Determiners and quantifiers Gontext listening [EEG You are going to listen to three people talking about running. Make notes on three benefits and three possible problems of taking up running as a hobby. (808) Listen to three people giving their views on running. Which of the benefits and possible problems you have listed do the speakers mention? (808) Listen again and fill in the gaps. 1a Until then | did a bit of sport at school, but I didn'tdo__much _ outside school at all. (Speaker 1) Infact, suppose I didn’t have__~ interests. (Speaker 1) 2 a Nowlrunafewkilometres_____ day. (Speaker 2) You can be sure that. ‘one of us will have a really good time. (Speaker 3) 3. a Inevitably you get. injuries, too - everyone gets aching muscles after a long run. (Speaker 3) D Itsoneof. sports where no special equipment’s needed. (Speaker 2) during the winter. (Speaker 3) injuries now than when I was younger. (Speaker 3) 4 a Icertainly go out a lot b But surprisingly | seem to have. [EA tn which pair of sentences is each word or phrase possible in both gaps? 476 peterminers and quantifiers ___ (es No, none, not a, not any No two pairs of running shoes are the same. (= not any) ‘None of them like the thought of running long distances. (= not any of) We use neither of instead of none of when we talk about two people or things: Neither of us did any exercise. We don't usually use not a / not any atthe beginning of a clause. Instead we use no and none of None of the runners is under 60, (not Notany-of the-runners ...) Ifit is clear from the context what is meant, we can use none without a following noun: Ive had none so far. (= eg. no injuries) Much, many, a lot of, lots of START POINT) : Did you do much running last winter? There could be many reasons for the current interest in running. 1 get a lot of satisfaction out of it You get to meet lots of interesting people. We use much (of) (+ uncountable noun) and many (of) (+ plural noun) particularly in negative sentences and in questions. In positive sentences we usually use a lot (of) or lots (of). However, in more formal contexts ‘we usually prefer much (of) and many (of). 'fthe meaning is clear from the context, we can use much and many with i jour a fol a didn't do much outside school at all, [ ee We can use much of and many of to mean ‘a la or ge part of’ or ‘a large number of': |'used to spend much of my free time sitting around. he | was in frst place for much of the race, Weuse many rather than a lot of or lots ‘number’ + of (eg, thousands of dollars) 'spend many hours training, Running dibs often have many hundreds of members, of with time expressions (eg. days, minutes, months, weeks, years) andDeterminers and quantifiers 6 [EI AIL, both, whole Al (of) my friends like watching sport on TV. {suppose all exercise carries some risks. By the time we got to the bus stop both of us were completely exhausted. I thought the whole event was brilliant. Sometimes | go whole weeks without running. We usually put all after the verb be or after the first auxiliary verb: Next spring we're all going to Madrid. They could all have been Olympic athletes. if there is no auxiliary, we usually put all before the verb: Weall went running together. We sometimes use all after the noun it refers to: My friends all think Im crazy. or All my friends think tm crazy. To talk about two things or people we use both (of) in positive sentences or neither (of) in negative sentences: We certainly both got a lot fitter. Both of us were completely exhausted. Neither of us did any exercise. (not Both-of us didrrt-do-any-enereise:) Before singular countable nouns we usually use the whole rather than all (of) the: I thought the whole event was brilliant. Before day / week / night / month / summer, etc. we prefer al rather than the whole: After Ive been sitting at my computer all day I can‘t wait to go out fora run. {might go all week without a run. We can use all the or the whole before way and time: | was realy surprised when | managed to run all the way. or... the whole way. Tz every, each | go running on Wednesday and on Friday, and I try to run ten miles each day. or . Every one of us will have a really good time, or Each one of us... Before a singular countable noun, we use each (of) to talk about two or more things or people, and every to talk about three or more. Sometimes we can use either every or each with litte difference in meaning. Weuse every: * with almost, nearly, practically, virtually to emphasise we are talking about a group as a whole: Now I run nearly every day. to alk about events at regular intervals: every other kilometre, every single day, every few weeks, every six months: | g0 out running every couple of days. We use each: * when we talk about both people or things in a pair: ., [had to wear a bandage on each knee. or ...on both knees. 35a pronoun: We were each given a medal for completing the S-kilometre fun run. 496 Determiners and quantifiers _ (Althe) few, little; less, fewer (than) we sre ste ta i it jorts. ‘Afew of my friends are quite good at team sp rn have fewer injuries now than when | was younger. There is litle evidence that running causes major problems. id eat less protein as you prepare for a race. ot much you can do about it, (See 2.6 for more on much (and mary) Few (of and itl (of) are often rather formal Less formally, we use Phrases such as not many and not much, Weoften use afew and alle to suggest that a small quantity or amount is enough, or more than we would expect: Hes won a few medals. I've been starting to get a little pain in my knees. in formal contexts, we often use few and little to suggest that a quantity or amount is not enough, or is surprisingly low: Before I joined the club I had very few friends who lived nearby. In comparisons, we use less with an uncountable noun, and fewer with a plural noun: | should eat less chocolate, You should eat fewer biscuits. ‘The opposite of both less and fewer is more: | should eat more chocolate. You should eat more biscuits. In conversation, some people also use less (than) before a plural noun referring to a group of things or people: There were less than 20 competitors. This is grammatically incorrect and would be marked wrong in a formal written exam. Fewer (than) should be used instead: There were fewer than 20 competitors. When we talk about a period of time, a distance or a sum of money, we use less than: ‘My aim is to complete the course and do it in less than six hours. (not.... fewer-than-si- hours.) Much, many, both, all, each, none, few, little + (of) We usually need to put of after these words when they are followed by: * apronoun: We know that not all of us will finish the course. * adeterminer: Few of the runners were under 65. * apossessive form: Many of Alice's friends are runners, 'nformally after both and all we can leave out of before the, these, those; this, (eg. ‘my, mine) but not before them, you, us; it (with all): {ve been running regularly all of my life or... all my life. Both of us decided to do more exercise. (not Both-us-decided ...) that (with all); possessive pronounsDeterminers and quantifiers 6 | (EEE Sess [EG] hin the gaps using the correct form of the verb in brackets. Sometimes both are possible. 