LCDCGCO
‗ICQC L@LX@Q[COCNDCN D@LCLXPCN CKG XCKC
GCNYMC“

KFY@N
KFY@N X
X@LA
@LAMLA
MLAMNE
MNE 2
Bcn` Dfgflpfy, YDL. L.D`s

KMYPYPN FG@O 2
D`gflpfd 9

3. Nfjr
Nfjrms
msd`
d` MMsr
src`
c`gg
1. [mrs
[mrscc I. Lc
Lcdc
dcg`
g`w
w
9. Xrm
Xrmsm
smgm
gmcc [c
[ccr
crcp
cp``

XFG[@DD@Y D@L@ND@Y LCNCKF

XQFKM KMMM D@X@QCUC[CN 1C
[.C 183=/1818
 

DC[C X@NECN[CQ 

Xubm
Xubm syud
syudur
ur p`
p`ny
nyus
usun
un pc
pcnb
nbct
ctdc
dcn
n d`
d`oc
ockm
kmrc
rctt [uoc
[uocn
n ]cne
]cne Lcoc
Lcoc @sc
@sc yc
ycne
ne t`
t`gc
gco
o
l`la`r
l`la`rmdc
mdcn
n cnue`r
cnue`rco
co d`pckc
d`pckc dclm
dclm d`gflp
d`gflpfd
fd = untud
untud kcpct
kcpct l`nyus
l`nyusun
un lcdcgc
lcdcgco
o ycne
ycne
 a`rbukug ‗ICQC L@LX@Q[COCNDCN D@LCLXPCN CKG XCKC GCNYMC“

Lcdcgc
Lcdcgco
o mnm kmsusu
kmsusun
n a`rkcs
a`rkcscrd
crdcn
cn ocsmg
ocsmg kctc-kc
kctc-kctc
tc kcrm
kcrm l`kmc
l`kmc `g`dtr
`g`dtrfnm
fnmd
d a`rupc
a`rupc
Mnt`rn`t kcn l`kmc i`tcd.

X`ny
X`nyus
usun
un a`
a`ro
rocrc
crcp
p lcdc
lcdcgc
gco
o mn
mnmm kc
kcpc
pctt a`
a`rl
rlcn
cnjc
jcct
ct un
untu
tud
d dm
dmtc
tc s`
s`lu
lucc kc
kcgc
gcl
l
l`nclaco p`ne`tcoucn ctcu wcwcscn. X`nyusun sckcr lcdcgco mnm a`gulgco s`lpurnc
lcdc kcrm mtu p`nyusun scnect l`neocrcpdcn drmtmd kcn scrcn l`lacneun kcrm p`lacic
cecr lcdcgco ycne dclm auct d`k`pcnnyc g`amo acmd.

Lcn
Lcnck
ckf
f, 85 Ceu
Ceustu
stus 181
818
8
X`nyusun

D`gflpfd =
 

KCJ[CQ MYM

OCGCLCN BPKPG ............................................

..................................................................
..............................................................m
........................................m

DC[C X@NECN[CQ ............................................

..................................................................
............................................
......................................
................mm
mm

KCJ[CQ MYM …………………………………………………………………………….mmm

ACA M 2 X@NKCOPGPCN

3.3 Gcntcr A`gcdcne Lcscgco..................................

Lcscgco........................................................
......................................................
................................33

3.1 Quluscn Lcscgco..........................................

Lcscgco................................................................
............................................
....................................1
..............1

3.9 [ubucn X`lacocscn......................

X`lacocscn.............................................
.............................................
....................................................1
..............................1

ACA MM 2 X@LACOCYCN

C. Dfns`p Gcnsmc…………………………………………………...………..….….... 9

A. X`ne`rtmcn CKG…………….……………………………….…….…….……..…..;

I. D`s`octcn Bcslcnm............................................
Bcslcnm..................................................................
........................................................5
..................................5

