow waterꎬsuch as the applica ̄ areaꎬ there are still technological bottlenecks that
tions in the oil exploration [52]
. For the OBC ( Ocean need to be further solved [63] ꎬ such as the accurate
Bottom Cable) explorationꎬdeep ̄sea towed ̄streamer corrections for the acoustic ranging with or without
exploration and submarine earthquake data collec ̄ the sound profile data [64 ̄67] .An improved seafloor da ̄
tionsꎬit shows that the acoustic positioning technique tum realization was proposed by optimally designing
can be applied to realize the high precision the GNSS buoy array or the dynamic ship’ s
positioning and navigation for the ships and under ̄ controlled lines to enhance the positioning precision
water vesselsꎬbut the positioning precision in these and to simplify the seafloor data processing models
applications needs to be further enhanced in many and algorithms [29ꎬ68ꎬ69] ꎬ but the vertical positioning
situations. precision needs to be further improved since the re ̄
Recentlyꎬ real ̄time underwater gravimetry and maining systematic errors in acoustic ranging cannot
gravity matching navigation techniques have been be removed by only optimizing the positioning con ̄
widely concerned for supporting the gravity ̄aided figuration only distributed on the sea level [70] .There ̄
20 Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science 2018 First Issue

foreꎬwe need to systematically study and revolute the timetry data need to be integrated to completely
three ̄dimensional seafloor geodetic datum realization realize and dynamically maintain the marine vertical
methodsꎬthe seafloor mark construction schemeꎬthe datum.
facilities maintenance waysꎬ and marine seamless 4.3  Techniques for constructing and maintaining
navigation technologies. the seafloor geodetic stations
4.1  The theories and methodologies for establis ̄ The geodetic reference network optimizationꎬ
hing the marine geodetic datum reference station facilities shelter and maintenanceꎬ
Firstlyꎬwe need to break through the technical bot ̄ as well as location calibrationꎬneeds to be carefully
tlenecks in establishing a dynamic seafloor geodetic consideredꎬsome technical obstacles in the pressure
datum and to make it to be consistent with the terres ̄ protectionꎬ antiseptic treatmentꎬ installation and
trial datum. The corresponding theoriesꎬ models and retrieve for submarine geodetic facilities need also to
methodologies for realizing the marine LBS be studied.Besidesꎬthe way for operating the seafloor
( Location Based Services) need to be studied. The geodetic facilitiesꎬ energy supply and system status
primary task is to study the necessary density and monitoring need to be explored to give a practical
distribution of seafloor geodetic stations to optimally and feasible solution.
allocate the sea surface GNSS buoys and seafloor ref ̄ 4. 4   Techniques for marine gravimetric and
erence stations [71] ꎻThe economic and feasible obser ̄ magnetic matching navigation
vational technique and scheme for the marine There are still key technologies that need to be
geodetic network need to be further developed and solved in developing gravimetric and magnetic matc ̄
innovated. Secondlyꎬ the precision oceanic models hing navigationꎬ such as the determination of the
and techniques for real ̄time correcting the acoustic proper resolution of reference gravity anomaly gridsꎬ
signal propagation errors need to be developed by u ̄ and fast algorithms to match the real ̄time gravimetric
tilizing the global or regional ocean temperature and measurements with the reference gravity
salinity informationꎻSome new models and algorithms anomaly [61ꎬ74]
. As we know that the temporal and
for marine geodetic data processing need also to be spatial magnetic model is the foundation to realize
established for the seafloor geodetic network adjust ̄ the magnetic matching navigation [74] ꎬ and the
ment.At lastꎬthe global and regional marine geodetic precision and reliability of the reference magnetic
observatory network and marine LBS prototype need field model seriously affect and restrict the develop ̄
to be explored to develop a technical architecture ment of magnetic navigationꎬ we need to take the
that serves to marine geodetic datum and rapid time ̄variation characters of the terrestrial mag ̄
marine LBS. netic field and its easily ̄influenced features into ac ̄
4. 2   Techniques and methods for realizing the count. Thereforeꎬ we need to develop some location
land / sea unified and seamless datum correlation matching technique based on the gravi ̄
We need to tackle the problems in precisely establis ̄ metricꎬ magnetic and topographic informationꎬ and
hing the three ̄dimensional seafloor datumꎬin deter ̄ the gravimetric and magnetic matching navigation e ̄
mining the coastal geoid using multi ̄source gravity quipments as well. The integration navigation theory
data fusionꎬand in realizing the marine seamless ver ̄ and methodologies of the gravimetric and magnetic
tical datum. The nonlinearity of short ̄distance equa ̄ sensors with the INS navigation should also be con ̄
tions will be taken into account to reduce the nonlin ̄ sidered for improving the availability and continuity
earity influences [72ꎬ73]
ꎬin order to reduce the uncor ̄ of underwater navigation performanceꎬbased on opti ̄
rected acoustic ranging errorsꎬand perform prior con ̄ mal multi ̄sensor data fusion.
strains especially for stabilizing the vertical 4. 5   Techniques for multi ̄sensor integration
coordinate component. At lastꎬ the CORS stationsꎬ navigation and multi ̄source data fusion
long ̄term tidal stationsꎬGNSS buoys and satellite al ̄ Integrating the multi sensors and the multi ̄source
Yuanxi YANGꎬet al:Progresses and Prospects of Marine Geodetic Datum and Marine Navigation in China 21

data fusion are the keys in realizing the marine maintaining the seafloor reference facilities and those
seamless navigation of high precision. The multi ̄ in the marine multi ̄sensor positioning and
sensor integration navigation equipment should be navigationꎬ we need independently develop the
smart and tightly integrated [75] ꎻMulti sensors should national marine geodetic datum of high precision and
be meet the compatibility and interoperability [76]
ꎬ the technical architecture for developing the national
while multi ̄source navigation data fusion should be marine location based services. For supporting the
realized adaptively to provide users intelligent serv ̄ national Maritime Silk Roadꎬ marine resources
ices.Beside thisꎬwe need to develop calibration plat ̄ exploitationꎬnational ocean right and interestsꎬ sub ̄
form and techniques for independently developing marine vehicle navigation and maritime navigation
the underwater positioning and navigation safetyꎬ we recommend to independently develop the
equipments and multi ̄source data processing soft ̄ national marine positioning and navigation
ware. equipments and the advanced calibration platformꎬ
4.6  Development of polar navigation techniques and then we need to develop the global / regional lo ̄
In the polar region of the Earthꎬthe GNSS positioning cation based service frameꎬ technical architecture
geometry is very poor and the GNSS signal may be and standards.
greatly affected by the ionosphereꎬ thus the Besidesꎬ the technique advancement in the
positioning performance may become worse relative marine geodetic datum and submarine navigation can
to that in mid and low ̄latitude areasꎻmeanwhileꎬthe greatly promote developments in marine scienceꎬand
INS navigation may be invalidated and easy to lose it has a wide application prospects in monitoring the
the direction more occasionally than other areas [77] ꎻ changes of seafloor sediments in specific sea areaꎬ
the magnetic navigation is also difficult to be per ̄ obtaining the seafloor spreading and plate
formed in the polar areas. Thereforeꎬ faced to the movementꎬpreventing and reducing the oceanic dis ̄
polar navigationꎬthe multi ̄source data fusion and the asters.
positioning performance analysis are also worthy of
study.
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