1 Next week, my work colleagues are doing a bike ride across France for charity. They won't cycle the whole way-theyeach__40__ (do) 30 kilometres a day and follow by car the rest of the time, That's just as well, because none of them ____(be) terribly fit. A number of people (have) already agreed to sponsor them, and they hope to raise a lot of money. 2 Ithink that everything _ (be) now ready for the party. One of my sisters (have) organised the drinks, and each of the people coming (have) agreed to bring some food. 3 Iimhaving trouble selling my house. Although a lot of interest (have) been shown in it- Ive had lots of phone calls and visitors ~ the majority of potential buyers (seem) surprised at how small it is And not everybody __(like) the fact that there's no garden. [EZ] choose the correct option. 1. The nuclear power station is in an earthquake zone, and it’s worrying that there have been a few few minor tremors here in the last couple of months. ‘There were four candidates in the election and every / each got about 5,000 votes. ‘The hurricane will go north of the city, so little / a little major damage is expected. We were all / We all were astonished by her exam results. Is there less / fewer caffeine in green tea than in coffee? These old bookshelves will all be / all will be replaced by cupboards. It takes me fewer / less than 30 minutes to walk to work. ‘When | was in hospital, Martha visited me each / every single day. wm oO Although the management said they were going to restructure the company, in fact they made a few / Jew changes. 10 Nowadays, nearly every / nearly each new cars fitted with airbags. 11 When | got on, all of the / the whole bus seemed to be full of screaming schoolchildren. 12 The company has fewer/ less than 20 employees. EEE] complete the sentences using the pairs of words or phrases in the box, Use each word or phrase once only in each pait rite A flight from Amsterdam overshot the runway at Heathrow Airport yesterday, but _none of the crew or Passengers was hurt. ‘My parents came all the way to Sydney to see me, even though _neither of them likes flying very much, 'hope you like the present. | put. effort into finding it. ‘Among linguists, there is debate about the origin of the word ‘quiz’Determiners and quantifiers _ siiris'drug took _____—_ ears mo develop. friends who live in Hong Kong. wo million euros to the project, but________ the money has 3. a. Thenewanti-m 2 epee. 4 a Thegovernment hasallocated been spent yet b A: Have you been able to fix your car? B: No. It’s the usual problems, so Il have to take it to the garage. major damage was done to the building by the earthquake, oo tition at my college, but there was ______ interest, sol gave b_ [tried to organise a tennis compe up the idea. Complete the newspaper article with one of these words or phrases. Use each word and phrase once, Al cies UNC erin Pyaeei tects iila wane caus few of Get xess fittle ittleof many manyof much — muchof none ‘5 PORTIONS A DAY’ FALLS ON DEAF EARS Despite the government's’S portions a day’ recommendation fo eat more fruit and vegetables recent study has found that (1)____few____Brifish teenagers are faking its advice. thousand teenagers were questioned in the survey, (2)__-all. of __ them between the ages of 14 and 17.\While @) said they knew about the campaign, (4) the young people questioned, just 5%, said it had influenced their eating habits. In answer to the question ‘How many pieces of fruit have you eaten in the last week?", an incredible 50% responded (5) ; Sam Brown, 15, and Sarah Goodall, 16, were among the young people who took part in the survey. (6)_____ them conceded that fruit and vegetables didn’t figure greatly in their diets. Sam admitted:"I don’t eat (7) fruit at all, maybe just an apple sometimes. | don’t think @) my friends are different’ Sarah felt that the busy lifestyle of today's teenagers wos partly fo blame:"I’m not into vegetables, and (9) the time I’m too busy to eat fruit after dinner. I've got homework to do or friends to see’ (10). agreed that the government's campaign wouldn't affect what they ate. Sam said:*(11) __ the posters and adverts are hard-hitting enough. Their message is just ‘Eat fruit or veg with (12) meal’f they want teenagers fo eat more fruit and vegetables, they've got to convince us that it’s really important’ (13)____ scientists have warned that failure to eat fruit and vegetables, particularly by tds _— can lead to obesity, cancer and a host of other diseases. rae rere a Queen's ana (14)__the research points to a close relationship between levels of rit ond ee im Slee ‘ond health, but surprisingly (15) this research is reported in the fe ee ee that the message is not getting across. The government tres to highligh! igns, but unfortunately there is (16), sign that they have ory long-term impact, Utimately, however, it i us fo think about what we eat an 52 Nae acta ilieg sn——————— 6 Determiners and quantifiers Listening Part 2 5) You will hear a woman called Janet Naylor talking about her experience as a volunteer in Tanzai complete the sentences with a word or short phrase. nia. For questions 1 Janet can now do voluntary work because she is free of (1) by her decision to volunteer. Most of Janet's friends were (2) the people she is trying to help. Janet disagrees with people who say that she is (3) Janet advised on a project to improve (4) ‘The scheme aimed to make the villagers less (6) ina farming community. ‘on outside assistance. ‘The villagers had relied on (6) __ from charities to survive. Janet's job was to help the villagers sell any (7) ‘crops. Janet believes that the (8) of the village have been changed dramatically by the scheme.