K. D`t`ntucn kcn p`rsycrctcn fgcorcec pckc gcnsmc……………………………………..?

@. Fgcorcec s`ncl gcnsmc……………………………………………….………………=

2 X@NP[PX
ACA MMM 2 

C. D`smlpugcn…………………………………………………………………..…..3;

A. Ycrcn……………………………………………………………………………..3;

KCJ[CQ XPY[CDC
 

ACA M
X@NKCOPGPCN

C. Gc
Gctc
tcrr A
A`g
`gcd
cdcn
cne
e

Yc
Ycgc
gco
o sc
sctu
tu mnkm
mnkmdc
dctf
tfrr utcl
utclcc tmne
tmnedc
dctt d`
d`s`
s`oc
octc
tcn
n lcsy
lcsycr
crcd
cdct
ct ck
ckcg
cgco
co
l`nmnedctnyc usmc ocrcpcn omkup. K`necn l`nmnedctnyc usmc ocrcpcn omkup, a`crtm
s`lcd
s`lcdmn
mn ac
acny
nycd
cd p`
p`nk
nkuk
ukud
ud gcnb
gcnbut
ut us
usmc
mc (gcn
(gcnsm
smc).
c). L`nu
L`nuru
rutt [mtu
[mtus,
s, d`
d`tu
tucc ulul
ulul
G`lacec Gcnbut Psmc Mnkfn`smc, kcgcl Dflpcs 9 K`s`la`r 188?, Gcnsmc ckcgco
wcrec ycne a`rusmc km ctcs :8 tcoun. Xckc tcoun 1818 bulgco Gcnsmc kmprfy`dsmdcn
l`nicpcm s`dmtcr 98 butc bmwc ctcu 33,0% kcrm tftcg pfpugcsm. Ycct mnm km Mnkfn`smc
t`rkcpct s`dmtcr 3? butc bmwc Gcnsmc. Bulgco mnm l`rupcdcn 5,?% kcrm tftcg pfpugcsm.
Y`acnycd 10% Gcnsmc l`nk`rmtc p`nycdmt k`e`n`rctmj kcn omkup t`recntune pckc
frcne
frcne gcm
gcmn.
n. Y`dmtc
Y`dmtcrr ==% kmcntc
kmcntcrcn
rcnyc
yc l`ned
l`nedfns
fnsuls
ulsmm fact
fact kcn s`acem
s`acemcn
cn a`scr 
a`scr 
l`neocamsdcn omkupnyc k`necn a`rmstmrcoct, tcnpc a`rauct cpc-cpc.
Ycct mnm s`icrc `dfnflm amcyc tcouncn untud p`rcwctcn d`s`octcn Gcnsmc
iudup tmneem.
tmneem. Amcyc mnm s`lcdmn
s`lcdmn l`nmnedct
l`nmnedct cpcamgc usmc ocrcpcn omkup
omkup a`rtclaco.
a`rtclaco.
Fgcorcec g`amo lurco amcycnyc amgc kmacnkmnedcn k`necn amcyc p`nefactcn Gcnsmc.
Gcnbut
Gcnbut usmc
usmc s`rmne
s`rmne kmdcmt
kmdcmtdcn
dcn k`necn
k`necn usmc
usmc ycne
ycne sukco
sukco tmkcd
tmkcd prfkud
prfkudtmj,
tmj, acodcn
acodcn
kmcsulsmdcn l`nbckm a`acn acem ycne a`rusmc prfkudtmj. Ocg mnm t`rbckm dcr`nc pckc
Gcnsmc
Gcnsmc s`icrc
s`icrc jmsmfgf
jmsmfgfems
ems t`rbckm
t`rbckm d`lunk
d`lunkurc
urcn
n junesm
junesm-jun
-junesm
esm kcgcl
kcgcl tuauo
tuauo ycne
ycne
l`ny`acadcn Gcnsmc r`ntcn t`rd`nc ecneeucn d`s`octcn. Nclun k`lmdmcn, lcsmo
 acnycd Gcnsmc ycne durcne cdtmj s`icrc jmsmd. A`a`rcpc ocg ycne kmkuec l`nbckm
 p`ny`acanyc ckcgco durcnenyc p`ne`tcoucn t`ntcne lcnjcct cdtmvmtcs jmsmd,
s`a`rcpc acnycd kcn cpc b`nms cdtmvmtcs jmsmd ycne ocrus kmgcdudcn, t`rgcgu smaud 
s`omne
s`omneec
ec tmkcd
tmkcd l`lpu
l`lpunyc
nycmm wcdtu
wcdtu untud
untud l`gcdu
l`gcdudcn
dcn fgcorc
fgcorcec,
ec, s`rtc
s`rtc durcne
durcnenyc
nyc
kudunecn kcrm gmnedunecn sfsmcg.
X`ne`tcoucn t`ntcne pfgc omkup s`oct kcpct l`ni`eco tmlaugnyc a`racecm
 p`nycdmt. Acem Gcnsmc ycne l`nk`rmtc ecneeucn p`nycdmt, p`n`rcpcn pfgc omkup
s`oct s`sucm k`necn b`nms p`nycdmtnyc cdcn scnect l`lacntu l`nefntrfg p`nycdmt
ycne kmk`rmtc, ycne pckc cdomrnyc kcpct l`nmnedctdcn ducgmtcs omkup l`r`dc. Cecr 
t`tcp
t`tcp cd
cdtm
tmjj sclpc
sclpcmm tu
tuc,
c, s`bcd
s`bcd lukc
lukc s`
s`s`
s`fr
frcn
cne
e p`
p`rg
rgu
u l`n`
l`n`rc
rcpd
pdcn
cn d`
d`lu
lukm
kmcn
cn
l`lp`rtcocndcn pfgc omkup s`oct k`necn l`nedfnsulsm lcdcncn ycne a`remzm
s`mlacne, l`gcdudcn cdtmvmtcs jmsmd/fgcorcec s`icrc a`ncr kcn t`rctur kcn tmkcd 
l`rfdfd 
 

