Revision questions 1) Distinguish between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon, 2 a By means of TWO equations, show how ethane and ethene burn in air. b Would ethane or ethene produce the smokiest flame when burnt in a plentiful supply of oxygen? Explain your answer. 3) Using equations, show the reactions occurring when methane reacts with chlorine in dim light and name the type of reaction occurring, 4 Whyare alkenes more reactive than alkanes? 5) Under the correct conditions, ethene reacts with both hydrogen and water. For FACH reaction ‘@ Name the type of reaction involved. _b State the conditions required, ¢ Name the product formed. d Write a balanced equation. 6 How would you distinguish between ethane and ethene in the laboratory? Support your answer with an appropriate equation. : 7 Give TWO uses of alkanes and TWO uses of alkenes. Alcohols: C,H2,.1OH or R-OH Alcohols (or alkanols) have the hydroxyl group, —OH, as their functional group. All alcohols undergo similar reactions because they all contain the hydroxyl group; however, the strength of the reactions decreases as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. General physical properties of alcohols Alcohol molecules are polar because they possess the polar —OH group. Because of this: * Alcohols are less volatile than their corresponding alkanes. Because of the polar OH groups, the forces of attraction between alcohol molecules are stronger than the forces between non-polar alkane molecules with the same number of carbon atoms. All alcohols are liquids or solids at room temperature. Their boiling points increase as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. * Alcohols are soluble in water because water is a polar solvent. Their solubility decreases as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases. Reactions of ethanol * Ethanol burns easily in air or oxygen Ethanol burns in air or oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water as steam. It burns with a clear, blue, non-smoky flame because of the low ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms in the molecules. The reaction is exothermic: CH,OH() + 30g) ——» 2CO,g) + 3H,0(g) AH -ve * Ethanol reacts with sodium Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide (C,H,ONa) and hydrogen: 2C,H,OH() + 2Nals) ——> 2C,H,ONatale sol) + H.(g) sodium ethoxide Note ‘alc sol’ is ‘alcohol solution’ 16 Reactions of carbon compounds