25. What is a discontiguous network? Why does it pose challenges for a network designer?

A discontiguous network will have two or more subnetworks of a classful network connected
together by different classful networks. Say you have 10.8.0.0/16, 10.9.0.0/16, 10.10.0.0/16,
and 10.11.0.0/16. If you own all of these networks, you could advertise them summarized as
10.8.0.0/14.

However, if you only owned the 10.8, 10.9, and 10.11 network spaces, you could not. You
would then only be able to summarize it down to two routes - 10.8.0.0/15, and 10.11.0.0/16.

The idea is that contiguous subnets can all be reach in the same direction. So if you have 4
routers, and routers A, B and C all point packets destined to 10.8 through 10.11 to router D via
a summary address, that works so long as the 10.8.0.0/14 network all resides off of router
D. However, as explained earlier, if 10.10.0.0/16 resides on router B, then traffic destined to
that network would not reach it's destination. That is a case where you break up your
summarization as the networks are no longer "contiguous".

26. A network design customer has a goal of 99.80 percent uptime.

How much downtime will be permitted in hours per week? How much
downtime will be permitted in minutes per day and seconds per hour?
Which values are acceptable in which circumstances?

Ans: To compute the uptime/downtime is to take in concern merely the

number of minutes before now passed for up-to-date month and
existing year which is possibly what we need to find. A typical MTBF
goal for a network that's extremely relied upon is 4000 hours. In
different words, the network mustn't fail additional typically than once
each 4000 hours or 166.67 days. A usual MTTR aim is one hour. In
another sense the network failure ought to be fastened among one
hour. I calculated downtime ratio by dividing occupied time into quantity
of downtime. The summation of that number would be the ratio of
downtime. Downtime for 99.8 percentile would be: Availability = MTBF /
(MTBF + MTTR)
SLA level of 99.8 % uptime/availability gives following periods of
potential downtime/unavailability: * Daily: 2m 52.8s * Weekly: 20m 9.6s
* Monthly: 1h 27m 39.5s
28. What does physical security mean? What are some facets of physical security ?

Ans:- Physical sTechnological:- it refers to a series of techniques used for authentication

and protection against theft of sensitive data and information.

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