Xfgc omkup tmkcd cdtmj ( s`k`ntcry)

 s`k`ntcry) kmd`tcoum acnycd l`nmlaugdcn a`acecm
d`guocn.
d`guocn. Cdtmj a`rfgcorcec
a`rfgcorcec l`rupcdcn acemcn pfgc omkup s`oct ycne s`acmdnyc
s`acmdnyc
kmgcdu
kmgcdudcn
dcn s`bcd
s`bcd usmc
usmc lukc
lukc sclpcm
sclpcm Gcnsmc.
Gcnsmc. Crtmd`
Crtmd`gg mnm cdcn
cdcn l`laco
l`lacocs
cs t`ntcn
t`ntcne
e
cdtmvmtcs jmsmd ctcu fgcorcec pckc Gcnsmc a`s`rtc lcnjcctnyc s`omneec l`nbckmdcn
Gcnsmc s`acecm mnkmvmku ycne lcnkmrm, s`oct kcn t`tcpcdtmj.

A. Qulu
Qulusc
scn
n Lcs
Lcscg
cgco
co

3. B`gcsdc
B`gcsdcn
n cpc ycne
ycne kmlcdsu
kmlcdsuk
k k`necn
k`necn CKG6
CKG6

1. B`gcsdcn
B`gcsdcn cpc
cpc ycne
ycne kmlcdsu
kmlcdsuk
k k`necn
k`necn d`s`octcn
d`s`octcn bcslcnm
bcslcnm 6

9. B`gcsdcn
B`gcsdcn d`t`ntu
d`t`ntucn
cn kcn
kcn p`rsycrctcn
p`rsycrctcn fgcrcec
fgcrcec pckc
pckc gcnsmc
gcnsmc

;. B`gcsdc
B`gcsdcn
n t`ntcn
t`ntcne
e fgcrce
fgcrcecc s`ncl
s`ncl pckc
pckc gcnsmc
gcnsmc

I. [ubucn

3. Pntud
Pntud l`ne`
l`ne`tco
tcoum
um cpc ycne
ycne kmlcd
kmlcdsuk
suk k`ne
k`necn
cn CKG

1. Pntud
Pntud l`ne`tcoum
l`ne`tcoum cpc ycne
ycne kmlcdsuk
kmlcdsuk k`necn
k`necn d`s`octcn
d`s`octcn bcslcnm
bcslcnm

9. Pntud
Pntud l`ne`tco
l`ne`tcoum
um d`t`ntuc
d`t`ntucn
n kcn p`rsycrctcn
p`rsycrctcn fgcrcec
fgcrcec pckc
pckc gcnsmc
gcnsmc

;. Pntud
Pntud l`ne`t
l`ne`tcoum
coum t`ntcne
t`ntcne fgcrcec
fgcrcec s`ncl pckc gcnsmc
 

ACA MM

X@LACOCYCN

C. Gcnsmc

3. X`ne
X`ne`r
`rtm
tmcn
cn G
Gcn
cnsm
smc
c

Gcnsmc s`icrc p`rgcocn cdcn l`necgclm p`nuruncn bcrmnecn, s`omneec gcnsmc

scnect a`r`smdf t`rs`rcne p`nycdmt, lukco t`rs`rcne mnj`dsm kcn ecneeucn kcrm gucr 
(Xckmgc, 1839). L`nbckm tuc ckcgco kmlcnc prfs`s omgcnenyc d`lclpucn bcrmnecn
s`icrc p`rgcocn s`omneec usmc-usmc mtu lukco s`dcgm t`rs`rcne mnj`dsm (Lubcomkuggco,
1831). L`nurut Kcrlcntf (1830) lcyfrmtcs gcnsmc a`rulur :8-5; tcoun cdcn lugcm
l`necgclm p`ruacocn jmsmd lcupun psmdms. Dfnkmsm d`s`octcn jmsmd cdcn l`necgclm
d`lunkurcn s`bcd l`lcsudm jcs` gcnsmc (Dunkcrm,1839)

1. Actc
Actcsc
scn
n usmc
usmc gcnb
gcnbut
ut
3) L`nur
L`nurut
ut (K`p
(K`pd`
d`s,
s,18
1838
38))
D`gflpfd usmc gcnbut ckcgco d`gflpfd ycne a`rusmc :8 tcoun d`ctcs
ycne km efgfnedcn l`nbckm 9, ycmtu2
c. D`gf
D`gflp
lpfd
fd gcns
gcnsmc
mc kmnm
kmnm (u
(usmc
smc;0
;0-7:
-7:8t
8tco
coun
un)) l`ru
l`rupc
pcdc
dcn
n d`
d`gf
gflp
lpfd
fd pr
prcc
gcnsmc ctcu ycne acru l`lcsudm jcs` gcnsmc.
 a. D`gflpfd gcnsmc (usmc :8-58tcoun).
i. D`gflpfd
D`gflpfd ycne
ycne a`r`smdf
a`r`smdf tmneem
tmneem ycmtu gcnsmc
gcnsmc ycne g`amo
g`amo a`rusmc
a`rusmc 58 tcoun.
tcoun.
1) L`nur
L`nurut
ut UOF(
UOF(18
1838
38))
X`lacemcn usmc kmacem l`nbckm `lpct acemcn, ycmtu 2
c. Psmc
Psmc p`rt
p`rt`n
`nec
ecoc
ocn
n (lmkkg` ce`)
ce`) ycmtu d`gflpfd usmc ;0-0= tcoun

 a. Gcnsmc (`gk`rgy

(`gk`rgy)) d`gflpfd usmc :8-58 tcoun.

i. Gcnsmc tuc (v`ry fgk ) d`gflpfd usmc 58-=8 tcoun.

k. Psmc kmctcs =8 tcoun.

9. D`cd
D`cdtm
tmjc
jcn
n gcns
gcnsmc
mc
D`cdtmjcn
D`cdtmjcn gcnsmc l`lpunycm
l`lpunycm crtm sclc k`necn l`nb`glcdcn
l`nb`glcdcn p`rcsccn
p`rcsccn s`rtc
 pmdmrcn s`icrc spfntcn ctcu s`s`frcne ycne l`lmgmdm d`emctcn ycne l`lauct
 

frcne t`rs`aut smaud (K`pkmdncs, 1838). [`rkcpct kuc efgfnecn cdtmvmtcs, ycmtu 2

3) Efgf
Efgfne
necn
cn yc
ycne
ne cd
cdtm
tmj 
j 
c. X`ne`tcoucn (dnfwg`ke`
dnfwg`ke`)) l`ru
l`rupc
pcdc
dcn
n s`
s`su
suct
ctu
u kf
kflm
lmnc
ncn
n yc
ycne
ne sc
scne
nect
ct
 p`ntmne kcgcl l`la`ntud tmnkcdcn s`s`frcne.
 a. Ymdcp (cttmtuk`
cttmtuk`)) l`ru
l`rupc
pcdc
dcn
n r`
r`cd
cdsm
sm s`a`gu
s`a`gul
l tmnk
tmnkcd
cdcn
cn ct
ctcu
cu ck
ckcn
cnyc
yc
d`s`kmccn untuda`rtmnkcd.
i. [mnkcdcn ( prcitmi`
 prcitmi`)) l`rupcdcn tmnkcdcn s`t`gco l`ne`tcoum cpc ycne
t`gco km t`rmlc ckcgco acmd. (Nftfctlfkbf, 1838)
1) Efgf
Efgfne
necn
cn tmk
tmkcd
cd cdt
cdtmj 
mj 
]cmt
]cmtu
u ef
efgf
gfne
necn
cn yc
ycne
ne g`dc
g`dcss l`ne
l`necg
cgco
co ct
ctcu
cu pu
putu
tuss csc,
csc, s`luc
s`luc lcsc
lcscgco
gco
kmcneecp a`rct kcn pcnkcnecn s`lpmt (Yurycarctc, 188:).

A. CKG (Citmvmtm`s KcmgyGmvmne)
3. D`lc
D`lcnk
nkmr
mrmc
mcn
n CKG
CKG
D`lcnkmrmcn a`rcrtm ocg ctcu d`ckccn s`s`frcne ycne kcpct a`rkmrm
s`nkmrm tcnpc acntucn frcne gcmn. Dctc d`lcnkmrmcn a`rcscg kcrm dctc kmrm ycne
l`nkcpct cwcgcn d`- kcn cdomrcn ’cn ycne d`lukmcn l`la`ntud suctu dctc
d`ckccn ctcu dctc a`nkc (Acocrc, 188?). D`lcnkmrmcn ckcgco d`ckccn s`s`frcne
ycne kcpct l`n`ntudcn kmrm s`nkmrm kmlcnc kcpct a`rkmrm s`nkmrm, s`omneec kcpct
l`n`ntudcn
l`n`ntudcn kmrm s`nkmrm
s`nkmrm ycne kmnyctcdcn
kmnyctcdcn kcgcl tmnkcdcn kcn p`rmgcdu
p`rmgcdu ycne
kcpct
kcpct kmnmgc
kmnmgcmm (Y`tmc
(Y`tmcwcn
wcn,18
,188?)
8?).. Pntud
Pntud l`n`tc
l`n`tcpdc
pdcn
n cpcdco
cpcdco junesm
junesm t`rs`a
t`rs`aut
ut
lcnk
lcnkmrm
mrm ctcu
ctcu k`
k`p`
p`nk
nk`n
`n (y
(ycm
cmtu
tu l`lp
l`lp`rg
`rgmo
moct
ctdc
dcn
n tmne
tmnedc
dctt d`
d`t`r
t`rec
ecnt
ntun
unec
ecn)
n)
kmt`rcnedcn stcnkcrt s`acecm a`rmdut 2
3) Lcnkm
D`lclpucn dgm`n untud l`neefsfd / l`la`rsmodcn s`nkmrm s`guruo acemcn
tuauonyc. Kmdctcdcn lcnkmrm cpcamgc dgm`n kcgcl l`gcdudcn cdtmvmtcs mnm
ocnyc l`l`rgudcn acntucn s`lmscg l`la`rsmodcn ackcn km acemcn t`rt`ntu.
Kmdctcdcn k`p`nk`n bmdc dgm`n l`l`rgudcn acntucn untud l`gcdudcn g`amo
kcrm sctu acemcn ackcnnyc.
1) A`rp
A`rpcd
cdcm
cmcn
cn
Kmdctcdcn lcnkmrm cpcamgc kcpct l`neclamg pcdcmcn km kcgcl g`lcrm kcn
l`ne`n
l`ne`ncdc
cdcn
n pcdcmc
pcdcmcnny
nnycc s`nkmrm
s`nkmrm,, l`necn
l`necnimn
imnedc
edcn
n ctcu r`sg`t
r`sg`tmne
mne pcdcmcn
pcdcmcn
s`nkmrm.
 

9) [fmg`t
Gcnsmc kmdctcdcn lcnkmrm cpcamgc lclpu d` tfmg`t s`nkmrm, a`rcnbcd d` dgfs`t
kcn l`la`rsmodcn frecn `dsdr`sm. Kmdctcdcn k`p`nk`n cpcamgc l`l`rgudcn
 pmspft.
;) [rc
rcn
nsj
sj``rm
rmn
n
Kmdctcdcn lcnkmrm cpcamgc kcpct ncmd turun s`nkmrm d`/kcrm t`lpct tmkur, kcn
l`l`rgudcn acntucn a`rsmjct l`dcnms. K`p`nk`n amgc s`gcgu l`l`rgudcn
 acntucn untud d`emctcnt`rs`aut.
0) Dfnt
Dfntmn
mn`n
`nsm
smcc
Lcnkmrm amgc lclpu ACA kcn ACD s`icrc lcnkmrm, kcn t`rlcsud k`p`nk`n
 bmdc scgco sctu ctcu d`kucnyc l`l`rgudcn cgct acntu.
:) Lcdcn
Kmdctcd
Kmdctcdcn
cn lcnkmr
lcnkmrmm bmdc
bmdc lclpu
lclpu l`nyuc
l`nyucp
p lcdcn,
lcdcn, l`necl
l`neclamg
amg kcrm
kcrm pmrmne
pmrmne
s`icrc lcnkmrm ([clo`r & Nffrdcsmcnm,188=).

1. Jcdtfr-j
Jcdtfr-jcdtf
cdtfrr ycne
ycne l`lp`
l`lp`necr
necruom
uom d`lcnkmrm
d`lcnkmrmcn
cn
L`nurut O`rycntm (183;) jcdtfr-jcdtfr ycne l`lp`necruom d`lcnkmrmcn
cntcrc gcmn 2
3) Psmc
Gcns
Gcnsmc
mc yc
ycne
ne sukc
sukco
o l`lc
l`lcsu
sudm
dm us
usmc
mc 58 tc
tcou
oun,
n, mc
mcgc
gco
o gc
gcns
nsmc
mc yc
ycne
ne
 a`r`smdf tmneem. Amcscnyc cdcn l`necgclm p`nurucn kcgcl a`racecm ocg
t`rlcsud tmnedct d`lcnkmrmcn kcgcl l`gcdudcn d`emctcn s`ocrm-ocrm.
1) X`nk
`nkmkmd
mkmdcn
cn
D`lcnkmrmcn pckc gcnsmc kcpct km p`necruom fg`o p`nkmkmdcn gcnsmc,
 buec fg`o ecneeucn s`nsfrm doususnyc p`negmoctcn kcn p`nk`necrcn,
kmp`necruom pugc fg`o p`nuruncn d`lclpucn junesmfncg. X`nkmkmdcn ycne
g`amo tmneem pckc s`s`frcne cdcn lclpu l`lp`rtcocndcn omkupnyc g`amo
gclc kcn kcpct l`lp`rt
rtccocndcn d`lclpucn junesmncg kcn
d`lcn
`lcnkm
kmrm
rmcn
cnn
nyc bue
buec g`am
g`amo
o gc
gcl
lc dc
dcr`
r`nc
nc i`n
i`nk`
k`ru
run
ne l`gc
l`gcdu
dud
dcn
 p`l`gmocrccn kcn upcyc p`ni`ecocn pckc d`s`octcnnyc
d`s`octcnnyc
Jcdtfr
Jcdtfr-jcd
-jcdtfr
tfr gcmn
gcmn ycne
ycne l`lp`n
l`lp`necr
ecruom
uom d`lnkm
d`lnkmrmcn
rmcn gcnsmc
gcnsmc ckcgco
ckcgco
s`acecm a`rmdut 2
3) Dfnk
Dfnkms
msmm d`s`o
d`s`oct
ctcn
cn
Gcnsmc ycne l`lmgmdm tmnedct d`lcnkmrmcn ycne tmneem ckcgco gcnsmc
ycne s`icrc jmsmd kcn psmdms l`lmgmdm d`s`octcn ycne iudup prmlc.
 

D`lcnkmrmcn
D`lcnkmrmcn acem s`frcne
s`frcne gcnsmc kcpct kmgmoct
kmgmoct kcrm ducgmtcs d`s`octcn
s`omneec kcpct l`gcdudcn Cdtmjmtcs D`omkupcn Y`ocrm-ocrm (CDY).
1) Dfnk
Dfnkms
msm`
m`df
dfnf
nflm
lm
Gcnbut usmc ycne lcnkmrm pckc dfnkmsm `dfnflm s`kcne cdcn
l`ny`sucmdcn d`lacgm k`necn dfnkmsm ycne l`r`dc cgclm s`dcrcne,
lmscgnyc
lmscgnyc p`ruacocn
p`ruacocn ecyc omkup.
omkup. K`necn
K`necn a`rdurcnen
a`rdurcnenyc
yc p`nkcpctcn
p`nkcpctcn
s`t`gco p`nsmun, l`r`dc k`necn t`rpcdsc ocrus l`neo`ntmdcn d`emctcn
ycne kmcneecp l`neoclaurdcn ucne (Ourgfid, 188?).
9) Dfnkms
Dfnkmsmm sfsm
sfsmcg
cg kcnd`g
kcnd`gucr
ucrec
ec
Dfnkmsm p`ntmne ycne l`nunbcne d`acocemccn acem gcnsmc ckcgco
l`nmdlctmd`
l`nmdlctmd`emctcn
emctcnsfsmcgy
sfsmcgycnek
cnekmgcdud
mgcdudcnk`n
cnk`necnd`
ecnd`rcact
rcact,d`guc
,d`gucrec,k
rec,kcn
cn t`lcn-
t`lcn (Ourgfid,188?).

9. X`ne
X`ne`r
`rtm
tmcn
cn CKG
CKG ( Citmvmtm`s
 Citmvmtm`s KcmgyGmvmne 
KcmgyGmvmne )
Cdtmvmtcs d`omkupcn ocrmcn ctcu CKG ( Citmvmtm`s Kcmgy Gmvmne ) ckcgco
cdtmvmtcs pfdfd acem p`rcwctcn kmrm cntcrc gcmn 2 lcdcn, lmnul, lcnkm, tfmg`tmne,
 a`rpcdcmcn, kcn a`rpmnkco t`lpct. X`nmgcmcn CKG p`ntmne kcgcl p`nmgcmcn g`v`g
 acntucn acem gcnsmc k`necn tmnedct d`t`recntunecn p`nuo ctcu s`kcne ([clo`r 
& Nffrdcsmcnm, 188=).
CKG ( Citmvmtm`s
 Citmvmtm`s Kcmgy Gmvmne ) ycmtu d`t`rclpmgcn kcscr ycne ocrus
kmlmgm
kmlmgmdm
dm fg`o
fg`o s`s`frc
s`s`frcne
ne kcgcl
kcgcl l`rcwc
l`rcwctt kmrmny
kmrmnyc,
c, l`gmpu
l`gmputm
tm pcdcmc
pcdcmcn,
n, lcdcn,
lcdcn,
lmnul, tfmg`tmne, lcnkm kcn a`romcs (@dcscrm, Qmcslmnm & Ocrtmnm, 183?).

;. X`neu
X`neudur
durcn
cn d`lcn
d`lcnkmr
kmrmcn
mcn pckc
pckc CKG
CKG ( Citmvmtm`s
 Citmvmtm`s KcmgyGmvmne )
X`nedcbmcn CKG ( Citmvmtm`s Kcmgy Gmvmne ) p`ntmne untud l`ne`tcoum
tmnedct d`t`recntunecn ycne km p`rgudcn gcnsmc kcgcl d`omkupcn s`ocrm- ocrm.
X`neud
X`neudurc
urcn
n d`lcnk
d`lcnkmrm
mrmcn
cn CKG ( Citmvmtm`s
 Citmvmtm`s Kcmgy Gmvmne ) pc
pckc
kc gc
gcns
nsmc
mc kc
kcpc
pctt
l`neeu
l`neeuncd
ncdcn
cn Mnk`ds
Mnk`ds Acrto`
Acrto`g.
g. Mnk`ds
Mnk`ds Acrto`
Acrto`gg untud
untud l`neud
l`neudur
ur d`lcnk
d`lcnkmrmc
mrmcn
n
junesmfncg
junesmfncg kcgcl p`rcwctcn
p`rcwctcn kmrm kcn lfamgmtcs.
lfamgmtcs. Lcf(1838)
Lcf(1838) l`neuned
l`neunedcpdcn
cpdcn
 acowc mnk`ds Acrto`g kcpct kmeuncdcn s`acecm drmt`rmc kcgcl l`nmgcm
d`lclpucn junesmfncg t`rutclc pckc gcnsmc.
 

[ca`g 1.3 Mnk`ds acrto`g l`nurut D`l`nd`s QM (1835)

 Nf Junesm Ydfr D`t`rcnecn Ocsmg

3 L`ne
L` ne`n
`nkc
kcgmd
gmdcn
cn rcne
rcnesc
scne
ne 8 [mkcd
mkcd t`rd
t`rd`n
`nkc
kcggm/tc
m/tcd 
d 
ACA t`rctur 
(p`rgu p`nicocr 
3 Dckcne-dckcne tcd  
t`rd`nkcgm
1 (3x / lmneeu )
[`rd`nkcgm t`rctur 
1 L`ne`n
L`ne`nkc
kcgmd
gmdcn
cn rcne
rcnesc
scne
ne 8 [cd t`rd`nkcgm / pcdcm dct`t`r 
ACD 
3 Dckcne-dckcne tcd  
t`rd`nkcgm
1 (ocnyc 3 x 1; bcl)
Lcnkmrm
9 L`la`rsmodcn kmrm 8 Autuo p`rtfgfnecn frcne gcmn
(l`niuim
wcbco, l`nymd
mdcct eme
mem,
m, 3 Lcnkmrm
d`rclcs,
l`niudur dulms)
; X`neeuncc
X`neeunccnn UI )d`guc
)d`gucr 
r  8 [`recntune p`rtfgfnecn
lcsu
csud UI,UI, l`g `g`p
`pcs
cs / frcne gcmn
l`lcdc
l`l cdcmm i`gcnc
i`gcnc,, i`afd,
i`afd, 3 X`rgu p`rtfgfnecn pckc
l`nymrcl) 1  a`a`rcpc d`emctcn ycne gcmn
Lcnkmrm
0 Lcdcn lmnul (bmdc 8 [mkcd lclpu
lcdcncn X`rgu kmtfgfne
ocrusa`rupcpftfnecnkmcn 3 l`lftfne
eecp kmacntu) 1 lcdcncn
Lcnkmrm
: A`re`rcd kcrm dursm rfkc d`   8 [mkcd lclpu
t`lpct tmkur kcn s`acgmdnyc   3 X`rgu acnycd acntucn untud
 amsc
(t`rlcsud kukud km t`lpct kukud (1 frcne)
tmkur)   1 Acntucn lmnmlcg 3 frcne
9 Lcnkmrm
5 A`rbcgcn km t`lpct rctc 8 [mkcd lclpu
(ctcu bmdc
tmkcd amsc a`rbcgcn, 3 Amsc pmnkco k`necn dursm
l`nbcgcndcn rfkc
dursm rfkc)   1 A`rbcgcn k`necn acntucn 3
frcne
9 Lcnkmrm
? A`rpcdcmcn 8 [`recntune frcne gcmn

(t`rlcsud 
l`lcscne tcgm 3 Y`acemcn kmacntu
s`pctu,
l`ne`nicnedcn scaud)   1 Lcnkmrm
=  Ncmd turun tcneec   8 [mkcd lclpu
3 Autuo p`rtfgfnecn
1 Lcnkmrm
38 Lcnkm   8 [`recntune frcne gcmn
3 Lcnkmrm
[ftcg
Ydfr Mnk`ds Acrto`g (nmgcm CDY)

18 2 Lcnkmrm(C)
 

31 ’ 3= 2 D`t`recntunecn rmnecn

(A) = ’ 33 2 D`t`recntunecn s`kcne

(A) 0 ’ ? 2 D`t`recntunecn A`rct(K)

8’; 2 D`t`recntunecn tftcg(I)

I. D`s`
D`s`oc
octc
tcn
n Bcsl
Bcslcn
cnmm

3. X`ne`
X`ne`rtm
rtmcn
cn D
D`s`
`s`oct
octcn
cn Bcsl
Bcslcnm
cnm

D`s`oc
D`s`octcn
tcn bcslcn
bcslcnmm l`nbck
l`nbckmm acemcn
acemcn kcrm
kcrm k`jmnm
k`jmnmsm
sm s`oct
s`oct kcgcl
kcgcl Pnkcne
Pnkcne--
Pnkcne D`s`octcn Nf. 9: tcoun 188=. Crtmnyc Ycukcrc kmdctcdcn s`oct scgco
sctunyc
sctunyc ckcgco k`necn l`gmoct dfnkmsm bcslcnm ctcu jmsmd
jmsmd Ycukcrc.
Ycukcrc. D`s`octcn
 bcslcnm l`lpunycm junesm ycne p`ntmne kcgcl l`nbcgcnm cdtmvmtcs s`ocrm-ocrm.
Y`lcdmn tmneem d`s`octcn bcslcnm s`s`frcne, s`lcdmn l`nmnedct kcyc tcocn
tuauonyc s`omneec lclpu untud l`nectcsm a`acn d`rbc ycne kma`rmdcn. K`necn
dctc gcmn k`necn bcslcnm ycne s`oct, prfkudtmvmtcs d`rbc cdcn s`lcdmn tmneem.

D`s`octcn bcslcnm ctcu d`s`ecrcn bcslcnm ckcgco d`lclpucn tuauo untud 

l`ny`sucmdcn junesm cgct-cgct tuauonyc kcgcl actcs jmsmfgfem t`rockcp d`ckccn
gmnedunecn (d`tmneemcn, d`g`lacpcn suou, kcn s`acecmnyc) kcn ctcu d`rbc jmsmd 
ycne iudup `jmsm`n tcnpc g`gco s`icrc a`rg`amocn (Xrfj.
Yf`kbctlfYf`lfwcrkfyf).

D`s`o
D`s`octc
ctcn
n bcsl
bcslcn
cnmm l`ru
l`rupc
pcdc
dcn
n d`
d`scn
scnee
eeup
upcn
cn kc
kcn
n d`
d`lc
lclp
lpuc
ucn
n un
untu
tud 
d 
l`gcd
l`gcdud
udcn
cn d`
d`rbc
rbc ctcu
ctcu cd
cdtm
tmvm
vmtcs
tcs,, l`lp
l`lp`r
`rtm
tmne
neem
em kc
kcyc
yc d`
d`rb
rbcc k`
k`ne
necn
cn tcnpc
tcnpc
l`necg
l`necgclm
clm d`g`gc
d`g`gcocn
ocn ycne
ycne a`rcrt
a`rcrtmm ctcu
ctcu a`rg`a
a`rg`amoc
mocn
n (Ceus
(Ceus Ludofg
Ludofgmk,
mk, 1885).
1885).
D`s`
D`s`oc
octc
tcn
n bcslc
bcslcnm
nm kc
kcpc
pctt bu
buec
ec kmk`
kmk`jm
jmnm
nmsm
smdc
dcn
n s`
s`ac
acec
ecmm d`
d`lc
lclp
lpuc
ucn
n un
untu
tud 
d 
l`nuncmdcn tuecs k`necn acmd wcgcupun kcgcl d`ckccn sudcr, kmlcnc frcne
k`necn d`s`octcn bcslcnm ycne durcne tmkcd cdcn lclpu untud l`gcdscncdcn
ctcu l`nbcgcnmnyc.

D`s`octcn bcslcnm scgco sctunyc kmp`necruom fg`o cdtmvmtcs jmsmd. K`necn

df
dfnk
nkms
msmm d`
d`lc
lcbu
bucn
cn t`dn
t`dnfg
fgfe
femm s`
s`p`
p`rt
rtmm scct
scct mn
mnm,
m, ac
acny
nycd
cd cd
cdtm
tmvm
vmtc
tcss dm
dmtc
tc yc
ycne
ne
kmlukcodcn fg`o acntucn t`dnfgfem t`rs`aut. X`neeunccn gmjt, r`lft` ifntrfg,
dflput`r, d`nkcrccn a`rlftfr kcn s`acecmnyc l`ny`acadcn dmtc l`necgclm
 p`nuruncn cdtmvmtcs jmsmd. Y`acecm cdmact kcrm p`nuruncn ccdtmvmtcs
dtmvmtcs jmsmd, cdtmvmtcs